VASCULAR PLANTS of MINNESOTA a Checklist and Atlas

Home , Arrhenechthites, Artemisia serrata, Bidens beckii, Bidens connata, Bidens discoidea, Bidens vulgata

VASCULAR PLANTS of MINNESOTA This page intentionally left blank VASCULAR PLANTS of MINNESOTA A Checklist and Atlas

Gerald B. Ownbey and Thomas Morley

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MINNEAPOLIS • LONDON The University of Minnesota Press gratefully acknowledges the generous assistance provided for the publication of this book by the

Margaret W. Harmon Fund Minnesota Department of Transportation Minnesota Landscape Arboretum Minnesota State Horticultural Society Olga Lakela Herbarium Fund—University of Minnesota—Duluth Natural Heritage Program of the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Published by the University of Minnesota Press 2037 University Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Ownbey, Gerald B., 1916- Vascular plants of Minnesota : a checklist and atlas / Gerald B. Ownbey and Thomas Morley. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8166-1915-8 1. Botany-Minnesota. 2. Phytogeography—Minnesota— Maps. I. Morley, Thomas. 1917- . II. Title. QK168.096 1991 91-2064 582.09776-dc20 CIP

The University of Minnesota is an equal-opportunity educator and employer. Contents

Introduction vii

Part I. Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Minnesota 1 Pteridophytes 3 Gymnosperms 6 Angiosperms 7

Appendix 1. Excluded names 81

Appendix 2. Tables 82

Part II. Atlas of the Vascular Plants of Minnesota 83

Index of Generic and Common Names 295 This page intentionally left blank Introduction

The importance of understanding the vegetation of al distributional comments. Morley's Spring Flora an area opening to Europeans was appreciated even (1974) contains written distribution descriptions, and as settlement was occurring. Thus publications con- maps are provided in Lakela's Flora and Coffin and cerning plants found in various parts of Minnesota Pfannmuller's book on endangered plants and animals appear as early as 1822. Upham (1884) and Mac- (1988). The maps in the Great Plains Atlas (1977) in- Millan (1892) give an accounting of these articles. clude only the western two-fifths of Minnesota. The The first comprehensive list of the vascular plants of present atlas is the first complete one for the state. Minnesota is that by Lapham (1875). Lapham Documentation for each kind of plant in the checklist enumerates 896 plants for the state, based chiefly on and each dot on the maps rests on one or more speci- his own observations and collections. In 1884, Up- mens in the University of Minnesota herbarium on the ham published his annotated catalogue of the state's St. Paul campus, and in a few instances on specimens at flora, largely a compilation according to the author, other institutions. The University of Minnesota herbari- in which 1,540 species were listed. Upham's book um was established in 1888 with the acquisition of the contains a very useful introduction with good histor- first set of the large Minnesota plant collection of John ical notes and observations on the state's vegetation. H. Sandberg. The earliest of his specimens dates from The next major listing, MacMillan (1892), includes 1879 according to a survey recently made in the herbari- only the vascular plants of the Minnesota River Val- um of 60 widespread and abundant species. Subsequent- ley. The area involved is slightly over a fifth of that ly, the herbarium grew with the acquisition of other pri- of the state, but 1,165 species are given, well over vate collections. The earliest specimen found in the half the number for the state. survey is dated 1849. The most active early collectors, The next comprehensive work is by Moore and in addition to Sandberg, were C. L. Herrick, J. C. Kas- Tryon (1946), who cited 1,874 species of vascular sube, T. S. Roberts, G. B. Aiton, S. M. Manning, plants. In 1965, an important regional flora was L. R. Moyer and J. M. Holzinger. In 1890 Conway published by Lakela. This book describes the plants MacMillan, head of the Botany Department at the of St. Louis and Lake counties and includes 1,179 University of Minnesota, undertook also to serve as the species. More recently, numerous additions to the state botanist for the Geological and Natural History flora have been made and many changes in nomen- Survey and in that capacity employed C. A. Ballard, E. clature have accumulated in the literature. To pro- P. Sheldon, and B. C. Taylor to make extensive plant vide an up-to-date list of plants, Vascular Plants of collections in the state. The Survey collections (begun Minnesota: A Checklist and Atlas has been pre- by others in 1875) were later transferred to the Botany pared; an entirely new listing, it includes 1,618 na- Department's herbarium. Many persons since that time tive and 392 introduced species, a total of 2,010. have contributed Minnesota material to the herbarium, Knowledge of plant distributions is valuable in including W. D. Frost, W. A. Wheeler, F. K. Butters, plant systematics, plant ecology, and other dis- C. O. Rosendahl, J. B. Moyle, M. F. Buell, O. Lakela, ciplines. Data of this type for Minnesota are only E. C. Abbe, J. W. Moore, G. B. Ownbey, T. Morley, partial in previous publications. Lists of plants for G. A. Wheeler, and W. R. Smith. At present, there are certain sites in the state and for certain counties pro- approximately 97,000 Minnesota specimens in the her- vide distribution information, as do a few mono- barium. graphs of genera at the state level. MacMillan's Part I of this volume was prepared by G. B. Ownbey. work and that by Rosendahl (1955) have very gener- The work entailed an extensive review of the recent INTRODUCTION viii literature in order to determine the correct name for These papers are cited at appropriate places in the each of the taxa, including subspecies, varieties, and checklist. Voss's Michigan Flora (1972, 1985), particu- hybrids of vascular plants found within the state. In the larly Part I, has been drawn upon extensively. The vol- checklist the families appear alphabetically under one of ume by Dore and McNeill (1980) was consulted with the three major groups of vascular plants: the Pterido- great profit on numerous occasions. Several extremely phytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms. Families of useful books on Minnesota Plants should be mentioned the Monocotyledoneae and Dicotyledoneae appear in a here. Among them the most important are Morley single alphabetical sequence under the Angiosperms. (1974), Lakela (1965), Tryon (1980), and Rosendahl The justification for this arrangement is one of utility. (1955). The authors of the present work wish to ac- Recent critical literature, mostly that published since knowledge their deepest obligations to these investiga- 1950, is cited under each genus and sometimes also un- tors and to others too numerous to list individually. At der the family. This practice should assist the user when the same time we assume full responsibility for any er- the reasons for the acceptance or rejection of a particular rors of interpretation, or otherwise, committed in the name in the checklist are at issue. course of the work. An attempt is made to account for all of the plant The mapping project was undertaken by T. Morley in names credited to Minnesota in Fernald (1950) and in 1962 and remained in his charge through the mid-1970s. Gleason and Cronquist (1963). Subspecies and varieties Mapping of all Minnesota specimens then in the Univer- are given when such subdivisions are thought to be val- sity of Minnesota herbarium, at that time about 60,000 id. Interspecific hybrids known to be present in Min- specimens, was completed in 1973. In the later 1970s nesota are also listed under the putative parental combi- the responsibility of mapping the new accessions and nation or under the binomial of the hybrid, if one exists, overseeing the project gradually shifted to G. B. Own- followed by the names of the putative parents. Familiar bey, who brought it to publication. Intensified collecting synonyms from other sources are listed when it is during this period, largely under the auspices of The Na- thought that listing will clarify their standing with re- ture Conservancy and the Minnesota Department of spect to the state flora. For the most part, names of Natural Resources, rapidly increased the number of plants introduced from Europe follow those of the Flora Minnesota specimens and brought on accelerated map- Europea (Tutin et al., 1964-80). A list of excluded ping during those years. names is given at the end of the checklist. Citation of The maps illustrate general repeated patterns of dis- author's names after the binomials mostly follows Fer- tribution as well as patterns peculiar to individual spe- nald in form. Common or vernacular names for both cies. Minnesota's flora represents the western limits of genera and species are listed if they appear well estab- the vast eastern forest flora, and simultaneously lished by usage. Coined or contrived common names represents the northern and eastern limits of the flora of are avoided throughout. the prairies and plains in the continental United States. The listing of species in genera that are notoriously More than anywhere else these two contrasting con- difficult taxonomically must be considered provisional tinental floras meet sharply in the state, and the individu- at best, as must be the distribution maps of these plants. al distributions reflect these broad patterns. The parallel In the Rosaceae, Amelanchier, Crataegus, and Rubus fit arcs of the conifer zone, hardwood forest strip, and this category. Other difficult genera where more inten- matching prairie, curving from northwest to southeast, sive study may lead to important changes in the listings join those of Wisconsin as shown in Curtis (1959) to dis- for Minnesota are Panicum (Gramineae) and Antennar- play the full sweep of these vegetation types in this part ia (Compositae). The list will need frequent updating to of the continent. As examples, maps of the following keep abreast of nomenclatorial changes appearing in the plants show how sharp the boundaries of the individual literature. species can be in Minnesota: on the west and south, As- Several literature sources examined during the prepa- clepias verticillata, Astragalus crassicarpus, Cypripe- ration of the checklist deserve special mention. A long dium candidum, Lithospermum incisum, and Psoralea series of papers by N. C. Fassett, H. H. Iltis, and their argophylla; on the east and north, Carex crawfordii, students and collaborators (1929-87) is replete with Cornus canadensis, Dryopteris cristata, Linnaea borea- critical studies that are directly adaptable to Minnesota. lis, and Picea mariana. INTRODUCTION

IX Roughly paralleling the curve of the vegetation types, University, the University of Iowa, the University of but not coincident with the edges of any of them and in- Michigan, the New York Botanical Garden, and Har- conspicuous to the eye, is a boundary zone between two vard University have been mapped. The maps for Jun- major floristic provinces, one to the north, one to the cus include records compiled from collections at North south. This transition or "tension" zone has been studied Dakota State University. Occasional other map entries in detail by Curtis and others; it is a region in which oc- are based on records of the Duluth collections as given cur the range limits of a relatively large number of in Lakela (1965). A few dots on maps for rare species plants. The zone is therefore determined by plotting the are based on specimens at other midwestern institutions. edge-of-range lines of many species of the whole area, A map for each species of vascular plant native to or some of which are northern and have their southern thought to be native to Minnesota is included, even limits in or near this zone, while others are southern and when the species is known only from a single locality. have their northern limits in or near it. The densest con- Maps for introduced species that have become natural- centration of lines is designated as the zone. The maps ized are also included. There are in addition numerous of this atlas make it possible to trace the zone as it ex- other introduced plants that occur from time to time out- tends west and north through Minnesota. side of cultivation, some of which are weedy, while Upham recognized that plants from different regions others are of ornamental or economic significance. The meet their geographical limits in the state. His book in- status of this group of plants as components of the flora cludes a vegetation map of the state, and on it are indi- is conjectural and each species is dealt with individually. cated the approximate limits of some of the principal If available evidence indicates that there exists a chance trees and shrubs. The map is still useful today. Our of eventual naturalization, then a map is included. A maps illustrate the limits of many more plants; examples large number of species whose existence outside culti- of those of the hardwood forest region that have their vation is known to be ephemeral have been excluded northwest limits in the state are Carya ovata, Quercus from the atlas. alba, Hydrophyllum appendiculatum, Jeffersonia The sequence of maps in the atlas is the same as the diphylla, and Podophyllum peltatum; representative species in the checklist, although maps for many listed plants having their northern limits in Minnesota are species that do not qualify as components of the state Juglans nigra, Chamaecrista fasciculata, Eryngium flora as defined are omitted. Trinomials are given in the yuccifolium, Euphorbia cyathophora, and Silphium legends to the maps only when the variety or subspecies laciniatum. Some prairie plants with their eastern limits found in Minnesota is not the typical one. in the state are Astragalus lotiflorus, Distichlis stricta, Gaura coccinea, Limosella aquatica, and Lomatium The dots on the maps are placed directly over the col- orientate', examples of plants with their southern limits lection locality rather than in the center of the county, in Minnesota are Carex livida, Rubus acaulis, Salix for purposes of accuracy. Such a placement may also planifolia, Saxifraga virginiensis, and Vaccinium show areas where further collecting is needed, in the caespitosum. Many plants have their western limits in case of very uneven county distributions. Some speci- the state, such as Taxus canadensis, Tsuga canadensis, mens could not be mapped either because of insufficient Pinus strobus, Betula alleghaniensis, and Rhus vernix. label data or because the locality could not be found. In Limits in other directions could be illustrated. An in- general, collections made within a radius of three miles teresting pattern is that of northern plants with isolated are shown by a single dot. outliers in the southeastern part of the state, in particular We wish to acknowledge the assistance of Gerald A. Abies balsamea, Draba arabisans, Chrysosplenium Wheeler, who contributed the listing for the genus Ca- iowense, Mertensia paniculata, and Sedum in- rex, and of W. H. Wagner, Jr., who reviewed the list- tegrifolium. ings for the pteridophytes. Many individuals contribut- The maps were prepared almost entirely from speci- ed to the atlas. The majority of the early maps were mens at the University of Minnesota herbarium in St. made by James R. McKee and John Folke. More recent- Paul. Exceptions are to be found in Carex where speci- ly, Gerald A. Wheeler revised the maps for Carex. mens collected in Minnesota but deposited at the Steven E. Clemants revised the maps forJuncus. Welby University of Minnesota at Duluth and at St. Cloud State R. Smith has revised about two hundred maps of species University, North Dakota State University, Iowa State considered rare, threatened, or endangered. In the later INTRODUCTION

X stages of preparation of the atlas, Margaret Smithberg Great Plains Flora Association. 1977. Atlas of the flora of the updated many maps to reflect current acquisitions and Great Plains. Iowa State University Press, Ames. annotations of specimens. Funding came from two Iltis, H. H., and collaborators. 1957-87. Preliminary reports Graduate School grants and several grants from the on the flora of Wisconsin 38-69. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Hay den Fund of the Botany Department, and from other Sci. 46-75. Botany Department and herbarium sources. Lakela, O. 1965. A flora of northeastern Minnesota. Univer- sity of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. Publication was supported by grants from the Olga Lapham, I. A. 1875. A catalogue of the plants of Minnesota. Lakela Herbarium Fund of the University of Minnesota, Trans. Minnesota State Hort. Soc., winter meeting: Duluth, the Minnesota Department of Transportation, 89-118. the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, the MacMillan, C. 1892. The Metaspermae of the Minnesota Val- Minnesota State Horticultural Society, and the Min- ley. Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota. nesota Landscape Arboretum. Reports of the Survey. Botanical series I. McGregor, R. L., coordinator. 1986. Flora of the Great REFERENCES Plains. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence. Moore, J. W., and R. M. Tryon, Jr. 1946. Preliminary Coffin, B., and L. Pfannmuller. Eds. 1988. Minnesota's checklist of the flowering plants, ferns and fern allies of endangered flora and fauna. University of Minnesota Minnesota. Botany Department, University of Minnesota, Press, Minneapolis. mimeographed. Curtis, J. T. 1959. The vegetation of Wisconsin. Universi- Morley, T. 1974. Spring flora of Minnesota. University of ty of Wisconsin Press, Madison. Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. Dore, W. G., and J. McNeill. 1980. Grasses of Ontario. Rosendahl, C. O. 1955. Trees and shrubs of the Upper Mid- Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Monograph 26, west. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. Ottawa, Canada. Tryon, R. M. 1980. Ferns of Minnesota. 2nd ed. University Fassett, N. C. 1927-39. Notes from the herbarium of the of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. University of Wisconsin-I-XVffl. Rhodora 29-41. Tutin, T. G., V. H. Heywood, N. A. Burges, D. H. Valen- & collaborators. 1929-53. Preliminary reports on the tine, S. M. Walters, and D. A. Webb. Eds. 1964-80. Flo- flora of Wisconsin I-XXXVII. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. ra Europaea. Vols. 1-5. Cambridge University Press, Sci. 24-42. Cambridge. Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. American Upham, W. 1884. Catalogue of the flora of Minnesota. Minn. Book Co., New York. Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, part Gleason, H. A. 1952. The new Britton and Brown illus- VI of the Annual Report of Progress for the year 1883. trated flora of the northeastern United States and adja- Van Bruggen, T. 1976. The vascular plants of South Dakota. cent Canada. New York Botanical Garden, New York. Iowa State University Press, Ames. 3 vols. Voss, E. G. 1972, 1985. Michigan Flora, parts I and II. Bull. and A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants Cranbrook Inst. Sci. 55 and 59. Cranbrook Inst. Sci. and of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. University of Michigan Herbarium. Bloomfield Hills and Van Nostrand, Reinhold, New York. Ann Arbor. VEGETATION TYPES OF MINNESOTA THEIR APPROXIMATE BOUNDARIES UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS This page intentionally left blank PART I CHECKLIST OF THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF MINNESOTA Accepted Latin names of families, genera, species, subspecies, and varieties admitted to the state flora are given in boldface. Synonymous names at each level of classification are given in italics.

The name of the typical subspecies or variety of a species is not listed if it is the only one found in the state, e.g., Silphiumperfoliatum, not Silphi- um perfoliatum subsp. perfoliatum, for the Cup-Plant.

MIN is the official abbreviation for the Herbarium of the University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. PTERIDOPHYTES

References: ISOETACEAE-Quillwort Family Mohlenbrock, R. H. 1967. Ferns. The illustrated flora of Illinois. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale. 191 pp. ISOTETES - Quill wort Maps 14-16 Morton, C. V. 1952. Peteridophyta. In H. A. Gleason, The new References: Britton and Brown illustrated flora of the northeastern United Dorn, R. D. 1972. The nomenclature of Isoetes echinospora and States and adjacent Canada 1: 1-56. New York Botanical Gar- Isoetes muricata. Amer. Fern J. 62: 80-81. den. 3 vols. Tryon, R. 1980. Ferns of Minnesota, ed. 2. University of Minnesota Isoetes Press, Minneapolis. 165 pp. echinospora Dur. — Braun's Quillwort var. braunii Engelm. I. muricata Dur. var. braunii (Engelm.) Reed EQUISETACEAE-Horsetail Family /. braunii Dur., not Unger macrospora Dur.—Lake-Quillwort EQUISETUM-Horsetail; Maps 1-13 melanopoda Gay & Dur.—Prairie-Quillwort Scouring-Rush References: LYCOPODIACEAE-Clubmoss Family Hauke, R. L. 1963. A taxonomic monograph of the germs Equisetum subgenus Hippochaete. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 8: 1-124. LYCOPODIUM-Clubmoss Maps 17-31 . 1966. A systematic study of Equisetum arvense. Nova Hed- Recent specialists often subdivide Lycopodium into several distinct wigia 13: 81-109. genera. When this is done our species are treated as follows: Lycopo- . 1966. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin. No. 54. dium, to include L. annotinum, L. clavatum, L. dendroideum, and Equisetaceae—Horsetail Family. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. L. obscurum; Diphasiastrum, to include L. complanatum, L. flabel- 54: 331-346. liforme (L. digitatum), and L. tristachyum; Huperzia, to include L. . 1978. A taxonomic monograph of Equisetum subgenus appalachianum, L. lucidulum, L. porophilum, and L. selago; and Equisetum. Nova Hedwigia 30: 385-455. Lycopodiella, to include L. inundatum. . 1983. Horsetails (Equisetum) in North America. Fiddlehead References: Forum 10: 39-42. Beitel, J. M. 1979. Clubmosses (Lycopodium) in North America. Peck, J. H., &S. D. Swanson. 1978. Equisetum x litoralerecorded Fiddlehead Forum 6 (5): 1-8. for Minnesota. Amer. Fern. J. 68: 96. Hickey, R. J. 1977. The Lycopodium obscurum complex in North Equisetum America. Amer. Fern J. 67: 45-48. arvense L. —Field-Horsetail & J. M. Beitel. 1979. A name change for Lycopodium flabel- E. arvense var. boreale (Bong.) Ledeb. liforme. Rhodora 81: 137-40. x ferrissii Clute (E. hyemale var. affine x E. laevigatum) Holub, J. 1975. Diphasiastrum, a new genus in Lycopodiaceae. fluviatile L.—Water-Horsetail Preslia47: 97-110. hyemale L.-Common Scouring-Rush . 1975. Notes on some species of Diphasiastrum. Preslia 47: var. affine (Engelm.) A. A. Eat. 232-240. E. hyemale var. pseudohyemale (Farw.) Morton Peck, J. H., & W. C. Taylor. 1980. Checklist and distributions of laevigatum A. Br. — Smooth Scouring-Rush Wisconsin ferns and fern allies. Michigan Bot. 19: 251-68. E. hyemale var. intermedium A. A. Eat. Waterway, M. J. 1986. A reevaluation of Lycopodium porophilum E. kansanum Schaffn. and its relationship to L. lucidulum (Lycopodiaceae). Syst. Bot. x litorale Kuhl. (E. arvense x E. fluviatile) 11: 263-276. x nelsonii (A. A. Eat.) Schaffn. (E. laevigatum x E. Wilce, J. H. 1965. The section Complanata of the genus Lycopodi- variegatum) um. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 19: 1-133. E. variegatum var. nelsonii A. A. Eat. Lycopodium palustre L. —Marsh-Horsetail annotinum L.—Bristly Clubmoss pratense Ehrh. — Meadow-Horsetail L. annotinum var. acrifolium Fern. scirpoides Michx. — Dwarf Scouring-Rush L. annotinum var. pungens (LaPylaie) Desv. sylvaticum L.-Woodland-Horsetail appalachianum (Beitel) X trachyodon A. Br. (E. hyemale var. affine x E. variegatum) Huperzia appalachiana Beitel variegatum Schleich.—Variegated Scouring-Rush appalachianum x L. lucidulum PTERIDOPHYTES: LYCOPODIACEAE-POLYPODIACEAE 4 appalachianum x L. selago mormo Wagner x buttersii Abbe (L. lucidulum x L. selago) multifidum (S. G. Gmel.) Rupr.-Leathery Grape-Fern clavatum L.—Running Clubmoss B. multifidum var. intermedium (D. C. Eat.) Farw. complanatum L.—Ground-Cedar rugulosum Wagner dendroideum Michx. — Round-branched Ground-Pine The only known collection from Minnesota is at the Universi- L. obscurum var. dendroideum (Michx.) D. C. Eat. ty of Michigan, Ann Arbor. digitatum A. Br.-Ground-Cedar simplex Hitchc. — Small Grape-Fern L. complanatum var. flabelliforme Fern. B. simplex var. laxifolium Clausen L. flabelliforme (Fern.) Blanch, B. simplex var. tenebrosum (A. A. Eat.) Clausen x habereri House (L. digitatum x L. tristachyum) virginianum (L.) Sw.—Rattlesnake-Fern L. tristachyum var. habereri (House) Viet. B. virginianum var. europaeum Angstr. immdatum L.—Bog-Clubmoss lucidulum Michx.—Shining Clubmoss OPfflOGLOSSUM - Adder's-Tongue Map 44 obscurum L.—Ground-Pine Reference: var. isophyllum Hickey Wagner, W. H., C. M. Allen, & G. P. Landry. 1984. Ophioglossum porophilum Lloyd & Underw. ellipticum Hook. & Grev. in Louisiana and the taxonomy of O. selago L. — Fir-Clubmoss nudicaule L. f. Castanea 49: 99-110. tristachyum Pursh-Ground-Cedar Ophioglossum pusillum Raf. — Adder's-Tongue MARSILEACEAE- O. vulgatum L. var. pseudopodum (Blake) Farw. Water-Clover Family OSMUNDACEAE- MARSILEA-Water-Clover Map 32 Flowering Fern Family Marsilea mucronata A. Br.—Hairy Pepperwort OSMUNDA-Osmunda Maps 45-47 Osmunda OPfflOGLOSSACEAE - cinnamomea L.-Cinnamon-Fern Adder's-Tongue Family O. cinnamomea forma frondosa (Torr. & Gray) Britt. claytoniana L.—Interrupted Fern BOTRYCHIUM-Moonwort; Maps 33-43 regalis L.—Royal Fern var. spectabilis (Willd.) Gray Grape-Fern References: POLYPODIACEAE-Polypody Family Wagner, W. H., Jr., & L. P. Lord. 1956. The morphological and cytological distinctness ofBotrychium minganense and B. lunar- Many fern specialists prefer to break up the traditional Polypodia- ia in Michigan. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 83: 261-280. ceae into several distinct families. The Minnesota genera may be as- & F. S. Wagner. 1982. Botrychium rugulosum (Ophioglos- signed to these segregate families as follows: ADIANTACEAE: saceae), a newly recognized species of evergreen grapefern in the Adiantum, Cheilanthes, Cryptogramma, Pellaea. ASPLENIA- Great Lakes area of North America. Contr. Univ. Michigan CEAE: Asplenium, Athyrium, Camptosorus, Cystopteris, Dryop- Herb. 15: 315-24. teris, Gymnocarpium, Matteuccia, Onoclea, Polystichum, Woodsia. . 1983. Genus communities as a systematic tool in the study of DENNSTAEDTIACEAE: Pteridium. POLYPODIACEAE, in the New World Botrychium (Ophioglossaceae). Taxon 32: 51-63. narrow sense: Polypodium. THELYPTERIDACEAE: Thelypteris . 1986. Three new species of moonworts (Botrychium subg. (including Phegopteris). Botrychium) endemic to western North America. Amer. Fern J. 76: 33-47. ADIANTUM - Maidenhair-Fern Map 48 Adiantum Botrychium pedatum L. campestre Wagner & Farrar Voucher specimens for Minnesota distribution are at the ASPLENIUM - Spleenwort Maps 49-50 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. dissectum Spreng.—Dissected Grape-Fern References: B. dissectum Spreng. forma obliquum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Lellinger, D. B. 1981. Notes on North American ferns. Amer. Fern Fern. J. 71: 90-94. gallicomontanum Farrar & Johnson-Groh Norman Co. Moran, R. C. 1982. The Asplenium trichomanes complex in the lanceolatum (S. G. Gmel.) Rupr.-Lance-Leaved Grape-Fern United States and adjacent Canada. Amer. Fern J. 72: 5-11. var. angustisegmentum Pease & Moore Taylor, W. C., R. H. Mohlenbrock, & F. J. Burton. 1976. Variation lunaria (L.) Sw.—Moonwort in North American Asplenium platyneuron. Amer. Fern. J. 66: B. lunaria forma onondagense (Underw.) Butters & Abbe 63-68. matricariifolium A. Br.-Matricary Grape-Fern Wagner, W. H., Jr. Numerous journal articles. See: Index to Ameri- minganense Viet. can Botanical Literature. B. lunaria var. minganense (Viet.) Dole PTERIDOPHYTES: POLYPODIACEAE 5 Asplenium Montgomery, J. D. 1982. Dryopteris in North America. Part II: The platyneuron (L.) B.S.P.-Ebony Spleenwort hybrids. Fiddlehead Forum 9: 23-30. trichomanes L. —Maidenhair-Spleenwort & E. M. Paulton. 1981. Dryopteris in North America. Fiddle- head Forum 8: 25-31. ATHYRIUM-Lady-Fern; Maps 51-53 Dryopteris Spleenwort x boottii (Tuckerm.) Underw. (D. cristata x D. intermedia) Athyrium carthusiana (Vill.) H. P. Fuchs angustum (Willd.) Presl—Lady-Fern D. spinulosa (O. F. Muell.) Watt A. filix-femina (L.) Roth var. michauxii (Spreng.) Farw. D. austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar var. spinulosa (O. F. Muell.) pycnocarpon (Spreng.) Tidestr.—Narrow-leaved Spleenwort Fiori thelypterioides (Michx.) Desv.—Silvery Spleenwort cristata (L.) Gray-Crested Fern expansa (Presl) Fraser-Jenkins & Jermy - Spreading Wood-Fern C AMPTOSORUS - Walking Fern Map 54 D. spinulosa (O. F. Muell.) Watt var. americana (Fisch) Camptosorus Fern. rhizophyllus (L.) Link fragrans (L.) Schott—Fragrant Fern D. fragrans var. remotiuscula Komarov CHEILANTHES - Lip-Fern Maps 55-56 goldiana (Hook.) Gray-Goldie's Fern Cheilanthes intermedia (Muhl.) Gray—Glandular Wood-Fern feei Moore-Slender Lip-Fern D. spinulosa (O. F. Muell.) Watt var. intermedia (Muhl.) lanosa (Michx.) D. C. Eat.—Hairy Lip-Fern Underw. C. vestita Sw. D. austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar var. intermedia (Muhl.) Recorded once from the Dalles of the St. Croix River without Morton indication of state. No specimen from Minnesota is deposited marginalis (L.) Gray—Marginal Fern at MIN. x triploidea Wherry (D. carthusiana x D. intermedia) D. spinulosa var. fructuosa (Gilb.) Trud. CRYPTOGRAMMA-Rock-Brake Map 57 x uliginosa (A. Br.) Druce (D. carthusiana x D. cristata) Cryptogramma stelleri (S. G. Gmel.) Prantl-Slender Cliff-Brake GYMNOC ARPIUM - Oak-Fern Maps 74-77 C YSTOPTERIS - Bladder-Fern Maps 58-63 References: Sarvela, J. 1978. A synopsis of the fern genus Gymnocarpium. Ann. References: Bot. Fenn. 15: 101-106. Blasdell, R. F. 1963. A monographic study of the fern genus Cystop- , D. M. Britton, & K. Pryer. 1981. Studies on the Gymnocarpi- tens. Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 21 (4): 1-102. um robertianum complex in North America. Rhodora 83: Lellinger, D. B. 1981. Notes on North American ferns. Amer. Fern 421-431. J. 71: 90-94. Gymnocarpium Moran, R. C. 1983. Cystopteris tenuis (Michx.) Desv.: a poorly un- dryopteris (L.) Newm.—Oak-Fern derstood species. Castanea 48: 218-223. x intermedium Sarvela (G. dryopteris x G. jessoense) Weatherby, C. A. 1935. A new variety of Cystopteris fragilis and jessoense (Koidz.) Koidz. some old ones. Rhodora 37: 373-378. subsp. parvulum Sarvela Cystopteris robertianum (Hoffm.) Newm.-Northern Oak-Fern bulbifera (L.) Bernh.-Bulblet-Fern Dryopteris robertiana (Hoffm.) C. Chr. fragilis (L.) Bernh. — Fragile Fern MATTEUCCIA - Ostrich-Fern Map 78 x laurentiana (Weath.) Blasd. (C. bulbifera x C. fragilis) C. fragilis var. laurentiana Weath. Matteuccia protrusa (Weath.) Blasd. struthiopteris (L.) Todaro C. fragilis var. protrusa Weath. var. pensylvanica (Willd.) Morton x tennesseensis Shaver (C. bulbifera x C. protrusa) Pteretis pensylvanica (Willd.) Fern. tenuis (Michx.) Desv. ONOCLE A - Sensitive Fern Map 79 C. fragilis var. mackayi Laws. Onoclea C. diaphana (Bory) Blasd. x C. fragilis "complex" sensibilis L. DRYOPTERIS - Shield-Fern; Maps 64-73 PELLAEA-Cliff-Brake Maps 80-81 Wood-Fern Pellaea References: atropurpurea (L.) Link-Purple Cliff-Brake Britton, D. M., & J. H. Soper. 1966. The cytology and distribution glabella Mett.-Smooth Cliff-Brake of Dryopteris species in Ontario. Canad. J. Bot. 44: 63-78. P. atropurpurea var. bushii Mack. Carlson, T. M., & W. H. Wagner, Jr. 1982. The North American distribution of the genus Dryopteris. Contr. Univ. Michigan POLYPODIUM - Polypody Map 82 Herb. 15: 141-162. Reference: Fraser-Jenkins, C. R. 1980. Nomenclatural notes on Dryopteris: 4. Cranfill, R., & D. M. Britton. 1983. Typification within the Polypo- Taxon 29: 607-612. dium virginianum complex (Polypodiaceae). Taxon 32:557-560. PTERIDOPHYTES: POLYPODIACEAE-GYMNOSPERMS: PINACEAE 6 Polypodium Butters, F. K. 1941. Hybrid woodsias in Minnesota. Amer. Fern J. virginianum L. — Common Polypody 31: 15-21. P. vulgare L. var. virginianum (L.) Eaton & R. M. Tryon. 1948. A fertile mutant of a Woodsia hybrid. P. vinlandicum Love & Love Amer. J. Bot. 35: 132-133. POLYSTICHUM-Shield-Fern Maps 83-84 Tryon, R. M. 1948. Some woodsias from the north shore of Lake Superior. Amer. Fern J. 38: 159-170. Polystichum Woodsia acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott—Christmas-Fern x abbeae Butters (W. ilvensis x W. oregana) braunii (Spenner) Fee—Braun's Holly-Fern alpina (Bolton) S. F. Gray—Alpine Woodsia P. braunii var. purshii Fern. glabella R. Br.-Smooth Woodsia PTERIDIUM-Bracken Map 85 x gracilis (Laws.) Butters (W. alpina x W. ilvensis) Pteridium W. ilvensis var. gracilis Laws. aquilinum (L.) Kuhn ilvensis (L.) R. Br.-Rusty Woodsia var. latiusculum (Desv.) Underw.—Eastern Bracken obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. — Blunt-lobed Woodsia oregana D. C. Eat.—Oregon Woodsia THELYPTERIS-Beech-Fern Maps 86-88 var. cathcartiana (Robins.) Morton—Cathcart's Woodsia var. oregana References: scopulina D. C. Eat.—Rocky Mountain Woodsia Holub, J. 1972. On the taxonomy and nomenclature of the European marsh fern. Taxon 21: 331-332. Tryon, A. F., & R. M. Tryon. 1973. Thelypteris in northeastern SALVINIACEAE-Floating Fern Family North America. Amer. Fern J. 63: 65-76. Thelypteris AZOLL A - Water-Fern Map 97 hexagonoptera (Michx.) Weath.—Broad Beech-Fern Azolla Dryopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) C. Chr. mexicana Presl—Mosquito-Fern palustris Schott—Marsh-Fern T. palustris var. pubescens (Laws.) Fern. SELAGINELLACEAE - T. thelypteroid.es (Michx.) Holub subsp. thelypteroides Dryopteris thelypteris (L.) Gray var. pubescens (Laws.) Spikemoss Family Nakai phegopteris (L.) Slosson-Long Beech-Fern SELAGINELLA- Spikemoss Maps 98-99 Dryopteris phegopteris (L.) C. Chr. Selaginella Phegopteris connectialis (Michx.) Watt rupestris (L.) Spring—Rock-Spikemoss WOODSIA-Woodsia Maps 89-96 selaginoides (L.) Link—Mountain-Moss References: Brown, D. F. M. 1964. A monographic study of the fern genus Woodsia. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 16: 1-154.

GYMNOSPERMS CUPRESSACEAE-Cypress Family LARIX-Larch Map 105 Larix JUNIPERUS-Juniper Maps 100-102 decidua Mill.—European Larch Spreads from cultivation. Juniperus laricina (DuRoi) Koch—American Larch; Tamarack communis L. var. depressa Pursh-Ground-Juniper PICEA-Spruce Maps 106-107 horizontalis Moench—Creeping Savin; Creeping Juniper virginiana L. -Eastern Red Cedar References: Little, E. L., & S. S. Pauley. 1958. A natural hybrid between black THUJA-Arbor Vitae Map 103 and white spruce in Minnesota. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 60: Thuja 202-211. occidentalisl L.—White Cedar; Arbor Vitae Parker, W. H., & D. G. McLachlan. 1978. Morphological variation in white and black spruce: investigation of natural hybridization between Picea glauca and P. mariana. Canad. J. Bot. 56: PINACEAE-Pine Family 2512-2520. Picea ABIES-Fir Map 104 abies (L.) Karst.-Norway Spruce Abies May spread from cultivation. balsamea (L.) Mill.-Balsam-Fir glauca (Moench) Voss-White Spruce GYMNOSPERMS: PINACEAE-ANGIOSPERMS: ALISMATACEAE 7 mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.-Black Spruce TSUGA-Hemlock Map 111 x rosendahlii Little & Pauley (P. glauca x P. mariana) Tsuga PINUS-Pine Maps 108-110 canadensis (L.) Carr Pinus banksiana Lamb.—Jack-Pine TAXACEAE-Yew Family resinosa Ait.—Red Pine; Norway Pine rigida Mill.-Pitch-Pine TAXUS-Yew Map 112 May spread from cultivation. Taxus strobus L.-White Pine canadensis Marsh.-American Yew sylvestris L. —Scotch Pine Spreads from cultivation. PSEUDOTSUGA-Douglas Fir Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) France Occasionally spreads from cultivation.

ANGIOSPERMS ACANTHACEAE-Acanthus Family AIZOACEAE-Carpetweed Family RUELLIA Map 113 MOLLUGO-Indian Chickweed Map 121 Ruellia Mollugo humilis Nutt. verticillata L.—Carpetweed. A single recent collection from Minnesota that may have been Introduced. introduced from farther south. ALISMATACEAE- ACERACEAE-Maple Family Water-plantain Family ACER-Maple Maps 114-119 ALISM A - Water-plantain; Maps 122-124 Reference: Mud-plantain Desmarais, Y. 1952. Dynamics of leaf variation in the sugar maples. References: Brittonia 7: 347-387. Bjorkqvist, I. 1967. Studies mAlisma L. I. Distribution, variation Acer and germination. Opera Bot. 17: 1-128. ginnala Maxim.—Siberian Maple . 1968. Studies mAlisma L. II. Chromosome studies, crossing Introduced and spreading from cultivation. experiments and taxonomy. Opera Bot. 19: 1-138. negundo L.—Box-Elder Fernald, M. L. 1946. The North American representatives ofAlisma A. negundo var. interius (Britt.) Sarg. plantago-aquatica. Rhodora 48: 86-96. A negundo var. violaceum (Kirsch.) Jaeg. Hendricks, A. F. 1957. A revision of the genus Alisma (Dill.) L. nigrum Michx. f.—Black Maple Amer. Midi. Naturalist 58: 470-493. A. saccharum var. viride (Schmidt) Voss Voss, E. G. 1958. Confusion mAlisma. Taxon 7: 130-133. rubrum L. — Red Maple Alisma saccharinum L.-Silver Maple; Soft Maple gramineum Gmelin saccharum Marsh.—Sugar Maple; Hard Maple subcordatum Raf. A. saccharophorum Koch A. parviflorum Pursh spicatum Lam.—Mountain-Maple triviale Pursh A. plantago-aquatica L., of authors, not Linnaeus ADOXACEAE-Moschatel Family LOPHOTOCARPUS Map 125 ADOXA-Moschatel Map 120 Lophotocarpus calycinus (Engelm.) J. G. Smith Reference: Cochrane, T. S., & P. J. Salamun. 1974. Preliminary reports on the SAGITTARIA-Arrowhead Maps 126-131 flora of Wisconsin No. 64. Adoxaceae—Moschatel Family. References: Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 62: 247-252. Beal, E. O., J. W. Woolen, & R. B. Kaul. 1982. Review of the Adoxa Sagittaria engelmanniana complex (Alismataceae) with environ- moschatellina L. mental correlations. Syst. Bot. 7: 417-432. ANGIOSPERMS: ALISMATACEAE-APOCYNACEAE 8 Bogin, C. 1955. Revision of the genus Sagittaria (Alismataceae). ANACARDIACEAE-Cashew Family Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 9: 179-233. Wooten, J. W. 1973. Taxonomy of seven species of Sagittaria from RHUS-Sumac Maps 141-147 eastern North America. Brittonia 25: 64-74. References: Sagittaria Barkley, F. A. 1937. A monographic study ofRhus and its immedi- brevirostra Mack. & Bush ate allies in North and Central America, including the West In- cristata Engelm. dies. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 24: 265-498. cuneata Sheldon -Wapato . 1938. Studies in Anacardiaceae. HI. A note concerning the graminea Michx. status of Rhus pulvinata Greene (R. glabra x typhina Koehne). latifolia Willd.-Duck-Potato; Wapato Amer. Midi. Naturalist 19: 598-600. rigida Pursh Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73: 72-159; 161-237; 370-443; 465-540. AMARANTHACEAE - Mulligan, G. A., & B. E. Junkins. 1979. The taxonomic rank of Amaranth Family Rydberg's poison ivy. Naturaliste Canad. 105: 291-293. Rhus Reference: aromatica Ait.—Fragrant Sumac Sauer, J., & R. Davidson. 1962. Preliminary reports on the flora of Probably introduced from southward or eastward. Wisconsin. No. 45. Amaranthaceae—Amaranth Family. Trans. x borealis (Britt.) Greene (emended) (R. glabra x R. typhina) Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 50: 75-87. R. glabra var. borealis Britt. R. pulvinata Greene AMARANTHUS-Amaranth Maps 132-138 glabra L.-Smooth Sumac Reference: radicans L.-Poison Ivy Sauer, J. 1955. Revision of the dioecious amaranths. Madrono 13: var. negundo (Greene) Mulligan 5-46. Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze subsp. negundo (Greene) Gillis Amaranthus Rhus radicans var. vulgaris (Michx.) DC. forma negundo albus L.-Tumbleweed (Greene) Fern, blitoides S. Wats.-Tumbleweed var. rydbergii (Small ex Rydb.) Rehd. A. graecizans L., misapplied. Toxicodendron rydbergii (Small ex Rydb.) Greene Introduced from farther west. Rhus rydbergii Small ex Rydb. hybridus L.-Pigweed typhina L. — Staghorn-Sumac Introduced from farther south. vernix L.—Poison Sumac powellii S. Wats. Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze Introduced from farther west. retroflexus L.—Pigweed APIACEAE: See UMBELLIFERAE Introduced from farther east and south. tamariscinus Nutt. — Water-Hemp Acnida tamariscina (Nutt.) Wood APOCYNACEAE-Dogbane Family tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer Acnida tuberculata Moq. APOCYNUM-Dogbane; Maps 148-151 Acnida altissima (Riddell) Moq. ex Standl. Indian Hemp FROELICfflA-Cottonweed Map 139 Reference: Woodson, R. E., Jr. 1938. Apocynum. North Amer. Fl. 29: Froelichia 188-192. floridana (Nutt.) Moq. var. campestris (Small) Fern. Apocynum F. campestris Small androsaemifolium L.—Dogbane cannabinum L. —Indian Hemp A. cannabinum var. glaberrima DC. AMARYLLIDACEAE- A. cannabinum var. pubescens (Mitchell) DC. Amaryllis Family medium Greene sibiricum Jacq.-Indian Hemp HYPOXIS-Star-Grass Map 140 A. hypericifolium Ait. A. sibiricum var. cordigerum (Greene) Fern. Hypoxis A. sibiricum var. salignum (Greene) Fern. hirsuta (L.) Cov. VEVCA-Periwinkle Vinca minor L.—Common Periwinkle Long persistent after cultivation and frequently spreading locally. ANGIOSPERMS: AQUIFOLIACEAE-ASCLEPIADACEAE 9 AQUIFOLIACEAE-Holly Family ARISTOLOCHIACEAE - Birthwort Family ILEX-Holly Map 152 Reference: ASARUM-Wild Ginger Map 164 Edwin, G. 1957. Notes on Ilex. Rhodora 59: 20-23. Asarum Ilex canadense L. verticillata (L.) Gray-Black Alder; Winterberry var. acuminatum Ashe /. verticillata var. padifolia (Willd.) T. & G. Some authors do not consider this variety to be distinct from the typical var. canadense. NEMOPANTHUS- Mountain-Holly Map 153 var. reflexum (Bickn.) Robins. Reference: Clark, R. C. 1974. Ilex collina, a second species of Nemopanthus ASCLEPIADACEAE-Milkweed Family in the southern Appalachians. J. Arnold Arb. 55: 435-440. Nemopanthus ACERATES: See ASCLEPIAS mucronatus (L.) Loesener ASCLEPI AS - Milkweed Maps 165-177 ARACEAE-Arum Family References: Noamesi, G. K., & H. H. Iltis. 1957. Preliminary reports on the ACORUS- Sweet Flag Map 154 flora of Wisconsin. No. 40. Asclepiadaceae. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 46: 107-114. Acorus Woodson, R. E., Jr. 1954. The North American species ofAsclepias calamus L. L. Ann. Missouri Bot. Card. 41: 1-211. ARISAEM A-Indian Turnip Maps 155-156 Asclepias Reference: amplexicaulis Smith Huttleston, D. G. 1982. The four subspecies of Arisaema triphyl- exaltata L. lum. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 108: 479-481. A. phytolaccoides Pursh Arisaema hirtella (Pennell) Woodson dracontium (L.) Schott-Green Dragon Acerates hirtella Pennell triphyllum (L.) Schott-Jack-in-the-Pulpit Asclepias longifolia Michx. subsp. hirtella (Pennell) A. atrorubens (Ait.) Blume Farmer & Bell subsp. pusillum (Peck) Huttleston incarnata L.-Swamp-Milkweed A. stewartsonii Britt., misidentified as to Minnesota. lanuginosa Nutt. A. triphyllum forma pusillum (Peck) Fern, A. nuttalliana Torr. subsp. triphyllum Acerates nuttalliana (Torr.) Eaton Acerates lanuginosa (Nutt.) Dene. CALLA-Water-Arum Map 157 ovalifolia Dene. Calla speciosa Torr. palustris L. speciosa x A. syriaca SYMPLOCARPUS- Skunk-Cabbage Map 158 stenophylla Gray sullivantii Engelm. Symplocarpus syriaca L.—Common Milkweed foetidus (L.) Nutt. tuberosa L.—Butterfly-Weed subsp. interior Woodson ARALIACEAE-Ginseng Family subsp. terminalis Woodson verticillata L. ARALIA-Sarsaparilla Maps 159-161 viridiflora Raf. Acerates viridiflora (Raf.) Pursh Aralia Asclepias viridiflora var. lanceolata (Ives) Torr. hispida Vent. —Bristly Sarsaparilla Asclepias viridiflora var. linearis (Gray) Fern. nudicaulis L. -Wild Sarsaparilla racemosa L.-Spikenard ASTERACEAE: See COMPOSITAE PANAX-Ginseng Maps 162-163 Panax quinquefolium L.—American Ginseng trifolium L.-Dwarf-Ginseng; Ground-Nut ANGIOSPERMS: BALSAMINACEAE-BORAGINACEAE 10 BALSAMINACEAE- Betula Touch-me-not Family alleghaniensis Britt. — Yellow Birch B. lutea Michx. f. cordifolia Regel—Heart-leaved Birch IMPATIENS - Balsam; Maps 178-179 B. papyrifera var. cordifolia (Regel) Fern. Jewelweed glandulifera (Regel) Butler—Bog-Birch; Swamp-Birch Reference: B. pumila L. var. glandulifera Regel Fernald, M. L., & B. C. Schubert. 1948. Note on Impatiens biflora B. glandulosa Michx. var. glandulifera (Regel) Gl. Walt. Rhodora 50: 203-206. nigra L.—Red Birch papyrifera Marsh.-Paper-Birch; Canoe-Birch Impatiens x purpusii Schneid. (B. alleghaniensis x B. glandulifera) - capensis Meerb.—Spotted Touch-me-not Purpus Birch /. biflora Walt. x rosendahlii Butters & Abbe (B. cordifolia x B. papyrifera) pallida Nutt.-Pale Touch-me-not —Rosendahl Birch x sandbergii Britt. (B. glandulifera x B. papyrifera) - BERBERIDACEAE-Barberry Family Sandberg Birch CARPINUS-Hornbeam Map 194 BERBERIS-Barberry Map 180 Reference: Berberis Furlow, J. J. 1987. The Carpinus caroliniana complex in North thunbergii DC.-Japanese Barberry America. II. Systematics. Syst. Bot. 12: 416-434. Occasionally spreads from cultivation. Carpinus CAULOPHYLLUM-Blue Cohosh Map 181 caroliniana Walt.—American Hornbeam; Blue Beech Caulophyllum subsp. virginiana (Marsh.) Furlow thalictroides (L.) Michx. CORYLUS-Hazelnut Maps 195-196 JEFFERSONIA-Twinleaf Map 182 Corylus Jeffersonia americana Walt.—American Hazelnut cornuta Marsh.—Beaked Hazelnut diphylla (L.) Pers. C. rostrata Ait. PODOPHYLLUM-Map-Apple; Map 183 OSTRYA-Hop-Hornbeam; Ironwood Map 197 Mandrake Ostrya Podophyllum virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch—American Hop-Hornbeam; peltatum L. Ironwood

BETULACEAE-Birch Family BIGNONIACEAE-Bignonia Family ALNUS-Alder Maps 184-185 CATALPA-Catalpa Reference: Reference: Furlow, J. J. 1979. The systematics of the American species of Alnus Paclt, J. 1952. Synopsis of the genus Catalpa (Bignoniaceae) III. (Betulaceae). Rhodora 81: 1-121; 151-248. Candollea 13: 241-285. Alnus Catalpa incana (L.) Moench ovata G. Don—Chinese Catalpa subsp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen—Speckled Alder Introduced. A. rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng. speciosa Warder-Catawba-Tree viridis (Vill.) Lam. & DC. Introduced from the southeast and occasionally subsp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill—Green Alder; Mountain Alder spreading. A. crispa (Ait.) Pursh BETULA-Birch Maps 186-193 BORAGINACEAE-Borage Family References: ANCHUSA-Alkanet Brayshaw, T. C. 1966. The names of yellow birch and two of its varieties. Canad. Field-Naturalist 80: 160-161. Anchusa Brittain, W. H., & W. F. Grant. 1968. Observations on Canadian arvensis (L. ) Bieb. —Small Bugloss birch (Betula) collections at the Morgan Arboretum. V. B. Lycopsis arvensis L. papyrifera and B. cordifolia from eastern Canada. Canad. Field- Introduced. Naturalist 81: 251-262. BORAGO-Borage Dugle, J. R. 1966. A taxonomic study of western Canadian species Borago of the genus Betula. Canad. J. Bot. 44: 929-1007. officinalis L. Introduced. ANGIOSPERMS: BORAGINACEAE 11 CYNOGLOSSUM- Maps 198-199 MERTENSIA - Lungwort; Maps 209-210 Hound's Tongue Bluebells Cynoglossum Reference: boreale Fern.—Northern Wild Comfrey Williams, L. O. 1937. A monograph of the genus Mertensia. Ann. C. virginianum L. var. boreale (Fern.) Cooperr. Missouri Bot. Gard. 24: 17-159. officinale L.-Common Hound's Tongue Mertensia Introduced and naturalized. paniculata (Ait.) G. Don-Tall Lungwort ECHIUM-Viper's Bugloss Map 200 virginica (L.) Pers.—Virginia Cowslip; Virginia Bluebell Reference: MYOSOTIS - Forget-me-not; Maps 211-214 Pusateri, W. P., & W. H. Blackwell, Jr. 1979. The Echium vulgare Scorpion-Grass complex in eastern North America. Castanea 44: 223-229. Myosotis Echium arvensis (L.) Hill vulgare L. —Blueweed Introduced. E. pustulatum Sibth. & Sm. laxa Lehm. — Smaller Forget-me-not Introduced and naturalized. scorpioides L.—True Forget-me-not HACKELIA-Stickseed; Maps 201-202 Introduced and naturalized. Beggar's Lice sylvatica Hoffm.-Garden Forget-me-not Introduced. Reference: verna Nutt. — Early Scorpion-Grass Gentry, J. L., & R. L. Carr. 1976. A revision of the genus Hackelia (Boraginaceae) in North America, north of Mexico. Mem. New ONOSMODIUM- Maps 215-216 York Bot. Gard. 26 (1): 121-227. False Cromwell Hackelia Reference: deflexa (Wahlenb.) Opiz Cochrane, T. S. 1976. Taxonomic status of the Onosmodium molle var. americana (Gray) Fern. & Johnston complex (Boraginaceae) in Wisconsin. Michigan Bot. 15: H. americana (Gray) Fern. 103-110. Lappula deflexa (Wahlenb.) Garcke subsp. americana Onosmodium (Gray) Cochrane molle Michx. virginiana (L.) Johnston subsp. hispidissimum (Mack.) Cochrane LAPPULA-Stickseed Maps 203-204 O. hispidissimum Mack. O. molle var. hispidissimum (Mack.) Cronq. Lappula subsp. occidentale (Mack.) Cochrane redowskii (Hornem.) Greene O. occidentale Mack. L. redowskii var. occidentalis (S. Wats.) Rydb. O. molle var. occidentale (Mack.) Johnston Introduced. squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort. PLAGIOBOTRYS Map 217 L. echinata Fritsch Plagiobotrys Introduced and naturalized. scopulorum (Greene) Johnston LITHOSPERMUM - Puccoon; Maps 205-208 SYMPHYTUM - Comfrey Cromwell Reference: References: Gadella, T. W. J. 1984. Notes on Symphytum (Boraginaceae) in Cusick, A. W. 1985. Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) in Ohio, with a North America. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 71: 1061-1067. new taxonomic rank for Lithospermum croceum Fernald. Michi- Symphytum gan Bot. 24: 63-69. asperum Lepechin—Prickly Comfrey Johnston, I. M. 1952. Studies in the Boraginaceae, XXIII. A survey Introduced. of the genus Lithospermum. J. Arnold Arb. 33: 299-366. officinale L.—Common Comfrey Lithospermum Introduced. canescens (Michx.) Lehm.—Hoary Puccoon caroliniense (Walt.) MacM. subsp. croceum (Fern.) Cusick-Hairy Puccoon BRASSICACEAE: See CRUCIFERAE L. croceum Fern. incisum Lehm.—Narrow-leaved Puccoon L. angustifolium Michx. L. linearifolium. Goldie latifolium Michx.—American Gromwell LYCOPSIS: See ANCHUSA ANGIOSPERMS: BUTOMACEAE-CAMPANULACEAE 12 BUTOMACEAE- CAMPANULACEAE-Bluebell Family Flowering Rush Family CAMPANULA - Bellflower Maps 225-228 BUTOMUS - Flowering Rush Map 218 Reference: Butomus Shetler, S. G. 1963. A checklist and key to the species of Campanula umbellatus L. native or commonly naturalized in North America. Rhodora 65: Introduced. 319-337. Campanula americana L.-Tall Bellflower BUXACEAE-Box Family aparinoides Pursh—Eastern Marsh-Bellflower var. aparinoides PACHYSANDRA var. grandiflora Holz. Reference: C. uliginosa Rydb. Robbins, H. C. 1968. The genus Pachysandra (Buxaceae). Sida 3: glomerata L.-Clustered Bellflower 211-248. Introduced. rapunculoides L.-Rover Bellflower Pachysandra Introduced. terminalis Sieb. & Zucc. —Japanese Spurge rotundifolia L.-Harebell; Bluebell Introduced and occasionally escaping cultivation. This species includes several named varieties whose taxonomic status needs further clarification. CACTACEAE-Cactus Family LOBELIA-Lobelia Maps 229-234 Reference: References: Benson, L. D. 1982. The cacti of the United States and Canada. McVaugh, R. 1936. Studies in the taxonomy and distribution of the Stanford University Press. 1044 pp. eastern North American species of Lobelia. Rhodora 38: 241-263; 276-298; 305-329; 346-362. CORYPHANTHA Map 219 . 1943. Campanulaceae (Lobelioideae). North Amer. Fl. 32A Reference: (Part 1): 1-134. Fischer, P. C. 1980. The varieties of Coryphantha vivipara. Cact. Lobelia Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 52: 186-191. cardinalis L.-Cardinal-Flower Coryphantha dortmanna L.-Water-Lobelia vivipara (Nutt.) Britt. & Rose inflata L.—Indian-Tobacco Mammillaria vivipara (Nutt.) Haw. kalmii L. siphilitica L.—Great Lobelia OPUNTIA-Prickly Pear Maps 220-221 var. ludoviciana DC. Opuntia var. siphilitica fragilis (Nutt.) Haw.-Little Prickly Pear spicata Lam.—Pale-spike Lobelia macrorhiza Engelm. — Plains Prickly Pear var. hirtella Gray O. tortispina Engelm. & Bigel. var. spicata L. spicata var. parviflora Gray L. spicata var. campanulata McVaugh CAESALPINACEAE: L. spicata var. originalis McVaugh See LEGUMINOSAE SPECULARIA: See TRIODANIS

C ALLITRICHACEAE - TRIODANIS - Maps 235-236 Venus's Looking-glass Water Starwort Family References: CALLITRICHE- Maps 222-224 McVaugh, R. 1945. The genus Triodanis Rafinesque, and its relationships to Specularia and Campanula. Wrightia 1: 13-52. Water Starwort . 1948. Generic status of Triodanis and Specularia. Rhodora Reference: 50: 38-49. Fassett, N. C. 1951. Callitriche in the New World. Rhodora 53: Triodanis 137-155; 161-182; 185-194; 209-222. leptocarpa (Nutt.) Nieuwl. Callitriche Specularia leptocarpa (Nutt.) Gray hermaphroditica L. perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. heterophylla Pursh Specularia perfoliata (L.) DC. verna L. C. palustris L., of American authors. CANNABINACEAE-See MORACEAE ANGIOSPERMS: CAPPARACEAE-CARYOPHYLLACEAE 13 CAPPARACEAE dioica L. — Wild Honeysuckle (CAPPARIDACEAE)-Caper Family var. dioica var. glaucescens (Rydb.) Butters L. glaucescens Rydb. CLEOME - Spider-Flower hirsuta Eat. - Hairy Honeysuckle Cleome morrowii Gray serrulata Pursh—Stinking Clover Introduced Introduced from farther west and evidently not long per- oblongifolia (Goldie) Hook.—Swamp Fly-Honeysuckle sisting. prolifera (Kirchn.) Rehd.— Grape-Honeysuckle tatarica L.—Tartarian Honeysuckle CRISTATELLA: See POLANISIA Introduced and fully naturalized. villosa (Michx.) R. & S.—Mountain Fly-Honeysuckle POL ANISIA-Clammy weed Maps 237-238 var. solonis (Eat.) Fern. References: var. tonsa Fern. Iltis, H. H. 1954. Studies in the Capparidaceae I. Polanisia dodecandra (L.) DC., the correct name for Polanisia graveolens SAMBUCUS- Elder Maps 248-249 Rafinesque. Rhodora 56: 65-70. Sambucus . 1958. Studies in the Capparidaceae—IV. Polanisia Raf. Brit- canadensis L. —Common Elder tonia 10: 33-58. pubens Michx.—Red-berried Elder . 1966. Studies in the Capparidaceae VIII. Polanisia dodecan- S YMPHORIC ARPOS - Maps 250-252 dra (L.) DC. Rhodora 68: 41-47. Snowberry Polanisia dodecandra (L.) DC. Reference: subsp. dodecandra Jones, G. N. 1940. A monograph of the genus Symphoricarpos. J. Arnold Arbor. 21: 201-252. P. graveolens Raf. subsp. trachysperma (T. & G.) Iltis Symphoricarpos P. trachysperma T. & G. albus (L.) Blake-Snowberry jamesii (T. & G.) Iltis S. albus var. pauciflorus (Robbins) Blake Cristatella jamesii T. & G. occidentals Hook. — Wolfberry orbiculatus Moench-Coralberry Possibly present in the state only by introduction from farther C APRIFOLIACEAE - east or south. Honeysuckle Family TRIOSTEUM-Horse-Gentian; Map 253 Reference: Feverwort Salamun, P. J. 1980. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin Triosteum No. 68. Caprifoliaceae—Honeysuckle Family. Trans. Wisconsin perfoliatum L.-Wild Coffee Acad. Sci. 67: 103-129. var. aurantiacum (Bickn.) Wieg. var. perfoliatum DIERVILLA - Bush-Honeysuckle Map 239 Diervilla VIBURNUM-Arrow-Wood Maps 254-257 lonicera Mill. Reference: D. lonicera var. hypomalaca Fern. McAtee, W. L. 1956. A review of the nearctic Viburnum. Privately published, Chapel Hill, N.C. 135 pp. LINNAEA - Twinflower Map 240 Viburnum Linnaea edule (Michx.) Raf. borealis L. lentago L.-Nannyberry var. americana (Forbes) Rehd. rafinesquianum Schultes L. americana Forbes var. affine (Bush) House LONICERA-Honeysuckle Maps 241-247 V. affine Bush var. rafinesquianum—Downy Arrow-Wood Reference: V. affine var. hypomalacum Blake Greene, P. S. 1966. Indentification of the species and hybrids in the trilobum Marsh.-High-bush Cranberry Lonicera tatarica complex. J. Arnold Arbor. 47: 75-88. V. opulus L. var. americanum Ait. Lonicera x bella Zabel (L. morrowii x L. tatarica) CARYOPHYLLACEAE-Pink Family Sometimes found where the parental species are growing in proximity. References: Maguire, B. 1950. Studies in the Caryophyllaceae—IV. A synopsis canadensis Marsh.—Fly-Honeysuckle of the North American species of the subfamily Silenoideae. Rhodora 52: 233-245. ANGIOSPERMS: CARYOPHYLLACEAE 14 Schlising, R. A., & H. H. Iltis. 1961. Preliminary reports on the PARONYCHIA-Whitlow-Wort Maps 269-270 flora of Wisconsin No. 46. Caryophyllaceae-Pink Family. Paronychia Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 50: 89-139. canadensis (L.) Wood-Forked Chickweed fastigiata (Raf.) Fern.—Forked Chickweed AGROSTEMMA -Corn-Cockle Map 258 Agrostemma PETRORHAGIA githago L. —Purple Cockle Petrorhagia Introduced. saxifraga (L.) Link Tunica saxifraga (L.) Scop. AREN ARIA - Sand wort Maps 259-261 Escaped from gardens. Reference: Maguire, B. 1951. Studies in the Caryophyllaceae-V. Arenaria in S AGIN A-Pearl wort Maps 271-272 America north of Mexico. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 46: 493-511. Reference: Arenaria dawsonensis Britt. Crow, G. E. 1978. A taxonomic revision of Sagina (Caryophyl- A. stricta Michx. var. dawsonensis (Britt.) Maguire laceae) in North America. Rhodora 80: 1-91. lateriflora L. Sagina macrophylla Hook. nodosa (L.) Fenzl serpyllifolia L.—Thyme-leaved Sandwort subsp. borealis Crow Introduced. procumbens L. CERASTIUM- Maps 262-265 SAPONARIA Map 273 Mouse-ear Chickweed Saponaria Cerastium officinalis L. —Soapwort; Bouncing Bet arvense L.—Field-Chickweed Escaped from gardens and persistent. brachypodum (Engelm.) Robins. vaccaria L.: See VACCARIA fontana Baumg.-Common Mouse-ear SCLERANTHUS - Knawel Map 274 Introduced. nutans Raf. Scleranthus annuus L. DIANTHUS-Pink; Carnation Map 266 Introduced. Dianthus SILENE-Catchfly; Campion Maps 275-284 armeria L. - Deptford Pink Occasional escape from gardens. References: barbatus L. - Sweet William Hitchcock, C. L., & B. Maguire. 1947. A revision of the North Occasional escape from gardens. American species of Silene. Univ. Wash. Publ. Biol. 13: 1-73. deltoides L. —Maiden Pink McNeill, J. 1978. Silene alba and 5. dioica in North America and Persisting near old gardens. the generic delimitation of Lychnis, Melandrium, and Silene (Caryophyllaceae). Canad. J. Bot. 56: 297-308. GYPSOPfflLA-Baby's Breath Map 267 & H. C. Prentice. 1981. Silene pratensis (Rafn) Godron & Reference: Gren., the correct name for white campion or white cockle (Si- Lawrence, G. H. M. 1953. Keys to cultivated plants. 1. The cultivat- lene alba (Miller) E. H. L. Krause, nom. illeg.). Taxon 30: ed species of Gypsophila. Bailey a 1: 16-18. 27-32. Gypsophila Silene elegans Bieb. antirrhina L.-Sleepy Catchfly Introduced. armeria L.-Garden Catchfly; Sweet-William Catchfly muralis L. Introduced. Introduced. cserei Baumg. paniculata L. Naturalized. Introduced. dichotoma Ehrh.-Forking Catchfly Naturalized. LYCHNIS-Campion. See also: SILENE dioica (L.) Clairv.-Red Cockle Lychnis Lychnis dioica L. chalcedonica L.—Maltese Cross Melandrium dioicum (L.) Cosson & Germ. Occasional escape from cultivation, but not naturalized. Introduced but not clearly established. drummondii Hook. MYOSOTON-Giant-Chickweed Map 268 Lychnis drummondii (Hook.) Wats. Myosoton Melandrium drummondii (Hook.) Hulten aquaticum (L.) Moench latifolia Poiret-White Cockle; White Campion Stellaria aquatica (L.) Scop. subsp. alba (Miller) Greuter & Burdet Introduced. Lychnis alba Miller ANGIOSPERMS: CARYOPHYLLACEAE-CHENOPODIACEAE 15 Melandrium album (Miller) Garcke VACCARIA Map 292 Silene alba (Miller) Krause Vaccaria Lychnis pratensis Rafn pyramidata Medic.— Cowherb Silene pratensis (Rafn) Godron & Gren. V. segetalis Garcke Introduced and naturalized. Saponaria vaccaria L. nivea (Nutt.) Otth—Snowy Campion Introduced. noctiflora L. — Night-flowering Catchfly; Sticky Cockle. Naturalized. stellata (L.) Ait. f.-Starry Campion CELASTRACEAE-Staff-Tree Family var. scabrella (Nieuw.) Palmer & Steyerm. var. stellata CELASTRUS - Bittersweet Map 293 vulgaris (Moench) Garcke—Bladder Campion Reference: 5. cucubalus Wibel Hou, D. 1955. A revision of the genus Celastrus. Ann. Missouri S. latifolia (Miller) Britten & Rendle Bot. Gard. 42: 215-302. Introduced. Celastrus SPERGUL A - Spurrey scandens L.—Climbing Bittersweet Spergula arvensis L.—Corn-Spurrey EUON YMUS - Spindle-Tree Map 294 Introduced, but probably not persisting in Minnesota. Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq.—Burning Bush; Wahoo SPERGULARIA- Sand-Spurrey Reference: CERATOPHYLLACEAE - Rossback, R. P. 1940. Spergularia in North and South America. Rhodora 42: 57-83; 105-143; 158-193; 203-213. Hornwort Family Spergularia rubra (L.) J. & C. Presl-Red Sand-Spurrey CERATOPHYLLUM - Maps 295-296 Introduced, but probably not persisting. Hornwort; Coontail STELLARIA-Chickweed; Maps 285-291 References: Starwort Les, D. H. 1986,1988. The evolution of achene morphology in Cer- atophyllum (Ceratophyllaceae), I. Fruit-spine variation and rela- References: tionships of C. demersum, C. submersum, and C. apiculatum. Boivin, B. 1953. Le groupe du Stellaria longifolia Muhlenberg Syst. Bot. 11: 549-558 (1986); II. Fruit variation and systematics (Caryophyllaceae). Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 47: 43-46. of the "spiny-margined" group. Loc. cit. 13: 73-86 (1988); III. Chinnappa, C. C., & J. K. Morton. 1976. Studies on the Stellaria Relationships of the "facially-spined" group. Loc. cit. 13: longipes Goldie complex—variation in wild populations. 509-518 (1988). Rhodora 78: 488-502. Muenscher, W. C. 1940. Fruits and seedlings of Ceratophyllum. Moore, J. W. 1950. Studies of Minnesota flowering plants with Amer. J. Bot. 27: 231-233. notes on additions to the flora. Rhodora 52: 54-60. Porsild, A. E. 1963. Stellaria longipes Goldie and its allies in North Ceratophyllum America. Natl. Mus. Canada Bull. 186: 1-35. demersum L. echinatum Gray Stellaria C. demersum var. echinatum Gray alsine Grimm 5. uliginosa Murray aquatica (L.) Scop.: See MYOSOTON CHENOPODIACEAE - borealis Bigel. Goosefoot Family 5. calycantha (Ledeb.) Bomg., misapplied to Minnesota plants. ATRIPLEX-Orach Map 297 crassifolia Ehrh. graminea L. —Common Stitchwort Reference: Introduced. Frankton, C., & I. J. Bassett. 1968. The genus Atriplex (Chenopo- longifolia Muhl. ex. Willd. diaceae) in Canada. I. Three introduced species: A. heterosper- var. atrata Moore ma, A. oblongifolia, and A. hortensis. Canad. J. Bot. 46: 5. atrata (Moore) Boivin 1309-1313. var. longifolia Atriplex var. subaequalis Moore hortensis L.—Garden Orach longipes Goldie Occasionally spreading from cultivation into waste media (L.) Vill.-Common Chickweed places. Introduced. TUNICA: See PETROHAGIA ANGIOSPERMS: CHENOPODIACEAE 16 patula L. CORISPERMUM-Bugseed Maps 306-308 var. hastata (L.) Gray Reference: A. hastata L. Maihle, N. J., & W. H. Blackwell, Jr. 1978. A synopsis of North var. patula American Corispermum (Chenopodiaceae). Sida 7: 382-391. AXYRIS Map 298 Corispermum Axyris hyssopifolium L. amaranthoides L.—Russian Pigweed Introduced. Introduced. nitidum Kit. ex Schultes Introduced. CHENOPODIUM - Goosefoot Maps 299-305 orientale Lam. References: C. emarginatum Rydb. Aellen, P., & T. Just. 1943. Key and synopsis of the American spe- Introduced. cies of the genus Chenopodium. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 30: CYCLOLOMA-Winged Pigweed Map 309 47-76. Bassett, I. J., & C. W. Crompton. 1982. The genus Chenopodium Cycloloma in Canada. Canad. J. Bot. 60: 586-610. atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult. Dorn, R. C. 1988. Chenopodium simplex, an older name for C. KOCHIA - Summer Cypress Map 310 gigantospermum (Chenopodiaceae). Madrono 35: 162. Wahl, H. A. 1954. A preliminary study of the genus Chenopodium Reference: in North America. Bartonia 27: 1-46. Blackwell, W. H., Jr., M. D. Baechle, & G. Williamson. 1978. . 1955. Chenopodium desiccatum for C. pratericola: a nomen- Synopsis oiKochia (Chenopodiaceae) in North America. Sida 7: clatural correction. Field & Lab. 23: 22. 248-254. Chenopodium Kochia album L.—Lamb's Quarters scoparia (L.) Schrad. Introduced. Introduced. berlandieri Moq. MONOLEPIS Map 311 In Minnesota, the species is not currently distinguished from C. album. Monolepis botrys L. -Jerusalem Oak nuttalliana (Schultes) Greene Introduced. SALICORNIA - Glasswort Map 312 bushianum Aellen In Minnesota, the species is not currently distinguished from Salicornia C. album. rubra Nels. capitatum (L.) Aschers.—Strawberry Elite SALSOLA-Saltwort Maps 313-314 desiccatum Nels. C. pratericola Rydb. Reference: C. leptophyllum Nutt., misapplied. Pohl, R. W., & J. P. Gillespie. 1959. Distributional and cytological Bassett & Crompton (1982), however, conclude that C. desic- notes on Salsola collina. Rhodora 61: 265-267. catum and C. pratericola are distinct species, a conclusion not Salsola followed here. collina Pall. foggii Wahl Introduced. A duplicate of a specimen cited in the original description is iberica Sennen & Pau at MIN. Its status is uncertain. 5. kali L. var. tenuifolia Meyer glaucum L. Introduced. var. glaucum—Oak-leaved Goosefoot Introduced, SUAEDA-Sea-Blite Map 315 var. salinum (Standl.) Boivin References: C. salinum Standl. Bassett, I. J., & C. W. Crompton. 1978. The genus Suaeda rubrum L.-Coast Blite (Chenopodiaceae) in Canada. Canad. J. Bot. 56: 581-591. var. humile (Hook.) Wats. Hopkins, C. O., & W. H. Blackwell, Jr. 1977. Synopsis of Suaeda C. humile Hook, (Chenopodiaceae) in North America. Sida 7: 147-173. var. rubrum McNeill, J., I. J. Bassett, & C. W. Crompton. 1977. Suaeda cal- simplex (Torr.) Raf. ceoliformis, the correct name for Suaeda depressa auct. Rhodora C. gigantospermum Aellen 79: 133-138. C. hybridum L. var. gigantospermum (Aellen) Rouleau standleyanum Aellen Suaeda calceoliformis (Hook.) Moq. C. boschianum Moq., misapplied. S. depressa (Pursh) S. Wats., misapplied. ANGIOSPERMS: CISTACEAE-COMPOSITAE 17 CISTACEAE-Rockrose Family COMPOSITAE (ASTERACEAE)- Composite Family HELIANTHEMUM-Rockrose Maps 316-317 References: Reference: Beals, E. W., & R. F. Peters. 1967. Preliminary reports on the flora Daoud, H. S., & R. L. Wilbur. 1965. A revision of the North Ameri- of Wisconsin No. 56. Compositae V.—Composite Family V. can species of Helianthemum (Cistaceae). Rhodora 67: 63-82; Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 55: 223-242. 201-216; 255-312. Johnson, M. F., & H. H. Iltis. 1963. Preliminary reports on the flora Helianthemum of Wisconsin No. 48. Compositae I—Composite Family I. bicknellii Fern. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 52: 255-342. canadense (L.) Michx. — Frostweed Mickelson, C. J., & H. H. Iltis. 1967. Preliminary reports on the HUDSONIA Map 318 flora of Wisconsin No. 55. Compositae IV—Composite Family IV. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 55: 187-222. Reference: Skog, J. T., & N. H. Nickerson. 1973. Variation and speciation in ACHILLEA-Yarrow Maps 327-329 the genus Hudsonia. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 59: 454-464. References: Hudsonia Ehrendorfer, F. 1973. New chromosome numbers and remarks on tomentosa Nutt. the Achillea millefolium polyploid complex in North America. H. ericoides L. subsp. tomentosa (Nutt.) Nickerson & Oesterr. Bot. Z. 122: 133-143. Skog Mulligan, G. A., & I. J. Bassett. 1959. Achillea millefolium complex LECHEA-Pinweed Maps 319-321 in Canada and portions of the United States. Canad. J. Bot. 37: 73-79. Reference: Tyrl, R. J. 1975. Origin and distribution of polyploid Achillea Hodgdon, A. R. 1938. A taxonomic study of Lechea. Rhodora 40: (Compositae) in western North America. Brittonia 27: 187-196. 29-69; 87-131. Achillea Lechea millefolium L.—Common Yarrow; Milfoil intermedia Leggett subsp. lanulosa (Nutt.) Piper stricta Leggett subsp. millefolium tenuifolia Michx. Introduced. ptarmica L. — Sneezeweed COMMELINACEAE - Introduced. sibirica Ledeb. Spiderwort Family A. multiflora Hook. Possibly indigenous in Roseau Co. COMMELINA-Dayflower Maps 322-323 ACROPTILON: See Centaurea repens L. Reference: Brashier, C. K. 1966. A revision of Commelina (Plum.) L. in the ADENOCAULON U.S.A. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 93: 1-19. Reference: Commelina Morton, G. 1978. Adenocaulon. North Amer. Fl., Series II, Part 10: communis L. 179. Naturalized. Adenocaulon erecta L. bicolor Hook. TRADESCANTIA - Spiderwort Maps 324-326 Reported for Minnesota by Morton (1978). References: AGOSERIS-False Dandelion Map 330 Anderson, E., & R. E. Woodson. 1935. The species of Tradescantia Agoseris indigenous to the United States. Contr. Arnold Arbor. 9: 1-132. cuspidata (Pursh) Raf.: See NOTHOCALAIS Moore, J. W. 1950. Studies of Minnesota flowering plants with glauca (Pursh) Raf. notes on additions to the flora. Rhodora 52: 54-60. AMBROSIA-Ragweed Maps 331-333 Tradescantia bracteata Small References: T. bracteata forma albiflora Moore Bassett, I. J., & J. Terasmae. 1962. Ragweeds, Ambrosia species, T. bracteata forma rosea Moore in Canada and their history in postglacial time. Canad. J. Bot. 40: occidentalis (Britt.) Smyth 141-150. ohiensis Raf. Payne, W. W. 1964. A re-evaluation of the genus Ambrosia (Com- T. canaliculata Raf. positae). J. Arnold Arbor. 45: 401-438. . 1970. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin No. 62. Compositae VI. Composite Family VI. The genus Ambrosia—the ragweeds. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 58: 353-371. ANGIOSPERMS: COMPOSITAE 18 Wagner, W. H., & T. F. Deals. 1958. Perennial ragweeds (Ambro- ANTHEMIS - Dogfennel; Maps 341-342 sia) in Michigan, with the description of a new intermediate tax- Chamomile on. Rhodora 60: 177-204. Anthemis Ambrosia cotula L. —Dogfennel; Stinking Chamomile acanthicarpa Hook. Introduced. Franseria acanthicarpa (Hook.) Coville tinctoria L.—Yellow Chamomile Adventive from the west. No recent records in Minnesota. Introduced. artemisiifolia L. — Common Ragweed A. artemisiifolia var. elatior (L.) Desc. APLOPAPPUS: See HAPLOPAPPUS bidentata Michx. ARCTIUM-Burdock Maps 343-344 Introduced from farther south. One old record for the state. coronopifolia T. & G. —Western Ragweed Arctium A. psilostachya DC. var. coronopifolia (T. & G.) Farw. minus (Hill) Bernh. — Common Burdock trifida L. —Great Ragweed Naturalized. A. trifida var. integrifolia (Muhl.) T. & G. tomentosum Mill.—Hairy Burdock Introduced. ANAPHALIS - Everlasting Map 334 ARNICA Map 345 Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Clarke-Pearly Everlasting Reference: Four varieties of questionable distinctness, recognized by Ediger, R. I., & T. M. Barkley. 1978. Arnica. North Amer. Fl., Se- Fernald, Gray's Man., ed. 8, are included under this ries II, Part 10: 16-44. binomial. Arnica lonchophylla Greene ANTENN ARIA - Everlasting; Maps 335-340 A. chionopappa Fern. Ladies' Tobacco ARTEMISIA-Wormwood; Maps 346-352 References: Sagebrush Bayer, R. J., & G. L. Stebbins. 1982. A revised classification of An- tennaria (Asteraceae: Inuleae) of the eastern United States. Syst. Reference: Bot. 7: 300-313. Keck, D. D. 1946. A revision of the Artemisia vulgaris complex in . 1987. Chromosome numbers, patterns of distribution, and North America. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25: 421-468. apomixis in Antennaria (Asteraceae: Inuleae). Syst. Bot. 12: Artemisia 305-319. abrotanum L.—Southernwood Antennaria Introduced, but doubtfully persistent. microphylla Rydb. absinthium L.—Wormwood; Absinthium neglecta Greene Introduced. A. campestris Rydb. biennis Willd. neodioica Greene Introduced from the West. subsp. canadensis (Greene) Bayer & Stebbins campestris L. A. canadensis Greene subsp. borealis (Pall.) Hall & Clem. A. borealis Pall. A. canadensis var. randii Fern. A. canadensis Michx. A. neglecta var. randii (Fern.) Cronq. subsp. caudata (Michx.) Hall & Clem. subsp. neodioica A. caudata Michx. A. neodioica var. attenuata Fern. A. caudata var. calvens Lunell A. neglecta var. attenuata (Fern.) Cronq. dracunculus L. subsp. petaloidea (Fern.) Bayer & Stebbins A. glauca Pall. A. petaloidea Fern. A. dracunculoides Pursh parlinii Fern. frigida Willd. —Sage-Worm wood subsp. fallax (Greene) Bayer & Stebbins ludoviciana Nutt.—Western Mugwort; White Sage A. fallax Greene A. gnaphalodes Nutt. A. arnoglossa Greene var. ambigens Greene A. ludoviciana var. latifolia (Bess.) T. & G. A. plantaginifolia var. ambigens (Greene) Cronq. A. ludoviciana var. pabularis (Nels.) Fern. A. occidentalis Greene A. herriotii Rydb. A. munda Fern, pontica L.—Roman Wormwood subsp. parlinii Introduced. A. arnoglossa Greene serrata Nutt. A. parlinii var. arnoglossa (Greene) Fern. stelleriana Bess.-Beach-Wormwood A. plantaginifolia var. arnoglossa (Greene) Cronq. Introduced at Duluth. parvifolia Nutt. vulgaris L. —Common Mugwort A. aprica Greene Introduced, but probably not persisting. plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. ANGIOSPERMS: COMPOSITAE 19 ASTER Maps 353-378 A. macrophyllus var. velutinus Burgess References: A. macrophyllus var. sejunctus Burgess modestus Lindl. Jones, A. G. 1978. The taxonomy of Aster section Multiflori (Aster- aceae) I. Nomenclatural review and formal presentation of taxa. novae-angliae L. — New England Aster Rhodora 80: 319-357. Lasallea novae-angliae (L.) Semple & Brouillet . 1978. The taxonomy of Aster section Multiflori (Aster- Virgulus novae-angliae (L.) Reveal & Keener aceae)—II. Biosystematic investigations. Rhodora 80: 453-490. oblongifolius Nutt. — Aromatic Aster . 1980. A classification of the New World species of Aster Lasallea oblongifolia (Nutt.) Semple & Brouillet (Asteraceae). Brittonia 32: 230-239. Virgulus oblongifolius (Nutt.) Reveal & Keener . 1984. Nomenclatural notes on Aster (Asteraceae)—II. New var. angustatus Shinners combinations and some transfers. Phytologia 55: 373-388. Virgulus oblongifolius var. angustatus (Shinners) Reveal . 1989. Aster and Brachyactis in Illinois. Bull. Illinois Nat. & Keener Hist. Surv. 34: 139-194. var. oblongifolius Rosendahl, C. O., & A. Cronquist. 1949. The asters of Minnesota: ontarionis Wieg.-Ontario Aster a floristic study. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 42: 502-512. A. pantotrichus Blake Semple, J. C., & L. Brouillet. 1980. A synopsis of North American oolentangiensis Riddell-Azure Aster asters: The subgenera, sections and subsections of Aster and A. azureus Lindl. Lasallea. Amer. J. Bot. 67: 1010-1026. A. shortii subsp. azureus (Lindl.) Avers pilosus Willd.—Hairy Aster Aster prenanthoides Muhl.-Crooked Aster borealis (T. & G.) Prov.-Rush-Aster A. oticus Rydb. A. junciformis Rydb. ptarmicoides (Nees) T. & G.: See SOLIDAGO brachyactis Blake puniceus L.—Purple-Stemmed Aster Brachyactis ciliata (Ledeb.) Ledeb. subsp. subsp. firmus (Nees) Jones angustata (Lindl.) Jones A. firmus Nees ciliolatus Lindl.—Lindley's Aster A. puniceus var. firmus (Nees) T. & G. cordifolius L.—Heart-Leaved Aster A. lucidulus (Gray) Wieg. drummondii Lindl.—Drummond's Aster A. puniceus var. lucidulus Gray A. sagittifolius var. drummondii (Lindl.) Shinners subsp. puniceus ericoides L.-Heath-Aster sericeus Vent.—Silky Aster Lasallea ericoides (L.) Semple & Brouillet Lasallea sericea (Vent.) Greene Virgulus ericoides (L.) Reveal & Keener Virgulus sericeus (Vent.) Reveal & Keener subsp. ericoides shortii Lindl.—Short's Aster A. ericoides var. prostratus (Kuntze) Blake umbellatus Mill.-Flat-Top Aster subsp. pansus (Blake) Jones var. pubens Gray Virgulus ericoides var. pansus (Blake) Reveal & Keener A. pubentior Cronq. falcatus Lindl.—Western Heath-Aster var. umbellatus Lasallea falcata (Lindl.) Semple & Brouillet urophyllus Lindl. in DC. Map 357 Virgulus falcatus (Lindl.) Reveal & Keener A. sagittifolius Wedem., misapplied. subsp. commutatus (T. & G.) Jones A. commutatus (T. & G.) Gray BELLIS - English Daisy Map 379 A. crassulus Rydb. Bellis hesperius Gray perennis L. A. coerulescens DC., misapplied. Rarely escapes cultivation. laevis L.—Smooth Aster var. geyeri Gray BIDENS-Bur-Marigold; Maps 380-386 A. laeviformis Rydb. Beggar-Ticks var. laevis References: lanceolatus Willd.-Panicled Aster Fassett, N. C. 1957. A manual of aquatic plants. University of Wis- subsp. interior (Wieg.) Jones consin Press, Madison. 405 pp. A. simplex Willd. var. interior (Wieg.) Cronq. Sherff, E. E., & E. J. Alexander. 1955. Bidens. North Amer. Fl., subsp. lanceolatus Series II, Part 2: 70-129. A. simplex var. ramosissimus (T. & G.) Cronq. . 1965. Notes on varieties of Bidens connata and a hybrid with subsp. simplex (Willd.) Jones B. cernua. Rhodora 67: 59-62. A. simplex var. simplex lateriflorus (L.) Britt. Bidens x longulus Sheld. (as species) (?A borealis x A. puniceus) aristosa (Michx.) Britt.-Tickseed-Sunflower macrophyllus L.—Big-Leaved Aster Reported for Minnesota by Sherff and Alexander (1955), A. macrophyllus var. pinguifolius Burgess p. 83. beckii Ton.: See MEGALODONTA ANGIOSPERMS: COMPOSITAE 20 cernua L.-Sticktight dubia Suter var. cernua C. nigrescens Willd., in part. B. cernua var. Integra Wieg. Introduced. B. cernua var. elliptica Wieg. montana L. —Mountain-Bluet var. oligodonta Fern. & St. John Introduced. comosa (Gray) Wieg.-Beggar-Ticks repens L.—Russian Knapweed connata Willd.-Beggar-Ticks; Sticktight Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. var. connata Introduced. var. fallax (Warnst.) Sherff var. gracilepsis Fern. CHAMOMILLA Maps 394-395 var. petiolata (Nutt.) Farw. Chamomilla var. pinnata Wats. recuita (L.) Rauschert var. saint-vincentii Sherff Matricaria recuita L. var. submutica Fassett Matricaria chamomilla L., in part coronata (L.) Britt. — Tickseed-Sunflower Naturalized var. coronata suaveolens (Pursh) Rydb. —Pineapple-Weed var. tenuiloba (Gray) Sherff Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter, in part. discoidea (T. & G.) Britt. Introduced and naturalized from the West. frondosa L.-Beggar-Ticks; Sticktight vulgata Greene—Beggar-Ticks; Sticktight CHRYSANTHEMUM Map 396 var. puberula (Wieg.) Greene Reference: var. vulgata Mulligan, G. A. 1958. Chromosome races in the Chrysanthemum BOLTONIA Map 387 leucanthemum complex. Rhodora 60: 122-125. Chrysanthemum Boltonia leucanthemum L.—Ox-Eye Daisy asteroides (L.) L'Her. C. leucanthemum var. pinnatifidum Lecoq & Lamotte, var. recognita (Fern. & Grisc.) Cronq. misapplied. B. latisquama Gray var. microcephala Fern. & Grisc. B. latisquama var. recognita Fern. & Grisc. Naturalized. C AC ALIA-Indian-Plantain Maps 388-390 CHRYSOPSIS: See HETEROTHECA for Minnesota species. Reference: Pippen, R. D. 1978. Cacalia. North Amer. Fl., Series II, Part 10: CICHORIUM-Chicory Map 397 151-159. Cichorium Cacalia intybus L. —Common Chicory atriplicifolia L. - Pale Indian-Plantain Naturalized. Reported for Minnesota by Pippen (1978), and by Fernald, Gray's Man., ed. 8. CIRSIUM-Common Thistle; Maps 398-404 muhlenbergii (Schultz-Bip.) Fern.—Great Indian-Plantain Plumed Thistle plantaginea (Raf.) Shinners Cirsium C. tuberosa Nutt. altissimum (L.) Spreng. suaveolens L. C. iowense (Pammel) Fern. CARDUUS-Plumeless Thistle Maps 391-392 altissimum x C. discolor arvense (L.) Scop.—Canada Thistle Carduus Naturalized, acanthoides L. var. arvense Naturalized weed. var. mite Wimm. & Grab. nutans L.-Nodding Thistle; Musk-Thistle discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. Naturalized weed. discolor x C. muticum CENTAUREA-Star-Thistle Map 393 flodmani (Rydb.) Arthur hillii (Canby) Fern. Reference: C. pumilum (Nutt.) Spreng. subsp. hillii (Canby) Moore Moore, R. J. 1972. Distribution of native and introduced knapweeds & Frankton (Centaurea) in Canada and the United States. Rhodora 74: muticum Michx.—Swamp-Thistle 331-346. vulgare (Savi) Tenore-Bull-Thistle; Common Thistle Centaurea Naturalized. biebersteinii DC.—Spotted Knapweed C. maculosa Lam., misapplied. CONYZA Maps 405-406 Introduced and becoming naturalized. Conyza cyanus L.-Bluebottle; Bachelor's Button; Cornflower canadensis (L.) Cronq. —Horseweed Introduced. Erigeron canadensis L. ANGIOSPERMS: COMPOSITAE 21 ramosissima Cronq. Erigeron Erigeron divaricatus Michx. acris L. var. asteroides (Andrz.) DC. COREOPSIS - Tickseed Maps 407-409 E. angulosis Gaud, var kamtschaticus (DC.) Kara Reference: annuus (L.) Pers.-Daisy-Fleabane Smith, E. B. 1976. A biosystematic survey of Coreopsis in eastern canadensis: see CONYZA United States and Canada. Sida 6: 123-215. glabellus Nun. var. pubescens Hook. Coreopsis lonchophyllus Hook. lanceolata L. philadelphicus L. Introduced from farther south or east. pulchellus Michx. palmata Nutt. var. pulchellus tinctoria Nutt. var. tolsteadii Cronq. Probably introduced from the West or South. strigosus Muhl.—Daisy-Fleabane CREPIS-Hawk's Beard Maps 410-411 var. beyrichii (Fisch. & Mey.) Gray var. septentrionalis (Fern. & Wieg.) Fern. Reference: var. strigosus Babcock, E. B. 1947. The genus Crepis. Part I. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 21: 1-198. Part 2. Loc. cit. 22: 199-1030 EUPATORIUM-Thoroughwort; Maps 423-428 Crepis Boneset runcinata (James) T. & G. Reference: tectorum L. Clewell, A. F., & J. W. Woolen. 1971. A revision of Ageratina Naturalized. (Compositae: Eupatorieae) from eastern North America. Britto- DYSSODIA-Fetid Marigold Map 412 nia 23: 123-143. Eupatorium Dyssodia altissimum L. papposa (Vent.) Hitchc. maculatum L. - Joe-Pye Weed Probably adventive from farther south or west. Eupatoriadelphus maculatus (L.) King & Robins. ECHINACEA-Purple Coneflower Map 413 perfoliatum L.-Thoroughwort purpureum L.—Joe-Pye Weed Reference: Eupatoriadelphus purpureus (L.) King & Robins. McGregor, R. L. 1968. The taxonomy of the genus Echinacea rugosum Houtt. — White Snakeroot (Compositae). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 48: 113-142. Ageratina altissima (L.) King & Robins. Echinacea Eupatorium rugosum var. tomentellum (Robins.) Blake angustifolia DC. sessilifolium L.—Upland Boneset Brauneria angustifolia (DC.) Heller E. sessilifolium var. brittonianum Porter. Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. var. angustifolia (DC.) EUTHAMIA Maps 429-430 Cronq. Reference: ECLIPTA Map 414 Sieren, D. J. 1981. The taxonomy of the genus Euthamia. Rhodora Eclipta 83: 551-579. alba (L.) Hassk.-Yerba-de-Tajo Euthamia Adventive from farther south. graminifolia (L.) Nutt. var. granimifolia ERECHTITES - Fireweed Map 415 Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb. References: var. major (Michx.) Moldenke Barkley, T. M., & A. Cronquist. 1978. Erechtites. North Amer. Solidago graminifolia var. major (Michx.) Fern. Fl., Series II. Part 10: 139-142. gymnospermoides Greene Belcher, R. O. 1956. A revision of the genus Erechitites (Composi- E. media Greene tae). with inquiries into Senecio and Arrhenechthites. Ann. Mis- Solidago graminifolia var. media (Greene) Harris souri Bot. Gard. 43: 1-85. Solidago graminifolia var. gymnospermoides (Greene) Croat Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. FRANSERIA: See AMBROSIA ERIGERON-Fleabane Maps 416-422 GAILLARDIA-Blanket-Flower Map 431 Reference: References: Cronquist, A. 1947. Revision of the North American species of Biddulph, S. F. 1944. A revision of the genus Gaillardia. Res. Stud. Erigeron north of Mexico. Brittonia 6: 121-300. State Coll. Wash. 12: 195-256. Turner, B. L., & M. Whalen. 1975 Taxonomic study of Gaillardia pulchella (Asteraceae-Heliantheae). Wrightia 5: 189-192. ANGIOSPERMS: COMPOSITAE 22 Gaillardia HELIANTHUS - Sunflower Maps 440-450 aristata Pursh Reference: pulchella Foug. Heiser, C. B., Jr., with D. M. Smith, S. B. Clevenger, & W. C. An escape from gardens. Native farther south and west. Martin, Jr. 1969. The North American sunflowers (Helianthus). GALINSOGA Maps 432-433 Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 22 (3): 1-218. Reference: Helianthus Canne, J. A. 1977. A revision of the genus Galinsoga (Compositae: annuus L.—Common Sunflower Heliantheae). Rhodora 79: 319-389. giganteus L. Galinsoga H. giganteus var. subtuberosus Britt. forma vertidllatus Lakela parviflora Cav. H. borealis S. Wats. Introduced. H. membranaceus S. Wats. quadriradiata Ruiz & Pavon grosseserratus Martens G. ciliata (Raf.) Blake Introduced. hirsutus Raf. x laetiflorus Pers. (as species) (H. rigidus x H. tuberosus) GNAPHALIUM- Cudweed; Maps 434-436 H. scaberrimus L. Everlasting maximiliani Schrad. Gnaphalium nuttallii T. & G. subsp. rydbergii (Britt.) Long obtusifolium L.—Catfoot occidentals Riddell uliginosum L. — Low Cudweed petiolaris Nutt. viscosum HBK. rigidus (Cass.) Desf. G. macounii Greene subsp. rigidus GRINDELIA-Gumweed; Tarweed Map 437 H. laetiflorus var. rigidus (Cass.) Fern, subsp. subrhomboideus (Rydb.) Heiser Reference: Steyermark, J. A. 1934. Studies in Grindelia. II. A monograph of H. laetiflorus var. subrhomboideus (Rydb.) Fern. the North American species of the genus Grindelia. Ann. Mis- strumosus L. souri Bot. Card. 21: 433-608. tuberosus L.—Jerusalem Artichoke H. tuberosus var. subcanescens Gray Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal HELIOPSIS - Ox-Eye Map 451 var. quasiperennis Lunell Reference: G. perennis Nels. Fisher, T. R. 1957. Taxonomy of the genus Heliopsis (Compositae). var. serrulata (Rydb.) Steyerm. OhioJ. Sci. 57: 171-191. var. squarrosa Heliopsis HAPLOPAPPUS Map 438 helianthoides (L.) Sweet References: subsp. occidentalis Fisher Hall, H. M. 1928. The genus Haplopappus, a phylogenetic study in H. helianthoides var. scabra (Dun.) Fern., misapplied. the Compositae. Carnegie Inst. Washington, Pub. No. 389: HETEROTHEC A - Golden Aster Map 452 1-391. Turner, B. L., & R. L. Hartman. 1976. Intraspecific categories References: of Machaeranthera pinnatifida (Compositae). Wrightia 5: Harms, V. L. 1968. Nomenclatural changes and taxonomic notes on 308-315. Heterotheca, including Chrysopsis, in Texas and adjacent states. Haplopappus Wrightia 4: 8-20. spinulosus (Pursh) DC. Semple, J. C., V. C. Blok & P. Heiman. 1980. Morphological, ana- Machaeranthera pinnatifida (Hook.) Shinners tomical, habit, and habitat differences among the golden-aster genera Chrysopsis, Heterotheca, and Pityopsis (Compositae- HELENIUM-Sneezeweed Map 439 Astereae). Canad. J. Bot. 58: 147-163. Reference: Heterotheca Rock, H. F. L. 1957. A revision of the vernal species of Helenium villosa (Pursh) Shinners (Compositae). Rhodora 59: 101-116; 128-158; 168-178; Chrysopsis villosa (Pursh) Nutt. 203-216. var. foliosa (Nutt.) Harms Helenium Chrysopsis villosa var. foliosa (Nutt.) Eat. autumnale L. var. villosa flexuosum Raf. Chrysopsis villosa var. villosa H. nudiflorum Nutt. Chrysopsis bakeri Greene Introduced at one locality. From the central or Chrysopsis ballardi Rydb. southern states. ANGIOSPERMS: COMPOSITAE 23 HIERACIUM - Hawkweed Maps 453-459 Krigia biflora (Walt.) Blake References: subsp. biflora Johnson, M. F., & H. H. Iltis. 1963. Preliminary reports on the flora subsp. glandulifera (Fern.) Iltis of Wisconsin No. 48. Compositae I-Composite Family I. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 52: 255-342. KUHNIA-False Boneset Map 462 Lepage, E. 1960. Hieracium canadense Michx. et ses alliees en Reference: Amerique du Nord. Naturaliste Canad. 87: 59-107. Shinners, L. H. 1946. Revision of the genus Kuhnia L. Wrightia 1: . 1971. Les epervieres du Quebec. Naturaliste Canad. 98: 122-144. 657-674. Voss, E. G., & M. W. Bohlke. 1978. The status of certain hawk- Kuhnia weeds (Hieracium subgenus Piloselld) in Michigan. Michigan eupatorioides L. Dot. 17: 35-47. var. corymbulosa T. & G. Hieracium Brickellia eupatorioides (L.) Shinners var. corymbulosa (T. & G.) Shinners aurantiacum L. — Orange Hawkweed Naturalized. LACTUCA-Lettuce Maps 463-467 canadense Michx. Lactuca Cited by Lepage (1960) from Cook Co. The great majority of biennis (Moench) Fern. Minnesota specimens identified as this species are H. kalmii. canadensis L.-Wild Lettuce floribundum Wimm. & Grab.—King-Devil var. canadensis Introduced. L. canadensis var. integrifolia (Bigel.) Gray kalmii L. var. latifolia Ktze. H. canadense Michx., Am. authors, in part, misapplied. var. longifolia (Michx.) Farw. H. canadense var. fasciculatum (Pursh) Fern. var. obovata Wieg. H. kalmii var. fasciculatum (Pursh) Lepage ludoviciana (Nutt.) Riddell H. kalmii var. subintegrum (Lepage) Lepage pulchella (Pursh) DC.-Blue Lettuce longipilum Torr. serriola L.—Prickly Lettuce pilosella L. — Mouse-Ear L. scariola L. Introduced at Duluth. Introduced and naturalized. piloselloides Vill.—King-Devil H. florentinum All., of Am. authors; misapplied. LAPSANA - Nipplewort Map 468 Introduced and becoming naturalized. Lapsana scabriusculum Schwein. communis L. H. umbellatum L., misapplied, Introduced. var. columbianum (Rydb.) Lepage var. scabriusculum LIATRIS-Blazing Star; Maps 469-473 var. scabrum (Schwein.) Lepage Gayfeather scabrum Michx. var. scabrum Liatris var. tonsum Fern. & St. John aspera Michx. vulgatum Fries cylindracea Michx. Introduced at Duluth. ligulistylis (Nels.) Schum. L. rosendahlii Rydb. INULA punctata Hook. Inula L. densispicata (Bush) Gaiser helenium L.—Elecampane pycnostachya Michx.—Gayfeather Escaped cultivation, but not persisting. LYGODESMIA-Rush-Pink Map 474 IV A - Marsh-Elder Map 460 Reference: Reference: Tomb, A. S. 1980. Taxonomy of Lygodesmia (Asteraceae). Syst. Jackson, R. C. 1960. A revision of the genus Iva L. Kansas. Univ. Bot. Monographs 1: 1-51. Sci. Bull. 41: 793-876. Lygodesmia Iva juncea (Pursh) Hook.— Skeleton-Weed xanthifolia Nutt. rostrata (Gray) Gray: See SHINNERSOSERIS KRIGIA-Dwarf Dandelion Map 461 MACHAERANTHERA Reference: Reference: Shinners, L. H. 1947. Revision of the genus Krigia Schreber Cronquist, A., & D. D. Keck. 1957. A reconstitution of the genus Wrightia 1: 187-206. Machaeranthera. Brittonia 9: 231-239. ANGIOSPERMS: COMPOSITAE 24 Machaeranthera Petasites canescens (Pursh) Gray frigidus (L.) Fries Aster canescens Pursh var. palmatus (Ait.) Cronq. Introduced at one locality in Blue Earth Co. from farther west. P. palmatus (Ait.) Gray sagittatus (Banks ex Pursh) Gray MADIA-Tar weed x vitifolius Greene (as species) (P. frigidus var. palmatus x P. Madia sagittatus) glomerata Hook. P. trigonophyllus Greene Introduced locally in the Duluth area from farther west. P. nivalis Greene MATRICARIA-Wild Chamomile Map 475 P. frigidus var. nivalis (Greene) Cronq. Matricaria POLYMNIA-Leafcup Map 482 chamomilla L.: See CHAMOMILLA Reference: maritima L. Wells, J. R. 1965. A taxonomic study of Polymnia (Compositae). M. maritima var. agrestis (Knaf) Wilmott Brittonia 17: 144-159. M. inodora L. Chamomilla inodora (L.) Gilib. Polymnia Naturalized. canadensis L. matricarioides (Less.) Porter: See CHAMOMILLA PRENANTHES- Maps 483-486 MEGALODONTA - Water-Marigold Map 476 Rattlesnake-Root References: Prenanthes Roberts, M. L. 1985. The cytology, biology and systematics of alba L. -White Lettuce Megalodonta beckii (Compositae). Aquatic Bot. 21: 99-110. aspera Michx. Sherff, E. E., & E. J. Alexander. 1955. Megalodonta. North Amer. crepidinea Michx. FL, Series H, Part 2: 147. racemosa Michx. Megalodonta RATIBIDA-Prairie-Coneflower Maps 487-488 beckii (Torr.) Greene Reference: Bidens beckii Torr. Richards, E. L. 1968. A monograph of the genus Ratibida. Rhodora MICROSERIS: See NOTHOCALAIS 70: 348-393. Ratibida NOTHOCALAIS Map 477 columnifera (Nutt.) Wool. & Standl. Reference: pinnata (Vent.) Barnh. Chambers, K. L. 1955. A biosystematic study of the annual species RUDBECKIA-Coneflower Maps 489-491 of Microseris. Contr. Dudley Herb. 4: 207-312. Nothocalais Reference: cuspidata (Pursh) Greene Perdue, R. E. 1958. Synopsis of Rudbeckia subgenus Rudbeckia. Agoseris cuspidata (Pursh) Raf. Rhodora 59: 293-299. Microseris cuspidata (Pursh) Schultz-Bip. Rudbeckia hirta L. ONOPORDUM - Scotch-Thistle var. pulcherrima Farw. Onopordum R. serotina Nutt. acanthium L. R. serotina var. sericea (Moore) Fern. & Schub. Introduced. R. hirta var. sericea (Moore) Fern. laciniata L.-Golden-glow PARTHENIUM Map 478 triloba L. Reference: Mears, J. A. 1975. The taxonomy of Parthenium section Par- SENECIO-Groundsel; Ragwort Maps 492-500 theniastrum DC. (Asteraceae-Ambrosiinae). Phytologia 31: References: 463-482. Barkley, T. M. 1960. A revision ofSenecio integerrimus Nuttall and Parthenium allied species. Leafl. W. Bot. 9: 97-113. integrifolium L.-Wild Quinine . 1962. A revision of Senecio aureus Linn, and allied species. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 65: 318-364; 365-408. PETASITES - Sweet Coltsfoot Maps 479-481 . 1964. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin No. 49. References: Compositae II-Composite Family II. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Bogle, A. L. 1968. Evidence for the hybrid origin ofPetasites war- Sci. 52: 343-352. renii and P. vitifolius. Rhodora 70: 533-551. . 1978. Senecio. North Amer. FL, Series II., Part 10: 50-139. Cronquist, A. 1978. Petasites. North Amer. FL, Series II, Part 10: . 1980. Taxonomic notes on Senecio tomentosus and its allies 174-179. (Asteraceae). Brittonia 32: 291-308. ANGIOSPERMS: COMPOSITAE 25 Senecio S. pruinosa Greene aureus L. — Golden Ragwort var. salebrosa (Piper) Jones 5. gracilis Pursh S. lepida DC var. fallax Fern. 5. aureus var. gracilis (Pursh) Hook. S. canadensis var. fallax (Fern.) Beaudry canus Hook. 5. lepida var. elongata (Nutt.) Fern, congestus (R. Br.) DC.—Marsh Fleabane var. scabra (Muhl.) T. & G. 5. palustris (L.) Hook., not S. palustris Velloso S. altissima L. 5. congestus var. palustris (L.) Fern. flexicaulis L. 5. congestus var. tonsus Fern. gigantea Ait. indecorus Greene var. gigantea integerrimus Nutt. var. serotina (Kuntze) Cronq. pauperculus Michx. — Northern Ragwort 5. gigantea var. leiophylla Fern, 5. balsamitae Muhl. var. shinnersii Beaudry S. pauperculus var. balsamitae (Muhl.) Fern. 5. gigantea var. pitcheri (Nutt.) Shinners, not 5. pitched 5. aureus var. balsamitae (Muhl.) T. & G. Nutt. plattensis Nutt.—Prairie-Ragwort 5. shinnersii (Beaudry) Beaudry pseudaureus Rydb.—Western Golden Ragwort graminifolia (L.) Salisb.: See EUTHAMIA var. semicordatus (Mack. & Bush) Barkl. gymnospermoides (Greene) Fern.: See EUTHAMIA S. semicordatus Mack. & Bush hispida Muhl. S. aureus var. semicordatus (Mack. & Bush) Greenm. var. arnoglossa Fern, vulgaris L.—Common Groundsel var. hispida Introduced. juncea Ait. SHINNERSOSERIS Map 501 missouriensis Nutt. var. fasciculata Holz. Reference: 5. glaberrima Martens Tomb, A. S. 1973. Shinnersoseris gen. nov. (Compositae: var. missouriensis Cichorieae). Sida 5: 183-189. mollis Bartl. Shinnersoseris nemoralis Ait. rostrata (Gray) Tomb var. longipetiolata (Mack. & Bush) Palmer & Steyerm. Lygodesmia juncea (Pursh) Hook. var. rostrata Gray 5. nemoralis var. decemflora (DC.) Fern, L. rostrata (Gray) Gray var. nemoralis SILPHIUM-Rosinweed Maps 502-503 ptarmicoides (Nees) Boivin Aster ptarmicoides (Nees) T. & G. Reference: riddellii Frank Cruden, R. W. 1962. New combinations in Silphiumperfoliatum L. rigida L. Castanea27: 90-91. var. humilis Porter Silphium var. rigida laciniatum L.—Compass-Plant sciaphila Steele perfoliatum L.—Cup-Plant S. randii (Porter) Britt, misapplied. speciosa Nutt. SOLID AGO -Goldenrod Maps 504-519 var. jejunifolia (Steele) Cronq. References: var. rigidiuscula T. & G. Beaudry, J. R. 1963. Studies on Solidago L. VI. Additional chromo- 5. speciosa var. angustata T. & G., misapplied, some numbers of taxa of the genus Solidago. Canad. J. Genet. var. speciosa Cytol. 5: 150-174. uliginosa Nutt. Croat, T. 1972. Solidago canadensis complex of the Great Plains. 5. purshii Porter, misapplied to Minnesota plants. Brittonia 24: 317-326. ulmifolia Muhl. Melville, M. R., & J. K. Morton. 1982. A biosystematic study of the Solidago canadensis (Compositae) complex. I. The Ontario SONCHUS-Sow-Thistle Maps 520-523 populations. Canad. J. Bot. 60: 976-997. Sonchus Rosendahl, C. O., & A. Cronquist. 1945. The goldenrods of Min- arvensis L.—Field Sow-Thistle nesota: a floristic study. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 33: 244-253. Naturalized. Salamun, P. J. 1963. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin, asper (L.) Hill-Spiny Sow-Thistle No. 50. Compositae III-Composite Family III. The genus Naturalized. Solidago—Goldenrod. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 52: oleraceus L. —Common Sow-Thistle 353-382. Naturalized. Solidago uliginosus Bieb.—Smooth Sow-Thistle x bernardii Boivin (5. ptarmicoides x 5. riddellii) S. arvensis subsp. uliginosus (Bieb.) Nyman canadensis L. 5. arvensis var. glabrescens Guenth., Grab. & Wimm. var. canadensis Naturalized. var. gilvocanescens Rydb. ANGIOSPERMS: COMPOSITAE-CONVOLVULACEAE 26 TANACETUM-Tansy Map 524 37: 173-208. Tanacetum Xanthium vulgare L. — Common Tansy strumarium L. Naturalized. Including all species credited to Minnesota by Fernald, Gray's Man., ed. 8. TARAXACUM-Dandelion Maps 525-526 var. canadense (Mill.) T. & G. Taraxacum var. glabratum (DC.) Cronq. erythrospermum Andrz.—Red-seeded Dandelion var. strumarium T. laevigatum (Willd.) DC., variously misapplied to this and other species. Naturalized. CONVOLVULACEAE - officinale Weber—Common Dandelion Morning-Glory Family Naturalized. THELESPERMA CONVOLVULUS-Bindweed Maps 531-533 Thelesperma Reference: megapotamicum (Spreng.) O. Ktze. Sherburne Co. Wherry, E. T. 1957. Our dwarf bindweeds. Bartonia 28: 32-33. Introduced from the Great Plains. Convolvulus TRAGOPOGON-Goafs-Beard Maps 527-528 arvensis L.—Field-Bindweed Naturalized. Reference: sepium L.—Hedge-Bindweed Ownbey, M. 1950. Natural hybridization and amphidiploidy in the C. sepium var. americanus Sims genus Tragopogon. Amer. J. Bot. 37: 487-499. C. sepium var. communis Try on Tragopogon spithamaeus L. — Low Bindweed dubius Scop. C. spithamaeus subsp. stans (Michx.) Wherry T. major Jacq. C. stans Michx. Naturalized. pratensis L. CUSCUTA-Dodder Maps 534-542 Naturalized. References: TUSSILAGO - Coltsfoot Yuncker, T. G. 1920. Revision of the North American and West In- dian species of Cuscuta. Illinois Biol. Monogr. 6 (No's. 2-3): Reference: 1-141. Morton, G. 1978. Tussilago. North Amer. Fl., Series II, Part 10: . 1965. Cuscuta. North Amer. Fl., Series II, Part 4: 1-51. 174. Cuscuta Tussilago campestris Yuncker farfara L. cephalanthi Engelm. Reported for Minnesota by Fernald, Gray's Man., ed. 8, and coryli Engelm. by Morton (1978), but the single record at MIN from Wright glomerata Choisy Co. may have been cultivated. gronovii Willd. VERNONIA-Ironweed Map 529 var. gronovii var. latiflora Engelm. References: indecora Choisy Faust, W. Z. 1972. A biosystematic study of the Interiores species Reported by Yuncker (1920, 1965) for Minnesota. group of the genus Vernonia (Compositae). Brittonia 24: obtusiflora HBK. 363-378. var. glandulosa Engelm. Jones, S. B. 1972. A systematic study of the Fasciculatae group of pentagona Engelm. Vernonia (Compositae). Brittonia 24: 28-45. polygonorum Engelm. & W. Z. Faust. 1978. Vernonieae. North Amer. Fl., Series umbrosa Hook. II, Part 10: 180-202. C. gronovii var. curta Engelm. Vernonia C. megalocarpa Rydb. fasciculata Michx. subsp. corymbosa (Schwein.) Jones IPOMOE A - Morning-Glory subsp. fasciculata Ipomoea XANTHIUM - Cocklebur Map 530 hederacea (L.) Jacq. Introduced but transitory. References: purpurea (L.) Roth-Common Morning-Glory Cronquist, A. 1945. Notes on the Compositae of the northeastern Occasionally escapes cultivation. United States. II. Heliantheae and Helenieae. Rhodora 47: 396-403. Love, D., & P. Dansereau. 1959. Biosystematic studies onXanthi- um: Taxonomic appraisal and ecological status. Canad. J. Bot. ANGIOSPERMS: CORNACEAE-CRUCIFERAE 27 CORNACEAE-Dogwood Family CRUCIFERAE (BRASSICACEAE) - Mustard Family CORNUS-Dogwood; Cornel Maps 543-548 Reference: References: Patman, J. P., & H. H. Iltis. 1961. Preliminary reports on the flora Fosberg, F. R. 1942. Cornus sericea L. (C. stolonifera Michx.). of Wisconsin. No. 44. Cruciferae—Mustard Family. Trans. Wis- Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 69: 583-589. consin Acad. Sci. 50: 17-72. Rickett, H. W. 1944. Cornus stolonifera and Cornus occidentalis. Brittonia 5: 149-159. ALLI ARE A - Garlic-Mustard Wilson, J. B. 1964. Variation of three taxonomic complexes of the genus Cornus in eastern United States. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. Alliaria 67: 747-817. petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande A. officinalis Andrz. ex Bieb. Cornus Introduced. alternifolia L. f.-Pagoda-Dogwood amomum Mill.-Silky Dogwood ALYSSUM subsp. obliqua (Raf.) Wilson Reference: C. obliqua Raf. Dudley, T. R. 1968. Alyssum (Cruciferae) introduced in North canadensis L. America. Rhodora 70: 298-300. Including several formae based upon vegetative aberrations of no taxonomic significance, e.g., forma florulenta Lakela. Alyssum foemina Mill.—Panicled Dogwood; Gray-Bark Dogwood alyssoides L.—Small Alyssum subsp. racemosa (Lam.) Wilson A. calycinum L. C. racemosa Lam. Introduced. C. racemosa forma nielseni Moore ARABIS-Rock-Cress Maps 554-562 C. candidissima Marsh., not Mill. rugosa Lam.—Round-Leaved Dogwood References: stolonifera Michx.—Red Osier Hopkins, M. 1937. Arabis in eastern and central North America. C. sericea L., a name of ambiguous application, Rhodora 39: 63-98; 106-148; 155-186. forma baileyi (Coult. & Evans) Rickett Rollins, R. C. 1941. Monographic study of Arabis in western North forma interior (Rydb.) Rickett America. Rhodora 43: 289-325; 348-411; 425-481. forma stolonifera Arabis canadensis L. —Sicklepod CORYLACEAE: See BETULACEAE divaricarpa Nels. A. brachycarpa (T. & G.) Britt. drummondii Gray CRASSULACEAE-Orpine Family glabra (L.) Bernh.—Tower-Mustard hirsuta (L.) Scop. PENTHORUM - Ditch-Stonecrop Map 549 var. pycnocarpa (Hopkins) Rollins A pycnocarpa Hopkins Penthorum var. adpressipilis (Hopkins) Rollins sedoides L. A. pycnocarpa var. adpressipilis Hopkins SEDUM-Stonecrop Maps 550-552 holboellii Hornem. var. retrofracta (Graham) Rydb. Reference: laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. Clausen, R. T. 1975. Sedum of North America north of the Mexican lyrata L.—Sand-Cress plateau. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y. 742 pp. A. lyrata forma parvisiliqua Hopkins Sedum perstellata Braun acre L. var. shortii Fern. Often escaping cultivation. A. dentata (Torr.) T. & G., not Clairv. integrifolium (Raf.) Nels.—Roseroot A. shortii (Fern.) Gl. subsp. leedyi (Rosend. & Moore) Clausen 5. rosea (L.) Scop. var. leedyi Rosend. & Moore ARMORACIA Map 563 purpureum (L.) Schultes—Live-forever References: 5. telephinum L. subsp. maximum (L.) Krocker Al-Shehbaz, I. A., & V. Bates. 1987. Armoracia lacustris (Bras- Spreading from cultivation. sicaceae), the correct name for the North American Lake Cress. J. Arnold Arbor. 68: 357-359. TILL AE A - Pigmy weed Map 553 Fosberg, F. R. 1966. The correct name of the horseradish (Crucifer- Tillaea ae). Bailey a 14: 60. aquatica L. ANGIOSPERMS: CRUCIFERAE 28 Armoracia Stuckey, R. L. 1962. Characteristics and distribution of spring lacustris (Gray) Al-Shehbaz & V. Bates—Lake-Cress cresses, Cardamine bulbosa and C. douglasii, in Michigan. Armoracia aquatica (Eaton) Wieg. Michigan Bot. 1: 27-34. Reported from Houston Co., by Al-Shehbaz and Bates Cardamine (1987). bulbosa (Schreb.) BSP. - Spring-Cress rusticana Gaertn., Meyer & Scherb.-Horseradish parviflora L. A. lapathifolia Gilib. var. arenicola (Britt.) Schulz Long-persistent after cultivation. C. arenicola Britt. BARB ARE A - Winter-Cress Maps 564-565 pensylvanica Muhl. Barbarea C. pensylvanica var. brittoniana Farw. orthoceras Ledeb. pratensis L. B. americana Rydb. var. palustris Wimm. & Grab.-Cuckoo-Flower vulgaris R. Br. — Yellow Rocket CARDARIA Naturalized. Reference: BERTEROA Map 566 Mulligan, G. A., & C. Frankton, 1962. Taxonomy of the genus Berteroa Cardaria with particular reference to the species introduced into incana (L.) DC.—Hoary Alyssum North America. Canad. J. Bot. 40: 1411-1425. Naturalized. Cardaria BRASSIC A-Mustard Maps 567-570 draba (L.) Desv.-Hoary Cress Introduced. Reference: Wheeler, L. C. 1938. The names of three species of Brassica. CONRINGIA-Hare's-Ear Mustard Rhodora 40: 306-309. Conringia Brassica orientalis (L.) Dumort. alba (L.) Rabenh.-White Mustard Introduced at one time, but probably not persistent. Sinapsis alba L. Brassica hirta Moench DENTARIA-Toothwort Map 577 Introduced. Reference: juncea (L.) Czern. — Indian-Mustard Montgomery, F. H. 1955. Preliminary studies in the genus Dentaria Naturalized. in eastern North America. Rhodora 57: 161-173. kaber (DC.) Wheeler-Charlock Introduced and naturalized, Dentaria var. pinna tifida (Stokes) Wheeler—Crunch weed laciniata Muhl. ex Willd. Sinapsis arvensis L. DESCURAINIA- var. schkuhriana (Reichenb.) Wheeler Maps 578-580 nigra (L.) Koch.—Black Mustard Tansy-Mustard Naturalized. Descurainia rapa L.—Field-Mustard pinnata (Walt.) Britt. B. campestris L. var. brachycarpa (Richards.) Fern. Naturalized. richardsonii (Sweet) Schulz CAMELINA-False Flax Map 571 sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl Naturalized. Reference: McGregor, R. L. 1985. Current status of the genus Camelina (Bras- DIPLOTAXIS sicaceae) in the prairies and plains of central North America. Diplotaxis Contr. Univ. Kansas Herb. 15: 1-13. muralis (L.) DC.-Sand-Rocket Camelina Introduced. microcarpa Andrz. ex DC. Naturalized. DRABA - Whitlow-Grass Maps 581-584 Draba C APSELLA - Shepherd's-Purse Map 572 arabisans Michx. Capsella var. arabisans bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. var. superiorensis Butters & Abbe Naturalized. nemorosa L. var. leiocarpa Lindbl. CARDAMINE-Bitter Cress Maps 573-576 var. nemorosa References: norvegica Gunner Hart, T. W., & W. H. Eshbaugh. 1976. The biosystematics of reptans (Lam.) Fern. Cardamine bulbosa (Muhl.) B.S.P. and C. douglassii Britt. var. micrantha (Nutt.) Fern. Rhodora 78: 329-419. var. reptans ANGIOSPERMS: CRUCIFERAE 29 ERUCASTRUM Map 585 LUNARIA Erucastrum Lunaria gallicum (Willd.) Schulz annua L. —Honesty Naturalized. A garden escape. ERYSIMUM Maps 586-588 NASTURTIUM-Watercress Maps 595-596 Reference: Reference: Rossback, G. B. 1958. The genus Erysimum (Cruciferae) in North Green, P. S. 1962. Watercress in the New World. Rhodora 64: America north of Mexico—a key to the species and varieties. 32-43. Madrono 14: 261-267. Nasturtium Erysimum microphyllum (Boenn.) Reichenb. asperum (Nutt.) DC.—Western Wallflower N. officinale var. microphyllum (Boenn.) Thell. cheiranthoides L.—Wormseed-Mustard Rorippa microphylla (Boenn.) Hyl. Naturalized. Naturalized. inconspicuum (S. Wats.) MacM. officinale R. Br. E. parviflorum. Nutt. Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek Naturalized. HESPERIS Map 589 Hesperis NESLIA matronalis L.—Dame's-Rocket Neslia Naturalized. paniculata (L.) Desv.-Ball-Mustard Introduced. IODANTHUS Map 590 RAPHANUS Reference: Rollins, R. C. 1942. A systematic study oflodanthus. Contr. Dudley Raphanus Herb. 3: 209-215. raphanistrum L.-Jointed Charlock; Wild Radish Adventive. lodanthus sativus L.—Radish pinnatifidus (Michx.) Steudel Persisting after cultivation. LEPIDIUM - Peppergrass Maps 591-593 RORIPPA-Yellow Cress; Maps 597-598 References: Marsh-Cress Hitchcock, C. L. 1936. The genus Lepidium in the United States. Madrono 3: 265-320. Reference: Stuckey, R. L. 1972. Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Rorip- Mulligan, G. A. 1961. The genus Lepidium in Canada. Madrono 16: 77-90. pa (Cruciferae) in North America. Sida 4: 279-430. Lepidium Rorippa campestre (L.) R. Br. - Field-Cress austriaca (Crantz) Besser—Austrian Cress Naturalized. Introduced. densiflorum Schrad.—Peppergrass islandica (Oeder) Borbas R. palustris (L.) Besser L. apetalum Willd., misapplied. var. fernaldiana Butters & Abbe perfoliatum L. R. palustris subsp. glabra (Schulz) Stuckey var. fernaldi- Introduced. ana (Butters & Abbe) Stuckey sativum L. Garden-Cress var. glabrata (Lunell) Butters & Abbe Introduced. R. palustris subsp. glabra var. glabrata (Lunell) Stuckey virginicum L.—Peppergrass var. hispida (Desv.) Butters & Abbe LESQUERELLA Map 594 R. palustris subsp. hispida (Desv.) Jonsell var. hispida x reptabunda (Fern.) Stuckey (R. islandica var. fernaldiana x Reference: R. islandica var. hispida) Rollins, R. C., & E. A. Shaw. 1973. The genus Lesquerella R. islandica var. fernaldiana forma reptabunda Fern. (Cruciferae) in North America. Harvard University Press, Cam- sessiliflora (Nutt.) Hitchc. bridge, Mass. 288 pp. Possibly introduced from the South or East. Not collected in Lesquerella Minnesota for many years. ludoviciana (Nutt.) S. Wats. sinuata (Nutt.) Hitchc. L. argentea (Pursh) MacM., a later homonym. sylvestris (L.) Besser-Creeping Yellow Cress LOBULARIA Introduced. Lobularia SISYMBRIUM Maps 599-601 maritima (L.) Desv.—Sweet Alyssum Sisymbrium A garden escape. altissimum L.—Tumble Mustard Naturalized. ANGIOSPERMS: CRUCIFERAE-CYPERACEAE 30 loeselii L. . 1935. Cyperaceae, tribe 1, Cariceae. North Amer. Fl. 18: Introduced. 169-478. officinale (L.) Scop.-Hedge-Mustard Menapace, F. J., D. E. Wujek, & A. A. Reznicek. 1986. A sys- Naturalized tematic revision of the genus Carex (Cyperaceae) with respect to var. leiocarpum DC. the section Lupulinae. Canad. J. Bot. 64: 2785-2788. var. officinale Reznicek, A. A., & P. W. Ball. 1975. The taxonomy of Carex series SUBULARIA-Awlwort Map 602 Lupulinae in Canada. Canad. J. Bot. 52: 2387-2399. . 1980. The taxonomy of Carex section Stellulatae in North Reference: America north of Mexico. Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 14: Mulligan, G. A., & J. A. Calder. 1964. The genus Subularia 153-203. (Cruciferae). Rhodora 66: 127-135. Standley, L. A. 1983. A clarification of the status of Carex crinita Subularia and C. gynandra (Cyperaceae). Rhodora 85: 229-241. aquatica L. . 1987. Taxonomy of the Carex lenticularis complex in eastern subsp. americana Mulligan & Calder North America. Canad. J. Bot. 65: 673-686. . 1989. Taxonomic revision of the Carex stricta (Cyperaceae) THLASPI - Penny-Cress Map 603 complex in eastern North America. Canad. J. Bot. 67: 1-14. Thlaspi Voss, E. G. 1966. Nomenclatural notes on monocots. Rhodora 68: arvense L.—Stinkweed 435-463 Naturalized. Webber, J. M., & P. W. Ball. 1984. The taxonomy of the Carex rosea group (Section Phaestoglochiri) in Canada. Canad. J. Bot. CUCURBITACEAE-Gourd Family 62: 2058-2073. Wheeler, G. A., & G. B. Ownbey. 1984. Annotated list of Minneso- ECHINOCYSTIS- Map 604 ta carices, with phytogeographical and ecological notes. Rhodora 86: 151-231. Wild Balsam-Apple Carex Reference: abdita Bickn. Stocking, K. M. 1955. Some considerations of the genera C. umbellata Schkuhr ex. Willd., of Mackenzie (1935). Echinocystis and Echinopepon in the United States and northern adusta Boott Mexico. Madrono 13: 84-100. aenea Fern. Echinocystis albursina Sheld. lobata (Michx.) T. & G.-Wild Cucumber C. laxiflora Lam. var. latifolia Boott alopecoidea Tuckerm. SIC YOS - Bur-Cucumber Map 605 amphibola Steud. Sicyos var. turgida Fern. angulatus L. C. turgida (Fern.) J. Moore angustior Mack. CYPERACEAE-Sedge Family C. echinata Murr., in part, of Reznicek and Ball (1980). annectens (Bickn.) Bickn. BULBOSTYLIS Map 606 var. annectens var. xanthocarpa (Bickn.) Wieg. References: aquatilis Wahlenb. Krai, R. 1971. A treatment of Abildgaardia, Bulbostylis and Fim- var. altior (Rydb.) Fern. bristylis (Cyperaceae) for North America. Sida 4: 57-227. var. aquatilis Svenson, H. K. 1957. Cyperaceae: Tribe Scirpeae. North Amer. Fl. arcta Boott 18: 505-556. arctata Boott Bulbostylis assiniboinensis W. Boott capillaris (L.) Clarke atherodes Spreng. CAREX-Sedge Maps 607-749 aurea Nutt. backii Boott References: bebbii (L. Bailey) Fern. Ball, P. W., & D. J. White. 1982. Cyperaceae. In G. W. Argus and bicknellii Britt. D. J. White (eds.), Atlas of the rare vascular plants of Ontario. blanda Dewey Nat'l. Mus. Canad., Ottawa. C. laxiflora Lam. var. blanda (Dewey) Boott Crins, W. J., & P. W. Ball. 1988. Sectional limits and phylogenetic brevior (Dewey) Mack. considerations in Care x section Ceratocystis (Cyperaceae). Brit- bromoides Schkuhr ex. Willd. tonia 40: 38-47. brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. Fernald, M. L. 1942. Critical notes on Carex. Rhodora 44: var. sphaerostachya (Tuckerm.) Kiikenth. 281-331. buxbaumii Wahlenb. Mackenzie, K. K. 1931. Cyperaceae, tribe 1, Cariceae. North canescens L. Amer. Fl. 18: 1-168. ANGIOSPERMS: CYPERACEAE 31 capillaris L. hystericina Muhl. ex Willd. var. major Drej. interior L. Bailey C. capillaris subsp. chlorostachys (Stev.) Love, Love & intumescens Rudge Raymond var. fernaldii L. Bailey castanea Wahlenb. jamesii Schwein. cephalantha (L. Bailey) Bickn. katahdinensis Fern. C. echinata Murr., in part, of Reznicek & Ball (1980) C. conoidea Schkuhr ex Willd., in part, of Ball & White cephaloidea (Dewey) Dewey (1982) C. sparganioides Muhl. var. cephaloidea (Dewey) Carey lacustris Willd. cephalophora Willd. laeviconica Dewey chordorrhiza L. f. laevivaginata (Kiikenth.) Mack. communis L. Bailey lanuginosa Michx. comosa Boott lasiocarpa Ehrh. conjuncta Boott var. americana Fern. conoidea Schkuhr ex. Willd. laxiculmis Schwein. convoluta Mack. var. copulata (L. Bailey) Fern. According to Webber and Ball (1984), the correct name for lenticularis Michx. this taxon is C. rosea Schkuhr ex. Willd. leptalea Wahlenb. crawei Dewey leptonervia Fern. crawfordii Fern. limosa L. crinita Lam. livida (Wahlenb.) Willd. cristatella Britt. var. radicaulis Paine crus-corvi Shuttlw. ex Kunze lupulina Muhl. ex Willd. cryptolepis Mack. lurida Wahlenb. C. flava L. var. fertilis Peck No specimen of this species is at MIN, but a verified specimen davisii Schwein. & Torr. is at the New York Botanical Garden. debilis Michx. meadii Dewey var. rudgei L. Bailey media R. Br. deflexa Hornem. merritt-fernaldii Mack. deweyana Schwein. michauxiana Boerckl. diandra Schrank molesta Mack, ex Bright disperma Dewey muhlenbergii Schkuhr ex Willd. eburnea Boott muskingumensis Schwein. eleocharis L. Bailey normalis Mack. C. stenophylla Wahlenb. var. enervis (C. A. Mey.) obtusata Lilj. Kiikenth. oligocarpa Schkuhr ex Willd. emoryi Dewey C. stricta Lam. var. elongata (Boeckl.) Gl. oligosperma Michx. exilis Dewey ormostachya Wieg. festucacea Schkuhr ex Willd. C. laxiflora Lam. var. ormostachya (Wieg.) Gl. filifolia Nutt. pallescens L. flava L. var. neogaea Fern. foenea Willd. pauciflora Lightf. formosa Dewey paupercula Michx. garberi Fern. peckii Howe gracillima Schwein. C. nigromarginata Schwein. var. elliptica (Boott) Gl. granularis Muhl. ex Willd. pedunculata Muhl. ex Willd. var. haleana (Olney) Porter pensylvanica Lam. gravida L. Bailey plantaginea Lam. grayi Carey praegracilis W. Boott var. grayi prairea Dewey var. hispidula L. Bailey praticola Rydb. gynandra Schwein. projecta Mack. C. crinita Lam. var. gynandra (Schwein.) Schwein. pseudocyperus L. gynocrates Drej. retrorsa Schwein. hallii Olney richardsonii R. Br. haydenii Dewey rosea Schkuhr ex Willd. heliophila Mack. According to Webber and Ball (1984), the correct name for C. pensylvanica Lam. var. digyna Boeckl. this taxon is C. radiata (Wahlenb.) Small. hirtifolia Mack. rossii Boott hitchcockiana Dewey houghtoniana Dewey ANGIOSPERMS: CYPERACEAE 32 rostrata Stokes Cyperus var. utriculata (Boott) L. Bailey acuminatus Torr. & Hook. According to some workers, C. rostrata Stokes and C. aristatus Rottb.-Awned Cyperus utriculata Boott are distinct species. C. inflexus Muhl. sartwellii Dewey diandrus Torr. saximontana Mack. engelmannii Steud. scirpiformis Mack. erythrorhizos Muhl.—Red-Rooted Sedge C. scirpoidea Michx. var. scirpiformis (Mack.) O'Neill esculentus L.—Yellow Nut-Grass scoparia Schkuhr ex Willd. Introduced. sparganioides Muhl. ex Willd. houghtonii Torr. sprengelii Spreng. lupulinus (Spreng.) Marcks sterilis Willd. C. filiculmis of many authors, not Vahl stipata Muhl. ex Willd. subsp. lupulinus stricta Lam. subsp. macilentus (Fern.) Marcks supina Willd. C. filiculmis var. macilentus Fern. var. spaniocarpa (Steud.) Boivin lupulinus x schweinitzii synchocephala Carey odoratus L.-Fragrant Cyperus tenera Dewey rivularis Kunth—Brook-Sedge tenuiflora Wahlenb. C. niger Ruiz & Pavon var. castaneus (Pursh) Kiikenth. tetanica Schkuhr rotundus L.—Nut-Grass tonsa (Fern.) Bickn. Introduced. C. rugosperma Mack. var. tonsa (Fern.) E. Voss schweinitzii Torr. torreyi Tuckerm. strigosus L. tribuloides Wahlenb. trichocarpa Schkuhr DULICHIUM Map 765 trisperma Dewey Dulichium tuckermanii Dewey arundinaceum (L.) Britt.-Three-Way Sedge typhina Michx. ELEOCH ARIS - Spike-Rush Maps 766-781 umbellata Schkuhr ex Willd. C. rugosperma Mack., of Mackenzie (1935) References: vaginata Tausch Greene, H. C. 1953. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin. vesicaria L. XXXVII. Cyperaceae. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 42: 47-67. viridula Michx. Harms, L. J. 1968. Cytotaxonomic studies in Eleocharis subser. vulpinoidea Michx. Palustres: central United States taxa. Amer. J. Bot. 55:966-974. woodii Dewey . 1972. Cytotaxonomy of the Eleocharis tenuis complex. C. tetanica Schkuhr var. woodii (Dewey) Wood Amer. J. Bot. 59: 483-487. xerantica L. Bailey Lakela, O. 1947. The occurrence of Eleocharis nitida in the Lake Superior region. Rhodora 49: 81-82. CLADIUM-Twig-Rush Map 750 Mohlenbrock, R. H., & D. J. Drapalik. 1962. The Cyperaceae of Cladium Illinois. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 67: 398-423. mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. Moore, J. W. 1950. Studies of Minnesota flowering plants with notes on additions to the flora. Rhodora 52: 54-60. CYPERUS-Nut-Grass; Maps 751-764 Strandhede, S. O. 1967. Eleocharis, subser. Eleocharis in North Umbrella-Sedge America. Taxonomical comments and chromosome numbers. References: Bot. Not. 120: 355-368. Greene, H. C. 1953. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin Svenson, H. K. 1957. Cyperaceae: Tribe Scirpeae. North Amer. Fl. XXXVII. Cyperaceae. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 42: 47-67. 18: 505-556. Johnston, M. C. 1966. Cyperus niger Ruiz et Pavon var. castaneus Voss, E. G. 1966. Nomenclatural notes on monocots. Rhodora 68: (Pursh) Kiikenthal the correct name for Cyperus rivularis Kunth. 435-463. Southw. Naturalist 11: 125. Eleocharis Kiikenthal, G. 1935. Cyperaceae-Scirpoideae-Cypereae. Pflanzenr. acicularis (L.) R. & S. 20: 1-671. compressa Sulliv. Marcks, B. G. 1974. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin E. elliptica Kunth var. compressa (Sulliv.) Drapalik & No. 66. Cyperaceae II—Sedge Family II. The genus Cyperus— Mohlenb. The Umbrella Sedges. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 62: elliptica Kunth 261-284. E. compressa Sulliv. var. borealis (Svens.) Drapalik & Mohlenbrock, R. H. 1960. The Cyperaceae of Illinois. I. Cyperus. Mohlenb. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 63: 270-306. E. tenuis (Willd.) Schultes var. borealis (Svens.) Gl. O'Neill, H. 1942. The status and distribution of some Cyperaceae in engelmannii Steud. North and South America. Rhodora 44: 77-89. E. obtusa (Willd.) Schultes var. detonsa (Gray) Drapalik & Mohlenb. ANGIOSPERMS: CYPERACEAE

33 erythropoda Steud. HEMICARPHA Map 791 E. calva Torr. References: intermedia Schultes Friedland, S. 1942. The American species of Hemicarpha. Amer. macrostachya Britt. J. Bot. 28: 855-861. E. palustris (L.) R. & S., in the broad sense of many Svenson, H. K. 1957. Cyperaceae: Tribe Scirpeae. North Amer. Fl. American authors. 18: 505-556. nitida Fern. obtusa (Willd.) Schultes Hemicarpha olivacea Torr. micrantha (Vahl) Pax E. flavescens (Poir.) Urban var. olivacea (Torr.) Gl. H. micrantha var. minor (Schrad.) Friedl. ovata (Roth) R. & S. RHYNCHOSPORA-Beak-Rush Maps 792-794 E. ovata var. aphanactis Moore E. obtusa (Willd.) Schultes var. ovata (Roth) Drapalik & References: Mohlenb. Gale, S. 1944. Rhynchospora, section Eurhynchospora in Canada, parvula (R. & S.) Link the United States and the West Indies. Rhodora 46: 89-134; var. anachaeta Svens. 159-197; 207-249; 255-278. pauciflora (Lightf.) Link Kiikenthal, G. 1949-1951. Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographic der E. quinqueflora (Hartm.) Schwarz, Fl. Europaea 5: 282. Rhynchosporideae. 18. Rhynchospora Vahl. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. var. fernaldii Svens. 74: 375-509; 75: 90-126; 127-195; 273-314. rostellata Torr. Rhynchospora smallii Britt. alba (L.) Vahl E. palustris (L.) R. & S., in the broad sense of many capillacea Torr. American authors. R. capillacea forma leviseta (Hill) Fern. wolfii Gray fusca (L.) Ait. f. ERIOPHORUM-Cotton-Grass; Maps 782-788 SCIRPUS-Bulrush Maps 795-815 Bog-Cotton References: References: Beetle, A. A. 1947. Cyperaceae: Tribe Scirpeae. Scirpus. North Amer. Fl. 18: 481-504. Lakela, O. 1950. Two new forms of plants from Minnesota. Rhodora 52: 46-47. Fernald, M. L. 1943. V. Studies in North American species of Scir- pus. Rhodora 45: 279-296. Raymond, M. 1954. What is Eriophorum chamissonisC. A. Meyer? Glaser, P. H. 1983. Carey, exilis and Scirpus cespitosus var. callosus Svensk. Bot. Tids. 48: 65-82. in patterned fens of northern Minnesota. Michigan Bot. 22: Eriophorum 22-25. angustifolium Honck. Greene, H. C. 1953. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin chamissonis C. A. Meyer ex Ledeb. XXXVII. Cyperaceae. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 42: 47-67. forma chamissonis Koyama, T. 1962. The genus Scirpus Linn. Some North American E. chamissonis var. aquatile Fern, aphylloid species. Canad. J. Bot. 40: 913-937. forma turner! Raymond . 1963. The genus Scirpus Linn. Critical species of the section E. chamissonis forma albidum (Nyl.) Fern., misapplied to Pterolepsis, Canad. J. Bot. 41: 1107-1131. Minnesota specimens. Schuyler, A. E. 1964. A biosystematic study of the Scirpus cyperi- gracile Koch nus complex. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 115: 283-311. spissum Fern. . 1967. A taxonomic revision of North American leafy species E. vaginatum L. subsp. spissum (Fern.) Hulten of Scirpus. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 119: 295-323. tenellum Nutt. . 1972. Chromosome numbers of Scirpus purshianus and S. virginicum L. smithii. Rhodora 74: 398-402. viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fern. . 1974. Typification and application of the names Scirpus americanus Pers., S. olneyi Gray, and 5. pungens Vahl. Rhodora FIMBRISTYLIS Maps 789-790 76: 51-52. References: Smith, S. G. 1969. Natural hybridization in the Scirpus lacustris Krai, R. 1971. A treatment of Abildgaardia, Bulbostylis and Fim- complex in north central United States. In Gunckel, J. E., ed. bristylis (Cyperaceae) for North America. Sida 4: 57-227'. Current topics in plant science, pp. 175-200. Academic Press, Svenson, H. K. 1957. Cyperaceae: Tribe Scirpeae. North Amer. Fl. New York. 461 pp. 18: 505-556. Ward, R., & W. T. Barker. 1971. Cytotaxonomic studies of the Fimbristylis Scirpus lacustris complex in North Dakota. Proc. North Dakota Acad. Sci. 25: 32. autumnalis (L.) R. & S. F. autumnalis var. mucronulata (Michx.) Fern. Scirpus puberula (Michx.) Vahl. acutus Big el.—Hard-Stem Bulrush var. interior (Britt.) Krai atrocinctus Fern. 5. cyperinus (L.) Kunth var. brachypodus (Fern.) Gilly atrovirens Willd. ANGIOSPERMS: CYPERACEAE-EMPETRACEAE 34 cespitosus L. KN AUTIA - Bluebuttons Map 819 var. callosus Bigel. Knautia clintonii Gray arvensis (L.) Coult. cyperinus (L.) Kunth Introduced. 5. cyperinus var. pelius Fern. fluviatilis (Torr.) Gray-River-Bulrush georgianus Harp. DROSERACEAE-Sundew Family 5. atrovirens var. georgianus (Harp.) Fern. hattorianus Mak. DROSERA-Sundew Maps 820-823 heterochaetus Chase—Slender Bulrush Reference: hudsonianus (Michx.) Fern. Wynne, F. E. 1944. Drosera in eastern North America. Bull. Torrey microcarpus Presl Bot. Club 71: 166-174. 5. rubrotinctus Fern. S. microcarpus var. rubrotinctus (Fern.) Jones Drosera pallidus (Britt.) Fern. anglica Huds. 5. atrovirens Willd. var. pallidus Britt. intermedia Hayne paludosus Nels.—Prairie-Bulrush linearis Goldie 5. maritimus L. var. paludosus (Nels.) Kukenthal x obovata Mert. & Koch (D. anglica x D. rotundifolid) pedicellatus Fern. rotundifolia L. 5. cyperinus (L.) Kunth var. pedicellatus (Fern.) Schuyl. pungens Vahl.—Three-Square ELAEAGNACEAE-Oleaster Family 5. americanus Pers., misapplied to Minnesota plants. purshianus Fern. EL AE AGNUS - Oleaster Maps 824-825 S. debilis Pursh Elaeagnus S. smithii Gray var. williamsii (Fern.) Beetle angustifolia L.—Russian Olive smithii Gray Spreads from cultivation. forma setosus (Fern.) Fern, commutata Bernh.—Silverberry forma smithii E. argentea Pursh, not Moench subterminalis Torr.—Swaying Rush torreyi Olney SHEPHERDIA Maps 826-827 validus Vahl Shepherdia var. creber Fern.—Soft-Stem Bulrush argentea Nutt.-Buffalo-Berry SCLERIA-Nut-Rush Maps 816-817 canadensis (L.) Nutt. — Soapberry References: Core, E. L. 1936. The American species of Scleria. Brittonia 2: ELATINACEAE-Waterwort Family 1-105. Kessler, J. W. 1987. A treatment of Scleria (Cyperaceae) for North EL ATINE - Waterwort Maps 828-829 America north of Mexico. Sida 12: 390-407. Reference: Smith, W. R. 1983. A range extension of Scleria verticillata in Min- Fassett, N. C. 1939. Notes from the herbarium of the University of nesota. Michigan Bot. 22: 27-30. Wisconsin-XVII. Elatine and other aquatics. Rhodora 41: Scleria 367-377. triglomerata Michx. Elatine verticillata Muhl. minima (Nutt.) Fisch. & Mey. triandra Schkuhr DIOSCOREACEAE-Yam Family EMPETRACEAE-Crowberry Family DIOSCOREA-Yam Map 818 Dioscorea EMPETRUM-Crowberry Maps 830-831 villosa L.-Wild Yam References: Love, D. 1960. The red-fruited crowberries in North America. DIPSACACEAE-Teasel Family Rhodora 62: 265-292. Soper, J. H., & E. G. Voss. 1964. Black crowberry in the Lake Su- DIPS ACUS-Teasel perior region. Michigan Bot. 3: 35-38. Dipsacus Empetrum laciniatus L. atropurpureum Fern. & Wieg.-Purple Crowberry Introduced. E. eamesii Fern. & Wieg. subsp. atropurpureum (Fern. & Wieg.) Love ANGIOSPERMS: EMPETRACEAE-EUPHORBIACEAE 35 nigrum L.—Black Crowberry VACCINIUM-Blueberry; Maps 841-847 E. hermaphroditum (Lange) Hagerup Cranberry; Bilberry E. eamesii Fern. & Wieg. subsp. hermaphroditum (Hagerup) Love, as to American plants. References: Camp, W. H. 1945. The North American blueberries with notes on other groups of Vacciniaceae. Brittonia 5: 203-275. ERICACEAE-Heath Family Vander Kloet, S. P. 1978. Systematics, distribution, and nomencla- See also: PYROLACEAE ture of the polymorphic Vacciniwn angustifolium. Rhodora 80: 358-376. ANDROMEDA Map 832 . 1983. The taxonomy of Vaccinium sect. Oxycoccus. Rhodora Andromeda 85: 1-43. glaucophylla Link—Bog-Rosemary Young, S. B. 1970. On the taxonomy and distribution of Vaccinium uliginosum. Rhodora 72: 439-459. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS - Bearberry Map 833 Vaccinium Reference: angustifolium Ait. — Lowbush Blueberry Packer, J. G., & K. E. Denford. 1947. A contribution to the taxono- V. pensylvanicum Lam., not Miller; not my of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. Canad. J. Bot. 52: 743-753. V. pensylvanicum var. angustifolium (Ait.) Gray Arctostaphylos V. brittonii Porter ex Bickn. uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. V. angustifolium var. laevifolium House subsp. adenotricha (Fern. & Macbr.) Calder & Taylor V. angustifolium var. nigrum (Wood) Dole A. uva-ursi var. adenotricha Fern. & Macbr. V. lamarckii Camp subsp. uva-ursi V. angustifolium var. hypolasium Fern. var. coactilis Fern. & Macbr. cespitosum Michx. —Dwarf-Bilberry A. uva-ursi var. coactilis Fern. & Macbr. macrocarpon Ait.—American Cranberry; Large Cranberry Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Ait.) Pers. CHAMAEDAPHNE - Leather-Leaf Map 834 myrtilloides Michx. —Velvet-Leaf Blueberry Chamaedaphne V. canadense Kalm calyculata (L.) Moench oxycoccus L. —Small Cranberry var. angustifolia (Ait.) Rehd. V. oxycoccus var. ovalifolium Michx. Oxycoccus palustris Pers. CHIOGENES: See GAULTHERIA Oxycoccus palustris var. ovalifolius (Michx.) Seymour EPIGAEA Map 835 uliginosum L.—Alpine Bilberry var. alpinum Bigel. Epigaea V. uliginosum subsp. pubescens (Wormsk. ex Hornem.) repens L.—Trailing Arbutus Young var. glabrifolia Fern. vitis-idaea L. GAULTHERIA- Maps 836-837 var. minus Lodd.—Mountain-Cranberry Aromatic Wintergreen Gaultheria ERIOCAULACEAE-Pipewort Family hispidula (L.) Bigel.—Creeping Snowberry Chiogenes hispidula (L.) T. & G. ERIOCAULON-Pipewort Map 848 procumbens L.—Teaberry; Checkerberry Eriocaulon GAYLUSSACIA-Huckleberry Map 838 septangulare With. E. aquaticum (Hill) Druce, Fl. Europaea 5: 117 Gaylussacia—Black Huckleberry E. pellucidum Michx., as to North America. baccata (Wang.) K. Koch KALMIA-American Laurel Map 839 EUPHORBIACEAE- Spurge Family References: Reference: Ebinger, J. E. 1974. A systematic study of the genus Kalmia Richardson, J. W., D. Burch, and T. C. Cochrane. 1987. The flora (Ericaceae). Rhodora 76: 315-398. of Wisconsin. Preliminary report No. 69. Euphorbiaceae—The Southall, R., & J. W. Hardin. 1974. A taxonomic revision of Spurge Family. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 75: 97-129. Kalmia (Ericaceae). J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 90: 1-23. Kalmia ACALYPHA-Three-Seeded Mercury Map 849 polifolia Wang.-Bog-Laurel Acalypha LEDUM-Labrador-Tea Map 840 rhomboidea Raf. A. virginica L. var. rhomboidea (Raf.) Cooperr. Ledum groenlandicum Oeder ANGIOSPERMS: EUPHORBIACEAE-GENTIANACEAE 36 EUPHORBIA - Spurge Maps 850-861 ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill-Northern Pin-Oak; Hill's Oak Q. ellipsoidalis var. kaposianensis Moore References: Q. coccinea Muenchh., misapplied to Minnesota plants. Croizat, L. 1947. Euphorbia intercedens Podp., a homonym. Amer. ellipsoidalis x Q. rubra Midi. Naturalist 37: 801-802. x hawkinsii Sudw. (Q. rubra x Q. velutina) . 1962. Typification of Euphorbia maculata L. Webbia 17: x hillii Trel. (Q. bicolor x Q. macrocarpa) 187-205. Richardson, J. W. 1968. The genus Euphorbia of the high plains and Q. x schuettei Trel. macrocarpa Michx.—Bur-Oak prairie plains of Kansas, Nebraska, South and North Dakota. Q. olivaeformis Michx. f. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 48: 45-112. Q. macrocarpa var. depressa (Nutt.) Engelm. Euphorbia Q. mandanensis Rydb. corollata L.—Flowering Spurge muhlenbergii Engelm. —Chestnut-Oak cyathophora Murr. — Painted Leaf Q. prinoides Willd. var. acuminata (Michx.) Gl. E. heterophylla L., of most American authors. rubra L. cyparissias L.—Cypress-Spurge Q. borealis Michx. f. Introduced. var. ambigua (Gray) Fern.-Northern Red Oak dentata Michx. Q. rubra var. borealis (Michx. f.) Farw. geyeri Engelm. var. rubra—Common Red Oak glyptosperma Engelm. velutina Lam.-Black Oak helioscopia L.—Wartweed One record for Minnesota. Persistence doubtful. Introduced. FUMARIACEAE-Fumitory Family hexagona Nutt. Introduced from the West and probably not persisting. ADLUMIA-Climbing Fumitory Map 869 maculata L. Adlumia E. supina Raf. fungosa (Ait.) Greene marginata Pursh. — Snow-on-the-Mountain missurica Raf. CORYDALIS Maps 870-872 var. intermedia (Engelm.) Wheeler Reference: Probably introduced sparingly from the South or West, but Ownbey, G. B. 1947. Monograph of the North American species of not persisting. Corydalis. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 34: 187-260. nutans Lag. E. preslii Guss. Corydalis E. maculata L., in the sense of L. C. Wheeler, not aurea Willd.-Golden Corydalis Linnaeus. micrantha (Engelm.) Gray—Slender Fumewort podperae Croizat—Leafy Spurge sempervirens (L.) Pers.-Pale Corydalis E. esula L., of most American authors. DICENTRA Maps 873-874 E. intercedensPodp., 1922; not£. inter cedens Pax, 1905. Naturalized. Reference: serpyllifolia Pers. Stern, K. R. 1961. Revision of Dicentra (Fumariaceae). Brittonia spathulata Lam. 13: 1-57. E. dictyosperma Fisch. & Mey Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp. —Squirrel-Corn FABACEAE: See LEGUMINOSAE cucullaria (L.) Bernh.—Dutchman's Breeches FUM ARIA - Fumitory FAGACEAE-Beech Family Fumaria officinalis L.—Common Fumitory QUERCUS-Oak Maps 862-868 Introduced. References: Hardin, J. W. 1975. Hybridization and introgression in Quercus GENTIANACEAE-Gentian Family alba. J. Arnold Arb. 56: 336-363 See also: MENYANTHACEAE Palmer, E. J. 1948. Hybrid oaks of North America. J. Arnold Ar- bor. 29: 1-48. Reference: Wadmond, S. C. 1933. The Quercus ellipsoidalis-Quercus coccinea Mason, C. T., Jr., & H. H. Iltis. 1966. Preliminary reports on the complex. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 28: 197-203. flora of Wisconsin No. 53. Gentianaceae and Menyanthaceae— Gentian and Buckbean Families. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. Quercus 54: 295-329. alba L.-White Oak x bebbiana Schneid. (Q. alba x Q. macrocarpa) bicolor Willd.-Swamp-White Oak ANGIOSPERMS: GENTIAN ACE AE-GRAMINEAE

37 BARTONIA Map 875 quinquefolia (L.) Small Gentiana quinquefolia L. Reference: subsp. occidentalis (Gray) Gillett Gillett, J. M. 1959. A revision of Bartonia and Obolaria (Gen- Gentiana quinquefolia var. occidentalis (Gray) Hitchc. tianaceae). Rhodora 61: 43-62. Bartonia GENTIANOPSIS Maps 884-885 virginica (L.) BSP.—Virginia Bartonia References: Gillett, J. M. 1957. A revision of the North American species of CENTAURIUM-Centaury Map 876 Gentianella Moench. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 44: 195-269. Centaurium Iltis, H. H. 1965. The genus Gentianopsis (Gentianaceae): transfers pulchellum (Swartz) Druce and phytogeographic comments. Sida 2: 129-153. Introduced. Gentianopsis GENTIAN A - Gentian Maps 877-881 crinita (Froel.) Ma—Fringed Gentian Gentiana crinita Froel. References: procera (Holm) Ma—Fringed Gentian Gillett, J. M. 1963. The gentians of Canada, Alaska and Greenland. Gentiana procera Holm Canad. Dept. Agr. Publ. 1180: 1-99. Gentianella crinita (Froel.) G. Don subsp. procera Pringle, J. S. 1965. The white gentian of the prairies. Michigan Bot. (Holm) Gillett 4: 43-47. Gentiana macounii Holm . 1965. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin. No. 52. Gentianella crinita (Froel). G. Don subsp. macounii Gentiana hybrids in Wisconsin. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 53: (Holm) Gillett 273-281. Gentianopsis macounii (Holm) Iltis . 1966. Hybridization in Gentiana (Gentianaceae): A resume of Gentiana tonsa (Lunell) Viet. J. T. Curtis' studies. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 54: 283-293. . 1966. Gentianapuberula sp. nov., a known but unnamed spe- HALENIA - Spurred Gentian Map 886 cies of the North American prairies. Rhodora 68: 209-214. Reference: . 1967. Taxonomy of Gentiana, section Pneumonanthae, in Allen, C. K. 1933. A monograph of the American species of the ge- eastern North America. Brittonia 19: 1-32. nus Halenia. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 20: 119-222. . 1968. The status and distribution of Gentiana linearis and G. Halenia rubricaulis in the Upper Great Lakes region. Michigan Bot. 7: deflexa (Smith) Griseb. 99-112. Gentiana affinis Griseb. GERANIACEAE-Geranium Family alba Muhl. —Yellowish Gentian G. flavida Gray ERODIUM-Storksbill amarella L.: See GENTIANELLA Erodium andrewsii Griseb.—Closed Gentian; Bottle-Gentian cicutarium (L.) L'Her. G. clausa Raf., misapplied to Minnesota plants, Introduced. var. andrewsii GERANIUM- Cranesbill Maps 887-889 var. dakotica Nels. x billingtonii Farw. (as species) (G. andrewsii x G. Geranium puberulentd) bicknellii Britt. carolinianum L. crinita Froel.: See GENTIANOPSIS maculatum L.—Wild Geranium x grandilacustris Pringle (G. andrewsii x G. rubricaulis) sibiricum L. procera Holm: See GENTIANOPSIS Introduced. puberulenta Pringle—Prairie Gentian G. puberula Michx., misapplied. quinquefolia L.: See GENTIANELLA GRAMINEAE (POACEAE)- rubricaulis Schwein.—Rose-stemmed Gentian; Closed Gentian Grass Family G. linearis Froel. subsp. rubricaulis (Schwein.) Gillett References: GENTIANELLA Maps 882-883 Dore, W. G., & J. McNeill. 1980. Grasses of Ontario. Research Reference: Branch, Agriculture Canada. Monograph 26. 566 pp. Gillett, J. M. 1957. A revision of the North American species of Fassett, N. C. 1951. Grasses of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Gentianella Moench. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 44: 195-269. Press, Madison. 173 pp. Gould, F. & R. B. Shaw. 1983. Grass systematics, 2nd ed. Texas Gentianella A. & M. University Press, College Station. 397 pp. amarella (L.) Borner—Felwort Hitchcock, A. S. 1951. Manual of grasses of the United States, ed. Gentiana amarella L. 2, by A. Chase. U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 200. 1051 pp. subsp. acuta (Michx.) Gillett Pohl, R. W. 1966. The grasses of Iowa. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 40: Gentiana acuta Michx. 341-566. ANGIOSPERMS: GRAMINEAE 38 x AGROHORDEUM Map 890 hyemalis (Walt.) BSP.-Tickle Grass; Hairgrass perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. References: A. perennans var. aestivalis Vasey Bowden, W. M. 1959. Chromosome numbers and taxonomic notes on northern grasses. I. Triticeae. Canad. J. Bot. 37: 1143-1151. scabra Willd. -Hairgrass . 1960. The typification ofElymus macounii Vasey. Bull. Tor- A. hyemalis (Walt.) BSP. var. tenuis (Tuckerm.) Gl. rey Bot. Club 87: 205-208. stolonifera L. Lepage, E. 1953. Novelles notes sur des hybrides de Gramine'es. var. major (Gaud.) Farw.—Redtop Naturaliste Canad. 80: 189-199. A. alba of authors, not Linnaeus A. gigantea Roth x Agrohordeum var. palustris (Huds.) Farw.—Creeping Bent macounii (Vasey) Lepage (Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) A. stolonifera var. compacta Hartm. Malte x HordeumjubatumL.) A. palustris Huds. Elymus macounii Vasey ALOPECURUS - Foxtail Maps 901-903 AGROPYRON-Wheat-Grass Maps 891-894 Alopecurus References: aequalis Sobol. Bowden, W. R. 1965. Cytotaxonomy of the species and interspecific carolinianus Walt. hybrids of the genus Agropyron in Canada and neighboring areas. pratensis L. Canad. J. Bot. 43: 1421-1448. Introduced. Fernald, M. L. 1933. Recent discoveries in the Newfoundland flora. Rhodora 35: 161-185. AMMOPHILA - Beachgrass Map 904 Malte, M. O. 1932. The so-called Agropyron canium (L.) Beauv. of Ammophila North America. Ann. Rep. Nat. Mus. Canad. 1930: 27-57. breviligulata Fern. McNeill, J., & W. G. Dore. 1976. Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Ontario grasses. Naturaliste Canad. 103: 553-567. ANDROPOGON-Beardgrass Maps 905-906 Agropyron Reference: pectiniforme Roemer & Schultes—Crested Wheat-Grass Gould, F. W. 1967. The grass genus Andropogon in the United A. cristatum (L.) Gaertner, of American authors, mis- States. Brittonia 19: 70-76. applied. Andropogon A. cristatum subsp. pectinatum (Bieb.) Tzvelev gerardii Vitman—Big Bluestem Naturalized. A. furcatus Muhl. repens (L.) Beauv.—Quack Grass hallii Hack. var. repens Introduced. forma aristatum (Schum.) Holmb. scoparius Michx.: See SCHIZACHYRIUM forma pilosum (Scribn.) Fern, forma repens ARISTIDA- Maps 907-911 forma trichorrhachis Rohlena Triple-Awned Grass var. subulatum (Schreb.) Reichenb. forma subulatum Reference: forma vaillantianum (Wulf. & Schreb.) Fern. Allred, K. W. 1984. Morphologic variation and classification of the smithii Rydb. -Western Wheat-Grass North American Aristida purpurea complex (Gramineae). Britto- trachycaulum (Link) Malte—Slender Wheat-Grass nia 36: 382-395. var. glaucum (Pease & Moore) Malte Aristida var. novae-angliae (Scribn.) Fern. basiramea Engelm. A. trachycaulum var. ciliatum (Scribn. & Smith) Gl. dichotoma Michx.—Poverty-Grass var. trachycaulum var. curtissii Gray var. unilateral (Cassidy) Malte A. curtissii (Gray) Nash A. subsecundum (Link) Hitchc. oligantha Michx. AGROSTIS-Bent Grass Maps 895-900 purpurea Nutt. var. longiseta (Steud.) Vasey References: A. longiseta Steud. Fernald, M. L. 1933. Recent discoveries in the Newfoundland flora. A. longiseta var. robusta Merr. Rhodora 35: 203-212. tuberculosa Nutt. McNeill, J., & W. G. Dore. 1976. Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Ontario grasses. Naturaliste Canad. 103: 553-567. ARRHENATHERUM-Oat-Grass Map 912 Voss, E. G. 1966. Nomenclatural notes on monocots. Rhodora 68: Arrhenatherum 435-463. elatius (L.) Mert. & Koch-Tall Oat-Grass Agrostis geminata Trin. forma exaristata Fern, forma geminata HHHH H AVENA-Oats Maps 913-914 pubescens Muhl. ex Willd. Avena B. purgans of authors, not Linnaeus. fatuaL.-Wild Oats secalinus L. —Cheat; Chess Introduced. Introduced. hookeri Scribn.: See HELICTOTRICHON tectorum L. sativa L. — Cultivated Oats Introduced. Introduced. BUCHLOE-Buffalo-Grass Map 928 BECKMANNIA - Slough-Grass Map 915 Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. Reference: Koyama, T., & S. Kowano. 1964. Critical taxa of grasses with CALAMAGROSTIS- Maps 929-934 North American and eastern Asiatic distribution. Canad. J. Bot. Reed-Grass 42: 859-884. Reference: Beckmannia Stebbins, G. L. 1930. A revision of some North American species syzigachne (Steud.) Fern.—American Slough-Grass of Calamagrostis. Rhodora 32: 35-57. var. baicalensis (Kush.) T. Koyama & Kawano Calamagrostis BOUTELOUA-Grama-Grass Maps 916-918 canadensis (Michx.) Nutt.—Blue-Joint Bouteloua var. canadensis curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. —Side-Oats Grama var. macouniana (Vasey) Stebbins gracilis (HBK.) Lag. ex Steud. var. robusta Vasey hirsuta Lag. var. scabra (Presl) Hitchc. C. langsdorfii, of American authors, not Trin. BRACHYELYTRUM-Shorthusk Map 919 inexpansa Gray Brachyelytrum C. stricta (Timm) Koeler subsp. inexpansa (Gray) C. W. erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. Greene var. erectum var. brevior (Vasey) Stebbins var. septentrionale Babel lacustris (Kearney) Nash C. stricta subsp. inexpansa (Gray) C. W. Greene var. BROMUS - Brome-Grass Maps 920-927 lacustris (Kearney) C. W. Greene References: montanensis Scribn. Baum, B. R. 1967. Kalm's specimens of North American grasses— neglecta (Ehrh.) Gaertn. their evaluation for typification. Canad. J. Bot. 45: 1845-1852. C. stricta (Timm) Koeler subsp. stricta McNeill, J. 1976. Nomenclature of four perennial species of Bromus purpurascens R. Br. in eastern North America, with a proposal for the listing of B. C ALAMO VILFA - Reed-Grass Map 935 purgans L. as a rejected name under Article 69. Taxon 25: 611-616. References: . 1977. Bromus latiglumis (Shear) A. S. Hitchc. need not be Thieret, J. W. 1960. Calamovilfa longifolia and its variety magna. replaced by B. altissimus Pursh. Taxon 26: 584. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 63: 169-176. & W. G. Dore. 1976. Taxonomic notes on Ontario grasses. . 1966. Synopsis of the genus Calamovilfa (Grarm'neae). Naturaliste Canad. 103: 553-567. Castanea 31: 145-152. Wagnon, H. K. 1950. Nomenclatural changes in Bromus. Rhodora Calamovilfa 52: 209-215. longifolia (Hook.) Scribn. . 1952. A revision of the genus Bromus, section Bromopsis, of North America. Brittonia 7: 415-480. CENCHRUS - Sandbur Map 936 Bromus Reference: ciliatus L. DeLisle, D. G. 1963. Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Cen- B. dudleyi Fern, chrus. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 37: 259-351. forma ciliatus Cenchrus B. ciliatus var. intonsus Fern. longispinus (Hackel) Fern. B. ciliatus forma intonsus (Fern.) Seymour forma denudatus Wieg. CINN A - Wood-Reedgrass Maps 937-938 inermis Leyss.—Smooth Brome; Hungarian Brome Cinna Introduced. arundinacea L. japonicus Thunb. ex Murray latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. Introduced, var. japonicus DACTYLIS - Orchard-Grass Map 939 var. porrectus Hack. Dactylis kalmii Gray glomerata L. latiglumis (Shear) Hitchc. Naturalized. B. altissimus Pursh ANGIOSPERMS: GRAMINEAE

40 DANTHONIA - Wild Oat-Grass Map 940 ELEUSINE-Goose-Grass; Yard-Grass Danthonia Eleusine spicata (L.) Beauv. indica (L.) Gaertn. — Wiregrass var. pinetorum Piper Introduced. var. spicata ELYMUS-Wild Rye Maps 950-957 DESCHAMPSIA-Hairgrass Maps 941-942 References: Deschampsia Baum, B. R. 1979. The genus Elymus in Canada—Bowden's generic cespitosa (L.) Beauv. —Tufted Hairgrass concept and key reappraised and relectotypification of E. var. glauca (Hartm.) Lindm. canadensis. Canad. J. Bot. 57: 946-951. flexuosa (L.) Trin. — Common Hairgrass Booher, L. E., & R. M. Tryon. 1948. A study of Elymus in Min- nesota. Rhodora 50: 80-91. DIGITARIA-Crab-Grass Maps 943-944 Bowden, W. M. 1964. Cy to taxonomy of the species and interspec- References: ific hybrids of the genus Elymus in Canada and neighboring Henrard, J. T. 1950. Monograph of the genus Digitaria. Universi- areas. Canad. J. Bot. 42: 547-601. tare Pers Leiden. 999 pp. Church, G. L. 1967. Taxonomic and genetic relationships of eastern Webster, R. D. 1987. Taxonomy of Digitaria section Digitaria in North American species of Elymus with setaceous glumes. North America (Poaceae: Paniceae). Sida 12: 209-222. Rhodora 69: 121-162. Gabel, M. L. 1984. A biosystematic study of the genus Elymus Digitaria (Gramineae: Triticeae) in Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 91: ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl. 140-146. D. ischaemum var. mississippiensis (Gattinger) Fern., as to Minnesota Elymus Introduced. canadensis L. sanguinalis (L.) Scop. diversiglumis Scribn. & Ball Introduced. E. interruptus of American authors, in part, not E. interruptus Buck!., in the strict sense. DIPLACHNE Map 945 hystrix L.-Bottle-Brush Grass Reference: Hystrix patula Moench McNeill, J. 1979. Diplachne and Leptochloa (Poaceae) in North junceus Fisch. Introduced. America. Brittonia 31: 399-404. macounii Vasey: See x AGROHORDEUM Diplachne piperi Bowden fascicularis (Lam.) Beauv.—Sprangletop; Salt-Meadow Grass E. condensatus Presl var. pubens Piper Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) Gray E. cinereus, in the sense of Hitchcock, Man. grasses U.S., DISTICHLIS - Salt-Grass Map 946 1951, for the most part, not E. cinereus Scribn. & Merr., in the strict sense. Reference: Said to be in Minnesota by Bowden (1964), p. 593. Fassett, N. C. 1925. Notes on Distichlis. Rhodora 27: 67-72. racemosus Lam. Distichlis E. giganteus Vahl stricta (Torr.) Rydb. Leymus racemosus (Lam.) Tzvelev Introduced. ECHINOCHLOA Maps 947-949 villosus Muhl. ex Willd. forma arkansanus (Scribn. & Ball) Fern, References: forma villosus Fairbrothers, D. E. 1956. Nomenclatural change in the grass genus virginicus L. Echinochloa. Rhodora 58: 48-49. var. submuticus Hook, Gould, F. W., M. A. Ali, & D. E. Fairbrothers. 1972. A revision var. virginicus of Echinochloa in the United States. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 87: E. virginicus var. halophilus (Bickn.) Wieg. 36-59. E. virginicus var. jejunis (Ramaley) Bush Reeder, J. R. 1956. Note on Echinochloa muricata. Rhodora 58: forma hirsutiglumis (Scribn.) Fern, 331-332. forma virginicus Echinochloa wiegandii Fern. crusgalli (L.) Beauv.—Barnyard-Grass E. canadensis L. var. wiegandii (Fern.) Bowden Introduced. muricata (Beauv.) Fern. ERAGROSTIS - Lovegrass Maps 958-963 E. pungens (Poir.) Rydb. References: var. microstachya Wieg. Harvey, L. H. 1949. Eragrostis in North and Middle America. var. muricata Ph.D. Thesis. University of Michigan. walteri (Pursh) Heller . 1954. New entities in North and Middle America Eragrostis (Gramineae). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 81: 405-410. Koch, S. D. 1974. The Eragrostis pectinacea-pilosa complex in ANGIOSPERMS: GRAMINEAE 41

North and Central America (Gramineae: Eragrostoideae). Il- rubra L.—Red Fescue linois Biol. Monogr. 48: 1-74. saximontana Rydb. McNeill, J., & W. G. Dore. 1976. Taxonomic and nomenclatural F. ovina var. saximontana (Rydb.) Gl. notes on Ontario grasses. Naturaliste Canad. 103: 553-567. GLYCERIA-Manna-Grass Maps 970-973 Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Lutati ex Hubbard-Stinkgrass References: E. megastachya (Koeler) Link Fassett, N. C. 1946. Glyceriapallida and G. fernaldii. Bull. Torrey Introduced. Bot. Club 73: 463-464. frankii C. A. Meyer McNeill, J., & W. G. Dore. 1976. Taxonomic and nomenclatural hypnoides (Lam.) BSP. notes on Ontario grasses. Naturaliste Canad. 103: 553-567. minor Host Glyceria E. poaeoides Beauv. borealis (Nash) Batch.—Northern Manna-Grass Introduced. canadensis (Michx.) Trin.-Rattlesnake-Grass pectinacea (Michx.) Nees fernaldii (Hitchc.) St. John: See TORREYOCHLOA pilosa (L.) Beauv.—Indian-Lovegrass grandis S. Wats.—American Manna-Grass; Tall Manna-Grass var. perplexa (Harvey) Koch pallida (Torr.) Trin.: See TORREYOCHLOA var. pilosa striata (Lam.) Hitchc.—Fowl Manna-Grass Introduced. var. striata spectabilis (Pursh) Steud.—Tumble-Grass var. stricta (Scribn.) Fern. trichodes (Nutt.) Wood Introduced from farther south. HELICTOTRICHON Map 974 ERIOCHLO A - Cupgrass Map 964 Helictotrichon—Oat-Grass hookeri (Scribn.) Henrard References: Avena hookeri Scribn. Pohl, R. W. 1959. Introduced weedy grasses in Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 66: 160-162. HIEROCHLOE-Vanilla-Grass; Map 975 Shaw, R. B., & R. D. Webster. 1987. The genus Eriochloa (Poa- Sweet Grass ceae: Paniceae) in North and Central America. Sida 12: 165-207. Reference: Weimarck, G. 1971. Variation and taxonomy of Hierochloe Eriochloa villosa (Thunb.) Kunth (Gramineae) in the northern hemisphere. Bot. Not. 124: Introduced. 129-175. Hierochloe FESTUC A-Fescue Maps 965-969 odorata (L.) Beauv. References: subsp. hirta (Schrank) Tsvelev Frederiksen, S. 1983. Festuca brachyphylla, F. saximontana and H. hirta (Schrank) Borbas subsp. arctica (Presl) Weim. related species in North America. Nordic J. Bot. 2: 525-536. McNeill, J., & W. G. Dore. 1976. Taxonomic and nomenclatural HORDEUM-Barley Maps 976-977 notes on Ontario Grasses. Naturaliste Canad. 103: 553-567. Reference: Terrell, E. E. 1967. Meadow fescue: Festuca elatiorL. or F. praten- Bothmer, R. von, N. Jacobsen, R. B. J0rgensen, & E. Nicora. 1982. sis Hudson? Brittonia 19: 129-132. Revision of the Hordeum pusillum group. Nordic J. Bot. 2: Voss, E. G. 1966. Nomenclatural notes on monocots. Rhodora 68: 307-321. 435-463. . 1972. Additional nomenclatural and other notes on Michigan Hordeum monocots and gymnosperms. Michigan Bot. 11: 26-37. jubatum L. —Squirrel-Tail Grass Critesion jubatum (L.) Nevski Festuca pusillum Nutt. —Little Barley arundinacea Schreb.—Tall Fescue. Critesion pusillum (Nutt.) A. Love Introduced. vulgare L.-Barley longifolia Thuill.—Hard Fescue Cultivated and occasionally escaped. F. ovina L. var. duriuscula (L.) W. D. J. Koch, of Ameri- can authors. HYSTRIX: See ELYMUS Introduced. obtusa Biehler—Nodding Fescue KOELERIA - June-Grass Map 978 octoflora Walter: See VULPIA References: ovina L. —Sheep-Fescue Reeder, J. R., &C. G. Reeder. 1978. Review: IntermountainFlora, Introduced. by A. Cronquist et al., Vol. 6. 1977. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 105: paradoxa Desv. 241-243. Recently recorded from Winona Co. by W. R. Smith. Shinners, L. H. 1956. Illegitimacy of Persoon's species of Koeleria pratensis Hudson—Meadow-Fescue (Gramineae). Rhodora 58: 93-96. F. elatior L., of ambiguous application. Introduced. ANGIOSPERMS: GRAMINEAE 42 Koeleria MUHLENBERGIA- Maps 987-996 macrantha (Ledeb.) Schultes Satin-Grass; Muhly-Grass K. cristata Pers., misapplied. References: LEERSIA-Cut Grass; Maps 979-981 Fernald, M. L. 1943. Five common rhizomatous species ofMuhlen- White Grass bergia. Rhodora 45: 221-239. Mitchell, W. W., & R. W. Pohl. 1966. Variation and aneuploidy in Reference: Muhlenbergia glomerata. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 76: 211-221. Pyrah, G. L. 1969. Taxonomic and distributional studies in Leersia Pohl, R. W. 1969. Muhlenbergia, subgenus Muhlenbergia (Gramineae). Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 44: 215-270. (Gramineae) in North America. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 82: Leersia 512-542. lenticularis Michx. — Catchfly-Grass Muhlenbergia oryzoides (L.) Swartz—Rice-Cut Grass asperifolia (Nees & Meyen) Parodi—Scratch-Grass virginica Willd.-White Grass cuspidata (Torr.) Rydb.-Plains Muhly L. virginica var. ovata (Poir.) Fern. frondosa (Poir.) Fern.-Wirestem Muhly LEPTOCHLOA: See DIPLACHNE forma commutata (Scribn.) Fern, forma frondosa LEPTOLOMA - Fall Witch-Grass Map 982 glomerata (Willd.) Trin. Leptoloma M. glomerata var. cinnoides (Link) F. J. Hermann cognatum (Schultes) Chase mexicana (L.) Trin. forma ambigua (Torr.) Fern. LOLIUM Map 983 M. mexicana forma setiglumis (S. Wats.) Fern. References: M. mexicana var.filiformis (Willd.) Scribn. Terrell, E. E. 1968. A taxonomic revision of the genus Lolium. forma mexicana Tech. Bull. U.S.D.A., No. 1392: 1-65. racemosa (Michx.) BSP. Voss, E. G. 1972. Additional nomenclatural and other notes on richardsonis (Trin.) Rydb.-Mat-Muhly Michigan monocots and gymnosperms. Michigan Bot. 11: schreberi Gmel.—Nimble Will 26-37. sylvatica Torr. uniflora (Muhl.) Fern. Lolium perenne L.—Ryegrass ORYZOPSIS-Rice-Grass; Maps 997-1000 Introduced, Mountain-Rice var. aristatum Willd. L. multiflorum Lam. References: var. perenne Johnson, B. L. 1945. Cytotaxonomic studies in Oryzopsis. Bot. Gaz. 107: 1-32. MELICA-Melic Grass Map 984 Raymond, M. 1953. Precisions sur la distribution de VOryzopsis Reference: canodensis (Poir.) Torr. Ann. ACFAS 19: 88-90. Boyle, W. S. 1945. A cytotaxonomic study of the North American Oryzopsis species of Melica. Madrono 8: 1-26. asperifolia Michx.—Rough-leaved Mountain-Rice Melica hymenoides (R. & S.) Ricker-Silk-Grass; Indian Millet nitens Nutt. — Tall Melic Grass pungens (Spreng.) Hitchc. racemosa (Smith) Ricker—Mountain-Rice MILIUM Map 985 PANICUM-Panic Grass Maps 1001-1020 Reference: Fernald, M. L. 1950. The North American variety of Milium effti- Recent students of this genus have presented convincing evi- sum. Rhodora 52: 218-222. dence that the subgenus Dichanthelium ofPanicum should be accorded generic status. When appropriate, therefore, the Milium correct name in Dichanthelium is listed for each taxon that oc- effusum L.-Wood Millet curs in Minnesota. var. cisatlanticum Fern. References: MISCANTHUS Map 986 Beetle, A. A. 1981. Noteworthy grasses from Mexico VIII. Phytolo- gia 48: 189-193. References: . 1981. Noteworthy grasses from Mexico IX. Phytologia 49: Pohl, R. W. 1959. Introduced weedy grasses in Iowa. Proc. Iowa 33-43. Acad. Sci. 66: 160-162. Bough, M., J. C. Colosi, & P. B. Cavers. 1986. The major weedy . 1963. Phytogeographic notes on Rottboellia, Paspalum and biotypes of proso millet (Panicum milaceuni) in Canada. Canad. Miscanthus (Gramineae) Rhodora 65: 146-147. J. Bot. 64: 1188-1198. Miscanthus Freckmann, R. W. 1978. New combinations in Dichanthelium (Poa- sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Hack. ceae). Phytologia 39: 268-272. Introduced. . 1981. Realignments in the Dichanthelium acuminatum complex (Poaceae). Phytologia 48: 99-110. ANGIOSPERMS: GRAMINEAE

43 Gould, F. W. 1974. Nomenclatural changes in the Poaceae. Britto- Dichanthelium acuminatum var. villosum (Gray) Gould & nia 26: 59-60. Clark & C. A. Clark. 1978. Dichanthelium (Poaceae) in the United Dichanthelium villosissimum (Nash) Freckmann var. States and Canada. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 65: 1088-1132. praecocius (Hitchc. & Chase) Freckmann Lelong, M. G. 1984. New combinations for Panicum subgenus latifolium L. Panicum and subgenus Dichanthelium (Poaceae) of the south- Dichanthelium latifolium (L.) Gould & Clark eastern United States. Brittonia 36: 262-273. leibergii (Vasey) Scribn. Pohl, R. W. 1947. Panicum commonsianum and its midland Dichanthelium leibergii (Vasey) Freckmann representative. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 38: 506-509. lindheimeri Nash: See Appendix 1. Shinners, L. H. 1944. Notes on Wisconsin grasses—IV. Leptoloma linearifolium Scribn. and Panicum. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 32: 164-180. Dichanthelium linearifolium (Scribn.) Gould Voss, E. G. 1966. Nomenclatural notes on monocots. Rhodora 68: var. linearifolium 435-463. var. werneri (Scribn.) Fern. Panicum meridionale Ashe boreale Nash Dichanthelium meridionale (Ashe) Freckmann Dichanthelium boreale (Nash) Freckmann Panicum albemarlense Ashe capillare L.—Witch-Grass miliaceum L.—Common Millet; Proso P. capillare var. campestre Gattinger Occasionally spreads from cultivation, P. capillare var. occidentale Rydb. subsp. miliaceum columbianum Scribn. subsp. ruderale (Kitagawa) Tzvelev Dichanthelium sabulorum (Lam.) Gould & Clark var. oligosanthes Schultes thinium (Hitchc. & Chase) Gould & Clark Dichanthelium oligosanthes (Schultes) Gould Dichanthelium columbianum (Scribn.) Freckmann var. oligosanthes commonsianum Ashe var. scribnerianum (Nash) Fern. var. addisonii (Nash) Pohl Dichanthelium oligosanthes var. scribnerianum (Nash) Dichanthelium commonsianum (Ashe) Freckmann Gould Dichanthelium ovale (Elliott) Gould & Clark var. ad- Panicum scribnerianum Nash disonii (Nash) Gould & Clark perlongum Nash Panicum columbianum Scribn. var. commonsianum Dichanthelium perlongum (Nash) Freckman (Ashe) McNeill & Dore philadelphicum Trin. Recorded for Minnesota by Gould and Clark praecocius Hitchc. & Chase: See P. lanuginosum var. (1978), but no specimens so identified are at MIN. praecocius var. euchlamydeum (Shinners) Pohl virgatum L. — Switch-Grass Dichanthelium sabulorum (Lam.) Gould & Clark var. wilcoxianum Vasey patulum (Scribn. & Merrill) Gould & Clark Dichanthelium wilcoxianum (Vasey) Freckmann Panicum tsugetorum Nash xanthophysum Gray Panicum lanuginosum Ell. var. siccanum Hitchc. & Chase Dichanthelium xanthophysum (Gray) Freckmann Panicum villosissimum Nash, misapplied Panicum pseudopubescens Nash, misapplied PASPALUM Map 1021 Dichanthelium commonsianum (Ashe) Freckmann var. Paspalum euchlamydeum (Shinners) Freckmann ciliatifolium Michx. depauperatum Muhl. var. stramineum (Nash) Fern. Dichanthelium depauperatum (Muhl.) Gould PHALARIS-Canary-Grass Maps 1022-1023 var. depauperatum var. involutum (Torr.) Wood Reference: P. depauperatum var. psilophyllum Fern. Anderson, D. E. 1961. Taxonomy and distribution of the genus dichotomiflorum Michx. Phalaris. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 36: 1-96. dichotomum L. Phalaris Dichanthelium dichotomum (L.) Gould var. dichotomum arundinacea L.—Reed Canary-Grass Recorded for Minnesota by Gould and Clark (1978). canariensis L.-Canary-Grass implicatum Scribn.: See P. lanuginosum var. implicatum Occasionally spreads from cultivation. lanuginosum Ell. var. fasciculatum (Torr.) Fern. PHLEUM-Timothy Map 1024 Dichanthelium acuminatum (Swartz) Gould & Clark var. Phleum acuminatum pratense L. Panicum lanuginosum var. septentrionale Fern. Naturalized. Panicum lanuginosum var. tennesseense (Ashe) Gl. var. implicatum (Scribn.) Fern. PHRAGMITES - Reed Map 1025 Dichanthelium acuminatum var. implicatum (Scribn.) References: Gould & Clark Clayton, W. D. 1968. The correct name of the common reed. Taxon var. praecocius (Hitchc. & Chase) Dore 17: 168-169. ANGIOSPERMS: GRAMINEAE

44 McNeill, J., & W. G. Dore. 1976. Taxonomic and nomenclatural PUCCINELLIA-Alkali-Grass Map 1043 notes on Ontario grasses. Naturaliste Canad. 103: 553-567. References: Phragmites Bowden, S. M. 1961. Chromosome numbers and taxonomic notes australis (Cav.) Steud. on northern grasses. IV. Tribe Festuceae: Poa and Puccinellia. P. communis Trin. Canad. J. Bot. 39: 123-138. P. communis var. berlandieri (Foura.) Fern. Church, G. L. 1949. A cytotaxonomic study of Glyceria and Puc- POA-Blue Grass; Maps 1026-1042 cinellia. Amer. J. Bot. 36: 155-165. McNeill, J., & W. G. Dore. 1976. Taxonomic and nomenclatural Meadow-Grass notes on Ontario grasses. Naturaliste Canad. 103: 553-567. References: Boivin, B., & D. Love. 1960. Poa agassizensis, a new prairie blue- Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl. grass. Naturaliste Canad. 87: 173-180. Introduced. Butters, F. K., & E. C. Abbe. 1947. The genus Poa in Cook County, fernaldii (Hitchc.) E. Voss: See TORREYOCHLOA Minnesota. Rhodora 49: 1-21. Lakela, O. 1938. Occurrence of Poa chaixii in America. Rhodora nuttalliana (Schultes) Hitchc.-Nuttall Alkali-Grass 40: 73. P. airoides (Nutt.) S. Wats. & Coult. . 1946. Previously unreported plants from Minnesota.—Poa pallida (Torr.) R. T. Clausen: See TORREYOCHLOA trivialis L. Rhodora 48: 81-82. SCHEDONNARDUS- Tumble Grass Map 1044 Poa Schedonnardus agassizensis Boivin & D. Love paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel. An apomictic segregate of P. pratensis, it is not separated from this taxon at MIN. SCfflZACHNE Map 1045 alsodes Gray References: annua L.—Annual Blue Grass; Low Spear-Grass McNeill, J., & W. G. Dore. 1976. Taxonomic and nomenclatural Introduced. notes on Ontario grasses. Naturaliste Canad. 103: 553-567. arida Vasey-Bunch Spear-Grass; Prairie Spear-Grass Swallen, J. R. 1928. The grass genus Schizachne. J. Wash. Acad. chaixii Villars Sci. 18: 203-206. Introduced and spontaneous at Duluth. compressa L.—Canada Blue Grass; Wire-Grass Schizachne Naturalized. purpurascens (Torr.) Swallen—False Melic Grass glauca Vahl var. pubescens Dore subsp. conferta (Blytt) Lindm. var. purpurascens var. conferta var. laxiuscula (Blytt) Lindm. SCHIZACHYRIUM-Beardgrass Map 1046 subsp. glauca Reference: subsp. glaucantha (Gaud.) Lindm. Gould, F. W. 1967. The grass genus Andropogon in the United P. glaucantha Gaud. States. Brittonia 19: 70-76. interior Rydb. Schizachyrium P. nemoralis var. interior (Rydb.) Butters & Abbe scoparium (Michx.) Nash—Little Bluestem P. nemoralis var. montana Gaud., in the sense of Butters Andropogon scoparius Michx. & Abbe var. frequens (Hubbard) Gould languida Hitchc. Andropogon scoparius var. frequens Hubbard nemoralis L. Introduced. SCOLOCHLOA-Sprangletop; Map 1047 paludigena Fern. & Wieg. Prickle Fescue palustris L.—Fowl Meadow-Grass pratensis L.—Kentucky Blue Grass; Spear-Grass; June-Grass Scolochloa Both native and introduced races found in Minnesota. festucacea (Willd.) Link var. angustifolia (L.) Gaud. Fluminea festucacea (Willd.) Hitchc. var. pratensis SECALE Map 1048 saltuensis Fern. & Wieg. var. microlepis Fern. & Wieg. Secale var. saltuensis cereale L.—Rye scopulorum Butters & Abbe Introduced and sometimes persisting outside cultivation. Referred by some authors to the P. glauca complex. See the SETARIA- Maps 1049-1053 distribution map of the latter species. sylvestris Gray Bristly Foxtail-Grass x tormentuosa Butters & Abbe. (P. glauca subsp. glaucantha References: x P. nemoralis) McNeill, J., & W. G. Dore. 1976. Taxonomic and nomenclatural trivialis L.-Rough-Stalked Meadow-Grass notes on Ontario grasses. Naturaliste Canad. 103: 553-567. Introduced at Duluth. Pohl, R. W. 1962. Notes on Setaria viridis and S. faberi wolfii Scribn. (Gramineae). Brittonia 14: 210-213. ANGIOSPERMS: GRAMINEAE

Reeder, J. R. 1951. Setaria lutescens an untenable name. Rhodora Shinners, L. H. 1941. Notes on Wisconsin grasses—II. Muhlenber- 53: 27-30. gia and Sporobolus. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 26: 69-73. Rominger, J. M. 1962. Taxonomy of Setaria (Gramineae) in North Voss, E. G. 1966. Nomenclatural notes on monocots. Rhodora 68: America. Illinois Biol. Monogr., No. 29: 1-132. 435-463. Terrell, E. E. 1976. The correct names for pearl millett and yellow Sporobolus foxtail. Taxon 25: 297-304. asper (Michx.) Kunth Voss, E. G. 1966. Nomenclatural notes on monocots. Rhodora 68: cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray — Sand-Dropseed 435-463. var. cryptandrus Setaria var. fuscicolor (Hook.) Pohl faberi Herrm. — Giant-Foxtail heterolepis (Gray) Gray-Northern Dropseed; Prairie-Dropseed Introduced. neglectus Nash glauca (L.) Beauv.-Yellow Foxtail 5. vaginiflorus (Torr.) Wood var. neglectus (Nash) 5. lutescens (Weigel) Hubbard Scribn. Introduced. vaginiflorus (Torr.) Wood—Poverty-Grass italica (L.) Beauv.—Foxtail Millet; German Millet; Hungarian var. inaequalis Fern, Millet var. vaginiflorus Introduced. The two varieties are considered inseparable by some verticillata (L.) Beav.—Bur Bristle-Grass; Bristly Foxtail authorities. Introduced. STIPA-Needle-Grass; Maps 1064-1066 viridis (L.) Beauv.—Green Foxtail; Green Bristle-Grass Introduced, Porcupine-Grass var. viridis Reference: var. weinmannii (R. & S.) Brand Barkworth, M. E. 1978. A taxonomic study of the large-glumed species of Stipa (Gramineae) occurring in Canada. Canad. J. Bot. SORGHASTRUM Map 1054 56: 606-625. Reference: Stipa Voss, E. G. 1972. Additional nomenclatural and other notes on comata Trin. & Rupr.-Needle-Grass; Needle and Thread Michigan monocots and gymnosperms. Michigan Bot. 11: spartea Trin.—Porcupine-Grass 26-37. viridula Trin.—Feather Bunch-Grass Sorghastrum TORREYOCHLOA Map 1067 nutans (L.) Nash—Indian-Grass References: SPARTINA-Cord-Grass; Maps 1055-1056 Church, G. L. 1949. A cytotaxonomic study of Glyceria and Puc- Marsh-Grass cinellia. Amer. J. Bot. 36: 155-165. . 1952. The genus Torreyochloa. Rhodora 54: 197-200. Reference: Clausen, R. T. 1952. Suggestion for the assignment of Torreyochloa Mobberley, D. G. 1956. Taxonomy and distribution of the genus to Puccinellia. Rhodora 54: 42-45. Spartina. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 30: 471-574. Fassett, N. C. 1946. Glyceriapallida and G. fernaldii. Bull. Torrey Spartina Bot. Club 73: 463-464. gracilis Trin.—Alkali Cord-Grass Koyama, T., & S. Kawano. 1964. Critical taxa of grasses with North pectinata Link—Prairie Cord-Grass; Slough-Grass American and eastern Asiatic distribution. Canad. J. Bot. 42: 5. pectinata var. suttiei (Farw.) Fern. 859-884. Voss, E. G. 1966. Nomenclatural notes on monocots. Rhodora 68: SPHENOPHOLIS- Maps 1057-1058 435-463. Wedge-Grass Torreyochloa Reference: pallida (Torr.) Church—Torrey's Manna-Grass Erdman, K. S. 1965. Taxonomy of the genus Sphenopholis Glyceria pallida (Torr.) Trin. (Gramineae). Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 39: 289-336. Puccinellia pallida (Torr.) R. T. Clausen Sphenopholis var. fernaldii (Hitchc.) Dore Glyceria fernaldii (Hitchc.) St. John intermedia (Rydb.) Rydb.-Slender Wedge-Grass Puccinellia fernaldii (Hitchc.) Voss S. obtusata var. major (Torr.) Erdman var. pallida obtusata (Michx.) Scribn.-Prairie Wedge-Grass SPOROBOLUS - Dropseed; Maps 1059-1063 TRIPLASIS Map 1068 Triplasis Rush-Grass purpurea (Walt.) Chapm. —Sand-Grass References: Jones, E. K., & N. C. Fassett. 1950. Subspecific variation in TRISETUM Map 1069 Sporobolus cryptandrus. Rhodora 52: 125-128. References: Riggins, R. 1977. A biosystematic study of the Sporobolus asper Bocher, T. W. 1959. Tetraploid and hexaploid Trisetum spicatum complex (Gramineae). Iowa State J. Res. 51: 287-321. coll. A cytotaxonomical study. Bot. Tidsskr. 55: 23-29. ANGIOSPERMS: GRAMINEAE - HYDROPHYLLACEAE 46 Hulten, E. 1959. The Trisetum spicatum complex. Trisetum spica- Myriophyllum tum (L.) Richt., an arctic-montane species with worldwide range. alterniflorum DC. Bot. Tiddsskr. 53: 203-228. farwellii Morong Randall, J. L., & K. W. Hilu. 1986. Biosystematic studies of North sibiricum Komarov American Trisetum spicatum (Poaceae). Syst. Bot. 11: 567-578. M. exalbescens Fern. Trisetum spicatum L. spicatum (L.) Richt. Introduced. T. triflorum (Bigel.) A. & D. Love tenellum Bigelow var. maidenii (Gand.) Fern, verticillatum L. var. molle (Kunth) Beal M. verticillatum var. pectinatum Wallr. T. triflorum subsp. molle (Kunth) A. & D. Love var. pilosiglume Fern. H AMAMELIDACEAE - T. triflorum subsp. triflorum Witch-Hazel Family TRITICUM Triticum HAMAMELIS - Witch-Hazel Map 1077 aestivum L.—Wheat Hamamelis Spontaneous along roadways and in fields. Introduced and virginiana L. cultivated. VULPIA Map 1070 HIPPURIDACEAE-Mare's-Tail Family Reference: Lonard, R. L., & F. W. Gould. 1974. The North American species HIPPURIS - Mare's-Tail Map 1078 of Vulpia (Gramineae). Madrono 22: 217-230. Hippuris Vulpia vulgaris L. octoflora (Walt.) Rydb.—Six-Weeks Fescue Festuca octoflora Walt, HYDROCHARIT ACEAE - var. glauca (Nutt.) Fern. V. octoflora var. tenella (Willd.) Fern. Frog's-Bit Family ZIZANIA-Wild Rice Map 1071 ANACHARIS: See ELODEA References: Dore, W. G. 1969. Wild-rice. Canada Dep. Agr. Publ. 1393. 84pp. ELODEA - Waterweed Maps 1079-1080 Fassett, N. C. 1924. A study of the genus Zizania. Rhodora 26: References: 153-160. Cook, C. D. K., & K. Urmi-Konig. 1985. A revision of the genus Zizania Elodea (Hydrocharitaceae). Aquatic Bot. 21: 111-156. palustris L. St. John, H. 1965. Monograph of the genus Elodea, Part 4: The spe- var. interior (Fassett) Dore cies of eastern and central North America. Rhodora 67: 1-35. Z. aquatica L. var. interior Fassett Elodea var. palustris canadensis Michx. Z. aquatica var. angustifolia Hitchc. nuttallii (Planch.) St. John GROSSULARIACEAE: VALLISNERIA-Tapegrass; Eelgrass Map 1081 Reference: See SAXIFRAGACEAE Lowden, R. M. 1982. An approach to the taxonomy of Vallisneria L. (Hydrocharitaceae). Aquatic Bot. 13: 269-298. HALORAGACEAE- Vallisneria Water-Milfoil Family americana Michx. MYRIOPHYLLUM Maps 1072-1076 HYDROPHYLLACEAE - Water-Milfoil Waterleaf Family References: Aiken, S. G. 1981. A conspectus of Myriophyllum (Haloragaceae) ELLISIA Map 1082 in North America. Brittonia 33: 57-69. Reference: Ceska, A., & O. Ceska. 1986. Notes on Myriophyllum (Haloraga- Constance, L. 1940. The genus Ellisia. Rhodora 42: 33-39. ceae) in the far east: The identity of Myriophyllum sibiricum Ellisia Komarov. Taxon 35: 95-100. nyctelea L. ANGIOSPERMS: HYDROPHYLLACEAE-JUNCACEAE

47 HYDROPHYLLUM Maps 1083-1084 Iris Waterleaf germanica L. — Flag A persistent garden escape. As listed here, to include not only References: the species, but also many horticultural forms derived by Beckmann, R. L., Jr. 1979. Biosystematics of the genus Hydrophyl- hybridization with other species. lum L. (Hydrophyllaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 66: 1053-1061. pseudacorus L.—Yellow Flag Constance, L. 1942. The genus Hydrophyllum L. Amer. Midi. Nat- Occasionally escaping cultivation. uralist 27: 710-731. versicolor L.—Blue Flag Hydrophyllum virginica L.—Southern Blue Flag appendiculatum Michx.—Maple-Leaved Waterleaf var. shrevei (Small) Anders. virginianum L.—Virginia Waterleaf SISYRINCHIUM- Maps 1095-1097 PHACELIA-Scorpion-Weed Map 1085 Blue-Eyed Grass Reference: Reference: Gillett, G. W. 1960. A systematic treatment of the Phacelia frank- Ward, D. B. 1968. The nomenclature of Sisyrinchium bermudiana linii group. Rhodora 62: 205-222. and related North American species. Taxon 17: 270-276. Phacelia Sisyrinchium franklinii (R. Br.) Gray campestre Bickn. 5. campestre forma albiflorum J. W. Moore HYPERICACEAE- montanum Greene 5. angustifolium Mill., misapplied to Minnesota plants, St. John's-Wort Family var. crebrum Fern, var. montanum Reference: mucronatum Michx. Utech, F. H., & H. H. Iltis. 1970. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin No. 61. Hypericaceae—St. John's-wort family. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 58: 325-351. JUGLANDACEAE-Walnut Family HYPERICUM- Maps 1086-1091 CARYA-Hickory Maps 1098-1099 St. John's-Wort Carya Hypericum cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch—Bitternut; Pignut Hickory boreale (Britt.) Bickn. ovata (Mill.) K. Koch-Shagbark; Shellbark Hickory ellipticum Hook. C. ovata var. nuttallii Sarg., needing further study, as to majus (Gray) Britt. Minnesota. perforatum L.—Common St. John's-Wort JUGLANS-Walnut; Butternut Maps 1100-1101 Naturalized. punctatum Lam. Juglans pyramidatum Ait.—Great St. John's-Wort cinerea L.—Butternut; White Walnut H. ascyron of American authors, not Linnaeus nigra L. —Black Walnut virginicum L.: See TRIADENUM TRIADENUM-Marsh Map 1092 JUNCACEAE-Rush Family St. John's-Wort JUNCUS-Rush Maps 1102-1124 Triadenum fraseri (Spach) Gl. References: Hypericum virginicum L. var. fraseri (Spach) Fern. Clemants, S. E. 1985. A key to the rushes (Juncus spp.) of Minneso- ta. Michigan Bot. 24: 33-37. Hamet-Ahti, L. 1980a. The Juncus effusus aggregate in eastern IRIDACEAE-Iris Family North America. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 17: 183-191. . 1980b. Juncus alpinoarticulatus: The legitimate name for BELAMCANDA-Blackberry Lily Juncus alpinus. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 17: 341-342. Belamcanda Hermann, F. J. 1975. Manual of the rushes (Juncus spp.) of the chinensis (L.) DC. Rocky Mountains and Colorado Basin. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Escaped from cultivation at Waseca. Tech. Rep. RM-18. Voss, E. G. 1972. Additional nomenclatural and other notes on IRIS-Iris; Flag Maps 1093-1094 Michigan monocots and gymnosperms. Michigan Bot. 11: Reference: 26-37. Anderson, E. 1928. The problem of species in the northern blue- Juncus flags, Iris versicolor L. and /. virginica L. Ann. Missouri Bot. alpinoarticulatus Chaix in Villars Gard. 15: 241-332. /. alpinus Vill. articulatus L. ANGIOSPERMS: JUNCACEAE-LABIATAE 48 balticus Willd. JUNCAGINACEAE- var. littoralis Engelm. Arrow-Grass Family brachycarpus Engelm. brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fern. SCHEUCHZERIA Map 1129 bufonius L. var. bufonius Scheuchzeria var. halophilus Buchenau & Fern. palustris L. canadensis Gay in Laharpe var. americana Fern. compressus Jacq. TRIGLOCHIN-Arrow-Grass Maps 1130-1131 dudleyi Wieg. Triglochin J. tennis var. dudleyi (Wieg.) Hermann maritimum L. J. tenuis var. uniflorus (Farw.) Farw. palustre L. effusus L. var. pylaei (Laharpe) Fern. & Wieg. var. solutus Fern. & Wieg. LABIATAE (LAMIACEAE)- filiformis L. Mint Family gerardii Loisel. x gracilescens Hermann ex Wadmond (/. alpinoarticulatus x References: J. brevicaudatus) Gill, L. S. 1981. Taxonomy, distribution and ecology of the Canadi- greenei Oakes & Tuckerm. an Labiatae. Feddes Repert. 92: 33-93. interior Wieg. Koeppen, R. C. 1957. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin longistylis Torr. No. 41. Labiatae-Mint Family. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. marginatus Rostkov 46: 115-140. nodosus L. pelocarpus Mey. AGASTACHE-Giant-Hyssop Maps 1132-1134 stygius L. Reference: var. americana Buchenau Lint, H., & C. Epling. 1945. A revision of Agastache. Amer. Midi. tenuis Willd. Naturalist 33: 207-230. torreyi Cov. vaseyi Engelm. Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze—Fragrant Giant-Hyssop LUZULA-Wood-Rush Maps 1125-1128 Hyssopus anethiodorus Nutt., a name of dubious application. References: Agastache anethiodora (Nutt.) Britt. Ebinger, J. E. 1962. The varieties of Luzula acuminata. Rhodora nepetoides (L.) Kuntze—Yellow Giant-Hyssop 64: 74-83. scrophulariaefolia (Willd.) Kuntze—Purple Giant-Hyssop . 1964. Taxonomy of the subgenus Pterodes, genus Luzula. A. scrophulariaefolia var. mollis (Fern.) Heller Mem. New York Bot. Card. 10: 279-304. Hamet-Ahti, L. 1971. A synopsis of the species of Luzula, subgenus BLEPfflLIA Map 113 Anthelaea Griseb. (Juncaceae) indigenous in North America. Blephilia Ann. Bot. Fenn. 8: 368-381. hirsuta (Pursh) Benth. —Wood-Mint . 1975. Additional notes on Luzula subcongesta and L. parviflora (Juncaceae) in North America. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 12: DRACOCEPHALUM-Dragonhead Map 113 27-29. Dracocephalum Voss, E. G. 1966. Nomenclatural notes on monocots. Rhodora 68: parviflorum Nutt.-American Dragonhead 435-463. ELSHOLTZIA Luzula acuminata Raf. Elsholtzia L. saltuensis Fern. ciliata (Thunb.) Hylander luzuloides (Lam.) Dandy & Wilmott Introduced. Introduced at Duluth. GALEOPSIS - Hemp-Nettle Map 1137 multiflora (Retz.) Lejeune Galeopsis L. campestris (L.) DC., in part. tetrahit L. parviflora (Ehrh.) Desv. Introduced. var. melanocarpa (Michx.) Buchenau var. bifida (Boenn.) Lej. & Court, L. parviflora subsp. melanocarpa (Michx.) Hamet-Ahti var. tetrahit GLECHOMA-Ground-Ivy Map 1138 Glechoma hederacea L. — Gill-over-the-ground Introduced and naturalized. ANGIOSPERMS: LABIATAE 49 HEDEOMA-Mock Pennyroyal Map 1139 Mentha arvensis L.—Field-Mint Reference: var. glabrata (Benth.) Fern. Irving, R. S. 1980. The systematics of Hedeoma (Labiatae). Sida 8: As listed here, this variety includes numerous varieties and 218-295. forms recognized by Fernald, Gray's Man., ed. 8. For a Hedeoma full synonomy, see Hitchcock et al. (1959). The var. ar- hispida Pursh—Rough Pennyroyal vensis, purportedly introduced into eastern United States, pulegioides (L.) Pers. —American Pennyroyal probably does not occur in Minnesota. Adventive from farther south or east and probably not per- cardiaca Baker sisting. Introduced. HYSSOPUS- Hyssop crispa L. Introduced. Hyssopus spicata L.—Spearmint officionalis L. Introduced, but doubtfully persisting. Recorded from one locality long ago; probably not persisting. MOLUCCELLA ISANTHUS - False Pennyroyal Map 1140 Moluccella Isanthus laevis L.—Bells-of-Ireland brachiatus (L.) BSP. Escaped from cultivation and briefly persisting. LAMIUM-Dead Nettle MONARDA-Horsemint; Maps 1148-1149 Lamium Bergamot album L. — Snowflake Introduced and sometimes persisting after cultivation. References: amplexicaule L.—Henbit Fosberg, F. R., & L. Artz. 1953. The varieties of Monardafistulosa Introduced. L. Castanea 18: 128-130. Gill, L. S. 1978. A cytosystematics study of the genus Monarda L. LEONURUS - Motherwort Map 1141 (Labiatae) in Canada. Caryologia 30: 381-394. Leonurus Scora, R. W. 1967. Interspecific relationships in the genus Monarda cardiaca L.—Common Motherwort (Labiatae). Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 41: 1-59. Introduced and naturalized. Shinners, L. H. 1953. Nomenclature of the varieties of Monarda sibiricus L. punctata L. (Labiatae). Field & Lab. 21: 89-92. Introduced. Monarda LYCOPUS - Bugle-Weed; Maps 1142-1145 fistulosa L.—Wild Bergamot var. fistulosa Water-Horehound M. fistulosa var. mollis (L.) Benth. Reference: M. mollis L. Henderson, N. C. 1962. A taxonomic revision of the genus Lycopus var. menthifolia (Graham) Fern. (Labiatae). Amer. Midi. Naturalist 68: 95-148. M. menthifolia Graham Lycopus punctata L. — Dotted Monarda; Horsemint americanus Muhl. var. villicaulis (Pennell) Shinners The proposed varieties are of little taxonomic validity. NEPETA-Catnip; Catmint Map 1150 asper Greene Nepeta L. lucidus Turcz. var. americanus Gray cataria L.—Catnip x sherardii Steele, emended. (L. uniflorus x L. virginicus) uniflorus Michx. Introduced and naturalized. virginicus L. PERILLA MARRUBIUM - Horehound Perilla Marrubium frutescens (L.) Britt. vulgare L. —Common Horehound Introduced, but probably not persisting. Introduced. PHYSOSTEGIA - False Dragonhead Map 1151 MENTHA-Mint Maps 1146-1147 Reference: References: Cantino, P. D. 1983. A monograph of the genus Physostegia (Labia- Gill, L. S., B. M. Lawrence, & J. K. Morton. 1973. Variation in tae). Contr. Gray Herb. 211: 1-105. Mentha arvensis L. (Labiatae). I. The North American popula- Physostegia tions. J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 67: 213-232. virginiana (L.) Benth. Hitchcock, C. L., etal. 1959. Vascular plants of the Pacific North- Dracocephalum virginianum L. west, Part 4, pp. 260-262. University of Washington Press, Physostegia virginiana var. speciosa (Sweet) Gray Seattle. P. formosior Lunell P. formosior forma alba J. W. Moore ANGIOSPERMS: LABIATAE 50 PRUNELLA-Selfheal Map 1152 STACHYS-Hedge-Nettle Maps 1161-1162 Reference: References: Nelson, A. P. 1965. Taxonomic and evolutionary implications of Epling, C. 1934. Preliminary revision of American Stachys. Feddes lawn races of Prunella vulgaris (Labiatae). Brittonia 17: Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 80: 1-75. 160-174. Gill, L. S. 1980. A study of the Stachys palustris L. complex (Labia- Prunella tae) in northern North America. Phytologia 46: 231-245. vulgaris L. . 1981. Cytotaxonomy of the genus Stachys L. in Canada. subsp. lanceolata (Bart.) Hulten Caryologia 33: 473-481. subsp. vulgaris Mulligan, G. A., D. B. Munro, & J. McNeill. 1983. The status of P. vulgaris var. parviflora (Gilib.) Moore Stachys palustris (Labiatae) in North America. Canad. J. Bot. 61: 679-682. PYCNANTHEMUM - Map 1153 Stachys Mountain-Mint palustris L. —Wound wort Reference: subsp. arenicola (Britt.) Gill Grant, E., & C. Epling. 1943. A study of Pycnanthemum. Univ. S. arenicola Britt. Calif. Publ. Bot. 20: 195-240. 5. palustris var. homotricha Fern. Pycnanthemum 5. puberula Rydb. flexuosum (Walt.) BSP. 5. pustulosa Rydb. P. tenuifolium Schrad. 5. palustris var. phaneropoda Weath. Grant & Epling, I.e., report this species for Minnesota. subsp. palustris virginianum (L.) Durand & Jackson 5. palustris var. puberula Jennings 5. palustris var. macrocalyx Jennings SALVIA-Sage Map 1154 5. palustris var. nipigonensis Jennings Salvia subsp. pilosa (Nutt.) Epling nutans L. 5. pilosa Nutt. Introduced. 5. borealis Rydb. reflexa Hornem. 5. palustris var. pilosa (Nutt.) Fern. SATUREJA- Savory Map 1155 tenuifolia Willd. var. hispida (Pursh) Fern. Reference: 5. tenuifolia var. platyphylla Fern. Epling, C., & C. Jativa. 1966. A descriptive key to the species of 5. hispida Pursh Satureja indigenous to North America. Brittonia 18: 244-248. var. tenuifolia Satureja TEUCRIUM - Germander Map 1163 arkansana (Nutt.) Briq. S. glabella (Michx.) Briq. var. angustifolia (Torr.) References: Svenson McClintock, E., & C. Epling. 1946. A revision of Teucrium in the Calamintha glabella (Michx.) Benth. var. angustifolia New World, with observations on its variation, geographical dis- (Torr.) DeWolf tribution and history. Brittonia 5: 491-510. This species is reported for Minnesota by Epling and Jativa Shinners, L. H. 1963. The varieties of Teucrium canadense (Labia- (1966), but there are no specimens so identified at MIN. tae). Sida 1: 182-183. vulgaris (L.) Fritsch—Wild Basil Teucrium Clinopodium vulgare L. canadense L.—American Germander var. neogaea Fern. - Dogmint T. virginicum L. SCUTELLARIA- Skullcap Maps 1156-1160 T. occidentale Gray T. boreale Bickn. References: Attempts to subdivide this species on the basis of combina- Epling, C. 1939. Notes on the Scutellariae of eastern North Ameri- ca. I. Amer. J. Bot. 26: 17-24. tions of pubescence types are inconclusive. . 1942. The American species of Scutellaria. Univ. Calif. Publ. THYMUS- Thyme Bot. 20: 1-146. Thymus Scutellaria serpyllum L.-Creeping Thyme galericulata L.—Common Skullcap Introduced. S. epilobiifolia Hamilton lateriflora L. - Mad-Dog Skullcap leonardi Epling 5. parvula var. leonardi (Epling) Fern. ovata Hill subsp. versicolor (Nutt.) Epling S. versicolor Nutt. parvula Michx. ANGIOSPERMS: LEGUMINOSAE 51 LAMIACEAE: See LABIATAE A. caryocarpus Ker flexuosus (Hook.) Don LEGUMINOSAE (FABACEAE)- lotiflorus Hook. missouriensis Nutt. Pulse Family; Bean Family neglectus (T. & G.) Sheld.-Cooper's Milk-Vetch References: A. cooperi Gray Fassett, N. C. 1939. The leguminous plants of Wisconsin. University racemosus Pursh of Wisconsin Press, Madison. 157 pp. Collected once at Pipestone in 1895. Isely, D. 1973. Leguminosae of the United States: I. Subfamily tenellus Pursh—Loose-Flowered Milk-Vetch Mimosoideae. Mem. New York Dot. Card. 25 (1): 1-152. Specimens at MIN were collected in Otter Tail Co. in 1892. . 1975. Leguminosae of the United States: II. Subfamily BAPTISIA-False Indigo Maps 1179-1180 Caesalpinioideae. Mem. New York Bot. Card. 25 (2): 1-228. . 1981. Leguminosae of the United States. III. Subfamily Papil- Reference: ionoideae: Tribes Sophoreae, Podalyrieae, Loteae. Mem. New Isely, D. 1986. Notes about Psoralea sensu auct., Amorpha, Bap- York Bot. Gard. 25 (3): 1-264. tisia, Sesbania and Chamaecrista (Leguminosae) in the south- Welsh, S. L. 1960. Legumes of the north-central states: Galegeae. eastern United States. Sida 11: 429-440. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 35: 111-249. Baptisia alba (L.) Vent.-Wild False Indigo AMORPHA Maps 1164-1166 B. lactea (Raf.) Thieret Reference: B. leucantha T. & G. Wilbur, R. L. 1975. A revision of the North American genus Amor- var. macrophylla (Larisey) Isely pha (Leguminosae-Psoraleae). Rhodora 77: 337-409. bracteata Ell. var. glabrescens (Larisey) Isely Amorpha B. leucophaea Nutt. canescens Pursh-Leadplant tinctoria (L.) Vent. —Wild Indigo fruticosa L.—False Indigo Collected once at Lake City in the 1880s. A. fruticosa var. angustifolia Pursh nana Nutt. — Fragrant False Indigo CARAGANA-Pea-Tree AMPHICARPAEA Map 1167 Caragana arborescens Lam.—Siberian Pea-Tree Reference: Introduced, but rarely found outside cultivation. Turner, B. L., & O. S. Pearling. 1964. A taxonomic study of the genus Amphicarpaea. Southw. Naturalist 9: 207-218. CASSIA: See CHAMAECRISTA Amphicarpaea CHAMAECRISTA Map 1181 bracteata (L.) Fern.-Hog-Peanut Reference: A. bracteata var. comosa (L.) Fern. Irwin, H. S., & R. C. Barneby. 1982. The American Cassiinae. APIOS Map 1168 Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35 (2): 455-918. Apios Chamaecrista americana Medic.—Groundnut fasciculata (Michx.) Greene—Partridge-Pea; Prairie-Senna ASTRAGALUS-Milk-Vetch Maps 1169-1178 Cassia fasciculata Michx. References: CORONILL A Map 1182 Barneby, R. C. 1964. Atlas of North American Astragalus. Mem. Coronilla New York Bot. Gard. 13: 1-1188. varia L.—Crown-Vetch Isely, D. 1983. Astragalus (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) I: Keys Introduced and naturalized. to United States species. Iowa State J. Res. 58: 3-172. CROTALARIA Map 1183 Welsh, S. L. 1960. Legumes of the north-central states: Galegeae. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 35: 111-249. Reference: Windier, D. R. 1974. A systematic treatment of the native unifoliate Astragalus crotalarias of North America (Leguminosae). Rhodora 76: adsurgens Pall. 151-204. var. robustior Hook. A. striatus Nutt. Crotalaria A. chandonnettii Lunell sagittalis L.-Rattle Box agrestis Dougl. ex G. Don DALE A Map 1184 A. goniatus Nutt. alpinus L. St. Louis Co. Voucher specimen at the N.Y. Bot. Reference: Garden. Barneby, R. C. 1977. Daleae Imagines. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. canadensis L. 27: 1-891. A. canadensis var. longilobus Fassett Dalea A. carolinianus L. leporina (Ait.) Bullock—Foxtail-Dalea crassicarpus Nutt.—Ground-Plum D. alopecuroides Willd. ANGIOSPERMS: LEGUMINOSAE 52 DESMANTHUS Map 1185 LESPEDEZA-Bush-Clover Maps 1198-1200 Reference: References: Isely, D. 1970. Legumes of the United States. II. Desmanthus and Clewell, A. F. 1966. Native North American species of Lespedeza Neptunia. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 44: 495-511. (Leguminosae). Rhodora 68: 359-405. Desmanthus Isely, D. 1955. The Leguminosae of the north-central United States illinoensis (Michx.) MacM.—Prairie-Mimosa; Prickle-Weed II. Hedysareae. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 30: 33-118. Lespedeza DESMODIUM-Tick-Trefoil Maps 1186-1190 capitata Michx. References: The proposed varieties cannot be distinguished satisfactorily. Isely, D. 1951. Desmodium: section Podocarpium Benth. Brittonia capitata x L. leptostachya 7: 185-224. leptostachya Engelm. . 1955. The Leguminosae of the north-central United States II. Hedysareae. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 30: 33-118. LOTUS-Birdsfoot-Trefoil Maps 1201-1202 Schubert, B. G. 1950. Desmodium: Preliminary studies—III. Lotus Rhodora 52: 135-155. corniculatus L. —Birdsfoot-Trefoil Introduced and fully naturalized. Desmodium purshianus (Benth.) Clements & Clements—Prairie-Trefoil canadense (L.) DC. L. americanus (Nutt.) Bisch. cuspidatum (Muhl.) Loud. var. longifolium (T. & G.) Schub. LUPINUS- Lupine Maps 1203-1204 glutinosum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Wood References: D. glutinosum forma chandonnetii (Lunell) Schub. Dunn, D. B. 1965. Lupinus notes III. A re-evaluation and redefini- D. acuminatum (Michx.) DC. tion of the Lupinus perennis L. complex. Leafl. W. Bot. 10: illinoense Gray 151-154. nudiflorum (L.) DC. & J. M. Gillett. 1966. The lupines of Canada and Alaska. GLEDITSIA Map 1191 Canada Dept. Agric. (Research Branch), Monogr. No. 2. 89 pp. Gleditsia Lupinus triacanthos L.—Honey-Locust perennis L.—Wild Lupine One authentic early record from Houston Co. var. occidentalis S. Wats, var. perennis GLYCYRRHIZA-Licorice Map 1192 polyphyllus Lindl. Glycyrrhiza A western species now spreading from cultivation in north- lepidota Pursh-Wild Licorice eastern Minnesota. GYMNOCLADUS- Map 1193 MEDIC AGO-Medick Maps 1205-1206 Kentucky Coffee-Tree References: Gymnocladus Isely, D. 1983. Classification of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and dioica (L.) Koch relatives. Iowa State J. Res. 57: 207-220. Small, E., & B. S. Brookes. 1984. Taxonomic circumscription and LATHYRUS-Vetchling; Maps 1194-1197 identification in the Medicago sativa-falcata (alfalfa) continuum. Wild Pea Econ. Bot. 38: 83-96. Reference: Medicago Hitchcock, C. L. 1952. A revision of the North American species lupulina L.-Black Medick ofLathyrus. Univ. Wash. Publ. Biol. 15: 1-104. Introduced and naturalized. Lathyrus sativa L.-Alfalfa japonicus Willd. Naturalized. var. glaber (Ser.) Fern.—Beach-Pea subsp. falcata (L.) Arcangeli latifolius L.-Everlasting Pea subsp. sativa Introduced. x varia Martyn (M. sativa subsp. falcata x subsp. sativa) ochroleucus Hook.-Pale Pea Introduced. palustris L.-Marsh-Vetchling MELILOTUS-Sweet Clover Maps 1207-1208 var. myrtifolius (Muhl.) Gray var. palustris Reference: L. palustris var. linearifolius Ser. Isely, D. 1954. Keys to sweet clovers (Melilotus). Proc. Iowa Acad. var. pilosus (Cham.) Ledeb. Sci. 61: 119-131. L. palustris var. macranthus (White) Fern. Melilotus tuberosus L. —Tuberous Vetchling alba Medic.-White Sweet Clover Introduced. Introduced and naturalized. venosus Muhl. ex. Willd. officinalis (L.) Pallas-Yellow Sweet Clover var. intonsus Butt. & St. John-Veiny Pea Introduced and naturalized. ANGIOSPERMS: LEGUMINOSAE 53 OXYTROPIS-Loco Weed Maps 1209-1211 TEPHROSIA-Hoary Pea Map 1222 References: Reference: Barneby, R. C. 1952. A revision of the North American species of Wood, C. E. 1949. The American barbistyled species of Tephrosia Oxytropis DC. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 27: 177-309. (Leguminosae). Rhodora 51: 193-231; 233-302; 305-364; Welsh, S. L. 1960. Legumes of the north-central states: Galegeae. 369-384. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 35: 111-249. Tephrosia Oxytropis virginiana (L.) Pers. campestris (L.) DC. The proposed varieties are not distinguishable. var. dispar (Nels.) Barneby TRIFOLIUM-Clover; Maps 1223-1228 lambertii Pursh Trefoil splendens Dougl. A Minnesota collection is cited by Barneby (1952), "Chippe- References: wa River, Dr. Suckley (GH)." Gillett, J. M., & T. S. Cochrane. 1973. Preliminary reports on the viscida Nutt. flora of Wisconsin No. 63. The genus Trifoliutn—thQ clovers. O. ixodes Butters & Abbe Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 61: 59-74. Hermann, F. J. 1953. A botanical synopsis of the cultivated clovers PETALOSTEMON- Maps 1212-1215 (Trifoliuni). U.S.D.A. Agric. Monogr. 22: 1-45. Prairie-Clover Isely, D. 1951. The Leguminosae of north-central United States: I. Loteae and Trifolieae. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 25: 439-482. References: Trifolium Isely, D., & S. L. Welsh. 1960. Petalostemon candidum and P. oc- arvense L.—Rabbitfoot-Clover cidentale (Leguminosae). Brittonia 12: 114-118. Introduced. Wemple, D. K. 1970. Revision of the genus Petalostemon aureum Pollich-Hop-Clover (Leguminosae). Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 45: 1-202. T. agrarium of American authors, an ambiguous name. Petalostemon Introduced. candidum (Willd.) Michx. — White Prairie-Clover campestre Schreber in Sturm—Hop Clover occidentale (Heller) Fern.—White Prairie-Clover T. procumbens of American authors, an ambiguous name. purpureum (Vent.) Rydb.— Purple Prairie-Clover Introduced. villosum Nutt. —Silky Prairie-Clover hybridum L.-Alsike Clover Naturalized. PSORALEA- Scurf-Pea Maps 1216-1218 incarnatum L.—Crimson Clover Reference: Introduced. Isely, D. 1962. Leguminosae of the north-central states. IV. pratense L. — Red Clover Psoraleae. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 37: 103-162. Naturalized. repens L. —White Clover Psoralea Naturalized. argophylla Pursh esculenta Pursh—Breadroot; Prairie-Turnip VICIA-Vetch Maps 1229-1233 tenuiflora Pursh References: P. tenuiflora var. floribunda (Nutt.) Rydb. Gunn, C. R. 1968. The Vicia americana complex (Leguminosae). ROBINIA-Locust Map 1219 Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 42: 171-214. Hermann, F. J. 1960. Vetches in the United States—native, natural- References: ized, and cultivated. U.S.D.A. Agric. Handbook No. 168:1-84. Isely, D., & F. J. Peabody. 1984. Robinia (Leguminosae: Vicia Papilinoideae). Castanea 49: 187-202. americana Muhl. ex Willd. Welsh, S. L. 1960. Legumes of the north-central states: Galegeae. var. americana Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 35: 111-247. V. truncata Nutt. Robinia var. minor Hook. hispida L. — Rose Acacia; Prickly Locust V. sparsifolia Nutt. ex T. & G. Introduced from the southeast and persisting where planted. V. americana var. angustifolia Nees pseudo-acacia L. —Black Locust V. linearis (Nutt.) Greene Introduced from the South and East and now naturalized. angustifolia L. This species is placed in synonomy under V. sativa L. subsp. STROPHOSTYLES- Maps 1220-1221 nigra (L.) Ehrh. in Flora Europaea 2: 134. 1968. Wild Bean Naturalized. cracca L.—Tufted Vetch Strophostyles Introduced. helvola (L.) Ell. sativa L.—Spring-Vetch leiosperma (T. & G.) Piper Introduced. villosa Roth. - Hairy Vetch Naturalized. ANGIOSPERMS: LEMNACEAE-LILIACEAE 54 LEMNACEAE-Duckweed Family um. I. The Allium canadense alliance. Res. Stud. St. Coll. Wash., Vol. 23, No. 4, supplement, pp. 1-106. Reference: Clark, H. L., & J. W. Thieret. 1968. The duckweeds of Minnesota. Allium Michigan Bot. 7: 67-76. burdickii (Hanes) Jones—Wild Leek A. tricoccum var. burdickii Hanes LEMNA-Duckweed Maps 1234-1235 canadense L. — Wild Garlic cernuum Roth—Nodding Wild Onion Lemna schoenoprasum L.-Chives minor L. — Lesser Duckweed var. sibiricum (L.) Hartm. L. turionifera Landolt, as to Minnesota specimens. stellatum Ker-Wild Onion L. perpusilla Torr., misapplied. textile Nels. & Macbr. trisulca L. —Star-Duckweed tricoccum Ait.—Wild Leek SPIRODEL A-Duckweed Map 1236 ASPARAGUS Map 1253 Spirodela Asparagus polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. — Greater Duckweed officinalis L.—Garden-Asparagus WOLFFIA-Water-Meal Maps 1237-1238 Naturalized. Wolffia CLINTONIA-Corn-Lily; Map 1254 columbiana Karst. Bluebead-Lily punctata Griseb. W. borealis (Engelm.) Landolt, as to Minnesota Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf. specimens. CONV ALL ARIA - Lily-of-the-Valley LENTIBULARIACEAE - Convallaria majalis L. Bladderwort Family Naturalized. Reference: ERYTHRONIUM- Maps 1255-1257 Tans, W. 1987. Lentibulariaceae: The Bladderwort Family in Wis- consin. Michigan Bot.: 26: 52-62. Trout-Lily; Dogtooth-Violet Reference: PINGUICULA-Butterwort Map 1239 Parks, C. R., & J. W. Hardin. 1963. Yellow erythroniums of the Reference: eastern United States. Brittonia 15: 245-259. Casper, S. J. 1966. Monographic der Gattung Pinguicula L. Bib- Erythronium lioth. Bot. 127-128: 1-209. albidum Nutt.-White Trout-Lily; White Dogtooth-Violet Pinguicula americanum Ker—Yellow Trout-Lily; Yellow Dogtooth-Violet vulgaris L. propullans Gray—Minnesota Trout-Lily; Minnesota Dogtooth- Violet UTRICULARIA- Maps 1240-1245 Endemic to Minnesota. Bladderwort HEMEROC ALLIS - Day-Lily Map 1258 Utricularia cornuta Michx. Reference: gibba L. Voss, E. G. 1966. Nomenclatural notes on monocots. Rhodora 68: intermedia Hayne 435-463. minor L. Hemerocallis resupinata Greene fulva L.—Orange Day-Lily vulgaris L. Escaped from cultivation along roadways, etc. lilio-asphodelus L.—Yellow Day-Lily; Lemon-Lily H. flava (L.) L. LILIACEAE-Lily Family Escaped cultivation. ALLIUM- Onion; Garlic; Maps 1246-1252 LILIUM-Lily Maps 1259-1260 Leek Reference: References: Adams, R. M. II, & W. J. Dress. 1982. Nodding Lilium species of Jacobsen, T. D. 1979. Numerical analysis of variation between Alli- eastern North America (Liliaceae). Baileya 21: 165-188. um cernuum and Allium stellatum (Liliaceae). Taxon 28: Lilium 517-523. lancifolium Thunb.-Tiger-Lily Jones, A. G. 1979. A study of wild leek, and the recognition of Alli- L. tigrinum Ker um burdickii (Liliaceae). Syst. Bot. 4: 29-43. A rare escape from cultivation. Ownbey, M., & H. C. Aase. 1955. Cytotaxonomic studies of Alli- ANGIOSPERMS: LILIACEAE-LIMNANTHACEAE 55 michiganense Farw.—Michigan Lily lasioneura Hook. L. canadense L. subsp. michiganense (Farw.) Boivin & 5. herbacea var. lasioneura (Hook.) DC. Cody philadelphicum L.—Wood-Lily STREPTOPUS- Maps 1272-1273 var. andinum (Nutt.) Ker Twisted-Stalk MAIANTHEMUM- Map 1261 Reference: Wild Lily-of-the-Valley Fassett, N. C. 1935. Notes from the herbarium of the University of Wisconsin—XII. A study of Streptopus. Rhodora 37: 88-113. Maianthemum canadense Desf. — Canada Mayflower Streptopus var. canadense amplexifolius (L.) DC. var. interius Fern. var. americanus Schultes var. denticulatus Fassett ORNITHOGALUM - Star-of-Bethlehem roseus Michx. Ornithogalum var. longipes (Fern.) Fassett umbellatum L. Rarely escaping cultivation. TOFIELDIA-False Asphodel Maps 1274-1275 Tofieldia POLYGONATUM - Maps 1262-1263 glutinosa (Michx.) Pers. Solomon's-Seal pusilla (Michx.) Pers. Reference: T. palustris of American authors, not Huds. Ownbey, R. P. 1944. The liliaceous genus Polygonatum in North TRILLIUM-Trillium; Maps 1276-1279 America. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 31: 373-413. Wakerobin Polygonatum Trillium commutatum (Schultes f.) A. Dietr. cernuum L. —Nodding Trillium P. biflorum (Walter) Ell. var. commutatum (Schultes f.) Morong var. cernuum P. canaliculatum (Muhl.) Pursh var. rotundifolium J. W. var. macranthum Eames & Wieg. Moore flexipes Raf. P. canaliculatum formafoliatum (Clarke) J. W. Moore, as T. gleasonii Fern. to Minnesota collection. grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. pubescens (Willd.) Pursh nivale Riddell-Snow-Trillium SMILACINA- Maps 1264-1266 UVULARIA-Bellwort Maps 1280-1281 False Solomon's-Seal Reference: Wilbur, R. L. 1963. A revision of the North American genus Reference: Uvularia (Liliaceae). Rhodora 65: 158-188. Galway, D. H. 1945. The North American species of Smilacina. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 33: 644-666. Uvularia Smilacina grandiflora Sm. racemosa (L.) Desf.—False Spikenard sessilifolia L. stellata (L.) Desf. Oakesia sessilifolia (L.) S. Wats. trifolia (L.) Desf. ZIGADENUS- Death Camas Map 1282 SMILAX - Greenbrier; Maps 1267-1271 Reference: Catbrier Fernald, M. L. 1935. Critical plants of the upper Great Lakes region of Ontario and Michigan. Rhodora 37: 256-258. References: Clausen, R. T. 1951. Smilax hispida versus 5. tamnoides. Rhodora Zigadenus 53: 109-111. elegans Pursh Mangaly, J. K. 1968. A cytotaxonomic study of the herbaceous spe- glaucus Nutt. cies of Smilax: section Coprosmanthus. Rhodora 70: 55-82; Hardly, if at all, distinguishable from Z. elegans in Min- 247-273. nesota. Voss, E. G. 1966. Nomenclatural notes on monocots. Rhodora 68: 435-463. LIMNANTHACEAE - Smilax ecirrata (Kunth) S. Wats. False Mermaid Family 5. ecirrhata, an orthographic error. herbacea L. FLOERKEA-False Mermaid Map 1283 hispida Torr. Floerkea 5. tamnoides L. var. hispida (Torr.) Fern. proserpinacoides Willd. illinoensis Mangaly ANGIOSPERMS: LINAGEAE-MALVACEAE 56 LINAGE AE-Flax Family LYTHRUM-Loosestrife Maps 1292-1293 References: LINUM-Flax Maps 1284-1287 Shinners, L. H. 1953. Synopsis of the United States species of References: Lythrum (Lythraceae). Field & Lab. 21: 80-89. Rogers, C. M. 1963. Yellow flowered species of Linum in eastern Stuckey, R. L. 1980. Distributional history of Lythrum salicaria North America. Brittonia 15: 97-122. (Purple Loosestrife) in North America. Bartonia 47: 3-20. . 1968. Yellow-flowered species of Linum in Central America Lythrum and western North America. Brittonia 20: 107-135. alatum Pursh—Winged-angled Loosestrife . 1984. Linaceae. North Amer. Fl., Series II, Part 12: 1-58. salicaria L. — Purple Loosestrife Linum var. tomentosum (Mill.) DC. lewisii Pursh Naturalized. L. perenne L. var. lewisii (Pursh) Eat. & Wright PEPLIS: See DIDIPLIS Introduced from farther west. rigidum Pursh ROTALA Map 1294 var. simulans Rogers Rotala sulcatum Riddell ramosior (L.) Koehne—Tooth-Cup usitatissimum L.-Common Flax Sometimes spreading from cultivation. MALVACEAE-Mallow Family LOBELIACEAE: Reference: Utech, F. H. 1970. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin See CAMPANULACEAE No. 60. Tiliaceae and Malvaceae—Basswood and Mallow families. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 58: 301-323. LORANTHACEAE-Mistletoe Family ABUTILON-Indian-Mallow Map 1295 ARCEUTHOBIUM Map 1288 Abutilon theophrasti Medic.-Velvet-Leaf References: Introduced. Hawks worth, F. G., & D. Wiens. 1972. Biology and classification of dwarf mistletoes (Arceuthobiwri). U.S.D.A. Agric. Handb. ALCEA-Hollyhock No. 401: 1-234. Alcea Ugent, D. 1962. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin. No. rosea L. 47. The orders of Thymelaeales, Myrtales, and Cactales. Trans. Althaea rosea (L.) Cav. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 51: 83-134. Occasionally spreading from gardens but not naturalized. Arceuthobium HIBISCUS-Rose-Mallow Map 1296 pusillum C. H. Peck—Dwarf Mistletoe Hibiscus trionum L.—Flower-of-an-hour LYTHRACEAE-Loosestrife Family Introduced. Reference: MALVA-Mallow Maps 1297-1299 Graham, S. A. 1975. Taxonomy of the Lythraceae in the southeast- Malva ern United States. Sida 6: 80-103. neglecta Wallr.-Common Mallow; Cheeses M. rotundifolia of some American authors, not of L. AMMANNIA Map 1289 Introduced. Ammannia rotundifolia L. —Cheeses coccinea Rottb. M. pusilla Sm. M. borealis Wallm. DECODON-Swamp-Loosestrife Map 1290 Introduced. Decodon sylvestris L. - High Mallow verticillatus (L.) Ell.-Water-Willow; Water-Oleander Introduced. var. laevigatus T. & G. verticillata L. var. crispa L.—Curled Mallow DIDIPLIS Map 1291 M. crispa (L.) L. Didiplis Introduced. diandra (Nutt.) Wood-Water-Purslane Peplis diandra Nutt. NAPAEA Map 1300 Reference: Iltis, H. H. 1963. Napaea dioica (Malvaceae): Whence came the type? Amer. Midi. Naturalist 70: 90-109. ANGIOSPERMS: MALV ACE AE-NYCTAGINACEAE 57 Napaea MORUS- Mulberry Maps 1306-1307 dioica L. — Glade-Mallow Morus SPHAERALCEA-False Mallow Map 1301 alba L.-White Mulberry Occasionally escapes from cultivation. Reference: rubra L.—Red Mulberry La Duke, J. C., & D. K. Northington. 1978. The systematics of Sphaeralcea coccinea (Nutt.) Rydb. (Malvaceae). Southw. Natu- ralist 23: 651-660. MYRIC ACEAE-Sweet Gale Family Sphaeralcea COMPTONIA-Sweet Fern Map 1308 coccinea (Nutt.) Rydb. —Scarlet Mallow Comptonia Malvastrum coccineum (Nutt.) Gray peregrina (L.) Coult. Myrica asplenifolia L. MENISPERM ACE AE - Myrica peregrina (L.) Kuntze Moonseed Family MYRICA Map 1309 Myrica MENISPERMUM- Moonseed Map 1302 gale L.—Sweet Gale Menispermum canadense L. NAJADACEAE-Naiad Family (See also: MENYANTHACEAE-Buckbean Family POTAMOGETONACEAE, MENYANTHES-Buckbean; Map 1303 RUPPIACEAE, Bogbean ZANNICHELLIACEAE) Menyanthes trifoliata L. NAJAS-Naiad Maps 1310-1313 var. minor Raf. References: Clausen, R. T. 1936. Studies in the genus Najas in the northern Unit- MIMOSACEAE: See LEGUMINOSAE ed States. Rhodora 38: 333-345. Haynes, R. R., & W. A. Wentz. 1974. Notes on the genus Najas (Najadaceae). Sida 5: 259-264. MONOTROPACEAE: . 1979. Revision of North and Central American Najas See PYROLACEAE (Najadaceae). Sida 8: 34-56. Rosendahl, C. O. 1939. Additional notes on Najas in Minnesota. Rhodora 41: 187-189. MORACEAE-Mulberry Family & F. K. Butters. 1935. The genus Najas in Minnesota. Rhodora 37: 345-348. CANNABIS-Hemp; Marijuana Map 1304 Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt Reference: gracillima Magnus Small, E., & A. Cronquist. 1976. A practical and natural taxonomy guadalupensis (Spreng.) Magnus for Cannabis. Taxon 25: 405-435. var. guadalupensis Cannabis var. olivacea (Rosend. & Butters) Haynes sativa L. marina L. Naturalized. HUMULUS-Hop Map 1305 NYCTAGINACEAE- Reference: Four-o'clock Family Small, E. 1979. A numerical and nomenclatural analysis of morpho- geographic taxa of Humulus. Syst. Bot. 3: 37-76. MIRABILIS-Umbrella-Wort Maps 1314-1316 Humulus Mirabilis lupulus L. —Common Hop hirsuta (Pursh) MacM. H. americanus Nutt. Allionia hirsuta Pursh var. lupuloides Small Oxybaphus hirsutus (Pursh) Sweet linearis (Pursh) Heimerl var. pubescens Small Allionia linearis Pursh Oxybaphus linearis (Pursh) Robins. ANGIOSPERMS: NYCTAGINACEAE-ONAGRACEAE 58 nyctaginea (Michx.) MacM.—Wild Four-o'clock nigra Marsh. —Black Ash Allionia nyctaginea Michx. pennsylvanica Marsh.—Red Ash; Green Ash Oxybaphus nyctagineus (Michx.) Sweet F. pennsylvanica var. austinii Fern. F. pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima (Vahl.) Fern. NYMPHAEACEAE-Water-Lily Family F. lanceolata Borkh. SYRINGA-Lilac BRASENIA-Water-Shield Map 1317 Syringa Brasenia persica L.-Persian Lilac schreberi Gmel. Introduced. Seldom spreading from cultivation. vulgaris L. —Common Lilac NELUMBO-Sacred Bean Map 1318 Introduced and persisting long after cultivation. Reference: Ward, D. B. 1977. Nelumbo lutea, the correct name for the Ameri- can Lotus. Taxon 26: 227-234. ONAGRACEAE - Nelumbo Evening-Primrose Family lutea (Willd.) Pers.-American Lotus; Water-Chinquapin References: NUPHAR-Yellow Pond-Lily; Maps 1319-1320 Munz, P. A. 1965. North Amer. Fl., Series II, Part 5: 1-278. Raven, P. H. 1964. The generic subdivision of Onagraceae, Tribe Yellow Water-Lily Onagreae. Brittonia 16: 276-288. Reference: Ugent, D. 1962. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin. No. Beal, E. O. 1956. Taxonomic revision of the genus Nuphar Sm. of 47. The orders Thymelaeales, Myrtales, and Cactales. Trans. North America and Europe. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 72: Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 51: 83-134. 317-345. Nuphar CALYLOPHUS Map 1327 luteum (L.) Sibth. & Sm. Calylophus subsp. pumilum (Timm) Beal serrulata (Nutt.) Raven N. microphyllum (Pers.) Fern. Oenothera serrulata Nutt. N. microphyllum forma multisepalum Lakela CIRCAEA- Maps 1328-1329 subsp. variegatum (Engelm. ex Clinton) Beal N. variegatum Engelm. ex Clinton Enchanter's Nightshade subsp. pumilum x subsp. variegatum Reference: N. rubrodiscum Morong, applied to forms intermediate Boufford, D. E. 1982. The systematics and evolution of Circaea between the two subspecies. (Onagraceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Card. 69: 804-994. NYMPHAEA- Maps 1321-1323 Circaea alpina L. White Water-Lily x intermedia Ehrh. (as species) (C. alpina x C. lutetiana) References: lutetiana L. Monson, P. H. 1960. Variation in Nymphaea, the white waterlily, subsp. canadensis (L.) Asch. & Magnus in the Itasca State Park region. Proc. Minnesota Acad. Sci. C. canadensis (L.) Hill 25-26: 26-39. C. quadrisulcata (Maxim.) Franchet & Savat. var. Williams, G. R. 1970. Investigations in the white waterlilies (Nym- canadensis (L.) Hara phaea) of Michigan. Michigan Bot. 9: 72-86. EPILOBIUM-Willow-Herb Maps 1330-1336 Nymphaea odorata Ait. Reference: tetragona Georgi Mosquin, T. 1966. A new taxonomy for Epilobium angustifolium L. tuberosa Paine (Onagraceae). Brittonia 18: 167-188. Epilobium OLEACEAE-Olive Family angustifolium L.—Fireweed subsp. angustifolium subsp. circumvagum Mosquin FRAXINUS-Ash Maps 1324-1326 E. angustifolium var. platyphyllum (Daniels) Fern. References: ciliatum Raf. Dayton, W. A. 1954. Some more notes on United States ashes (Frax- E. glandulosum var. perplexans (Trel.) Fern. inus). J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 44: 385-390. coloratum Biehler Miller, G. N. 1955. The genus Fraxinus, the ashes, in North Ameri- glandulosum Lehm. ca, north of Mexico. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem. 335: var. adenocaulon (Haussk.) Fern, 1-64. var. cardiophyllum Fern, Fraxinus var. occidental (Trel.) Fern. americana L.-White Ash leptophyllum Raf. ANGIOSPERMS: ONAGRACEAE-ORCHIDACEAE 59 palustre L. Luer, C. A. 1975. The native orchids of the United States and Cana- var. grammadophyllum Haussk. da. New York Bot. Gard., New York. 361 pp. var. oliganthum (Michx.) Fern. Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and strictum Muhl. monocots. Cranbrook Inst. Sci. & Univ. Michigan Herb. 488pp. GAURA Maps 1337-1338 Second printing, 1980, Cranbrook Inst. Sci. Bull. 55. Gaura AMERORCHIS Map 1350 biennis L. Amerorchis coccinea Pursh rotundifolia (Pursh) Hulten-Round-Leaved Orchis LUDWIGIA- Maps 1339-1340 Orchis rotundifolia Pursh False Loosestrife APLECTRUM-Putty-Root; Map 1351 Ludwigia Adam-and-Eve palustris (L.) Ell. L. palustris var. americana Fern. & Grisc. Aplectrum polycarpa Short & Peter hyemale (Willd.) Torr. OENOTHERA- Maps 1341-1349 ARETHUSA-Dragon's-Mouth Map 1352 Evening-Primrose Arethusa bulbosa L. References: Dietrich, W., & P. H. Raven. 1976. An earlier name for Oenothera CALOPOGON-Grass-Pink; Map 1353 strigosa (Onagraceae) Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 63: 382-383. Swamp-Pink & W. L. Wagner. 1988. Systematics of Oenothera section Oenothera subsection Raimannia and subsection Nutantigemma Reference: (Onagraceae). Syst. Bot. Monogr. 24: 1-91. Voss, E. G. 1966. Nomenclatural notes on monocots. Rhodora 68: Raven, P. H., W. Dietrich, & W. Stubbe. 1980. An outline of the 435-463. systematics of Oenothera subsect. Euoenothera (Onagraceae). Calopogon Syst. Bot. 4: 242-252. tuberosus (L.) BSP. Straley, G. B. 1978. Systematics of Oenothera sect. Kneiffia C. pulchellus (Salisb.) R. Br. (Onagraceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 64: 381-424. Wagner, W. L. 1983. New species and combinations in the genus CALYPSO Map 1354 Oenothera (Onagraceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 70: Calypso 194-196. bulbosa (L.) Oakes Oenothera var. americana (R. Br.) Luer biennis L. COELOGLOSSUM-Bracted Orchis Map 1355 O. muricata L. clelandii Dietr., Raven & Wagner Coeloglossum laciniata Hill viride (L.) Hartm.-Long-Bracted Orchid nuttallii Sweet var. virescens (Muhl.) Luer oakesiana (Gray) Robbins Habenaria viridis (L.) R. Br. var. bracteata (Muhl.) Gray O. parviflora var. oakesiana (Robbins) Fern. CORALLORHIZA- Maps 1356-1359 parviflora L. O. parviflora subsp. angustissima (Gates) Munz Coral-Root perennis L. Reference: rhombipetala Nutt. Voss, E. G. 1966. Nomenclatural notes on monocots. Rhodora 68: serrulata Nutt.: See CALYLOPHUS 435-463. villosa Thunb. O. biennis, in part, in the sense of Fernald, Gray's Man., Corallorhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf.-Spotted Coral-Root ed. 8, not of L. odontorhiza (Willd.) Nutt.—Autumn Coral-Root subsp. strigosa (Rydb.) Dietr. & Raven O. strigosa (Rydb.) Mack. & Bush striata Lindl.—Striped Coral-Root subsp. villosa trifida Chat.-Early Coral-Root O. strigosa subsp. canovirens (Steele) Munz CYPRIPEDIUM- Maps 1360-1365 Lady-Slipper; Moccasin-Flower ORCHID ACEAE-Orchid Family Cypripedium References: acaule Ait.—Moccasin-Flower; Stemless Lady-Slipper Case, F. W. 1987. Orchids of the western Great Lakes region. Cran- x andrewsii Fuller (C. calceolus x C. candidum) brook Inst. Sci. Bull. 48. 251 pp. arietinum R. Br.—Ram's-Head Lady-Slipper Correll, D. S. 1950. Native orchids of North America north of Mexi- co. Chronica Botanica Co., Waltham, Mass. 400 pp. ANGIOSPERMS: ORCHIDACEAE 60 calceolus L. Platanthera var. parviflorum (Salisb.) Fern.-Small Yellow Lady- clavellata (Michx.) Luer-Club-Spur Orchid Slipper Habenaria clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. C. parviflorum Salisb. H. clavellata var. ophioglossoides Fern. var. pubescens (Willd.) Correll-Large Yellow Lady-Slipper dilatata (Pursh) Lindl. ex Beck-Tall White Orchid C. pubescens Willd. Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Hook. candidum Muhl. ex Willd. —White Lady-Slipper flava (L.) Lindl.-Tubercled Orchid reginae Walt.-Showy Lady-Slipper Habenaria flava (L.) Spreng. GALEARIS Map 1366 var. herbiola (R. Br.) Luer Habenaria flava var. herbiola (R. Br.) Ames & Correll Galearis hooker! (Torr.) Lindl.—Hooker's Orchid spectabilis (L.) Raf.-Showy Orchis Habenaria hookeri Torr. Orchis spectabilis L. hyperborea (L.) Lindl.-Tall Northern Green Orchid GOODYERA- Maps 1367-1369 Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R. Br. Rattlesnake-Plantain var. huronensis (Nutt.) Luer Habenaria hyperborea var. huronensis (Nutt.) Farw. Reference: var. hyperborea Kallunki, J. A. 1976. Population studies in Goody era (Orchidaceae) lacera (Michx.) G. Don—Ragged Fringed Orchid with emphasis on the hybrid origin of G. tesselata. Brittonia 28: Habenaria lacera (Michx.) R. Br. 53-75. x media (Rydb.) Luer (Putative hybrids, P. dilatata x P. Goodyera hyperborea) pubescens (Willd.) R. Br. Habenaria x media (Rydb.) Niles repens (L.) R. Br. obtusata (Pursh) Lindl.-Blunt-Leaf Orchid var. ophioides Fern. Habenaria obtusata (Pursh) Richards. tesselata Lodd. orbiculata (Pursh) Lindl.-Round-Leaved Orchid Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) Torr. HABENARIA: See COELOGLOSSUM; praeclara Sheviak & Bowles-Prairie White Fringed Orchid PLATANTHERA Habenaria leucophaea (Nutt.) Gray, in part, of many authors. LIPARIS-Twayblade Maps 1370-1371 psycodes (L.) Lindl.—Purple Fringed Orchid Liparis Habenaria psycodes (L.) Spreng. liliifolia (L.) Lindl.-Purple Twayblade viridis (L.) Lindl.: See COELOGLOSSUM loeselii (L.) Rich.-Loesel's Twayblade; Green Twayblade POGONIA Map 1388 LISTERA-Twayblade Maps 1372-1374 Pogonia Listera ophioglossoides (L.) Juss.-Rose Pogonia auriculata Wieg. — Auricled Twayblade P. ophioglossoides forma albiflora Rand. & Redf. convallarioides (Sw.) Torr.-Broad-lipped Twayblade cordata (L.) R. Br.-Heartleaf Twayblade SPIRANTHES - Maps 1389-1392 MALAXIS-Adder's-Mouth Maps 1375-1377 Ladies'-Tresses References: Reference: Reeves, T., & L. Reeves. 1985. Rediscovery of Malaxis paludosa Case, F. W., & P. M. Catling. 1983. The genus Spiranthes in Michi- (L.) Sw. (Orchidaceae) in Minnesota. Rhodora 87: 133-136. gan. Michigan Bot. 22: 79-92. Sheviak, C.J.I 973. A new Spiranthes from the grasslands of central Malaxis North America. Bot. Mus. Leafl. 23: 285-297. monophylla (L.) Sw.-White Adder's-Mouth . 1982. Biosystematic study of the Spiranthes cernua complex. var. brachypoda (Gray) Morris New York State Mus. Bull. 448: 1-73. M. brachypoda (Gray) Fern. Voss, E. G. 1966. Nomenclatural notes on monocots. Rhodora 68: paludosa (L.) Sw.-Bog Adder's-Mouth 435-463. unifolia (Michx.)—Green Adder's-Mouth Spiranthes ORCHIS: See AMERORCfflS; GALEARIS cernua (L.) Rich.-Nodding Ladies'-Tresses lacera (Raf.) Raf.-Northern Slender Ladies'-Tresses PLATANTHERA- Maps 1378-1387 5. gracilis (Bigel.) Beck, in part, of some authors. Rein-Orchid; Fringed Orchid magnicamporum Sheviak-Great Plains Ladies'-Tresses References: romanzoffiana Cham.—Hooded Ladies'-Tresses Sheviak, C. J., & M. L. Bowles. 1986. The prairie fringed orchids: A pollinator-isolated species pair. Rhodora 88: 267-290. Stoutamire, W. P. 1974. Relationships of the purple-fringed orchids Platanthera psycodes and P. grandiflora. Brittonia 26: 42-58. ANGIOSPERMS: OROBANCHACEAE-POLEMONIACEAE 61 OROBANCHACEAE- PL ANT AGINACEAE-Plantain Family Broom-rape Family LITTORELLA Map 1402 OROBANCHE- Broom-rape Maps 1393-1395 Reference: Orobanche Lakela, O. 1958. Distribution of Littorella americana in the mid- fasciculata Nutt. arrowhead region of Minnesota. Rhodora 60: 33-37. ludoviciana Nutt. Littorella uniflora L.—One-flowered Cancer-Root americana Fern. PL ANT AGO-Plantain Maps 1403-1411 OXALIDACEAE-Wood-Sorrel Family References: OXALIS - Wood-Sorrel; Maps 1396-1399 Bassett, I. J. 1966. Taxonomy of North American Plantago L. section Micropsyllium Dene. Canad. J. Bot. 44: 467-479. Sheep-Sorrel . 1967. Taxonomy of Plantago L. in North America: sections References: Holopsyllium Pilger, Palaeopsyllium Pilger, and Lamprosantha Denton, M. F. 1973. A monograph of Oxalis, section lonoxalis (Ox- Dene. Canad. J. Bot. 45: 565-577. alidaceae) in North America. Publ. Mus. Michigan State Univ., . 1973. The plantains of Canada. Research Branch, Canad. Biol. Ser. 4: 455-615. Dept. Agric., Monograph No. 7. 47 pp. Eiten, G. 1963. Taxonomy and regional variation of Oxalis section Tessene, M. F. 1968. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin Corniculatae. I. Introduction, keys and synopsis of the species. No. 59. Plantaginaceae—Plantain Family. Trans. Wisconsin Amer. Midi. Naturalist 69: 257-309. Acad. Sci. 56: 281-313. Oxalis Plantago dillenii Jacq. aristata Michx.-Bracted Plantain montana Raf. — Common Wood-Sorrel elongata Pursh stricta L. eriopoda Torr. O. europaea lord. lanceolata L.—Ribgrass violacea L.-Violet Wood-Sorrel Introduced. O. violacea forma albida Fassett major L.—Common Plantain; Whiteman's-Foot O. violacea var. trichophora Fassett Introduced and naturalized. patagonica Jacq. PAPAVERACEAE-Poppy Family var. patagonica P. purshii Roem. & Schult., misapplied. CHELIDONIUM-Celandine P. gnaphaloides Nutt. var. spinulosa (Dene.) Gray Chelidonium P. spinulosa Dene. majus L. P. purshii var. spinulosa (Dene.) Shinners Occasionally found outside cultivation. Probably introduced from farther south or west. PAPAVER-Poppy psyllium L. P. indica L. Papaver P. arenaria Waldst. & Kit. rhoeas L. — Corn Poppy Introduced and rarely spreading from gardens. Introduced. rugelii Dene. somniferum L.—Common Poppy virginica L. —Hoary Plantain Introduced. SANGUINARIA- Bloodroot Map 1400 POACEAE: See GRAMINEAE Sanguinaria canadensis L. POLEMONIACEAE-Phlox Family PAPILIONACEAE: Reference: See LEGUMINOSAE Smith, D. M., & D. A. Levin. 1967. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin No. 57. Polemoniaceae—Phlox Family. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 55: 243-253. PHRYMACEAE-Lopseed Family COLLOMIA Map 1412 PHRYMA-Lopseed Map 1401 Collomia Phryma linearis Nutt. leptostachya L. Gilia linearis (Nutt.) Gray ANGIOSPERMS: POLEMONIACEAE-POLYGONACEAE 62 PHLOX- Maps 1413-1416 POLYGONACEAE - Wild Sweet William Buckwheat Family References: Levin, D. A. 1966. The Phloxpilosa complex: Crossing and chro- ERIOGONUM-Umbrella-Plant Map 1425 mosome relationships. Brittonia 18: 142-162. Eriogonum . 1967. Variation in Phlox divaricata. Evolution 21: 92-108. aimuum Nutt. Wherry, E. T. 1955. The genus Phlox. Morris Arboretum Monogr. Introduced from western United States and established at the No. 3. 174 pp. Sherburne Wildlife Refuge, Sherburne Co. Phlox FAGOPYRUM-Buckwheat Map 1426 divaricata L. — Blue Phlox Fagopyrum subsp. laphamii (Wood) Wherry esculentum Moench P. divaricata forma bicolor Moore F. sagittatum Gilib. drummondii Hook. — Drummond Phlox Often found as an escape from cultivation, but not persisting Rarely spreads from gardens. for long. maculata L. -Wild Sweet William P. maculata var. odorata (Sweet) Wherry POLYGONELLA-Jointweed Map 1427 paniculata L.—Perennial Phlox; Summer Phlox Reference: Spreads from cultiviation. Morton, J. H. 1963. A taxonomic revision of Polygonella (Poly- pilosa L.—Prairie-Phlox; Downy Phlox gonaceae). Brittonia 15: 177-203. subsp. fulgida (Wherry) Wherry subulata L.—Moss-Phlox Polygonella Occasionally escaped from cultivation. articulata (L.) Meissner POLEMONIUM- Maps 1417-1418 POLYGONUM - Knotweed; Maps 1428-1453 Jacob's-Ladder Smartweed References: References: Brooks, G. M., & T. R. Mertens. 1972. A biosystematic study of Davidson, J. F. 1950. The genus Polemonium (Tournefort) L. Univ. Polygonum ramosissimum and Polygonum tenue. Proc. Indiana Calif. Publ. Bot. 23: 209-282. Acad. Sci. 81: 277-283. Lakela, O. 1947. A variety of a western Polemonium in Minnesota. Fassett, N. C. 1949. The variations of Polygonum punctatum. Brit- Rhodora 49: 118-119. tonia 6: 369-393. Wherry, E. T. 1945. Supplementary notes on the genus Polemoni- McNeill, J. 1981. The taxonomy and distribution in eastern Canada um. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 34: 375-380. of Polygonum arenastrum (4x = 40) and P. monspeliense (6x = Polemonium 60), introduced members of the P. aviculare complex. Canad. J. occidental Greene Bot. 59: 2744-2751. subsp. lacustre Wherry Mertens, T. R., & P. H. Raven. 1965. Taxonomy of Polygonum, reptans L. section Polygonum (Avicularia) in North America. Madrono 18: 85-92. Mitchell, R. S. 1968. Variation in the Polygonum amphibium com- POLYGALACEAE-Milkwort Family plex and its taxonomic significance. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 45: 1-54. POLYGALA-Milkwort Maps 1419-1424 Ronse Decraene, L.-P., & J. R. Akeroyd. 1988. Generic limits in Reference: Polygonum and related genera (Polygonaceae) on the basis of Gillett, J. M. 1968. Themilkworts of Canada. Canad. Dept. Agric., floral characters. J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 98: 321-371. Monogr. No. 5. 24 pp. Savage, A. D., & T. R. Mertens. 1968. A taxonomic study of the Polygala genus Polygonum, section Polygonum (Avicularia) in Indiana and Wisconsin. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 77: 357-369. cruciata L.—Cross-leaved Milkwort Wolf, S. J., & J. McNeill. 1986. Synopsis and achene morphology var. aquilonia Fern. & Schub. of Polygonum section Polygonum (Polygonaceae) in Canada. paucifolia Willd.—Fringed Milkwort; Flowering Wintergreen Rhodora 88: 457-479. polygama Walt.-Racemed Milkwort . 1987. Cytotaxonomic studies on Polygonum section Polygo- var. obtusata Chodat num in eastern Canada and the adjacent United States. Canad. J. sanguinea L.—Purple Milkwort Bot. 65: 647-652. senega L.—Seneca Snakeroot P. senega var. latifolia T. & G. Polygonum verticillata L. -Whorled Milkwort achoreum Blake var. isocycla Fern. amphibium L.-Water-Smartweed var. stipulaceum Coleman Including several intergrading forms. P. natans (Michx.) Eat. P. hartwrightii Gray ANGIOSPERMS: POLYGONACEAE-PORTULACACEAE 63 arenastrum Boreau—Knotweed RUMEX-Dock; Sorrel Maps 1454-1465 arifolium L. — Halbert-Leaved Tearthumb References: var. pubescens (Keller) Fern. Mitchell, R. S. 1978. Rumex maritimus L. versus R. persicarioides aviculare L. — Knotweed L. (Polygonaceae) in the western hemisphere. Brittonia 30: P. monspeliense Pers. 293-296. Introduced. Rechinger, K. H. 1937. The North American species of Rumex. bungeanum Turcz. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Bot. Ser. 17: 1-151. Introduced. careyi Olney Rumex cespitosum Blume acetosa L. —Garden Sorrel var. longisetum (DeBruyn) Stewart Introduced. Introduced. acetosella L. —Sheep-Sorrel; Common Sorrel cilinode Michx. Introduced. coccineum Muhl. altissimus Wood-Pale Dock Including several intergrading forms and varieties. crispus L.—Yellow Dock; Curled Dock P. muhlenbergii (Meisn.) Wats. Introduced. P. amphibium var. emersum Michx. longifolius DC. convolvulus L.—Black Bindweed R. domesticus Hartm. Introduced. Introduced. cristatum Engelm. & Gray maritimus L. —Golden Dock P. dumetorum of American authors, not L. var. fueginus (Phil.) Dusen cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc.—Japanese Knotweed R. fueginus Phil. Reynoutria japonica Houtt. R. persicarioides L., misapplied. Spreading from cultivation. mexicanus Meisn.—Willow-Leaved Dock douglasii Greene R. triangulivalvis (Danser) Rech. f. dubium Stein obtusifolius L.-Bitter Dock; Blunt-Leaved Dock P. laxiflorum Weihe Introduced. Introduced. orbiculatus Gray—Water-Dock erectum L. R. brittanica L., misapplied. hydropiper L.-Common Smartweed patientia L. — Patience Dock hydropiperoides Michx. —Mild Water-Pepper Introduced. lapathifolium L. stenophyllus Ledeb. var. lapathifolium Introduced. var. salicifolium Sibth. verticillatus L.—Swamp-Dock; Water-Dock orientale L. —Princess-Feather Cultivated and sometimes persisting in old yards. pensylvanicum L. —Pinkweed PONTEDERIACEAE - var. laevigatum Fern. var. pensylvanicum Pickerelweed Family persicaria L. —Lady's-Thumb Introduced. HETERANTHERA- Maps 1466-1467 punctatum Ell.—Water-Smartweed Mud-Plantain var. confertiflorum (Meisn.) Fassett Heteranthera P. punctatum var. leptostachyum (Meisn.) Small, mis- dubia (Jacq.) MacM.—Water Star-Grass applied. limosa (Sw.) Willd. var. punctatum ramosissimum Michx.—Bushy Knotweed PONTEDERIA-Pickerelweed Map 1468 P. exsertum Small Reference: sagittatum L.—Arrow-Leaved Tearthumb Lowden, R. M. 1973. Revision of the genus Pontederia L. Rhodora scabrum Moench 75: 426-487. Introduced. scandens L. —Climbing False-Buckwheat Pontederia tenue Michx. cor data L. virginianum L. — Jumpseed Tovara virginiana (L.) Raf. PORTULACACEAE-Purslane Family viviparum L. References: RHEUM-Rhubarb McNeill, J. 1974. Synopsis of a revised classification of the Por- Rheum tulacaceae. Taxon 23: 725-728. rhabarbarum L. Swanson, J. R. 1966. A synopsis of relationships in Montioideae Cultivated and persisting in abandoned gardens. (Portulacaceae). Brittonia 18: 229-241. ANGIOSPERMS: PORTULACACEAE-PRIMULACEAE 64 CL A YTONIA-Spring-Beauty Maps 1469-1470 filiformis Pers.—Filiform Pondweed var. alpinus (Blytt) Aschers. & Graeb. Reference: P. filiformis var. borealis (Raf.) St. John Davis, R. J. 1967. The North American perennial species of Clayto- foliosus Raf. — Leafy Pondweed nia. Brittonia 18: 285-303. P. foliosus var. genuinus Fern. Claytonia P. foliosus var. macellus Fern. caroliniana Michx. friesii Rupr. — Fries' Pondweed virginica L. gramineus L.—Variable Pondweed var. gramineus MONTIA Map 1471 var. maximus Morong Reference: var. myriophyllus Robbins McNeill, J. 1975. A generic revision of Portulacaceae tribe Mon- gramineus x P. illinoensis tieae using techniques of numerical taxonomy. Canad. J. Bot. 53: gramineus x P. robbinsii 789-809. x haynensii Hellquist & Crow (Putative hybrid, P. strictifolius x P. zosteriformis) Montia Reported and mapped for Minnesota by Hellquist and Crow chamissoi (Ledeb. ex Spreng.) Greene (Brittonia 38: 418,1986) on the basis of specimens at the Gray PORTULACA-Purslane Map 1472 Herbarium. illinoensis Morong—Illinois Pondweed Portulaca natans L.—Floating Pondweed oleracea L.—Common Purslane nodosus Poir. — Long-Leaved Pondweed Introduced. obtusifolius Mertens & Koch—Blunt-Leaved Pondweed TALINUM - Fameflower Maps 1473-1474 pectinatus L.—Sago-Pond weed praelongus Wulfen—White-Stemmed Pondweed Talinum pusillus L.—Palermo Pondweed parviflorum Nutt. P. lateralis Morong, in part, rugospermum Holz. var. pusillus P. panormitanus Biv. POTAMOGETONACEAE - var. tenuissimus Mert. & Koch P. berchtoldii Fieber Pondweed Family P. berchtoldii var. lacunatus (Hagstr.) Fern. P. berchtoldii var. mucronatus Fieber POTAMOGETON- Maps 1475-1500 P. berchtoldii var. polyphyllus (Morong) Fern. Pondweed P. berchtoldii var. tenuissimus (Mert. & Koch) Fern. richardsonii (Benn.) Rydb.— Richardson's Pondweed References: robbinsii Oakes—Robbins' Pondweed Haynes, R. R. 1975. A revision of North American Potamogeton spirillus Tuckerm.—Spiral Pondweed subsection Pusilli (Potamogetonaceae). Rhodora 76: 564-649. strictifolius Benn.—Narrow-Leaved Pondweed . 1985. A revision of the clasping-leaved Potamogeton P. strictifolius var. rutiloides Fern. (Potamogetonaceae). Sida 11: 173-188. P. strictifolius var. typicus Fern. Hellquist, C. B., & G. E. Crow. 1980. Aquatic vascular plants of P. pusillus var. rutiloides (Fern.) Boivin New England: Part 1. Zosteraceae, Potamogetonaceae, vaginatus Turcz.—Sheathed Pondweed Zannichelliaceae, Najadaceae. New Hampshire Agric. Exp. Sta. vaseyi Robbins—Vasey's Pondweed Bull. 515: 1-68. P. lateralis Morong, in part. , C. T. Philbrick, & R. L. Hilton. 1988. The taxonomic status zosteriformis Fern.—Flat-Stem Pondweed of Potamogeton lateralis Morong (Potamogetonaceae). Rhodora 90: 15-20. Reznicek, A. A., & R. S. W. Bobbette. 1976. The taxonomy of PRIMULACEAE- Primrose Family Potamogeton subsection Hybridi in North America. Rhodora 78: Reference: 650-673. Iltis, H. H., & W. M. Shaughnessy. 1960. Preliminary reports on Potamogeton the flora of Wisconsin No. 43. Primulaceae-Primrose Family. alpinus Balbis—Northern Pondweed Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 49: 113-135. var. subellipticus (Fern.) Ogden var. tenuifolius (Raf.) Ogden ANAGALLIS - Pimpernel amplifolius Tuckerm. — Large-Leaved Pondweed Anagallis bicupulatus Fern. arvensis L.—Scarlet Pimpernel crispus L.—Curly Pondweed Introduced. Introduced and naturalized. diversifolius Raf.-Rafinesque's Pondweed ANDROSACE Maps 1501-1502 epihydrus Raf.-Nuttall's Pondweed Reference: P. epihydrus var. nuttallii (Cham. & Schlect.) Fern. Robbins, G. T. 1944. North American species ofAndrosace. Amer. P. epihydrus var. ramosus (Peck) House Midi. Naturalist 32: 137-163. ANGIOSPERMS: PRIMULACEAE-RANUNCULACEAE 65 Androsace PYROLACEAE-Wintergreen Family occidentalis Pursh—Western Androsace See also: ERICACEAE septentrionalis L.—Northern Androsace subsp. puberulenta (Rydb.) Robbins Reference: Haber, E., & J. E. Cruise. 1974. Generic limits in the Pyroloideae DODECATHEON- Maps 1503-1504 (Ericaceae). Canad. J. Bot. 52: 877-883. Shooting-Star; American Cowslip References: CHIMAPHILA - Pipsissewa Map 1515 Fassett, N. C. 1944. Dodecatheon in eastern North America. Amer. Chimaphila Midi. Naturalist 31: 455-486. umbellata (L.) Bart.—Prince's Pine; Pipsissewa Thompson, H. J. 1953. The biosystematics of Dodecatheon. Contr. var. cisatlantica Blake Dudley Herb. 4: 73-154. MONESES-One-Flowered Pyrola Map 1516 Dodecatheon Moneses amethystinum Fassett—Jeweled Shooting-Star uniflora (L.) Gray D. radicatum Greene subsp. radicatum, in part. meadia L. MONOTROPA-Indian-Pipe; Maps 1517-1518 GL AUX - Sea-Milkwort Map 1505 Pinesap Glaux Reference: maritima L. Wallace, G. D. 1975. Studies of the Monotropoideae (Ericaceae): Taxonomy and distribution. Wasmann J. Biol. 33: 1-88. LYSIMACHIA-Loosestrife Maps 1506-1512 Monotropa References: hypopitys L. - Pinesap Coffey, V. J., &S. B. Jones, Jr. 1980. Biosystematicsof Lysimachia uniflora L.—Indian-Pipe section Seleucia (Primulaceae). Brittonia 32: 309-322. Ray, J. D., Jr. 1956. The genus Lysimachia in the New World. Il- PYROLA - Wintergreen Maps 1519-1524 linois Biol. Monogr. 24 (No.'s 3-4): 1-160. References: Lysimachia Haber, E. 1972. Priority of the binomial Pyrola chlorantha. ciliata L. — Fringed Loosestrife Rhodora 74: 396-397. x commixta Fern. (L. terrestris x L. thyrsiflord) . 1983. Morphological variability and flavonol chemistry of the hybrida Michx. Pyrola asarifolia complex (Ericaceae) in North America. Syst. L. lanceolata Walt, subsp. hybrida (Michx.) Ray Bot. 8: 277-298. nummularia L.—Moneywort; Creeping Loosestrife Krisa, B. 1966. Contribution to the taxonomy of the genus Pyrola Introduced and naturalized. L. in North America. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 85: 612-637. quadriflora Sims Pyrola quadrifolia L.—Whorled Loosestrife asarifolia Michx.—Pink Pyrola; Pink Wintergreen terrestris (L.) BSP.—Yellow Loosestrife; Swamp-Loosestrife P. asarifolia var. purpurea (Bunge) Fern. thyrsiflora L.-Tufted Loosestrife P. asarifolia var. incarnata (DC.) Fern. PRIMULA-Primrose; Cowslip Map 1513 chlorantha Swartz—Green-Flowered Pyrola P. virens Schreber in Schweigger & Koerte References: P. virens var. convoluta (Bart.) Fern. Soper, J. H., E. G. Voss, & K. E. Guire. 1965. Distribution of elliptica Nutt. — Shinleaf Primula mistassinica in the Great Lakes region. Michigan Bot. minor L.—Lesser Pyrola 4: 83-86. rotundifolia L.—Round-Leaved Pyrola Vogelmann, H. W. 1960. Chromosome numbers in some American var. americana (Sweet) Fern. farinose primulas with comments on their taxonomy. Rhodora P. americana Sweet 62: 31-42. P. asarifolia subsp. americana (Sweet) Krisa Primula secunda L.-One-Sided Pyrola mistassinica Michx.—Birds-eye Primrose Orthilia secunda (L.) House P. intercedens Fern. var. obtusata Turcz. var. secunda TRIENTALIS- Map 1514 Chickweed-Wintergreen RANUNCULACEAE-Crowfoot Family Trientalis borealis Raf. — Starflower ACONITUM-Monkshood; Aconite References: Hardin, J. W. 1964. Variation inAconitum of eastern United States. Brittonia 16: 80-94. ANGIOSPERMS: RANUNCULACEAE 66 Munz, P. A. 1945. The cultivated aconites. Gentes Herb. 6: CERATOCEPHALUS 463-513. Ceratocephalus Aconitum testiculatus (Crantz) Roth napellus L.—Garden Monkshood Ranunculus testiculatus Cranz Spreading from cultivation at Grand Portage. Introduced. ACTAEA-Baneberry Maps 1525-1526 CLEMATIS-Virgin's Bower Maps 1538-1539 Actaea Reference: pachypoda Ell.—White Baneberry Pringle, J. S. 1971. Taxonomy and distribution of Clematis, sect. A. alba, of many authors. Atragene (Ranunculaceae), in North America. Brittonia 23: rubra (Ait.) Willd.-Red Baneberry 361-393. A. alba, of some authors, misapplied, Clematis forma neglecta (Gillman) Robins, occidentalis (Hornem.) DC.—Purple Clematis forma rubra C. verticillaris DC. ANEMONE-Windflower Maps 1527-1533 virginiana L. — Virgin's Bower Reference: COPTIS-Goldthread Map 1540 Boraiah, G., & M. Heimburger. 1964. Cytotaxonomic studies on Coptis New World Anemone (section Eriocephalus) with woody root- groenlandica (Oeder) Fern. stocks. Canad. J. Bot. 42: 891-922. C. trifolia (L.) Salisb. var. groenlandica (Oeder) Fassett Anemone canadensis L.—Canada Anemone DELPHINIUM-Larkspur Map 1541 caroliniana Walt.—Carolina Anemone References: cylindrica Gray—Thimbleweed Brooks, R. E. 1982. New combinations in Delphinium and Rhus. multifida Poir. Phytologia 52: 8. patens L.: See PULSATILLA Warnock, M. J. 1981. Biosystematics of the Delphinium carolinia- quinquefolia L.-Wood Anemone num complex (Ranunculaceae). Syst. Bot. 6: 38-54. var. bifolia Farw. Delphinium A. quinquefolia var. interior Fern. virescens Nutt. A. quinquefolia var. interior forma rubra Moore D. carolinianum Walt, subsp. virescens (Nutt.) Brooks riparia Fern. — Thimbleweed D. carolinianum subsp. penardii (Huth) Warn., in part. virginiana L. —Thimbleweed HEPATICA-Liverleaf Maps 1542-1543 ANEMONELLA-Rue-Anemone Map 1534 Reference: Anemonella Steyermark, J. A., & C. S. Steyermark. 1960. Hepatica in North thalictroides (L.) Spach America. Rhodora 62: 223-232. Thalictrum thalictroides (L.) Fames & Boivin Hepatica AQUILEGIA-Columbine Map 1535 acutiloba DC. References: H. nobilis Schreb. var. acuta (Pursh) Steyerm. Boivin, B. 1953. Notes on Aquilegia. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 50: americana (DC.) Ker 509-510. H. nobilis Schreb. var. obtusa (Pursh) Steyerm. Munz, P. A. 1946. Aquilegia, the cultivated and wild columbines. Gentes Herb. 7: 1-150. HYDRASTIS-Golden-Seal Map 1544 Hydrastis Aquilegia canadensis L. canadensis L. var. coccinea (Small) Munz ISOPYRUM-False Rue-Anemone Map 1545 A. coccinea Small Isopyrum var. eminens (Greene) Boivin biternatum (Raf.) T. & G. A. eminens Greene A. canadense var. hybrida of authors, not Hooker. MYOSURUS-Mousetail Map 1546 CALTHA-Marsh-Marigold; Maps 1536-1537 Reference: Cowslip Campbell, G. R. 1952. The genus Myosurus (Ranunculaceae) in North America. Aliso 2: 389-403. Caltha natans Pall. Myosurus palustris L. minimus L. ANGIOSPERMS: RANUNCULACEAE-RHAMNACEAE 67 NIGELLA hispidus Michx.—Swamp-Buttercup Nigella var. caricetorum (Greene) Duncan damascena L.—Love-in-a-Mist R. septentrionalis Poir. in Lam. var. caricetorum (Greene) Occasionally found outside cultivation, but evidently nowhere Fern. persisting for long. R. caricetorum Greene var. nitidus (Ell.) Duncan PULSATILLA-Pasque-Flower Map 1547 R. septentrionalis Poir. in Lam. Reference: R. nitidus Ell. Aichele, D., & H.-W. Schwegler. 1957. Die Taxonomie der Gat- R. septentrionalis var. pterocarpus Benson tung Pulsatilla. Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 60: lapponicus L. 1-230. longirostris Godron—White Water-Crowfoot macounii Britt. Pulsatilla pensylvanicus L. f. — Bristly Crowfoot nuttalliana (DC.) Bercht. & J. S. Presl recurvatus Poir. Anemone patens L., in the broadest sense. repens L.-Creeping Buttercup Anemone patens var. wolfgangiana (Bess.) Koch Introduced. Anemone ludoviciana Nutt. rhomboideus Goldie—Prairie-Buttercup RANUNCULUS - Buttercup; Maps 1548-1566 sceleratus L.—Cursed Crowfoot Crowfoot var. multifidus Nutt. var. sceleratus References: testiculatus Crantz: See CERATOCEPHALUS Benson, L. 1948. A treatise on the North American Ranunculi. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 40: 1-261. THALICTRUM Maps 1567-1569 . 1954. Supplement to a treatise on the North American Ranun- Meadow-Rue culi. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 52: 328-369. References: Drew, W. B. 1936. The North American representatives of Ranun- Boivin, B. 1944. American thalictra and their Old World allies. culus, sect. Batrachium. Rhodora 38: 1-47. Rhodora 46: 337-377; 391-445; 453-487. Duncan, T. 1980. A taxonomic study of the Ranunculus hispidus Mitchell, R. S. 1988. The identity of Tnalictrum confine (Ranun- Michaux complex in the Western Hemisphere. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 77: 1-125. culaceae). Brittonia 40: 298-305. Fassett, N. C. 1942. Mass collections: Ranunculus abortivus and its Thalictrum close relatives. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 27: 512-522. dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall.—Tall Meadow-Rue Ranunculus dioicum L.—Early Meadow-Rue abortivus L.—Kidney leaf Buttercup revolutum DC. Lake Co. var. abortivus venulosum Trel.—Veiny Meadow-Rue R. abortivus var. eucyclus Fern, T. confine Fern. var. acrolasius Fern. T. venulosum var. confine (Fern.) Boivin acris L. — Tall Buttercup T. turneri Boivin Introduced and naturalized. aquatilis L. RHAMNACEAE-Buckthorn Family var. capillaceus (Thuill.) DC.-White Water-Crowfoot R. trichophyllus Chaix CE ANOTHUS - Redroot Maps 1570-1571 circinatus Sibth. var. subrigidus (Drew) Benson—White Water-Crowfoot Reference: R. subrigidus Drew Brizicky, G. K. 1964. A further note on Ceanothus herbaceus versus cymbalaria Pursh—Seaside-Crowfoot C. ovatus. J. Arnold Arbor. 45: 471-473. forma cymbalaria Ceanothus forma hebecaulis Fern. americanus L.—New Jersey Tea fascicularis Muhl.—Early Buttercup herbaceus Raf.—New Jersey Tea flabellaris Raf. — Yellow Water-Crowfoot C. ovatus Desf. forma flabellaris C. pubescens (S. Wats.) Rydb. forma riparius Fern. flammula L. — Spearwort RHAMNUS-Buckthorn Maps 1572-1574 var. filiformis (Michx.) Hook. Rhamnus & reptans L. alnifolia L'Her—Dwarf-Alder var. ovalis (Bigel.) Benson cathartica L.—Common Buckthorn R. reptans var. ovalis (Bigel.) T. & G. Introduced and naturalized. gmelini DC.-Small Yellow Water-Crowfoot frangula L.—Alder-Buckthorn P. purshii Richards, Frangula alnus Miller var. gmelini Introduced and frequently spreading from cultivation. var. hookeri (Don) Benson ANGIOSPERMS: ROSACEAE 68 ROSACEAE-Rose Family CRATAEGUS-Hawthorn Maps 1591-1606 Reference: References: Mason, H. G., & H. H. Iltis. 1958. Preliminary reports on the flora Kruschke, E. P. 1965. Contributions to the taxonomy of Crataegus. of Wisconsin No. 42—Rosaceae I—Rose Family I. Trans. Wis- Milwaukee Public Mus. Publ. Bot. 3: 1-273. consin Acad. Sci. 47: 65-97. Phipps, J. B., & M. Muniyamma. 1980. A taxonomic revision of Crataegus (Rosaceae) in Ontario. Canad. J. Bot. 58: 1621-1699. AGRIMONIA - Agrimony Maps 1575-1576 Crataegus Agrimonia calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medicus gryposepala Wallr. chrysocarpa Ashe striata Michx. var. aboriginum (Sarg.) Kruschke C. aboriginum Sarg. AMELANCHIER-Juneberry; Maps 1577-1588 var. chrysocarpa Serviceberry; Saskatoon C. rotundifolia Moench, not Lam. douglasii Lindl. References: faxoni Sarg. Jones, G. N. 1946. American species of Amelanchier. Illinois Biol. var. faxoni Monogr. 20: 1-126. var. praetermissa (Sarg.) Palmer Morley, T. 1974. Spring flora of Minnesota. University of Minneso- C. praetermissa Sarg. ta Press, Minneapolis. 283 pp. irrasa Sarg. Nielsen, E. L. 1939. A taxonomic study of the genus Amelanchier var. blanchardii (Sarg.) Egglest. in Minnesota. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 22: 160-206. C. blanchardii Sarg. Robinson, W. A. 1982. Experimental taxonomy in the genus var. irrasa Amelanchier. II: Do the taxa in the genus Amelanchier form an laurentiana Sarg. agamic complex? Rhodora 84: 85-100. var. brunetiana (Sarg.) Kruschke Many interspecific hybrids have been reported in this genus to ac- C. brunetiana Sarg. commodate the many intergrading forms. No really satisfactory tax- macracantha Lodd. onomic resolution of this diversity is available. var. macracantha Amelanchier C. succulenta var. macracantha (Lodd.) Egglest. alnifolia Nutt. — Saskatoon var. pertomentosa (Ashe) Kruschke arborea (Michx. f.) Fern. C. succulenta var. pertomentosa (Ashe) Palmer bartramiana (Tausch) Roemer C. pertomentosa Ashe humilis Wieg.-Low Juneberry mollis (T. & G.) Scheele var. campestris Niels. pedicellata Sarg. var. compacta Niels. var. albicans (Ashe) Palmer var. exserrata Niels, C. albicans Ashe var. humilis punctata Jacq. huronensis Wieg. roanensis Ashe interior Niels. var. fluviatilis (Sarg.) Kruschke intermedia Spach C. fluviatilis Sarg. laevis Wieg.—Juneberry var. roanensis mucronata Niels. C. macrosperma Ashe var. roanensis (Ashe) Palmer sanguinea (Pursh) DC. scabrida Sarg. stolonifera Wieg. C. brainerdi Sarg. var. scabrida (Sarg.) Egglest. wiegandii Niels. var. asperifolia (Sarg.) Kruschke C. asperifolia Sarg. ARONIA-Chokeberry Map 1589 C. brainerdi var. asperifolia (Sarg.) Egglest. References: succulenta Schrad. ex Link Hardin, J. W. 1973. The enigmatic chokeberries (Aronia, var. pisifera (Sarg.) Kruschke Rosaceae). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 100: 178-184. C. pisifera Sarg. Uttal, L. J. 1984. Nomenclatorial changes, lectotypification, and var. succulenta comments in Aronia Medikus (Rosaceae). Sida 10: 199-202. FILIPENDULA Aronia Filipendula melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell.—Black Chokeberry ulmaria (L.) Maxim.-Queen-of-the-Meadow Pyrus melanocarpa (Michx.) Willd. Escaped from cultivation, Duluth. CHAMAERHODOS Map 1590 FRAGARIA-Strawberry Maps 1607-1608 Chamaerhodos Reference: nuttallii Pick. Staudt, G. 1962. Taxonomic studies in the genus Fragaria. Typifica- tion of Fragaria species known at the time of Linnaeus. Canad. J. Bot. 40: 869-886. ANGIOSPERMS: ROSACEAE 69

Fragaria palustris (L.) Scop.—Marsh-Cinquefoil vesca L. var. palustris subsp. americana (Porter) Staudt var. villosa (Pers.) Lehm. F. vesca var. americana Porter paradoxa Nutt. virginiana Duchesne pensylvanica L. pentandra Engelm. GEUM-Avens Maps 1609-1614 P. rivalis var. pentandra (Engelm.) S. Wats. Geum recta L. aleppicum Jacq.—Yellow Avens Naturalized. var. strictum (Ait.) Fern. rivalis Nutt. canadense Jacq. -White Avens simplex Michx.-Old-Field Cinquefoil G. canadense var. camporum (Rydb.) Fern. & Weath. var. calvescens Fern. laciniatum Murr. var. simplex var. trichocarpum Fern. tridentata Ait.—Three-Toothed Cinquefoil macrophyllum Willd. var. perincisum (Rydb.) Raup PRUNUS-Plum; Cherry Maps 1634-1639 rivale L. —Water-Avens References: triflorum Pursh-Purple Avens McVaugh, R. 1951. A revision of the North American black cher- MALUS: See PYRUS ries (Prunus serotina Ehrh., and relatives). Brittonia 7: 279-315. Morley, T. 1974. Spring flora of Minnesota. University of Minneso- PHYSOCARPUS-Ninebark Map 1615 ta Press, Minneapolis. 283 pp. Physocarpus Prunus opulifolius (L.) Maxim.—Common Ninebark americana Marsh.—Wild Plum var. intermedius (Rydb.) Robins, nigra Ait. — Canada Plum var. opulifolius pensylvanica L. f.-Pin-Cherry pumila L.-Sand-Cherry POTENTILLA-Cinquefoil Maps 1616-1633 var. besseyi (Bailey) Gl. References: P. besseyi Bailey Bowden, W. M. 1957. Cytotaxonomy of Potentilla fruticosa, allied var. cuneata (Raf.) Bailey species and cultivars. J. Arnold Arb. 38: 381-388. P. susquehanae Willd. Kohli, B., & J. G. Packer. 1976. A contribution to the taxonomy of var. pumila the Potentilla pensylvanica complex in North America. Canad. serotina Ehrh.-Black Cherry J. Bot. 54: 706-719. virginiana L.—Choke-Cherry Potentilla PYRUS-Apple; Pear. Maps 1640-1641 anserina L.—Silverweed See also: ARONIA; SORBUS argentea L. —Silvery Cinquefoil Naturalized. Pyrus baccata L. —Siberian Crab arguta Pursh-Tall Cinquefoil bipinnatifida Dougl. Mains baccata (L.) Borkh. var. bipinnatifida Spreads from cultivation. P. pensylvanica var. bipinnatifida (Dougl.) T. & G. ioensis (Wood) Carruth.-Wild Crab var. glabrata (Hook.) Kohli & Packer Malus ioensis (Wood) Britt. P. pensylvanica var. glabrata (Hook.) S. Wats. malus L.—Apple effusa Dougl. Malus pumila Mill. finitima Kohli & Packer Sometimes spreads from cultivation. fruticosa L. — Shrubby Cinquefoil ROSA-Rose Maps 1642-1645 var. fruticosa var. tenuifolia Lehm. References: gracilis Dougl. Lewis, W. H. 1959. A monograph of the genus Rosa in North var. gracilis America. I. R. acicularis. Brittonia 11: 1-24. var. pulcherrima (Lehm.) Fern, . 1962. Monograph of Rosa in North America. IV. R. x dul- var. rigida (Nutt.) S. Wats. cissima. Brittonia 14: 65-71. intermedia L. Rosa Introduced. acicularis Lindl. millegrana Engelm. subsp. sayi (Schw.) Lewis P. rivalis var. millegrana (Engelm.) S. Wats. R. acicularis var. bourgeauiana Crepin nicolletii (S. Wats.) Sheld. R. acicularis var. rotunda Erl. norvegica L. & acicularis var. sayiana Erl. P. monspeliensis L. R. acicularis var. lacorum Erl. P. norvegica var. hirsuta (Michx.) Lehm. ANGIOSPERMS: ROSACEAE-RUBIACEAE 70 arkansana Porter nesota in the distributions of some of the above species. Fur- var. arkansana thermore, these authors credit many additional species to R. polyanthema Lunell Minnesota that are not listed above. var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell R. suffulta Greene SORBARIA-False Spiraea Map 1666 R. pratincola Greene Sorbaria R. bushii Rydb. sorbifolia (L.) A. Br. blanda Ait. Sometimes spreads from cultivation. Including several varieties and forms of questionable taxonomic value. SORBUS - Mountain-Ash Maps 1667-1669 forma carpohispida (Schuette) Lewis Reference: x dulcissima Lunell, as to binomial; emend. W. H. Lewis (R. Jones, G. N. 1953. Nomenclature of American mountain-ash. blanda x R. woodsii) Rhodora 55: 358-360. macounii Greene Sorbus R. woodsii of many authors, not Lindl. americana Marsh. multiflora Thunb. Pyrus americana, in the sense of Fernald, Gray's Man., Spreads from cultivation. rugosa Thunb. ed. 8, not DeCandolle. Occasionally spreads from cultivation. aucuparia L.—Rowan; European Mountain-Ash woodsii Lindl. Pyrus aucuparia (L.) Gaertn. Introduced at one locality in St. Paul. Introduced and sometimes naturalized. decora (Sarg.) Schneider RUBUS-Bramble Maps 1646-1665 Pyrus decora (Sarg.) Hyland References: Pyrus americana (Pursh) DC. Davis, H. A., A. M. Fuller, & T. Davis. 1967-1970. Contributions SPIRAEA Maps 1670-1671 toward the revision of the Eubati of eastern North America. Castanea 32: 20-37. 1967; II. Setosi 33: 50-76. 1968; III. Reference: Flagellares 33: 206-241. 1968; IV. 34: 157-179. 1969; V. Ar- Salamun, P. J. 1952. A population study of the variation in the in- guti 34: 235-266. 1969; VI. Cuneifolii 35: 176-194. 1970. florescence of Spiraea tomentosa. Rhodora 53: 280-292. . 1982. Some comments on Rubus. Castanea 47: 216-219. Spiraea Rosendahl, C. O. 1955. Trees and shrubs of the Upper Midwest. alba Du Roi University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 411 pp. 5. alba forma rosea J. W. Moore Rubus Also including numerous specimens that are intermediate be- acaulis Michx. tween this and 5. latifolia (Ait.) Borkh. acridens Bailey tomentosa L.-Hardback; Steeple-Bush allegheniensis Porter var. rosea (Raf.) Fern. canadensis L. —Smooth Blackberry chamaemorus L.—Cloudberry WALDSTEINIA-Barren Strawberry Map 1672 ferrofluvius Davis, Fuller & Davis Waldsteinia Described from Wisconsin and Minnesota. There are no fragarioides (Michx.) Tratt. specimens at MIN under this name. flagellaris Willd.—Common Eastern Dewberry RUBIACEAE-Madder Family folioflorus Bailey groutianus Blanch. Reference: latifoliolus Bailey Urban, E. K., & H. H. Iltis. 1957. Preliminary reports on the flora minnesotanus Bailey of Wisconsin. No. 38. Rubiaceae—Madder Family. Trans. Wis- multifer Bailey consin Acad. Sci. 46: 91-104. x neglectus Peck (R. occidentalis x R. strigosus) occidentalis L. CEPHALANTHUS-Buttonbush Map 1673 parviflorus Nutt. — Thimbleberry; Salmonberry Cephalanthus pensilvanicus Poir. occidentalis L. pubescens Raf. recurvans Blanch. GALIUM-Bedstraw; Maps 1674-1684 rosendahlii Bailey Cleavers semisetosus Blanch. strigosus Michx.—American Red Raspberry References: var. canadensis (Richards.) House Iltis, H. H. 1957. Distributional and nomenclatural notes on Galium R. idaeus L. var. canadensis Richards. (Rubiaceae). Rhodora 59: 38-43. var. strigosus Love, A., & D. Love. 1954. Cytotaxonomical studies on the North- R. idaeus var. strigosus (Michx.) Maxim. ern Bedstraw. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 52: 88-105. vermontanus Blanch. Moore, R. J. 1975. The Galium aparine complex in Canada. Canad. Davis, Fuller, and Davis (1967-1970) do not include Min- J. Bot. 53: 877-893. ANGIOSPERMS: RUBIACEAE-SALICACEAE 71 PufF, C. 1976. The Galium trifidum group (Galium sect. Ptelea Aparinoides, Rubiaceae). Canad. J. Bot. 54: 1911-1925. trifoliata L. —Water-Ash . 1977. The Galium obtusum group (Galium, sect. Aparinoides, Introduced from farther east or southeast and occasionally Rubiaceae). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 104: 202-208. persisting outside cultivation. Seaholm, J. A. 1964. A taxonomic study of the genus Galium in Minnesota. Proc. Minnesota Acad. Sci. 31: 99-104. ZANTHOXYLUM-Prickly Ash Map 1688 Galium Reference: aparine L.—Cleavers Porter, D. M. 1977. Zanthoxylum (Rutaceae) in North America asprellum Michx.—Rough Bedstraw north of Mexico. Brittonia 28: 443-447. boreale L.—Northern Bedstraw Zanthoxylum subsp. septentrionale (Roem. & Schult.) Ms americanum Mill.—Northern Prickly Ash G. septentrionale Roem. & Schult. G. boreale L., of American authors, not of Linnaeus, in the strict sense. SALICACEAE-Willow Family G. boreale var. hyssopifolium (Hoffm.) DC. brevipes Fern. & Wieg. POPULUS-Poplar; Aspen Maps 1689-1694 concinnum T. & G. Populus labradoricum (Wieg.) Wieg. alba L.-White Poplar; Silver-Leaf Poplar obtusum Bigel. Including morphological variants, e.g., P. alba "pyramida- odoratum (L.) Scop.—Sweet Woodruff lis," the Bolleana Poplar. Asperula odorata L. Introduced and naturalized. Rarely spreads from gardens. balsamifera L.—Balsam-Poplar tinctorium L. P. tacamahacca Mill. G. tinctorium var. subbiflorum (Wieg.) Fern., in part. deltoides Marsh.—Cottonwood Not G. trifidum var. subbiflorum Wieg. subsp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenw. trifidum L. grandidentata Michx.—Large-Toothed Aspen triflorum Michx.—Sweet-scented Bedstraw x jackii Sarg. (P. balsamifera x P. deltoides) verum L.-Yellow Bedstraw ? P. candicans, in the sense of Rosendahl (1955), Trees Introduced. and shrubs of the Upper Midwest. x smithii Boiv. (P. grandidentata x P. tremuloides) HEDYOTIS Map 1685 tremuloides Michx.—Quaking Aspen; Trembling Aspen References: SALIX-Willow Maps 1695-1710 Lewis, W. H. 1961. Merger of the North American Houstonia and Oldenlandia under Hedyotis. Rhodora 63: 216-223. References: Terrell, E. E. 1959. A revision of the Houstonia purpurea group Argus, G. W. 1965. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin. (Rubiaceae). Rhodora 61: 157-180; 188-207. No. 51. Salicaceae. The genus Salix—The Willows. Trans. Wis- consin Acad. Sci. 53: 217-272. Hedyotis . 1965. The taxonomy of the Salix glauca complex in North longifolia (Gaertn.) Hook. America. Contr. Gray Herb. 196: 1-142. Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. . 1980. The typification and identity of Salix eriocephala HOUSTONIA: See HEDYOTIS Michx. (Salicaceae). Brittonia 32: 170-177. . 1984. Salix occidentalis Walter, the correct name for S. tristis MITCHELL A - Partridge-Berry Map 1686 Aiton (Salicaceae). Brittonia 36: 328-329. Mitchella Dora, R. D. 1975. A systematic study of Salix section Cordatae in repens L.—Two-Eyed Berry North America. Canad. J. Bot. 53: 1491-1522. . 1976. A synopsis of American Salix. Canad. J. Bot. 54: 2769-2789. RUPPIACEAE-Ditch-Grass Family Morley, T. 1974. Spring flora of Minnesota. University of Minneso- ta Press, Minneapolis. 283 pp. RUPPIA-Ditch-Grass Map 1687 Salix Ruppia alba L.-White Willow occidentals S. Wats. Introduced and naturalized. amygdaloides Anderss.-Peach-Leaved Willow RUT ACE AE-Rue Family bebbiana Sarg.-Long-Beaked Willow Candida Fliigge—Sage-Leaved Willow forma Candida PTELE A-Hop-Tree forma denudata (Anderss.) Rowlee Reference: discolor Muhl.-Pussy-Willow Bailey, V. L. 1962. Revision of the genus Ptelea (Rutaceae). Britto- fragilis L.-Crack-Willow nia 14: 1-45. Introduced and naturalized ANGIOSPERMS: SALICACEAE-SAXIFRAGACEAE 72 eriocephala Michx.—Heart-Leaved Willow SAXIFRAGACEAE-Saxifrage Family 5. cordata Muhl. 5. missouriensis Bebb CHRYSOSPLENIUM- Maps 1714-1715 S. rigida Muhl. Golden Saxifrage exigua Nutt. — Sandbar-Willow S. longifolia Muhl. References: S. interior Rowlee Packer, J. G. 1963. The taxonomy of some North American species S. exigua forma wheeleri (Rowlee) Voss of Chrysosplenium L., section Alternifolia Franchet. Canad. J. gracilis Anderss.—Slender Willow Bot. 41: 85-103. S. petiolaris Smith Rosendahl, C. O. 1947. Studies in Chrysosplenium with special humilis Marsh.— Upland Willow reference to the taxonomic status and distribution of C. iowense. var. humilis Rhodora 49: 25-36. var. keweenawensis Farw. Chrysosplenium var. microphylla (Anderss.) Fern. americanum Schwein. — Water-Mat 5. tristis Ait. iowense Rydb. S. occidentalis Walt., the valid name as a species. lucida Muhl.-Shining Willow HEUCHERA-Alumroot Map 1716 maccalliana Rowlee Reference: Recently collected in Kittson and Roseau counties by R. Wells, E. F. 1984. A revision of the genus Heuchera (Sax- Dana. ifragaceae) in eastern North America. Syst. Bot. Monogr. 3: nigra Marsh. —Black Willow 45-121. pedicellaris Pursh—Bog-Willow Heuchera var. hypoglauca Fern. richardsonii R. Br. pellita Anderss. H. richardsonii var. grayana Rosend., Butters & Lakela pentandra L.—Bay-Willow; Laurel-Leaved Willow H. richardsonii var. hispidior Rosend., Butters & Lakela Introduced and occasionally spreading from cultivation. planifolia Pursh MITELLA-Bishop's-Cap; Maps 1717-1718 pyrifolia Anderss.-Balsam-Willow Mitrewort serissima (Bailey) Fern.— Autumn-Willow Mitella diphylla L.-Cool wort SANTALACEAE-Sandalwood Family nuda L. COMANDRA-Bastard-Toadflax Map 1711 PARNASSIA- Maps 1719-1720 Grass-of-Parnassus Reference: Parnassia Piehl, M. A. 1965. The natural history and taxonomy of Comandra glauca Raf. (Santalaceae). Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 1-97. palustris L. Comandra var. neogaea Fern. umbellata (L.) Nutt. C. richardsiana Fern. RIBES-Currant; Gooseberry Maps 1721-1732 GEOCAULON-Northern Comandra Map 1712 Reference: Sinnott, Q. P. 1985. A revision of Ribes L. subgen. Grossularia Geocaulon (Mill.) Nutt. (Grossulariaceae) in North America. Rhodora 87: lividum (Richards.) Fern. 189-286. Comandra livida Richards. Ribes americanum Mill.-Wild Black Currant SARRACENIACEAE- cynosbati L. - Prickly Gooseberry Pitcher-Plant Family glandulosum Grauer-Skunk-Currant hirtellum Michx. SARRACENIA-Pitcher-Plant Map 1713 var. hirtellum var. saxosum (Hook.) Fern. References: hudsonianum Richards.-Northern Black Currant Schnell, D. E. 1979. A critical review of published variants of Sar- lacustre (Pers.) Poir.-Bristly Black Currant; Swamp Currant racenia purpurea L. Castanea 44: 47-59. missouriense Nutt.—Missouri Gooseberry Wherry, E. T. 1972. Notes on Sarracenia subspecies. Castanea 37: nigrum L.—Black Currant 146-147. Spreading from cultivation. Sarracenia odoratum Wendl.-Golden Currant; Buffalo-Currant purpurea L. Doubtfully native to the state. Frequently escaping cultivation. oxyacanthoides L. ANGIOSPERMS: SAXIFRAGACEAE- SCROPHULARIACEAE

rubrum L. —Red Currant auriculata (Michx.) Blake R. vulgare Lam. Gerardia auriculata Michx. R. sativum Syme Tomanthera auriculata (Michx.) Raf. Occasionally spreads from cultivation. gattingeri (Small) Small triste Pall. —Swamp Red Currant Gerardia gattingeri Small SAXIFRAGA-Saxifrage Maps 1733-1736 paupercula (Gray) Britt. Gerardia paupercula (Gray) Britt. References: var. borealis Pennell Burns, G. W. 1942. The taxonomy and cytology of Saxifraga pen- Gerardia paupercula subsp. borealis (Pennell) Pennell sylvanica L. and related forms. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 28: var. paupercula 127-160. purpurea (L.) Pennell Butters, F. K. 1944. The American variety of Saxifraga aizoon. Gerardia purpurea L. Rhodora 46: 61-69. tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf. Calder, J. A., & D. B. O. Savile. 1959. Studies in Saxifragaceae- Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl. II. Saxifraga sect. Trachyphyllwn in North America. Brittonia var. macrophylla (Benth.) Blake 11: 228-249. Gerardia tenuifolia var. macrophylla Benth. Saxifraga var. parviflora (Nutt.) Pennell aizoon Jacq. Gerardia tenuifolia var. parviflora Nutt. var. neogaea Butters cernua L. AUREOLARIA- Maps 1745-1746 pensylvanica L. —Swamp-Saxifrage False Foxglove Including an array of subspecific taxa recognized by Burns Aureolaria (1942). grandiflora (Benth.) Pennell S. forbesii Vasey Gerardia grandiflora Benth. virginiensis Michx.—Early Saxifrage var. pulchra Pennell SULLIVANTIA Map 1737 pedicularia (L.) Raf. var. ambigens (Fern.) Farw. Reference: var. intercedens Pennell Rosendahl, C. O. 1927. A revision of the genus Sullivantia. Min- nesota Stud. PI. Sci. 1 (No. 6): 401-427. BACOPA - Water-Hyssop Map 1747 Sullivantia Bacopa renifolia Rosend. rotundifolia (Michx.) Wettst. Monniera rotundifolia Michx. TIARELL A - Foamflower Map 1738 Macuillamia rotundifolia (Michx.) Raf. Reference: BESSEYA-Kitten-Tail Map 1748 Lakela, O. 1937. A monograph of the genus Tiarella L. in North America. Amer. J. Bot. 24: 344-351. Reference: Tiarella Pennell, F. W. 1933. A revision of Synthyris and Besseya. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 85: 77-106. cordifolia L. Introduced and naturalized at one locality in Stearns Co. Besseya bullii (Eat.) Rydb. Wulfenia bullii (Eat.) Barnh. SCROPHULARIACEAE - Synthyris bullii (Eat.) Heller Figwort Family CASTILLEJA- Maps 1749-1751 References: Indian-Paintbrush; Painted Cup Pennell, F. W. 1935. The Scrophulariaceae of eastern temperate Castilleja North America. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Monogr. 1: 1-650. coccinea (L.) Spreng.-Scarlet Painted Cup Salamun, P. J. 1951. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin. XXXVI. Scrophulariaceae. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 40 C. coccinea forma pollens (Pursh) Pennell (Part 2): 111-138. septentrionalis Lindl. C. pallida (L.) Spreng. var. septentrionalis (Lindl.) Gray AGALINIS-Gerardia; Maps 1739-1744 sessiliflora Pursh-Downy Painted Cup False Foxglove CHAENORRHINUM- Map 1752 Reference: Dwarf-Snapdragon Pennell, F. W. 1929. Agalinis and allies in North America II. Proc. Chaenorrhinum Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 81: 111-249. minus (L.) Lange Agalinis Linaria minor (L.) Desf. aspera (Dougl.) Britt. Introduced. Gerardia aspera Dougl. ANGIOSPERMS: SCROPHULARIACEAE

74 CHELONE - Turtlehead Map 1753 LINDERNIA- Maps 1761-1762 Reference: False Pimpernel Crosswhite, F. S. 1965. Variation in Chelone glabra in Wisconsin Reference: (Scrophulariaceae). Michigan Bot. 4: 62-66. Cooperrider, T. S., & G. A. McCready. 1975. On separating Ohio Chelone specimens ofLindernia dubia and L. anagallidea (Scrophularia- glabra L. ceae). Castanea 40: 191-197. C. glabra subsp. linifolia (Coleman) Pennell Lindernia obliqua L. anagallidea (Michx.) Pennell subsp. speciosa Pennell & Wherry dubia (L.) Pennell One authentic record from southern Minnesota, without The proposed subspecies and varieties are of uncertain taxo- locality, is at MIN. nomic merit. pyxidaria L. DIGITALIS-Foxglove Map 1754 Introduced. A single old specimen from Ramsey Co. is at Digitalis MIN. lanata Ehrh. MEL AMPYRUM-Cow-Wheat Map 1763 Introduced and evidently becoming naturalized. Melampyrum EUPHRASIA-Eyebright Map 1755 lineare Desr. Reference: var. americanum (Michx.) Beauv. Sell, P. D., & P. F. Yeo. 1970. A revision of the North American var. lineare species of Euphrasia L. (Scrophulariaceae). J. Linn. Soc., Bot. MIMULUS-Monkey-Flower Maps 1764-1765 63: 189-233. Reference: Euphrasia Grant, A. L. 1924. A monograph of the genus Mimulus. Ann. Mis- curta (Fries) Wettst. souri Bot. Gard. 11: 99-388. E. tatarica Fisch, in the sense of Fernald, Gray's Man., Mimulus ed. 8 glabratus HBK. hudsoniana Fern. & Wieg. var. fremontii (Benth.) A. L. Grant E. arctica Lange, misapplied to Minnesota specimens, M. geyeri Torr. var. ramosior Sell & Yeo M. glabratus var. jamesii (T. & G.) Gray GERARDIA: See AGALINIS ringens L. ORTHOCARPUS Map 1766 GRATIOLA-Hedge-Hyssop Map 1756 Reference: Gratiola Keck, D. D. 1927. A revision of the genus Orthocarpus. Proc. Calif. neglecta Torr. Acad. Sci. 16: 517-571. ILYSANTHES: See LINDERNIA Orthocarpus luteus Nutt. LIMOSELLA-Mudwort Map 1757 PEDICULARIS-Lousewort; Maps 1767-1768 Limosella aquatica L. Wood-Betony Pedicularis LINARIA-Toadflax Maps 1758-1760 canadensis L. Reference: P. canadensis var. dobbsii Fern. Alex, J. F. 1962. The taxonomy, history and distribution ofLinaria lanceolate Michx. dalmatica. Canad. J. Bot. 40: 295-307. PENSTEMON-Beard-Tongue Maps 1769-1773 Linaria Penstemon canadensis (L.) Dum.-Old-Field Toadflax albidus Nutt. dalmatica (L.) Mill. digitalis Nutt. L. genistifolia (L.) Mill, subsp. dalmatica (L.) Maire & Introduced from farther south. Petit. gracilis Nutt. Introduced. grandiflorus Nutt. genistifolia (L.) Mill. pallidus Small Introduced at one locality and may be established. Introduced from farther south. vulgaris Hill—Butter-and-Eggs Introduced and naturalized. SCROPHULARIA-Figwort Maps 1774-1775 Scrophularia lanceolata Pursh S. leporella Bickn. marilandica L.-Carpenter's-Square ANGIOSPERMS: SCROPHULARIACEAE-SOLANACEAE

75 VERBASCUM-Mullein Map 1776 Datura. Ronald Press, New York. 289 pp. Verbascum Fosberg, F. R. 1959. Nomenclatural notes on Datura L. Taxon 8: nigrum L. 52-57. Introduced, but probably not persistent. Datura phlomoides L. inoxia Mill. Reported for Minnesota by Pennell (1933), and by Fernald, D. metel Sims, not Linnaeus Gray's Man., ed. 8, as an introduction. Introduced, but not persistent. thapsus L.—Common Mullein. stramonium L. —Stramonium Introduced and naturalized. D. tatula L. D. inermis Jacq. VERONICA-Speedwell Maps 1777-1784 Introduced, but not persistent. Veronica americana (Raf.) Schwein. — American Brooklime LYCIUM - Matrimony-Vine arvensis L.-Corn-Speedwell Reference: Introduced. Hitchcock, C. L. 1932. A monographic study of the genus Lycium catenata Pennell of the western hemisphere. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 19: V. comosa Richt. 179-374. V. salina Schur. V. connata Raf. Lycium Forms with the pedicels glabrous or more or less pubescent barbatum L.—Common Matrimony-Vine with gland-tipped hairs are present in Minnesota, and these L. halmifolium Mill. are sometimes recognized as varieties or subspecies. L. vulgare Dunal longifolia L. Introduced. Introduced. NIC ANDRA - Apple-of-Peru officinalis L.—Common Speedwell Nicandra peregrina L.—Neckweed; Purslane-Speedwell physalodes (L.) Gaertn. var. peregrina Introduced. var. xalapensis (HBK.) St. John & Warren persica Poir.—Bird's-Eye PETUNIA Introduced. Petunia scutellata L.-Marsh-Speedwell hybrida Vilm. var. scutellata Horticultural derivatives of crosses between P. axillaris var. villosa Schum. (Lam.) BSP. and P. integrifolia (Hook.) Schinz & Thelung serpyllifolia L.—Thyme-Leaved Speedwell (P. violacea Lindl.) or, according to some authorities, be- var. humifusa (Dickson) Vahl tween P. axillaris and P. inflata Fries. Sometimes persistent V. tenella All., of Fernald, Gray's Man., ed. 8 after cultivation. Native. var. serpyllifolia PHYSALIS-Ground-Cherry Maps 1787-1788 Introduced and naturalized. Reference: VERONICASTRUM-Culver's-Root Map 1785 Waterfall, U. T. 1958. A taxonomic study of the genus Physalis in Veronicastrum North America north of Mexico. Rhodora 60: 107-114; virginicum (L.) Farw. 128-142; 152-173. Physalis grandiflora: See CHAMAESARACHA SOLANACEAE-Potato Family; heterophylla Nees Nightshade Family P. heterophylla var. ambigua (Gray) Rydb. P. nyctaginea Dunal Reference: philadelphica Lam.-Tomatillo Hawkes, J. G., R. N. Lester, & A. D. Skelding, editors. 1979. The Introduced from Latin America. Reported for Minnesota un- biology and taxonomy of the Solanaceae. Academic Press, Lon- der the name P. ixocarpa Brotero ex Hormen. by Waterfall don. 738 pp. (1958) pubescens L. CHAMAESARACHA Map 1786 var. grisea Waterf. Chamaesaracha ? P. pruinosa L. grandiflora (Hook.) Fern.—Large White-flowered Ground- Introduced at Duluth from farther east. Cherry virginiana Mill. Physatis grandiflora Hook. var. hispida Waterf. P. lanceolata Michx., misapplied, DATURA - Jimsonweed var. subglabrata (Mack. & Bush) Waterf. References: P. macrophysa Rydb. Avery, A. G., S. Satina, & J. Rietsema. 1959. Blakeslee: The genus var. virginiana ANGIOSPERMS: SOLANACEAE-UMBELLIFERAE 76 SOLANUM-Nightshade Maps 1789-1792 TYPHACEAE-Cat-Tail Family References: Bassett, I. J., & D. B. Munro. 1985. The biology of Canadian TYPHA-Cat-Tail Maps 1804-1805 weeds. 67. Solariumptycanthum Dun., S. nigrwn L. and S. sar- Reference: rachoides Sendt. Canad. J. PI. Sci. 65: 401-414. Smith, S. G. 1967. Experimental and natural hybrids in North Schilling, E. E. 1981. Systematics of Solarium sect. Solarium American Typha (Typhaceae). Amer. Midi. Naturalist 78: (Solanaceae) in North America. Syst. Bot. 6: 172-185. 257-287. Solanum Typha carolinense L.-Horse-Nettle angustifolia L.-Narrow-Leaved Cat-Tail dulcamara L.—Bittersweet x glauca Godron (as species) (T. angustifolia x T. latifolia) Introduced. latifolia L.-Broad-Leaved Cat-Tail ptychanthum Dunal ex DC. 5. americanum Mill., misapplied. S. nigrwn L., misapplied. ULMACEAE-Elm Family rostratum Dunal—Buffalo-Bur Introduced from farther west. CELTIS-Hackberry Map 1806 sarrachoides Sendt. in Mart. Celtis S. villosum Mill., misapplied. occidentals L. Introduced. Native to South America. C. crassifolia Lam. triflorum Nutt. Introduced from farther west. ULMUS-Elm Maps 1807-1810 Ulmus SPARGANIACEAE-Bur-Reed Family americana L.—American Elm; White Elm pumila L.—Siberian Elm SPARGANIUM-Bur-Reed Maps 1793-1800 Naturalized. Sparganium rubra Muhl.-Red Elm; Slippery Elm americanum Nutt. — Nuttall's Bur-Reed U. fulva Michx. androcladum (Engelm.) Morong—Branching Bur-Reed thomasii Sarg.—Cork Elm; Rock-Elm angustifolium Michx.—Narrow-Leaved Bur-Reed U. racemosa Thomas chlorocarpum Rydb.—Green-Fruited Bur-Reed S. chlorocarpum var. acaule (Beeby) Fern. UMBELLIFERAE (APIACEAE)- eurycarpum Engelm.—Giant Bur-Reed fluctuans (Morong) Robins.—Floating Bur-Reed Parsley Family glomeratum Laest. References: minimum (Hartm.) Fries-Small Bur-Reed Crawford, D. J. 1970. The Umbelliferae of Iowa. Stud. Nat. Hist. Iowa Univ. 21: 1-37. STAPHYLEACEAE-Bladdernut Family Mathias, M. E., & L. Constance. 1944-1945. Umbelliferae. North Amer. Fl. 28B (1): 43-160; 28B (2): 161-295. STAPHYLEA-Bladdernut Map 1801 Staphylea AEGOPODIUM-Goutweed trifolia L. Aegopodium podagraria L. TH YMEL AE ACE AE - Introduced. Mezereum Family AETHUSA-Fool's-Parsley Aethusa DIRCA-Leatherwood Map 1802 cynapium L. Dirca Introduced. palustris L.—Leatherwood; Rope-Bark ANETHUM-Dill Anethum TILIACEAE-Linden Family graveolens L. Occasionally spreads from cultivation. TILIA—Basswood; Linden Map 1803 ANGELICA Map 1811 Reference: Jones, G. N. 1968. Taxonomy of American species of linden (Tilid). Angelica Illinois Biol. Monogr. 39: 1-156. atropurpurea L.—Alexanders var. occidentalis Fassett Tilia americana L.—American Linden; Basswood ANGIOSPERMS: UMBELLIFERAE

77 ANTHRISCUS - Chervil LOMATIUM Map 1822 Anthriscus Lomatium sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. orientate Coult. & Rose Introduced. Cogswellia orientalis (Coult. & Rose) Jones BERUL A - Water-Parsnip Map 1812 OSMORHIZA- Maps 1823-1826 Berula Sweet Cicely pusilla (Nutt.) Fern. References: B. erecta (Huds.) Cov., if merged with its European coun- Constance, L., & R. H. Shan. 1948. The genus Osmorhiza (Umbel- terpart. liferae). Univ. California Publ. Bot. 23: 111-156. CARUM-Caraway Map 1813 Lowry, P. P. II, & A. G. Jones. 1979. Biosystematic investigations and taxonomy of Osmorhiza Rafinesque section Osmorhiza Carum (Apiaceae) in North America. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 101: carvi L. 21-27. Introduced and naturalized. Osmorhiza CICUTA-Water-Hemlock Maps 1814-1815 chilensis Hook. & Arn. Reference: claytonii (Michx.) Clarke Mulligan, G. A. 1980. The genus Cicuta in North America. Canad. longistylis (Torr.) DC.-Anise-Root J. Bot. 58: 1755-1767. Varieties proposed on the basis of pubescence are insufficient- ly distinct for taxonomic recognition. Cicuta obtusa (Coult. & Rose) Fern. bulbifera L. maculata L. OXYPOLIS-Hog-Fennel Map 1827 var. angustifolia Hook. Oxypolis var. bolanderi (S. Wats.) Mulligan rigidior (L.) Raf. — Cowbane var. maculata PASTINACA-Parsnip Map 1828 CRYPTOTAENIA-Honewort; Map 1816 Pastinaca Wild Chervil sativa L. Cryptotaenia Naturalized. canadensis (L.) DC. PIMPINELLA CYMOPTERIS Map 1817 Pimpinella Cymopteris saxifraga L.-Burnet-Saxifrage acaulis (Pursh) Raf. Introduced, but possibly not persisting. DAUCUS-Carrot Map 1818 POLYTAENIA Map 1829 Daucus Polytaenia carota L. — Wild Carrot; Queen Anne's-Lace nuttallii DC. —Prairie-Parsley Introduced and now fully naturalized. SANICULA-Sanicle; Maps 1830-1833 ERYNGIUM-Eryngo Map 1819 Black Snakeroot Eryngium Reference: yuccifolium Michx.—Rattlesnake-Master; Button Snake-Root Shan, R. H., & L. Constance. 1951. The genus Sanicula (Umbel- HERACLEUM-Cow-Parsnip Map 1820 liferae) in the Old World and the New. Univ. California Publ. Bot. 25: 1-78. Reference: Brummitt, R. K. 1972. Relationship ofHeracleum lanatum Michx. Sanicula of North America to H. sphondyliwn of Europe. Rhodora 73: canadensis L. 578-584. S. canadensis var. grandis Fern. gregaria Bickn. Heracleum marilandica L. lanatum Michx. trifoliata Bickn. H. maximum Bart. H. sphondylium L. subsp. montanum (Schleicher ex SIUM-Water-Parsnip Map 1834 Gaudin) Briquet Sium HYDROCOTYLE- Map 1821 suave Walt. Water-Pennywort TAENIDIA-Yellow Pimpernel Map 1835 Hydrocotyle Taenidia americana L. integerrima (L.) Drude ANGIOSPERMS: UMBELLIFERAE - VIOLACEAE 78 THASPIUM-Meadow-Parsnip Map 1836 Valeriana Thaspium edulis Nutt. barbinode (Michx.) Nutt. subsp. ciliata (T. & G.) Meyer V. ciliata T. & G. ZIZIA-Alexanders Maps 1837-1838 officinalis L.-Garden Heliotrope Zizia Spreads from cultivation. aptera (Gray) Fern.—Heart-Leaved Alexanders aurea (L.) Koch—Golden Alexanders VERBENACEAE-Vervain Family Reference: URTIC ACEAE-Nettle Family Tans, W. E., & H. H. Iltis. 1979. Preliminary reports on the flora Reference: of Wisconsin No. 67. Verbenaceae—the Vervain Family. Trans. Bassett, I. J., C. W. Crompton, &D. W. Woodland. 1974. The fam- Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 67: 78-94. ily Urticaceae in Canada. Canad. J. Bot. 52: 503-516. LIPPIA: See PHYLA BOEHMERIA-False Nettle Map 1839 PHYLA Map 1847 Reference: Phyla McGregor, R. L. 1983. Variation of Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. lanceolata (Michx.) Greene in Kansas. Contr. Univ. Kansas Herb. 3: 1-4. Lippia lanceolata Michx. Boehmeria Lippia lanceolata var. recognita Fern. & Grisc. cylindrica (L.) Sw.—Bog-Hemp VERBENA-Vervain Maps 1848-1852 LAPORTEA-Wood-Nettle Map 1840 Verbena Laportea bracteata Lag. & Rodr. — Creeping Vervain canadensis (L.) Wedd. V. bracteosa Michx. x deamii Moldenke (V. bracteata x V. stricta) PARIETARIA-Pellitory Map 1841 hastata L. — Blue Vervain Parietaria V. hastata var. scabra Moldenke pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. x perriana Moldenke (V. bracteata x V. urticifolia) simplex Lehm.—Narrow-leaved Vervain PILEA-Clearweed Maps 1842-1843 V. angustifolia Michx. Pilea stricta Vent. — Hoary Vervain fontana (Lunell) Rydb. urticifolia L.—White Vervain; Nettle-leaved Vervain pumila (L.) Gray URTIC A-Nettle Map 1844 VIOLACEAE-Violet Family References: VIOLA-Violet Maps 1853-1874 Woodland, D. W. 1982. Biosystematics of the perennial North American taxa of Urtica. II. Taxonomy. Syst. Bot. 7: 282-290. References: , I. J. Bassett, & C. W. Crompton. 1976. The annual species Russell, N. H. 1958. The violets of Minnesota. Proc. Minnesota of stinging nettle (Hesperocnide and Urtica) in North America. Acad. Sci. 26: 126-191. Canad. J. Bot. 54: 374-383. . 1965. Violets (Viola) of central and eastern United States: an introductory survey. Sida 2: 1-113. Urtica dioica L.-Stinging Nettle Viola subsp. gracilis (Ait.) Selander adunca Smith U. gracilis Ait. affinis Leconte U. dioica var. gracilis (Ait.) Taylor & MacBryde No Minnesota specimens of this violet are at MIN. Russell U. procera Muhl. ex. Willd. (1965), however, records it from Fillmore Co. on his distribu- U. dioica var. procera (Muhl. ex Willd.) Wedd. tion map. arvensis Murr.-Wild Pansy Introduced. VALERIANACEAE-Valerian Family canadensis L. -Canada Violet var. rugulosa (Greene) Hitchc. VALERIANA - Valerian Maps 1845-1846 V. rugulosa Greene Reference: conspersa Reichenb. cucullata Ait. Meyer, F. G. 1951. Valeriana in North America and the West Indies cucullata x V. sororia (Valerianaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 38: 377-503. incognita Brainerd V. incognita var. forbesii Brainerd V. blanda Willd., misapplied to Minnesota plants. ANGIOSPERMS: VIOLACEAE - ZANNICHELLIACEAE 79 incognita x V. macloskeyi subsp. pallens VIT ACE AE-Grape Family labradorica Schrank V. adunca var. minor (Hook.) Fern. PARTHENOCISSUS- Maps 1875-1876 Russell (1958, 1965) records this species from the Susie Is- Virginia Creeper; Woodbine lands, Cook Co. lanceolata L. — Lance-Leaved Violet References: lanceolata subsp. lanceolata x V. macloskeyi subsp. pallens Rehder, A. 1939. New species, varieties and combinations from the V. primulifolia L., misapplied to Minnesota plants. collections of the Arnold Arboretum. J. Arnold Arb. 20: macloskeyi Lloyd 409-431. subsp. pallens (Banks) Baker Webb, D. A. 1967. What is Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Plan- V. pallens (Banks) Brainerd chon ? Feddes Repert. 74: 6-10. macloskeyi subsp. pallens x V. renifolia Parthenocissus missouriensis Greene inserta (Kerner) Fritsch nephrophylla Greene P. vitacea (Knerr) Hitchc. nephrophylla x V. sororia quinquefolia (L.) Planch. novae-angliae House P. quinquefolia forma hirsuta (Donn) Fern. nuttallii Pursh—Yellow Prairie-Violet pedata L. —Bird-Foot Violet VITIS-Grape Maps 1877-1878 V. pedata var. lineariloba DC. Vitis pedatifida G. Don—Bird-Foot Violet aestivalis Michx.—Summer-Grape pedatifida x V. praticola var. argentifolia (Munson) Fern. pedatifida x V. sagittata V. argentifolia Munson pedatifida x V. sororia riparia Michx.—River-Bank Grape; Frost-Grape pratincola Greene var. riparia V. papilionacea Pursh, in part, misapplied. var. syrticola (Fern. & Wieg.) Fern. pubescens Ait. var. eriocarpa (Schwein.) Russell—Smooth Yellow Violet V. eriocarpa Schwein. XYRIDACEAE- V. pensylvanica Michx. Yellow-Eyed Grass Family V. pensylvanica var. leiocarpa (Fern. & Wieg.) Fern, var. pubescens—Downy Yellow Violet XYRIS-Yellow-Eyed Grass Maps 1879-1880 renifolia Gray V. renifolia var. brainerdii (Greene) Fern. Reference: V. brainerdii Greene Krai, R. 1966. Xyris (Xyridaceae) of the continental United States sagittata Ait.—Arrow-Leaved Violet and Canada. Sida 2: 177-260. Reports of V.fimbriatula Sm. in Minnesota should be referred Xyris to this species. montana Ries sagittata x V. sororia torta Sm. selkirkii Pursh sororia Willd. ? V. papilionacea Pursh, in part. Z ANNICHELLIACEAE - tricolor L.—Pansy Horned Pondweed Family Spreads from cultivation. ZANNICHELLIA- Map 1881 VISCACEAE: See LORANTHACEAE Horned Pondweed Zannichellia palustris L. var. major (Boenn.) Koch This page intentionally left blank APPENDIX 1 EXCLUDED NAMES

The presence of the following species, subspecies, or varieties in Minnesota has been reported in literature, or they are represented at MIN by specimens of doubtful authenticity. They must be excluded from the checklist for a number of reasons. Some taxa listed may ultimately be reinstated if substantiated by corrections of identifications, by new collections, or by discovery of older collections preserved in herbaria not consulted when preparing the checklist. AMARANTHACEAE Proserpinaca palustris L. var. creba Fern. & Grisc. Amaranthus spinosus L. JUNCACEAE ASCLEPIADACEAE Juncus acuminatus Michx. Asclepias purpurascens L. Juncus brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buchenau BORAGINACEAE LABIATAE Hackelia floribunda (Lehm.) Johnston Physostegia parviflora Nutt. CAPRIFOLIACEAE Salvia azurea Michx. ex Lam. var. grandiflora Benth. Viburnum acerifolium L. LEGUMINOSAE CARYOPHYLLACEAE Astragalus plattensis Nutt. Silene virginica L. Melilotus indica (L.) All. CHENOPODIACEAE Psoralea cuspidata Pursh Atriplex argentea Nutt. LILIACEAE Atriplex heterosperma Bunge Smilax pulverulenta Michx. Chenopodium strictum Roth var. glaucophyllum (Aellen) PLANTAGINACEAE Wahl. Plantago pusilla Nutt. COMPOSITAE POLYGALACEAE Aster linariifolius L. Poly gala alba Nutt. Aster undulatus L. POLYGONACEAE Helianthus doronicoides Lam. Polygonum prolificum (Small) Robins. Helianthus silphioides Nutt. RANUNCULACEAE Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn. Aquilegia brevistyla Hook. Solidago patula Muhl. Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall. var. hypoglaucum Solidago spathulata DC. subsp. randii (Porter) Cronq. (Rydb.) Boivin Vernonia baldwinii Torr. subsp. interior (Small) Faust ROSACEAE CRUCIFERAE Agrimonia pubescens Wallr. Camelina alyssum (Miller) Thell. Amelanchier gaspensis (Wieg.) Fern. & Weath. Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz Potentilla collina Wibel CYPERACEAE Potentilla hippiana Lehm. Cyperus compressus L. Rosa conjuncta Rydb. EUPHORBIACEAE Rosa eglanteria L. Euphorbia commutata Engelm. Rosa fendleri Cr6pin GENTIANACEAE Rosa palustris Marsh. Gentiana linearis Froel. RUBIACEAE GRAMINEAE Galium lanceolatum Torr. Bromus arvensis L. SCROPHULARIACEAE Bromus racemosus L. Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw. Oryzopsis canadensis (Poir.) Torr. VIOLACEAE Panicum lanuginosum Ell. var. lindheimeri (Nash) Fern. Viola palmata L. Panicum tuckermanii Fern. Viola primulifolia L. Poa canbyi (Scribn.) Piper ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. var. lobata (Trin.) Tribulus terrestris L. Scribn. HALORAGACEAE Myriophyllum humile (Raf.) Morong

81 APPENDIX 2 TABLES

Table 1. Summary Table 2. Native and introduced species by major group Number of families represented in the state flora 134 Native Introduced Total Number of species of vascular plants 2010 Pteridophytes 84 0 84 Number of native species 1618 Gymnosperms 13 5 18 Number of introduced species 392 Monocotyledons 538 59 597 Number of interspecific hybrids 66 Dicotyledons 983 328 1311 Total 1618 392 2010

Table 3. Most frequently encountered families ranked according to number of species (totals are given in parentheses) Rank by species Rank by native species Rank by introduced species Compositae (222) Cyperaceae (209)* Compositae (59) Cyperaceae (211)* Compositae (163) Gramineae (44) Gramineae (189) Gramineae (145) Cruciferae (35) Rosaceae (103) Rosaceae (92) Caryophyllaceae (26)* Leguminosae (76) Leguminosae (53) Leguminosae (23) Cruciferae (67) Orchidaceae (42)* Polygonaceae (18) Scrophulariaceae (54) Ranunculaceae (42)* Labiatae (17) Labiatae (47) Polypodiaceae (41)* Scrophulariaceae (14) Ranunculaceae (47)* Scrophulariaceae (40) Boraginaceae (11)** Caryophyllaceae (45)* Liliaceae (35) Rosaceae (11) Polygonaceae (45) Cruciferae (32) Solanaceae (11)** Orchidaceae (42)* Labiatae (30) Chenopodiaceae (10)** Liliaceae (41) Polygonaceae (27) Umbelliferae (8) Polypodiaceae (41)* Juncaceae (25)** Malvaceae (7)** Umbelliferae (33) Umbelliferae (25) Liliaceae (6) *Family name appears in one other column. **Family name appears only in this column. PART II ATLAS OF THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF MINNESOTA This page intentionally left blank Aitkin 7F Fillmore 9M Marshall 2B Rock 2M Anoka 71 Freeborn 7 M Martin 5 M Roseau 3 A Becker 3 E Goodhue 8 K Meeker 5 J St. Louis 8 D Beltrami 4 C Grant 2H MilleLacs 6H Scott 6 K Benton 6 H Hennepin 6 J Morrison 5 H Sherburne 61 Big Stone 21 Houston 10 M Mower 8 M Sibley 5K Blue Earth 5 L Hubbard 4E Murray 3 L Stearns 51 Brown 4 L Isanti 71 Nicollet 5 L Steele 7 L Carlton 8 F Itasca 6 D Nobles 3 M Stevens 21 Carver 6 J Jackson 4 M Norman 2 E Swift 31 Cass 5 E Kanabec 7 H Olmsted 8L Todd 4 H Chippewa 3 J Kandiyohi 4 J Otter Tail 3 G Traverse 1 H Chisago 71 Kittson 1 A Pennington 2 C Wabasha 8 L Clay 2F Koochiching 6 B Pine 8G Wadena 4 F Clearwater 3D Lac Qui Parle 2 J Pipestone 2 L Waseca 6 L Cook 11 C Lake 10 D Polk 2D Washington 7 J Cottonwood 4 L Lake of the Woods 4 A Pope 31 Watonwan 5 L Crow Wing 6 G Le Sueur 6 K Ramsey 7 J Wilkin 2 G Dakota 7K Lincoln 2 K Red Lake 2C Winona 9L Dodge 7 L Lyon 3K Redwood 4 K Wright 6 J Douglas 3 H McLeod 5 J Renville 4K Yellow Medicine 2 K Faribault 6 M Mahnomen 3 E Rice 7 L MAPS 1-9 EQUISETACEAE 86

1. Equisetum arvense 2. Equisetum x ferrissii 3. Equisetum fluviatile

4. Equisetum hyemale var. affine 5. Equisetum laevigatum 6. Equisetum x litorale

7. Equisetum x nelsonii 8. Equisetum palustre 9. Equisetum pratense EQUISETACEAE-LYCOPODIACEAE MAPS 10-18 87

10. Equisetum scirpoides 11. Equisetum sylvaticum 12. Equisetum x trachyodon

13. Equisetum variegatum 14. Isoetes echinospora 15. Isoetes macrospora var. braunii

16. Isoetes melanopoda 17. Lycopodium annotinum 18. Lycopodium appalachianum MAPS 19-27 LYCOPODIACEAE 88

19. Lycopodium appalachianum 20. Lycopodium appalachianum 21. Lycopodium x buttersii x L. lucidulum x L. selago

22. Lycopodium clavatum 23. Lycopodium complanatum 24. Lycopodium dendroideum Lycopodium digitatum

25. Lycopodium x haberei 26. Lycopodium inundatum 27. Lycopodium lucidulum LYCOPODIACEAE-OPHIOGLOSSACEAE MAPS 28-36 89

28. Lycopodium obscurum 29. Lycopodium porophilum 30. Lycopodium selago var. isophyllum

31. Lycopodium tristachyum 32. Marsilea mucronata 33. Botrychium campestre

34. Botry chiu m dissectum 35. Botrychium lanceolatum 36. Botrychium lunaria var. angustisegmentum MAPS 37-45 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE-OSMUNDACEAE 90

37. Botrychium matricariifolium 38. Botrychium minganense 39. Botrychium mormo

40. Botrychium multifidum 41. Botrychium rugulosum 42. Botrychium simplex

43. Botrychium virginianum 44. Ophioglossum pusillum 45. Osmunda cinnamomea OSMUNDACEAE-POLYPODIACEAE MAPS 46-54 91

46. Osmunda claytoniana 47. Osmunda regalis 48. Adiantum pedatum var. spectabilis

49. Asplenium platyneuron 50. Asplenium trichomanes 51. Athyrium angustum

52. Athyrium pycnocarpon 53. Athyrium thelypterioides 54. Camptosorus rhizophyllus MAPS 55-63 POLYPODIACEAE 92

55. Cheilanthes feei 56. Cheilanthes lanosa 57. Cryptogramma stelleri

58. Cystopteris bulbifera 59. Cystopteris fragilis 60. Cystopteris x laurentiana

61. Cystopteris protrusa 62. Cystopteris x tennesseensis 63. Cystopteris tenuis POLYPODIACEAE MAPS 64-72 93

64. Dryopteris x boottii 65. Dryopteris carthusiana 66. Dryopteris cristata

67. Dryopteris expansa 68. Dryopteris fragrans 69. Dryopteris goldiana

70. Dryopteris intermedia 71. Dryopteris marginalis 72. Dryopteris x triploidea MAPS 73-81 POLYPODIACEAE 94

73. Dryopteris x uliginosa 74. Gymnocarpium dryopteris 75. Gymnocarpium x intermedium

76. Gymnocarpium jessoense 77. Gymnocarpium robertianum 78. Matteuccia struthiopteris subsp. parvulum var. pensylvanica

79. Onoclea sensibilis 80. Pellaea atropurpurea 81. Pellaea glabella POLYPODIACEAE MAPS 82-90 95

82. Polypodium virginianum 83. Polystichum acrostichoides 84. Polystichum braunii

85. Pteridium aquilinum 86. Thelypteris hexagonoptera 87. Thelypteris palustris var. latiusculum

88. Thelypteris phegopteris 89. Woodsia x abbeae 90. Woodsia alpina MAPS 91-99 POLYPODIACEAE-SELAGINELLACEAE 96

91. Woodsia glabella 92. Woodsia x gracilis 93. Woodsia ilvensis

94. Woodsia obtusa 95. Woodsia oregana 96. Woodsia scopulina

97. Azolla mexicana 98. Selaginella rupestris 99. Selaginella selaginoides CUPRESSACEAE-PINACEAE MAPS 100-108 97

100. Juniperus communis 101. Juniperus horizontalis 102. Juniperus virginiana var. depressa

103. Thuja occidentalis 104. Abies balsamea 105. Larix laricina

106. Picea glauca 107. Picea mariana 108. Pinus banksiana MAPS 109-117 PINACEAE-ACERACEAE 98

109. Pinus resinosa 110. Pinus strobus 111. Tsuga canadensis

112. Taxus canadensis 113. Ruellia humilis 114. Acer negundo

115. Acer nigrum 116. Acer rubrum 117. Acer saccharinum ACERACEAE-ALISMATACEAE MAPS 118-126 99

118. Acer saccharum 119. Acer spicatum 120. Adoxa moschatellina

121. Mollugo verticillata 122. Alisma gramineum 123. Alisma subcordatum

124. Alisma triviale 125. Lophotocarpus calycinus 126. Sagittaria brevirostra MAPS 127-135 ALISMATACEAE-AMARANTHACEAE

100

127. Sagittaria cristata 128. Sagittaria cuneata 129. Sagittaria graminea

130. Sagittaria latifolia 131. Sagittaria rigida 132. Amaranthus albus

133. Amaranthus blitoides 134. Amaranthus hybridus 135. Amaranthus powellii AMARANTHACEAE-ANACARDIACEAE MAPS 136-144 101

136. Amaranthus retroflexus 137. Amaranthus tamariscinus 138. Amaranthus tuberculatus

139. Froelichia floridana 140. Hypoxis hirsuta 141. Rhus aromatica var. campestris

142. Rhus x borealis 143. Rhus glabra 144. Rhus radicans var. negundo MAPS 145-153 ANACARDIACEAE-AQUIFOLIACEAE 102

145. Rhus radicans var. rydbergii 146. Rhus typhina 147. Rhus vernix

148. Apocynum androsaemifolium 149. Apocynum cannabinum 150. Apocynum medium

151. Apocynum sibiricum 152. Ilex verticillata 153. Nemopanthus mucronatus ARACEAE-ARALIACEAE MAPS 154-162 103

154. Acorus calamus 155. Arisaema dracontium 156. Arisaema triphyllum

157. Calla palustris 158. Symplocarpus foetidus 159. Aralia hispida

160. Aralia nudicaulis 161. Aralia racemosa 162. Panax quinquefolium MAPS 163-171 ARALIACEAE-ASCLEPIADACEAE 104

163. Panax trifolium 164. Asarum canadense 165. Asclepias amplexicaulis

166. Asclepias exaltata 167. Asclepias hirtella 168. Asclepias incarnata

169. Asclepias lanuginosa 170. Asclepias ovalifolia 171. Asclepias speciosa ASCLEPIADACEAE-BERBERIDACEAE MAPS 172-180 105

172. Asclepias stenophylla 173. Asclepias sullivantii 174. Asclepias syriaca

175. Asclepias tuberosa 176. Asclepias verticillata 177. Asclepias viridiflora

178. Impatiens capensis 179. Impatiens pallida 180. Berberis thunbergii MAPS 181-189 BERBERIDACEAE-BETULACEAE 106

181. Caulophyllum thalictroides 182. Jeffersonia diphylla 183. Podophyllum peltatum

184. Alnus incana subsp. rugosa 185. Alnus viridis subsp. crispa 186. Betula alleghaniensis

187. Betula cordifolia 188. Betula glandulifera 189. Betula nigra BETULACEAE-BORAGINACEAE MAPS 190-198 107

190. Betula papyrifera 191. Betula x purpusii 192. Betula x rosendahlii

193. Betula x sandbergii 194. Carpinus caroliniana 195. Corylus americana subsp. virginiana

196. Corylus cornuta 197. Ostrya virginiana 198. Cynoglossum boreale MAPS 199-207 BORAGINACEAE 108

199. Cynoglossum officinale 200. Echium vulgare 201. Hackelia deflexa var. americana

202. Hackelia virginiana 203. Lappula redowskii 204. Lappula squarrosa

205. Lithospermum canescens 206. Lithospermum caroliniense 207. Lithospermum incisum subsp. croceum BORAGINACEAE MAPS 208-216

109

208. Lithospermum latifolium 209. Mertensia paniculata 210. Mertensia virginica

211. Myosotis arvensis 212. Myosotis laxa 213. Myosotis scorpioides

214. Myosotis verna 215. Onosmodium molle 216. Onosmodium molle subsp. hispidissimum subsp. occidentale MAPS 2 BORAGINACEAE-CAMPANULACEAE 110

217. Plagiobotrys scopulorum 218. Butomus umbellatus 219. Coryphantha vivipara

220. Opuntia fragilis 221. Opuntia macrorhiza 222. Callitriche hermaphroditica

223. Callitriche heterophylla 224. Callitriche verna 225. Campanula americana CAMPANULACEAE MAPS 226-234 111

226. Campanula aparinoides 227. Campanula rapunculoides 228. Campanula rotundifolia

229. Lobelia cardinalis 230. Lobelia dortmanna 231. Lobelia inflata

232. Lobelia kalmii 233. Lobelia siphilitica 234. Lobelia spicata MAPS 235-243 CAMPANULACEAE-CAPRIFOLIACEAE 112

235. Triodanis leptocarpa 236. Triodanis perfoliata 237. Polanisia dodecandra

238. Polanisia jamesii 239. Diervilla lonicera 240. Linnaea borealis var. americana

241. Lonicera canadensis 242. Lonicera dioica 243. Lonicera hirsuta CAPRIFOLIACEAE MAPS 244-252 113

244. Lonicera oblongifolia 245. Lonicera prolifera 246. Lonicera tatarica

247. Lonicera villosa 248. Sambucus canadensis 249. Sambucus pubens

250. Symphoricarpos albus 251. Symphoricarpos occidentalis 252. Symphoricarpos orbiculatus MAPS 253-261 CAPRIFOLIACEAE-CARYOPHYLLACEAE 114

253. Triosteum perfoliatum 254. Viburnum edule 255. Viburnum lentago

256. Viburnum rafinesquianum 257. Viburnum trilobum 258. Agrostemma githago

259. Arenaria dawsonensis 260. Arenaria lateriflora 261. Arenaria macrophylla CARYOPHYLLACEAE MAPS 262-270 115

262. Cerastium arvense 263. Cerastium brachypodum 264. Cerastium fontana

265. Cerastium nutans 266. Dianthus armeria 267. Gypsophila paniculata

268. Myosoton aquaticum 269. Paronychia canadensis 270. Paronychia fastigiata MAPS 271-279 CARYOPHYLLACEAE 116

271. Sagina nodosa 272. Sagina procumbens 273. Saponaria officinalis subsp. borealis

274. Scleranthus annuus 275. Silene antirrhina 276. Silene armeria

277. Silene cserei 278. Silene dichotoma 279. Silene drummondii CARYOPHYLLACEAE MAPS 280-288 117

280. Silene latifolia 281. Silene nivea 282. Silene noctiflora subsp. alba

283. Silene stellata 284. Silene vulgar is 285. Stellaria alsine

286. Stellaria borealis 287. Stellaria crassifolia 288. Stellaria graminea MAPS 289-297 CARYOPHYLLACEAE-CHENOPODIACEAE 118

289. Stellaria longifolia 290. Stellaria longipes 291. Stellaria media

292. Vaccaria pyramidata 293. Celastrus scandens 294. Euonymus atropurpureus

295. Ceratophyllum demersum 296. Ceratophyllum echinatum 297. Atriplex patula CHENOPODIACEAE MAPS 298-306 119

298. Axyris amaranthoides 299. Chenopodium album 300. Chenopodium capitatum

301. Chenopodium desiccatum 302. Chenopodium glaucum 303. Chenopodium rubrum

304. Chenopodium simplex 305. Chenopodium standleyanum 306. Corispermum hyssopifolium MAPS 307-315 CHENOPODIACEAE 120

307. Corispermum nkidum 308. Corispermum orientale 309. Cycloloma atriplicifolium

310. Kochia scoparia 311. Monolepis nuttalliana 312. Salicornia rubra

313. Salsola collina 314. Salsola iberica 315. Suaeda calceoliformis CISTACEAE-COMMELINACEAE MAPS 316-324 121

316. Helianthemum bicknellii 317. Helianthemum canadense 318. Hudsonia tomentosa

319. Lechea intermedia 320. Lechea stricta 321. Lechea tenuifolia

322. Commelina communis 323. Commelina erecta 324. Tradescantia bracteata MAPS 325-333 COMMELINACEAE-COMPOSITAE 122

325. Tradescantia occidentalis 326. Tradescantia ohiensis 327. Achillea niillefolium

328. Achillea ptarmica 329. Achillea sibirica 330. Agoseris glauca

331. Ambrosia artemisiifolia 332. Ambrosia coronopifolia 333. Ambrosia trifida COMPOSITAE MAPS 334-342 123

334. Anaphalis margaritacea 335. Antennaria microphylla 336. Antennaria neglecta

337. Antennaria neodioica 338. Antennaria parlinii 339. Antennaria parvifolia

340. Antennaria plantaginifolia 341. Anthemis cotula 342. Anthemis tinctoria MAPS 343-351 COMPOSITAE 124

343. Arctium minus 344. Arctium tomentosum 345. Arnica lonchophylla

346. Artemisia absinthium 347. Artemisia biennis 348. Artemisia campestris

349. Artemisia dracunculus 350. Artemisia frigida 351. Artemisia ludoviciana COMPOSITAE MAPS 352-360 125

352. Artemisia serrata 353. Aster borealis 354. Aster brachyactis

355. Aster ciliolatus 356. Aster cordifolius 357. Aster urophyllus

358. Aster drummondii 359. Aster ericoides 360. Aster falcatus subsp. commutatus MAPS 361-369 COMPOSITAE 126

361. Aster hesperius 362. Aster laevis 363. Aster lanceolatus

364. Aster lateriflorus 365. Aster x longulus 366. Aster macrophyllus

367. Aster modestus 368. Aster novae-angliae 369. Aster oblongifolius COMPOSITAE MAPS 370-378 127

370. Aster ontarionis 371. Aster oolentangiensis 372. Aster pilosus

373. Aster prenanthoides 374. Aster puniceus subsp. firmus 375. Aster puniceus subsp. puniceus

376. Aster sericeus 377. Aster shortii 378. Aster umbellatus MAPS 379-387 COMPOSITAE 128

379. Bellis perennis 380. Bidens cernua 381. Bidens comosa

382. Bidens connata 383. Bidens coronata 384. Bidens discoidea

385. Bidens frondosa 386. Bidens vulgata 387. Boltonia asteroides var. recognita COMPOSITAE MAPS 388-396 129

388. Cacalia muhlenbergii 389. Cacalia plantaginea 390. Cacalia suaveolens

391. Carduus acanthoides 392. Carduus nutans 393. Centaurea biebersteinii,

394. Chamomilla recuita 395. Chamomilla suaveolens 396. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum MAPS 397-405 COMPOSITAE 130

397. Cichorium intybus 398. Cirsium altissimum 399. Cirsium arvense

400. Cirsium discolor 401. Cirsium flodmanii 402. Cirsium hillii

403. Cirsium muticum 404. Cirsium vulgare 405. Conyza canadensis COMPOSITAE MAPS 406-414 131

406. Conyza ramosissima 407. Coreopsis lanceolata 408. Coreopsis palmata

409. Coreopsis tinctoria 410. Crepis runcinata 411. Crepis tectorum

412. Dyssodia papposa 413. Echinacea angustifolia 414. Eclipta alba MAPS 415-423 COMPOSITAE 132

415. Erechtites hieracifolia 416. Erigeron acris 417. Erigeron annuus var. asteroides

418. Erigeron glabellus 419. Erigeron lonchophyllus 420. Erigeron philadelphicus var. pubescens

421. Erigeron pulchellus 422. Erigeron strigosus 423. Eupatorium altissimum COMPOSITAE MAPS 424-432 133

424. Eupatorium maculatum 425. Eupatorium perfoliatum 426. Eupatorium purpureum

427. Eupatorium rugosum 428. Eupatorium sessilifolium 429. Euthamia graminifolia

430. Euthamia gymnospermoides 431. Gaillardia aristata 432. Galinsoga parviflora MAPS 433-441 COMPOSITAE 134

433. Galinsoga quadriradiata 434. Gnaphalium obtusifolium 435. Gnaphalium uliginosum

436. Gnaphalium viscosum 437. Grindelia squarrosa 438. Haplopappus spinulosus

439. Helenium autumnale 440. Helianthus annuus 441. Helianthus giganteus COMPOSITAE MAPS 442-450 135

442. Helianthus grosseserratus 443. Helianthus hirsutus 444. Helianthus maximiliani

445. Helianthus nuttallii 446. Helianthus occidentalis 447. Helianthus petiolaris subsp. rydbergii

448. Helianthus rigidus 449. Helianthus strumosus 450. Helianthus tuberosus MAPS 451-459 COMPOSITAE 136

451. Heliopsis helianthoides 452. Heterotheca villosa 453. Hieracium aurantiacum subsp. occidentalis

454. Hieracium floribundum 455. Hieracium kalmii 456. Hieracium longipilum

457. Hieracium piloselloides 458. Hieracium scabriusculum 459. Hieracium scabrum COMPOSITAE MAPS 460-468 137

460. Iva xanthifolia 461. Krigia biflora 462. Kuhnia eupatorioides var. corymbulosa

463. Lactuca biennis 464. Lactuca canadensis 465. Lactuca ludoviciana

466. Lactuca pulchella 467. Lactuca serriola 468. Lapsana communis MAPS 469-477 COMPOSITAE 138

469. Liatris aspera 470. Liatris cylindracea 471. Liatris ligulistylis

472. Liatris punctata 473. Liatris pycnostachya 474. Lygodesmia juncea

475. Matricaria maritima 476. Megalodonta beckii 477. Nothocalais cuspidata COMPOSITAE MAPS 478-486 139

478. Parthenium integrifolium 479. Petasites frigidus 480. Petasites sagittatus var. palmatus

481. Petasites x vitifolius 482. Polymnia canadensis 483. Prenanthes alba

484. Prenanthes aspera 485. Prenanthes crepidinea 486. Prenanthes racemosa MAPS 487-495 COMPOSITAE 140

487. Ratibida columnifera 488. Ratibida pinnata 489. Rudbeckia hirta var. pulcherrima

490. Rudbeckia laciniata 491. Rudbeckia triloba 492. Senecio aureus

493. Senecio canus 494. Senecio congestus 495. Senecio indecorus COMPOSITAE MAPS 496-504 141

496. Senecio integerrimus 497. Senecio pauperculus 498. Senecio plattensis

499. Senecio pseudaureus 500. Senecio vulgaris 501. Shinnersoseris rostrata var. semicordatus

502. Silphium laciniatum 503. Silphium perfoliatum 504. Solidago x bernardii MAPS 505-513 COMPOSITAE 142

505. Solidago canadensis 506. Solidago flexicaulis 507. Solidago gigantea

508. Solidago hispida 509. Solidago juncea 510. Solidago missouriensis

511. Solidago mollis 512. Solidago nemoralis 513. Solidago ptarmicoides COMPOSITAE MAPS 514-522 143

514. Solidago riddellii 515. Solidago rigida 516. Solidago sciaphila

517. Solidago speciosa 518. Solidago uliginosa 519. Solidago ulmifolia

520. Sonchus arvensis 521. Sonchus asper 522. Sonchus oleraceus MAPS 523-531 COMPOSITAE-CONVOLVULACEAE 144

523. Sonchus uliginosus 524. Tanacetum vulgare 525. Taraxacum erythrospermum

526. Taraxacum officinale 527. Tragopogon dubius 528. Tragopogon pratensis

529. Vernonia fasciculata 530. Xanthium strumarium 531. Convolvulus arvensis CONVOLVULACEAE MAPS 532-540 145

532. Convolvulus sepium 533. Convolvulus spithamaeus 534. Cuscuta campestris

535. Cuscuta cephalanthi 536. Cuscuta coryli 537. Cuscuta glomerata

538. Cuscuta gronovii 539. Cuscuta obtusiflora 540. Cuscuta pentagona var. glandulosa MAPS 541-549 CONVOLVULACEAE-CRASSULACEAE 146

541. Cuscuta polygonorum 542. Cuscuta umbrosa 543. Cornus alternifolia

544. Cornus amomum 545. Cornus canadensis 546. Cornus foemina subsp. obliqua subsp. racemosa

547. Cornus rugosa 548. Cornus stolonifera 549. Penthorum sedoides CRASSULACEAE-CRUCIFERAE MAPS 550-558 147

550. Sedum acre 551. Sedum integrifolium 552. Sedum purpureum subsp. leedyi

553. Tillaea aquatica 554. Arabis canadensis 555. Arabis divaricarpa

556. Arabis drummondii 557. Arabis glabra 558. Arabis hirsuta MAPS 559-567 CRUCIFERAE 148

559. Arabis holboellii 560. Arabis laevigata 561. Arabis lyrata var. retrofracta

562. Arabis perstellata 563. Armor acia rusticana 564. Barbarea orthoceras var. shortii

565. Barbarea vulgaris 566. Berteroa incana 567. Brassica juncea CRUCIFERAE MAPS 568-576 149

568. Brassica kaber 569. Brassica nigra 570. Brassica rapa

571. Camelina microcarpa 572. Capsella bursa-pastoris 573. Cardamine bulbosa

574. Cardamine parviflora 575. Cardamine pensylvanica 576. Cardamine pratensis var. arenicola var. palustris MAPS 577-585 CRUCIFERAE

150

577. Dentaria laciniata 578. Descurainia pinnata 579. Descurainia richardsonii var. brachycarpa

580. Descurainia sophia 581. Draba arabisans 582. Draba nemorosa

583. Draba norvegica 584. Draba reptans 585. Erucastrum gallicum CRUCIFERAE MAPS 586-594 151

586. Erysimum asperum 587. Erysimum cheiranthoides 588. Erysimum inconspicuum

589. Hesperis matronalis 590. lodanthus pinnatifidus 591. Lepidium campestre

592. Lepidium densiflorum 593. Lepidium virginicum 594. Lesquerella ludoviciana MAPS 595-603 CRUCIFERAE

152

595. Nasturtium microphyllum 596. Nasturtium officinale 597. Rorippa islandica

598. Rorippa sinuata 599. Sisymbrium altissimum 600. Sisymbrium loeselii

601. Sisymbrium officinale 602. Subularia aquatica 603. Thlaspi arvense subsp. americana CUCURBITACEAE-CYPERACEAE MAPS 604-612 153

604. Echinocystis lobata 605. Sicyos angulatus 606. Bulbostylis capillaris

607. Carex abdita 608. Carex adusta 609. Carex aenea

610. Carex albursina 611. Carex alopecoidea 612. Carex amphibola var. turgida MAPS 613-621 CYPERACEAE

154

613. Carex angustior 614. Carex annectens 615. Carex aquatilis

616. Carex arcta 617. Carex arctata 618. Carex assiniboinensis

619. Carex atherodes 620. Carex aurea 621. Carex backii CYPERACEAE MAPS 622-630 155

622. Carex bebbii 623. Carex bicknellii 624. Carex blanda

625. Carex brevior 626. Carex bromoides 627. Carex brunnescens var. sphaerostachya

628. Carex buxbaumii 629. Carex canescens 630. Carex capillaris var. major MAPS 631-639 CYPERACEAE

156

631. Carex castanea 632. Carex cephalantha 633. Carex cephaloidea

634. Carex cephalophora 635. Carex chordorrhiza 636. Carex communis

637. Carex comosa 638. Carex conjuncta 639. Carex conoidea CYPERACEAE MAPS 640-648 157

640. Carex convoluta 641. Carex crawei 642. Carex crawfordii

643. Carex crinita 644. Carex cristatella 645. Carex crus-corvi

646. Carex cryptolepis 647. Carex davisii 648. Carex debilis var. rudgei MAPS 649-657 CYPERACEAE 158

649. Carex deflexa 650. Carex deweyana 651. Carex diandra

652. Carex disperma 653. Carex eburnea 654. Carex eleocharis

655. Carex emoryi 656. Carex exilis 657. Carex festucacea CYPERACEAE MAPS 658-666 159

658. Carex filifolia 659. Carex flava 660. Carex foenea

661. Carex formosa 662. Carex garberi 663. Carex gracillima

664. Carex granularis 665. Carex gravida 666. Carex grayi var. haleana MAPS 667-675 CYPERACEAE 160

667. Carex gynandra 668. Carex gynocrates 669. Carex hallii

670. Carex haydenii 671. Carex heliophila 672. Carex hirtifolia

673. Carex hitchcockiana 674. Carex houghtoniana 675. Carex hystericina CYPERACEAE MAPS 676-684 161

676. Carex interior 677. Carex intumescens 678. Carex jamesii var. fernaldii

679. Carex katahdinensis 680. Carex lacustris 681. Carex laeviconica

682. Carex laevivaginata 683. Carex lanuginosa 684. Carex lasiocarpa var. americana MAPS 685-693 CYPERACEAE 162

685. Carex laxiculmis 686. Carex lenticularis 687. Carex leptalea var. copulata

688. Carex leptonervia 689. Carex limosa 690. Carex livida var. radicaulis

691. Carex lupulina 692. Carex lurida 693. Carex meadii CYPERACEAE MAPS 694-702 163

694. Carex media 695. Carex merritt-fernaldii 696. Carex michauxiana

697. Carex molesta 698. Carex muhlenbergii 699. Carex muskingumensis

700. Carex normalis 701. Carex obtusata 702. Carex oligocarpa MAPS 703-711 CYPERACEAE 164

703. Carex oligosperma 704. Carex ormostachya 705. Carex pallescens var. neogaea

706. Carex pauciflora 707. Carex paupercula 708. Carex peckii

709. Carex pedunculata 710. Carex pensylvanica 711. Carex plantaginea CYPERACEAE MAPS 712-720 165

712. Carex praegracilis 713. Carex prairea 714. Carex praticola

715. Carex projecta 716. Carex pseudocyperus 717. Carex retrorsa

718. Carex richardsonii 719. Carex rosea 720. Carex rossii MAPS 721-729 CYPERACEAE 166

721. Carex rostrata 722. Carex sartwellii 723. Carex saximontana var. utriculata

724. Carex scirpiformis 725. Carex scoparia 726. Carex sparganioides

727. Carex sprengelii 728. Carex sterilis 729. Carex stipata CYPERACEAE MAPS 730-738 167

730. Carex stricta 731. Carex supina 732. Carex sychnocephala var. spaniocarpa

733. Carex tenera 734. Carex tenuiflora 735. Carex tetanica

736. Carex tonsa 737. Carex torreyi 738. Carex tribuloides MAPS 739-747 CYPERACEAE 168

739. Carex trichocarpa 740. Carex trisperma 741. Carex tuckermanii

742. Carex typhina 743. Carex umbellata 744. Carex vaginata

745. Carex vesicaria 746. Carex viridula 747. Carex vulpinoidea CYPERACEAE MAPS 748-756 169

748. Carex woodii 749. Carex xerantica 750. Cladium mariscoides

751. Cyperus acuminatus 752. Cyperus aristatus 753. Cyperus diandrus

754. Cyperus engelmannii 755. Cyperus erythrorhizos 756. Cyperus esculentus MAPS 757-765 CYPERACEAE 170

757. Cyperus houghtonii 758. Cyperus lupulinus 759. Cyperus lupulinus x C. schweinitzii

760. Cyperus odoratus 761. Cyperus rivularis 762. Cyperus rotundus

763. Cyperus schweinitzii 764. Cyperus strigosus 765. Dulichium arundinaceum CYPERACEAE MAPS 766-774 171

766. Eleocharis acicularis 767. Eleocharis compressa 768. Eleocharis elliptica

769. Eleocharis engelmannii 770. Eleocharis erythropoda 771. Eleocharis intermedia

772. Eleocharis macrostachya 773. Eleocharis nitida 774. Eleocharis obtusa MAPS 775-783 CYPERACEAE 172

775. Eleocharis olivacea 776. Eleocharis ovata 777. Eleocharis parvula var. anachaeta

778. Eleocharis pauciflora 779. Eleocharis rostellata 780. Eleocharis smallii var. fernaldii

781. Eleocharis wolfii 782. Eriophorum angustifolium 783. Eriophorum chamissonis CYPERACEAE MAPS 784-792 173

784. Eriophorum gracile 785. Eriophorum spissum 786. Eriophorum tenellum

787. Eriophorum virginicum 788. Eriophorum viridi-carinatum 789. Fimbristylis autumnalis

790. Fimbristylis puberula 791. Hemicarpha micrantha 792. Rhynchospora alba var. interior MAPS 793-801 CYPERACEAE 174

793. Rhynchospora capillacea 794. Rhynchospora fusca 795. Scirpus acutus

796. Scirpus atrocinctus 797. Scirpus atrovirens 798. Scirpus cespitosus var. callosus

799. Scirpus clintonii 800. Scirpus cyperinus 801. Scirpus fluviatilis CYPERACEAE MAPS 802-810 175

802. Scirpus georgianus 803. Scirpus hattorianus 804. Scirpus heterochaetus

805. Scirpus hudsonianus 806. Scirpus microcarpus 807. Scirpus pallidus

808. Scirpus paludosus 809. Scirpus pedicellatus 810. Scirpus pungens MAPS 811-819 CYPERACEAE-DIPSACACEAE 176

811. Scirpus purshianus 812. Scirpus smithii 813. Scirpus subterminalis

814. Scirpus torreyi 815. Scirpus validus var. creber 816. Scleria triglomerata

817. Scleria verticillata 818. Dioscorea villosa 819. Knautia arvensis DROSERACEAE-ELATINACEAE MAPS 820-828 177

820. Drosera anglica 821. Drosera intermedia 822. Drosera linearis

823. Drosera rotundifolia 824. Elaeagnus angustifolia 825. Elaeagnus commutata

826. Shepherdia argentea 827. Shepherdia canadensis 828. Elatine minima MAPS 829-837 ELATINACEAE-ERICACEAE 178

829. Elatine triandra 830. Empetrum atropurpureum 831. Empetrum nigrum

832. Andromeda glaucophylla 833. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 834. Chamaedaphne calyculata var. angustifolia

835. Epigaea repens 836. Gaultheria hispidula 837. Gaultheria procumbens var. glabrifolia ERICACEAE MAPS 838-846 179

838. Gaylussacia baccata 839. Kalmia polifolia 840. Ledum groenlandicum

841. Vaccinium angustifolium 842. Vaccinium caespitosum 843. Vaccinium macrocarpon

844. Vaccinium myrtilloides 845. Vaccinium oxycoccus 846. Vaccinium uliginosum var. alpinum MAPS 847-855 ERICACEAE-EUPHORBIACEAE 180

847. Vaccinium vitis-idaea 848. Eriocaulon septangulare 849. Acalypha rhomboidea var. minus

850. Euphorbia corollata 851. Euphorbia cyathophora 852. Euphorbia cyparissias

853. Euphorbia dentata 854. Euphorbia geyeri 855. Euphorbia glyptosperma EUPHORBIACEAE-FAGACEAE MAPS 856-864 181

856. Euphorbia maculata 857. Euphorbia marginata 858. Euphorbia nutans

859. Euphorbia podperae 860. Euphorbia serpyllifolia 861. Euphorbia spathulata

862. Quercus alba 863. Quercus bicolor 864. Quercus ellipsoidalis MAPS 865-873 FAGACEAE-FUMARIACEAE 182

865. Quercus macrocarpa 866. Quercus muhlenbergii 867. Quercus rubra

868. Quercus velutina 869. Adlumia fungosa 870. Corydalis aurea

871. Corydalis micrantha 872. Corydalis sempervirens 873. Dicentra canadensis FUMARIACEAE-GENTIANACEAE MAPS 874-882 183

874. Dicentra cucullaria 875. Bartonia virginica 876. Centaurium pulchellum

877. Gentiana affinis 878. Gentiana alba 879. Gentiana andrewsii

880. Gentiana puberulenta 881. Gentiana rubricaulis 882. Gentianella amarella subsp. acuta MAPS 883-891 GENTIANACEAE-GRAMINEAE

184

883. Gentianella quinquefolia 884. Gentianopsis crinita 885. Gentianopsis procera subsp. occidentalis

886. Halenia deflexa 887. Geranium bicknellii 888. Geranium carolinianum

889. Geranium maculatum 890. x Agrohordeum macounii 891. Agropyron pectiniforme GRAMINEAE MAPS 892-900 185

892. Agropyron repens 893. Agropyron smithii 894. Agropyron trachycaulum

895. Agrostis geminata 896. Agrostis hy emails 897. Agrostis perennans

898. Agrostis scabra 899. Agrostis stolonifera 900. Agrostis stolonifera var. major var. palustris MAPS 901-909 GRAMINEAE 186

901. Alopecurus aequalis 902. Alopecurus carolinianus 903. Alopecurus pratensis

904. Ammophila breviligulata 905. Andropogon gerardii 906. Andropogon hallii

907. Aristida basiramea 908. Aristida dichotoma 909. Aristida oligantha var. curtissii GRAMINEAE MAPS 910-918 187

910. Aristida purpurea 911. Aristida tuberculosa 912. Arrhenatherum elatius var. longiseta

913. Avena fatua 914. Avena sativa 915. Beckmannia syzigachne var. baicalensis

916. Bouteloua curtipendula 917. Bouteloua gracilis 918. Bouteloua hirsuta MAPS 919-927 GRAMINEAE 188

919. Brachyelytrum erectum 920. Bromus ciliatus 921. Bromus inermis

922. Bromus japonicus 923. Bromus kalmii 924. Bromus latiglumis

925. Bromus pubescens 926. Bromus secalinus 927. Bromus tectorum GRAMINEAE MAPS 928-936 189

928. Buchloe dactyloides 929. Calamagrostis canadensis 930. Calamagrostis inexpansa var. brevior

931. Calamagrostis lacustris 932. Calamagrostis montanensis 933. Calamagrostis neglecta

934. Calamagrostis purpurascens 935. Calamovilfa longifolia 936. Cenchrus longispinus MAPS 937-945 GRAMINEAE

190

937. Cinna aru 938. Cinna latifolia 939. Datylis glomerata

940. Danthonia spicata 941. Deschampsia cespitosa 942. Deschampsia flexuosa var. glauca

943. Digitaria ischaemum 944. Digitaria sanguinalis 945. Diplachne fascicularis GRAMINEAE MAPS 946-954 191

946. Distichlis stricta 947. Echinochloa crusgalli 948. Echinochloa muricata

949. Echinochloa walteri 950. Elyrnus canadensis 951. Elymus diversiglumis

952. Elymus hystrix 953. Elymus junceus 954. Elymus racemosus MAPS 955-963 GRAMINEAE 192

955. Elymus villosus 956. Elymus virginicus 957. Elymus wiegandii

958. Eragrostis cilianensis 959. Eragrostis frankii 960. Eragrostis hypnoides

961. Eragrostis pectinacea 962. Eragrostis spectabilis 963. Eragrostis trichodes GRAMINEAE MAPS 964-972 193

964. Eriochloa villosa 965. Festuca arundinacea 966. Festuca obtusa

967. Festuca ovina 968. Festuca pratensis 969. Festuca rubra Festuca longifolia Festuca saximontana

970. Glyceria borealis 971. Glyceria canadensis 972. Glyceria grandis MAPS 973-981 GRAMINEAE 194

973. Glyceria striata 974. Helictotrichon hookeri 975. Hierochloe odorata subsp. hirta

976. Hordeum jubatum 977. Hordeum pusillum 978. Koeleria macrantha

979. Leersia lenticularis 980. Leersia oryzoides 981. Leersia virginica GRAMINEAE MAPS 982-990 195

982. Leptoloma cognatum 983. Lolium perenne 984. Melica nitens

985. Milium effusum 986. Miscanthus sacchariflorus 987. Muhlenbergia asperifolia var. cisatlanticum

988. Muhlenbergia cuspidata 989. Muhlenbergia frondosa 990. Muhlenbergia glomerata MAPS 991-999 GRAMINEAE

196

991. Muhlenbergia mexicana 992. Muhlenbergia racemosa 993. Muhlenbergia richardsonis

994. Muhlenbergia schreberi 995. Muhlenbergia sylvatica 996. Muhlenbergia uniflora

997. Oryzopsis asperifolia 998. Oryzopsis hymenoides 999. Oryzopsis pungens GRAMINEAE MAPS 1000-1008 197

1000. Oryzopsis racemosa 1001. Panicum boreale 1002. Panicum capillare

1003. Panicum columbianum 1004. Panicum commonsianum 1005. Panicum depauperatum var. euchlamydeum

1006. Panicum dichotomiflorum 1007. Panicum lanuginosum 1008. Panicum lanuginosum var. fasciculatum var. implicatum MAPS 1009-1017 GRAMINEAE

198

1009. Panicum lanuginosum 1010. Panicum latifolium 1011. Panicum leibergii var. praecocius

1012. Panicum linearifolium 1013. Panicum meridionale 1014. Panicum miliaceum

1015. Panicum oligosanthes 1016. Panicum perlongum 1017. Panicum philadelphicum GRAMINEAE MAPS 1018-1026 199

1018. Panicum virgatum 1019. Panicum wilcoxianum 1020. Panicum xanthophysum

1021. Paspalum ciliatifolium 1022. Phalaris arundinacea 1023. Phalaris canariensis var. stramineum

1024. Phleum pratense 1025. Phragmites australis 1026. Poa alsodes MAPS 1027-1035 GRAMINEAE 200

1027. Poa annua 1028. Poa arida 1029. Poa chaixii

1030. Poa compressa 1031. Poa glauca 1032. Poa interior

1033. Poa languida 1034. Poa nemoralis 1035. Poa paludigena GRAMINEAE MAPS 1036-1044 201

1036. Poa palustris 1037. Poa pratensis 1038. Poa saltuensis

1039. Poa sylvestris 1040. Poa x tormentuosa 1041. Poa trivialis

1042. Poa wolfii 1043. Puccinellia nuttalliana 1044. Schedonnardus paniculatus MAPS 1045-1053 GRAMINEAE 202

1045. Schizachne purpurascens 1046. Schizachyrium scoparium 1047. Scolochloa festucacea var. frequens

1048. Secale cereale 1049. Setaria faberi 1050. Setaria glauca

1051. Setaria italica 1052. Setaria verticillata 1053. Setaria viridis GRAMINEAE MAPS 1054-1062 203

1054. Sorghastrum nutans 1055. Spartina gracilis 1056. Spartina pectinata

1057. Sphenopholis intermedia 1058. Sphenopholis obtusata 1059. Sporobolus asper

1060. Sporobolus cryptandrus 1061. Sporobolus heterolepis 1062. Sporobolus neglectus MAPS 1063-1071 GRAMINEAE 204

1063. Sporobolus vaginiflorus 1064. Stipa comata 1065. Stipa spartea

1066. Stipa viridula 1067. Torreyochloa pallida 1068. Triplasis purpurea

1069. Trisetum spicatum 1070. Vulpia octoflora 1071. Zizania palustris var. glauca HALORAGACEAE-HYDROCHARITACEAE MAPS 1072-1080 205

1072. Myriophyllum alterniflorum 1073. Myriophyllum farwellii 1074. Myriophyllum sibiricum

1075. Myriophyllum tenellum 1076. Myriophyllum verticillatum 1077. Hamamelis virginiana

1078. Hippuris vulgaris 1079. Elodea canadensis 1080. Elodea nuttallii MAPS 1081-1089 HYDROCHARITACEAE-HYPERICACEAE 206

1081. Vallisneria americana 1082. Ellisia nyctelea 1083. Hydrophyllum appendiculatum

1084. Hydrophyllum virginianum 1085. Phacelia franklinii 1086. Hypericum boreale

1087. Hypericum ellipticum 1088. Hypericum majus 1089. Hypericum perforatum HYPERICACEAE-JUGLANDACEAE MAPS 1090-1098 207

1090. Hypericum punctatum 1091. Hypericum pyramidatum 1092. Triadenum fraseri

1093. Iris versicolor 1094. Iris virginica 1095. Sisyrinchium campestre var. shrevei

1096. Sisyrinchium montanum 1097. Sisyrinchium mucronatum 1098. Carya cordiformis MAPS 1099-1107 JUGLANDACEAE-JUNCACEAE 208

1099. Carya ovata 1100. Juglans cinerea 1101. Juglans nigra

1102. Juncus alpinoarticulatus 1103. Juncus articulatus 1104. Juncus balticus var. littoralis

1105. Juncus brachycarpus 1106. Juncus brevicaudatus 1107. Juncus bufonius JUNCACEAE MAPS 1108-1116 209

1108. Juncus canadensis 1109. Juncus compressus 1110. Juncus dudleyi

1111. Juncus effusus 1112. Juncus filiformis 1113. Juncus gerardi

1114. Juncus x gracilescens 1115. Juncus greenei 1116. Juncus interior MAPS 1117-1125 JUNCACEAE 210

1117. Juncus longistylis 1118. Juncus marginatus 1119. Juncus nodosus

1120. Juncus pelocarpus 1121. Juncus stygius 1122. Juncus tenuis var. americana

1123. Juncus torreyi 1124. Juncus vaseyi 1125. Luzula acuminata JUNCACEAE-LABIATAE MAPS 1126-1134 211

1126. Luzula luzuloides 1127. Luzula multiflora 1128. Luzula parviflora var. melanocarpa

1129. Scheuchzeria palustris 1130. Triglochin maritimum 1131. Triglochin palustre var. americana

1132. Agastache foeniculum 1133. Agastache nepetoides 1134. Agastache scrophulariaefolia MAPS 1135-1143 LABIATAE 212

1135. Blephila hirsuta 1136. Dracocephalum parviflorum 1137. Galeopsis tetrahit

1138. Glechoma hederacea 1139. Hedeoma hispida 1140. Isanthus brachiatus

1141. Leonurus cardiaca 1142. Lycopus americanus 1143. Lycopus asper LABIATAE MAPS 1144-1152 213

1144. Lycopus uniflorus 1145. Lycopus virginicus 1146. Mentha arvensis var. glabrata

1147. Mentha cardiaca 1148. Monarda fistulosa 1149. Monarda punctata var. villicaulis

1150. Nepeta cataria 1151. Physostegia virginiana 1152. Prunella vulgaris MAPS 1153-1161 LABIATAE 214

1153. Pycnanthemum virginianum 1154. Salvia reflexa 1155. Satureja vulgaris var. neogaea

1156. Scutellaria galericulata 1157. Scutellaria lateriflora 1158. Scutellaria leonardi

1159. Scutellaria ovata 1160. Scutellaria parvula 1161. Stachys palustris subsp. versicolor LABIATAE-LEGUMINOSAE MAPS 1162-1170 215

1162. Stachys tenuifolia 1163. Teucrium canadense 1164. Amorpha canescens

1165. Amorpha fruticosa 1166. Amorpha nana 1167. Amphicarpaea bracteata

1168. Apios americana 1169. Astragalus adsurgens 1170. Astragalus agrestis var. robustior MAPS 1171-1179 LEGUMINOSAE 216

1171. Astragalus canadensis 1172. Astragalus crassicarpus 1173. Astragalus flexuosus

1174. Astragalus lotiflorus 1175. Astragalus missouriensis 1176. Astragalus neglectus

1177. Astragalus racemosus 1178. Astragalus tenellus 1179. Baptisia alba var. macrophylla LEGUMINOSAE MAPS 1180-1188 217

1180. Baptisia bracteata 1181. Chamaecrista fasciculata 1182. Coronilla varia var. glabrescens

1183. Crotalaria sagittalis 1184. Dalea leporina 1185. Desmanthus illinoensis

1186. Desmodium canadense 1187. Desmodium cuspidatum 1188. Desmodium glutinosum var. longifolium MAPS 1189-1197 LEGUMINOSAE

218

1189. Desmodium illinoense 1190. Desmodium nudiflorum 1191. Gleditsia triacanthos

1192. Glycyrrhiza lepidota 1193. Gymnocladus dioica 1194. Lathyrus japonicus var. glaber

1195. Lathyrus ochroleucus 1196. Lathyrus palustris 1197. Lathyrus venosus var. intonsus LEGUMINOSAE MAPS 1198-1206 219

1198. Lespedeza capitata 1199. Lespedeza capitata x 1200. Lespedeza leptostachya L. leptostachya

1201. Lotus corniculatus 1202. Lotus purshianus 1203. Lupinus perennis

1204. Lupinus polyphyllus 1205. Medicago lupulina 1206. Medicago sativa MAPS 1207-1215 LEGUMINOSAE 220

1207. Melilotus alba 1208. Melilotus officinalis 1209. Oxytropis campestris var. dispar

1210. Oxytropis lambertii 1211. Oxytropis viscida 1212. Petalostemon candidum

1213. Petalostemon occidentale 1214. Petalostemon purpureum 1215. Petalostemon villosum LEGUMINOSAE MAPS 1216-1224 221

1216. Psoralea argophylla 1217. Psoralea esculenta 1218. Psoralea tenuiflora

1219. Robinia pseudo-acacia 1220. Strophostyles helvula 1221. Strophostyles leiosperma

1222. Tephrosia virginiana 1223. Trifolium arvense 1224. Trifolium aureum MAPS 1225-1233 LEGUMINOSAE 222

1225. Trifolium campestre 1226. Trifolium hybridum 1227. Trifolium pratense

1228. Trifolium repens 1229. Vicia americana 1230. Vicia angustifolia

1231. Vicia cracca 1232. Vicia sativa 1233. Vicia villosa LEMNACEAE-LENTIBULARIACEAE MAPS 1234-1242 223

1234. Lemna minor 1235. Lemna trisulca 1236. Spirodela polyrhiza

1237. Wolffia columbiana 1238. Wolffia punctata 1239. Pinguicula vulgaris

1240. Utricularia cornuta 1241. Utricularia gibba 1242. Utricularia intermedia MAPS 1243-1251 LENTIBULARIACEAE-LILIACEAE 224

1243. Utricularia minor 1244. Utricularia resupinata 1245. Utricularia vulgaris

1246. Allium burdickii 1247. Allium canadense 1248. Allium cernuum

1249. Allium schoenoprasum 1250. Allium stellatum 1251. Allium textile var. sibiricum LILIACEAE MAPS 1252-1260 225

1252. Allium tricoccum 1253. Asparagus officinalis 1254. Clintonia borealis

1255. Erythronium albidum 1256. Erythronium americanum 1257. Erythronium propullans

1258. Hemerocallis fulva 1259. Lilium michiganense 1260. Lilium philadelphicum var. andinum MAPS 1261-1269 LILIACEAE 226

1261. Maianthemum canadense 1262. Polygonatum commutatum 1263. Polygonatum pubescens

1264. Smilacina racemosa 1265. Smilacina stellata 1266. Smilacina trifolia

1267. Smilax ecirrata 1268. Smilax herbacea 1269. Smilax hispida LILIACEAE MAPS 1270-1278 227

1270. Smilax illinoensis 1271. Smilax lasioneura 1272. Streptopus amplexifolius

1273. Streptopus roseus 1274. Tofieldia glutinosa 1275. Tofieldia pusilla var. longipes

1276. Trillium cernuum 1277. Trillium flexipes 1278. Trillium grandiflorum MAPS 1279-1287 LILIACEAE-LINACEAE 228

1279. Trillium nivale 1280. Uvularia grandiflora 1281. Uvularia sessilifolia

1282. Zigadenus elegans 1283. Floerkea proserpinacoides 1284. Linum lewisii Zigadenus glaucus

1285. Linum rigidum 1286. Linum sulcatum 1287. Linum usitatissimum LORANTHACEAE-MALVACEAE MAPS 1288-1296 22$

1288. Arceuthobium pusillum 1289. Ammannia coccinea 1290. Decodon verticillatus var. laevigatus

1291. Didiplis diandra 1292. Lythrum alatum 1293. Lythrum salicaria var. tomentosum

1294. Rotala ramosior 1295. Abutilon theophrasti 1296. Hibiscus trionum MAPS 1297-1305 MALVACEAE-MORACEAE

230

1297. Malva neglecta 1298. Malva rotundifolia 1299. Malva sylvestris

1300. Napaea dioica 1301. Sphaeralcea coccinea 1302. Menispermum canadense

1303. Menyanthes trifoliata 1304. Cannabis sativa 1305. Humulus lupulus var. minor MORACEAE-NYCTAGINACEAE MAPS 1306-1314 231

1306. Moms alba 1307. Morus rubra 1308. Comptonia peregrina

1309. Myrica gale 1310. Najas flexilis 1311. Najas gracillima

1312. Najas guadalupensis 1313. Najas marina 1314. Mirabilis hirsuta MAPS 1315-1323 NYCTAGINACEAE-NYMPHAEACEAE 232

1315. Mirabilis linearis 1316. Mirabilis nyctaginea 1317. Brasenia schreberi

1318. Nelumbo lutea 1319. Nuphar luteum 1320. Nuphar luteum subsp. pumilum subsp. variegatum

1321. Nymphaea odorata 1322. Nymphaea tetragona 1323. Nymphaea tuberosa OLEACEAE-ONAGRACEAE MAPS 1324-1332 233

1324. Fraxinus americana 1325. Fraxinus nigra 1326. Fraxinus pennsylvanica

1327. Calylophus serrulata 1328. Circaea alpina 1329. Circaea lutetiana subsp. canadensis

1330. Epilobium angustifolium 1331. Epilobium ciliatum 1332. Epilobium coloratum MAPS 1333-1341 ONAGRACEAE 234

1333. Epilobium glandulosum 1334. Epilobium leptophyllum 1335. Epilobium palustre

1336. Epilobium strictum 1337. Gaura biennis 1338. Gaura coccinea

1339. Ludwigia palustris 1340. Ludwigia polycarpa 1341. Oenothera biennis ONAGRACEAE-ORCHIDACEAE MAPS 1342-1350 235

1342. Oenothera clelandii 1343. Oenothera laciniata 1344. Oenothera nuttallii

1345. Oenothera oakesiana 1346. Oenothera parviflora 1347. Oenothera perennis

1348. Oenothera rhombipetala 1349. Oenothera villosa 1350. Amerorchis rotundifolia MAPS 1351-1359 ORCHIDACEAE 236

1351. Aplectrum hyemale 1352. Arethusa bulbosa 1353. Calopogon tuberosus

1354. Calypso bulbosa 1355. Coeloglossum viride 1356. Corallorhiza maculata var. amencana var. virescens

1357. Corallorhiza odontorhiza 1358. Corallorhiza striata 1359. Corallorhiza trifida ORCHIDACEAE MAPS 1360-1368

237

1360. Cypripedium acaule 1361. Cypripedium arietinum 1362. Cypripedium calceolus var. parviflorum

1363. Cypripedium calceolus 1364. Cypripedium candidum 1365. Cypripedium reginae var. pubescens

1366. Galearis spectabilis 1367. Goodyera pubescens 1368. Goodyera repens var. ophioides MAPS 1369-1377 ORCHIDACEAE 238

1369. Goodyera tesselata 1370. Liparis liliifolia 1371. Liparis loeselii

1372. Listera auriculata 1373. Listera convallarioides 1374. Listera cordata

1375. Malaxis monophylla 1376. Malaxis paludosa 1377. Malaxis unifolia var. brachypoda ORCHIDACEAE MAPS 1378-1386 239

1378. Platanthera clavellata 1379. Platanthera dilatata 1380. Platanthera flava var. herbiola

1381. Platanthera hooker! 1382. Platanthera hyperborea 1383. Platanthera lacera

1384. Platanthera obtusata 1385. Platanthera orbiculata 1386. Platanthera praeclara MAPS 1387-1395 ORCHIDACEAE-OROBANCHACEAE 240

1387. Platanthera psycodes 1388. Pogonia ophioglossoides 1389. Spiranthes cernua

1390. Spiranthes lacera 1391. Spiranthes magnicamporum 1392. Spiranthes romanzoffiana

1393. Orobanche fasciculata 1394. Orobanche ludoviciana 1395. Orobanche uniflora OXALIDACEAE-PLANTAGINACEAE MAPS 1396-1404 241

1396. Oxalis dillenii 1397. Oxalis montana 1398. Oxalis stricta

1399. Oxalis violacea 1400. Sanguinaria canadensis 1401. Phryma leptostachya

1402. Littorella americana 1403. Plantago aristata 1404. Plantago elongata MAPS 1405-1413 PLANTAGINACEAE-POLEMONIACEAE 242

1405. Plantago eriopoda 1406. Plantago lanceolata 1407. Plantago major

1408. Plantago patagonica 1409. Plantago psyIlium 1410. Plantago rugelii

1411. Plantago virginica 1412. Collomia linearis 1413. Phlox divaricata subsp. laphamii POLEMONIACEAE-POLYGALACEAE MAPS 1414-1422 243

1414. Phlox maculata 1415. Phlox paniculata 1416. Phlox pilosa subsp. fulgida

1417. Polemonium occidentale 1418. Polemonium reptans 1419. Polygala cruciata subsp. lacustre var. aquilonia

1420. Polygala paucifolia 1421. Polygala polygama 1422. Polygala sanguinea var. obtusata MAPS 1423-1431 POLYGALACEAE-POLYGONACEAE 244

1423. Polygala senega 1424. Polygala verticillata 1425. Eriogonum annuum var. isocycla

1426. Fagopyrum esculentum 1427. Polygonella articulata 1428. Polygonum achoreum

1429. Polygonum amphibium 1430. Polygonum arenastrum 1431. Polygonum arifolium var. stipulaceum var. pubescens POLYGONACEAE MAPS 1432-1440 245

1432. Polygonum aviculare 1433. Polygonum bungeanum 1434. Polygonum careyi

1435. Polygonum cilinode 1436. Polygonum coccineum 1437. Polygonum convolvulus

1438. Polygonum cristatum 1439. Polygonum douglasii 1440. Polygonum erectum MAPS 1441-1449 POLYGONACEAE 246

1441. Polygonum hydropiper 1442. Polygonum hydropiperoides 1443. Polygonum lapathifolium

1444. Polygonum pensylvanicum 1445. Polygonum persicaria 1446. Polygonum punctatum

1447. Polygonum ramosissimum 1448. Polygonum sagittatum 1449. Polygonum scabrum POLYGONACEAE MAPS 1450-1458 247

1450. Polygonum scandens 1451. Polygonum tenue 1452. Polygonum virginianum

1453. Polygonum viviparum 1454. Rumex acetosa 1455. Rumex acetosella

1456. Rumex altissimus 1457. Rumex crispus 1458. Rumex longifolius MAPS 1459-1467 POLYGONACEAE-PONTEDERIACEAE 248

1459. Rumex maritimus 1460. Rumex mexicanus 1461. Rumex obtusifolius var. fueginus

1462. Rumex orbiculatus 1463. Rumex patientia 1464. Rumex stenophyllus

1465. Rumex verticillatus 1466. Heteranthera dubia 1467. Heteranthera limosa PONTEDERIACEAE-POTAMOGETONACEAE MAPS 1468-1476 249

1468. Pontederia cordata 1469. Claytonia caroliniana 1470. Claytonia virginica

1471. Montia chamissoi 1472. Portulaca oleracea 1473. Talinum parviflorum

1474. Talinum rugospermum 1475. Potamogeton alpinus 1476. Potamogeton amplifolius MAPS 1477-1485 POTAMOGETONACEAE 250

1477. Potamogeton bicupulatus 1478. Potamogeton crispus 1479. Potamogeton diversifolius

1480. Potamogeton epihydrus 1481. Potamogeton filiformis 1482. Potamogeton foliosus

1483. Potamogeton friesii 1484. Potamogeton gramineus 1485. Potamogeton x haynesii POTAMOGETONACEAE MAPS 1486-1494 251

I486. Potamogeton illinoensis 1487. Potamogeton natans 1488. Potamogeton nodosus

1489. Potamogeton obtusifolius 1490. Potamogeton pectinatus 1491. Potamogeton praelongus

1492. Potamogeton pusillus 1493. Potamogeton pusillus 1494. Potamogeton richardsonii var. pusillus var. tenuissimus MAPS 1495-1503 POTAMOGETONACEAE-PRIMULACEAE 252

1495. Potamogeton robbinsii 1496. Potamogeton spirillus 1497. Potamogeton strictifolius

1498. Potamogeton vaginatus 1499. Potamogeton vaseyi 1500. Potamogeton zosteriformis

1501. Androsace occidentalis 1502. Androsace septentrionalis 1503. Dodecatheon amethystinum subsp. puberulenta PRIMULACEAE MAPS 1504-1512 253

1504. Dodecatheon meadia 1505. Glaux maritima 1506. Lysimachia ciliata

1507. Lysimachia hybrida 1508. Lysimachia nummularia 1509. Lysimachia quadriflora

1510. Lysimachia quadrifolia 1511. Lysimachia terrestris 1512. Lysimachia thyrsiflora MAPS 1513-1521 PRIMULACEAE-PYROLACEAE 254

1513. Primula mistassinica 1514. Trientalis borealis 1515. Chimaphila umbellata var. cisatlantica

1516. Moneses uniflora 1517. Monotropa hypopitys 1518. Monotropa uniflora

1519. Pyrola asarifolia 1520. Pyrola chlorantha 1521. Pyrola elliptica PYROLACEAE-RANUNCULACEAE MAPS 1522-1530 255

1522. Pyrola minor 1523. Pyrola rotundifolia 1524. Pyrola secunda var. americana

1525. Actaea pachypoda 1526. Actaea rubra 1527. Anemone canadensis

1528. Anemone caroliniana 1529. Anemone cylindrica 1530. Anemone multifida MAPS 1531-1539 RANUNCULACEAE 256

1531. Anemone quinquefolia 1532. Anemone riparia 1533. Anemone virginiana var. bifolia

1534. Anemonella thalictroides 1535. Aquilegia canadensis 1536. Caltha natans

1537. Caltha palustris 1538. Clematis occidentalis 1539. Clematis virginiana RANUNCULACEAE MAPS 1540-1548 257

1540. Coptis groenlandica 1541. Delphinium virescens 1542. Hepatica acutiloba

1543. Hepatica americana 1544. Hydrastis canadensis 1545. Isopyrum biternatum

1546. Myosurus minimus 1547. Pulsatilla nuttalliana 1548. Ranunculus abortivus MAPS 1549-1557 RANUNCULACEAE 258

1549. Ranunculus acris 1550. Ranunculus aquatilis 1551. Ranunculus circinatus var. capillaceus var. subrigidus

1552. Ranunculus cymbalaria 1553. Ranunculus fascicularis 1554. Ranunculus flabellaris

1555. Ranunculus flammula 1556. Ranunculus gmelini 1557. Ranunculus hispidus var. caricetorum RANUNCULACEAE MAPS 1558-1566 259

1558. Ranunculus hispidus 1559. Ranunculus lapponicus 1560. Ranunculus longirostris var. nitidus

1561. Ranunculus macounii 1562. Ranunculus pensylvanicus 1563. Ranunculus recurvatus

1564. Ranunculus repens 1565. Ranunculus rhomboideus 1566. Ranunculus sceleratus MAPS 1567-1575 RANUNCULACEAE-ROSACEAE 260

1567. Thalictrum dasycarpum 1568. Thalictrum dioicum 1569. Thalictrum venulosum

1570. Ceanothus americanus 1571. Ceanothus herbaceus 1572. Rhamnus alnifolia

1573. Rhamnus catharticus 1574. Rhamnus frangula 1575. Agrimonia gryposepala ROSACEAE MAPS 1576-1584 261

1576. Agrimonia striata 1577. Amelanchier alnifolia 1578. Amelanchier arborea

1579. Amelanchier bartramiana 1580. Amelanchier humilis 1581. Amelanchier huronensis

1582. Amelanchier interior 1583. Amelanchier intermedia 1584. Amelanchier laevis MAPS 1585-1593 ROSACEAE 262

1585. Amelanchier mucronata 1586. Amelanchier sanguinea 1587. Amelanchier stolonifera

1588. Amelanchier wiegandii 1589. Aronia melanocarpa 1590. Chamaerhodos nuttallii

1591. Crataegus calpodendron 1592. Crataegus chrysocarpa 1593. Crataegus douglasii ROSACEAE MAPS 1594-1602 263

1594. Crataegus faxoni 1595. Crataegus faxoni 1596. Crataegus irrasa var. faxoni var. praetermissa

1597. Crataegus laurentiana 1598. Crataegus macracantha 1599. Crataegus macracantha var. brunetiana var. macracantha var. pertomentosa

1600. Crataegus mollis 1601. Crataegus pedicellate 1602. Crataegus punctata var. albicans MAPS 1603-1611 ROSACEAE 264

1603. Crataegus roanensis 1604. Crataegus roanensis 1605. Crataegus scabrida var. fluviatilis var. roanensis var. asperifolia

1606. Crataegus succulenta 1607. Fragaria vesca 1608. Fragaria virginiana subsp. americana

1609. Geum aleppicum 1610. Geum canadense 1611. Geum laciniatum var. strictum var. trichocarpum ROSACEAE MAPS 1612-1620 265

1612. Geum macrophyllum 1613. Geum rivale 1614. Geum triflorum var. perincisum

1615. Physocarpus opulifolius 1616. Potentilla anserina 1617. Potentilla argentea

1618. Potentilla arguta 1619. Potentilla bipinnatifida 1620. Potentilla effusa MAPS 1621-1629 ROSACEAE 266

1621. Potentilla finitima 1622. Potentilla fruticosa 1623. Potentilla gracilis

1624. Potentilla intermedia 1625. Potentilla nicolletii 1626. Potentilla norvegica

1627. Potentilla palustris 1628. Potentilla paradoxa 1629. Potentilla pensylvanica ROSACEAE MAPS 1630-1638 267

1630. Potentilla recta 1631. Potentilla rivalis 1632. Potentilla simplex Potentilla millegrana Potentilla pentandra

1633. Potentilla tridentata 1634. Prunus americana 1635. Prunus nigra

1636. Prunus pensylvanica 1637. Prunus pumila 1638. Prunus serotina MAPS 1639-1647 ROSACEAE 268

1639. Primus virginiana 1640. Pyrus ioensis 1641. Pyrus malus

1642. Rosa acicularis 1643. Rosa arkansana 1644. Rosa blanda subsp. sayi

1645. Rosa macounii 1646. Rubus acaulis 1647. Rubus acridens ROSACEAE MAPS 1648-1656 269

1648. Rubus allegheniensis 1649. Rubus canadensis 1650. Rubus chamaemorus

1651. Rubus flagellaris 1652. Rubus folioflorus 1653. Rubus groutianus

1654. Rubus latifoliolus 1655. Rubus minnesotanus 1656. Rubus multifer MAPS 1657-1665 ROSACEAE 270

1657. Rubus occidentalis 1658. Rubus parviflorus 1659. Rubus pensilvanicus

1660. Rubus pubescens 1661. Rubus recurvans 1662. Rubus rosendahlii

1663. Rubus semisetosus 1664. Rubus strigosus 1665. Rubus vermontanus ROSACEAE-RUBIACEAE MAPS 1666-1674 271

1666. Sorbaria sorbifolia 1667. Sorbus americanus 1668. Sorbus aucuparia

1669. Sorbus decora 1670. Spiraea alba 1671. Spiraea tomentosa var. rosea

1672. Waldsteinia fragarioides 1673. Cephalanthus occidentalis 1674. Galium aparine MAPS 1675-1683 RUBIACEAE 272

1675. Galium asprellum 1676. Galium boreale 1677. Galium brevipes subsp. septentrionale

1678. Galium concinnum 1679. Galium labradoricum 1680. Galium obtusum

1681. Galium tinctorium 1682. Galium trifidum 1683. Galium triflorum RUBIACEAE-SALICACEAE MAPS 1684-1692 273

1684. Galium verum 1685. Hedyotis longifolia 1686. Mitchella repens

1687. Ruppia occidentalis 1688. Zanthoxylum americanum 1689. Populus balsamifera

1690. Populus deltoides 1691. Populus grandidentata 1692. Populus x jackii subsp. monilifera MAPS 1693-1701 SALICACEAE 274

1693. Populus x smithii 1694. Populus tremuloides 1695. Salix alba

1696. Salix amygdaloides 1697. Salix bebbiana 1698. Salix Candida

1699. Salix discolor 1700. Salix eriocephala 1701. Salix exigua SALICACEAE MAPS 1702-1710 275

1702. Salix gracilis 1703. Salix humilis 1704. Salix lucida

1705. Salix nigra 1706. Salix pedicellaris 1707. Salix pellita var. hypoglauca

1708. Salix planifolia 1709. Salix pyrifolia 1710. Salix serissima MAPS 1711-1719 SANTALACEAE-SAXIFRAGACEAE 276

1711. Comandra umbellata 1712. Geocaulon lividum 1713. Sarracenia purpurea

1714. Chrysosplenium americanum 1715. Chrysosplenium iowense 1716. Heuchera richardsonii

1717. Mitella diphylla 1718. Mitella nuda 1719. Parnassia glauca SAXIFRAGACEAE MAPS 1720-1728 277

1720. Parnassia palustris 1721. Ribes americanum 1722. Ribes cynosbati var. neogaea

1723. Ribes glandulosum 1724. Ribes hirtellum 1725. Ribes hudsomanum

1726. Ribes lacustre 1727. Ribes missouriense 1728. Ribes nigrum MAPS 1729-1737 SAXIFRAGACEAE 278

1729. Ribes odoratum 1730. Ribes oxyacanthoides 1731. Ribes ru bruin

1732. Ribes triste 1733. Saxifraga aizoon 1734. Saxifraga cernua var. neogaea

1735. Saxifraga pensylvanica 1736. Saxifraga virginiensis 1737. Sullivantia renifolia SAXIFRAGACEAE-SCROPHULARIACEAE MAPS 1738-1746 279

1738. Tiarella cordifolia 1739. Agalinis aspera 1740. Agalinis auriculata

1741. Agalinis gattingeri 1742. Agalinis paupercula 1743. Agalinis purpurea

1744. Agalinis tenuifolia 1745. Aureolaria grandiflora 1746. Aureolaria pedicularia var. pulchra MAPS 1747-1755 SCROPHULARIACEAE 280

1747. Bacopa rotundifolia 1748. Besseya bullii 1749. Castilleja coccinea

1750. Castilleja septentrionalis 1751. Castilleja sessiliflora 1752. Chaenorrhinum minus

1753. Chelone glabra 1754. Digitalis lanata 1755. Euphrasia hudsoniana var. ramosior SCROPHULARIACEAE MAPS 1756-1764 281

1756. Gratiola neglecta 1757. Limosella aquatica 1758. Linaria canadensis

1759. Linaria genistifolia 1760. Linaria vulgaris 1761. Lindernia anagallidea

1762. Lindernia dubia 1763. Melampyrum lineare 1764. Mimulus glabratus var. fremontii MAPS 1765-1773 SCROPHULARIACEAE 282

1765. Mimulus ringens 1766. Orthocarpus luteus 1767. Pedicularis canadensis

1768. Pedicularis lanceolata 1769. Penstemon albidus 1770. Penstemon digitalis

1771. Penstemon gracilis 1772. Penstemon grandiflorus 1773. Penstemon pallidus SCROPHULARIACEAE MAPS 1774-1782 283

1774. Scrophularia lanceolata 1775. Scrophularia marilandica 1776. Verbascum thapsus

1777. Veronica americana 1778. Veronica arvensis 1779. Veronica catenata

1780. Veronica longifolia 1781. Veronica officinalis 1782. Veronica peregrina MAPS 1783-1791 SCROPHULARIACEAE-SOLANACEAE 284

1783. Veronica scutellata 1784. Veronica serpyllifolia 1785. Veronicastrum virginicum

1786. Chamaesaracha grandiflora 1787. Physalis heterophylla 1788. Physalis virginiana

1789. Solanum carolinense 1790. Solanum dulcamara 1791. Solanum ptychanthum SOLANACEAE-SPARGANIACEAE MAPS 1792-1800 285

1792. Solanum rostratum 1793. Sparganium americanum 1794. Sparganium androcladum

1795. Sparganium angustifolium 1796. Sparganium chlorocarpum 1797. Sparganium eurycarpum

1798. Sparganium fluctuans 1799. Sparganium glomeratum 1800. Sparganium minimum MAPS 1801-1809 STAPHYLEACEAE-ULMACEAE 286

1801. Staphylea trifolia 1802. Dirca palustris 1803. Tilia americana

1804. Typha angustifolia 1805. Typha latifolia 1806. Celtis occidentalis

1807. Ulmus americana 1808. Ulmus pumila 1809. Ulmus rubra ULMACEAE-UMBELLIFERAE MAPS 1810-1818 287

1810. Ulmus thomasii 1811. Angelica atropurpurea 1812. Berula pusilla var. occidentalis

1813. Carum carvi 1814. Cicuta bulbifera 1815. Cicuta maculata

1816. Cryptotaenia canadensis 1817. Cymopteris acaulis 1818. Daucus carota MAPS 1819-1827 UMBELLIFERAE 288

1819. Eryngium yuccifolium 1820. Heracleum lanatum 1821. Hydrocotyle americana

1822. Lomatium orientale 1823. Osmorhiza chilensis 1824. Osmorhiza claytonii

1825. Osmorhiza longistylis 1826. Osmorhiza obtusa 1827. Oxypolis rigidior UMBELLIFERAE MAPS 1828-1836 289

1828. Pastinaca sativa 1829. Polytaenia nuttallii 1830. Sanicula canadensis

1831. Sanicula gregaria 1832. Sanicula marilandica 1833. Sanicula trifoliata

1834. Sium suave 1835. Taenidia integerrima 1836. Thaspium barbinode MAPS 1837-1845 UMBELLIFERAE-VALERIANACEAE 290

1837. Zizia aptera 1838. Zizia aurea 1839. Boehmeria cylindrica

1840. Laportea canadensis 1841. Parietaria pensylvanica 1842. Pilea fontana

1843. Pilea pumila 1844. Urtica dioica 1845. Valeriana edulis subsp. gracilis subsp. ciliata VALERIANACEAE-VIOLACEAE MAPS 1846-1854 291

1846. Valeriana officinalis 1847. Phyla lanceolata 1848. Verbena bracteata

1849. Verbena hastata 1850. Verbena simplex 1851. Verbena stricta

1852. Verbena urticifolia 1853. Viola adunca 1854. Viola affinis MAPS 1855-1863 VIOLACEAE 292

1855. Viola canadensis 1856. Viola conspersa 1857. Viola cucullata var. rugulosa

1858. Viola incognita 1859. Viola labradorica 1860. Viola lanceolata

1861. Viola macloskeyi 1862. Viola missouriensis 1863. Viola nephrophylla subsp. pallens VIOLACEAE MAPS 1864-1872 293

1864. Viola novae-angliae 1865. Viola nuttallii 1866. Viola pedata

1867. Viola pedatifida 1868. Viola pratincola 1869. Viola pubescens

1870. Viola renifolia 1871. Viola sagittata 1872. Viola selkirkii MAPS 1873-1881 VIOLACEAE-ZANNICHELLIACEAE 294

1873. Viola sororia 1874. Viola tricolor 1875. Parthenocissus inserta

1876. Parthenocissus quinquefolia 1877. Vitis aestivalis 1878. Vitis riparia var. argentifolia

1879. Xyris montana 1880. Xyris torta 1881. Zannichellia palustris var. major Index to Genera and to Common Names

Latin names of families are printed in boldface capital letters. Generic names are printed in boldface, upper- and lowercase, except synonyms, which are printed in italic. Common names of families, genera, and species are printed in roman type. Numbers without parentheses are page numbers in the checklist; numbers with parentheses are map numbers in the atlas.

Abies, 6 (104) Speckled, 10 (184) Carolina, 66 (1528) Artichoke, Jerusalem, 22 (450) Absinthium, 18 (346) Alexanders, 76, 78 (1811, False Rue-, 66 (1545) Arum, Water-, 9 (157) Abutilon, 56 (1295) 1837-1838) Rue-, 66 (1534) Arum Family , 9 (154-158) Acalypha, 35 (849) Golden, 78 (1838) Wood, 66 (1531) Asarum, 9 (164) ACANTHACEAE, 7 (113) Heart-Leaved, 78 (1837) Anemonella, 66, (1534) ASCLEPIADACEAE, 9 Acanthus Family, 7 (113) Alfalfa, 52 (1206) Anethum, 76 (165-177) Acer, 7 (114-119) Alisma, 7 (122-124) Angelica, 76 (1811) Asclepias, 9, 81 (165-177) ACERACEAE, 7 (114-119) ALISMATACEAE, 7 (122-131) Anice-Root, 77 (1825) Ash, 58 (1324-1326) Acerates, 9 Alkali-Grass, 44 (1043) Antennaria, 18 (335-340) Black, 58 (1325) Achillea, 17 (327-329) Alkanet, 10 Anthemis, 18 (341-342) European Mountain, 70 (1668) Acnida, 8 Alliaria, 27 Anthriscus, 77 Green, 58 (1326) Aconite, 65 Allionia, 57, 58 APIACEAE, 8, 76 Mountain-, 70 (1667-1669) Aconitum, 65 Allium, 54 (1246-1252) Apios, 51 (1168) Northern Prickly, 71 (1688) Acorus, 9 (154) Alnus, 10 (184-185) Aplectrum, 59 (1351) Prickly, 71 (1688) Acroptilon, 17, 20 Alopecurus, 38 (901-903) Aplopappus, 18 Red, 58 (1326) Actaea, 66 (1525-1526) Althaea, 56 APOCYNACEAE, 8 (148-151) Water-, 71 Adam-and-Eve, 59 (1351) Alumroot, 72 (1716) Apocynum, 8 (148-151) White, 58 (1324) Adder's-Mouth, 60 (1375-1377) Alyssum, 27 Apple, 69 (1641) Asparagus, 54 (1253) Bog, 60 (1376) Hoary, 28 (566) Balsam, 10 (604) Garden-, 54 (1253) Green, 60 (1377) Small, 27 May-, 10 (183) Aspen, 71 (1691, 1694) White, 60 (1375) Sweet, 29 Apple-of-Peru, 75 Large-Toothed, 71 (1691) Adder's-Tongue, 4 (44) Amaranth, 8 (132-138) AQUIFOLIACEAE, 9 (152-153) Quaking, 71 (1694) Adder's-Tongue Family, 4 Amaranth Family, 8 (132-139) Aquilegia, 66, 81 (1535) Trembling, 71 (1694) (33-44) AMARANTHACEAE, 8 Arabis, 27 (554-562) Asperula, 71 Adenocaulon, 17 (132-139) ARACEAE, 9 (154-158) Asphodel, False, 55 (1274-1275) ADIANTACEAE, 4 Amaranthus, 8, 81 (132-138) Aralia, 9 (159-161) ASPLENIACEAE, 4 Adiantum, 4 (48) AMARYLLIDACEAE, 8 (140) ARALIACEAE, 9 (159-163) Asplenium, 4 (49-50) Adlumia, 36 (869) Amaryllis Family, 8 (140) Arbor Vitae, 6 (103) Aster, 19, 24, 25, 81 (353-378) Adoxa, 7 (120) Ambrosia, 17, 18, 21 (331-333) Arbutus, Trailing, 35 (835) Aromatic, 19 (369) ADOXACEAE, 7 (120) Amelanchier, 68, 81 Arceuthobium, 56 (1288) Azure, 19 (371) Aegopodium, 76 (1577-1588) Arctium, 18 (343-344) Big-Leaved, 19 (366) Aethusa, 76 Amerorchis, 59, 60 (1350) Arctostaphylos, 35 (833) Crooked, 19 (373) Agalinis, 73, 74 (1739-1744) Ammannia, 56 (1289) Arenaria, 14 (259-261) Drummond's, 19 (358) Agastache, 48 (1132-1134) Ammophila, 38 (904) Arethusa, 59 (1352) Flat-Top, 19 (378) Ageratina, 21 Amorpha, 51 (1164-1166) Arisaema, 9 (155-156) Golden, 22 (452) Agoseris, 17, 24 (330) Amphicarpaea, 51 (1167) Aristida, 38 (907-911) Hairy, 19 (372) Agrimonia, 68, 81 (1575-1576) ANACARDIACEAE, 8 ARISTOLOCfflACEAE, 9 Heart-Leaved, 19 (356) Agrimony, 68 (1575-1576) (141-147) (164) Heath-, 19 (359) Agrohordeum, 38, 40 (890) Anacharis, 46 Armoracea, 27 (563) Lindley's, 19 (355) Agropyron, 38 (891-894) Anagallis, 64 Arnica, 18 (345) New England, 19 (368) Agrostemma, 14 (258) Anaphalis, 18 (334) Aronia, 68, 69 (1589) Ontario, 19 (370) Agrostis, 38 (895-900) Anchusa, 10 Arrhenatherum, 38 (912) Panicled, 19 (363) AIZOACEAE, 7 (121) Andromeda, 35 (832) Arrow-Grass, 48 (1130-1131) Purple-Stemmed, 19 (374-375) Alcea, 56 Andropogon, 38, 44 (905-906) Arrow-Grass Family, 48 Rush, 19 (353) Alder, 10 (184-185) Androsace, 64 (1501-1502) (1129-1131) Short's, 19 (377) Black, 9 (152) Northern, 65 (1502) Arrowhead, 7 (126-131) Silky, 19 (376) Dwarf-, 67 (1572) Western, 65 (1501) Arrow-Wood, 13 (254-257) Smooth, 19 (362) Green, 10 (185) Anemone, 66, 67 (1527-1533) Downy, 13 (256) Western Heath-, 19 (360) Mountain, 10 (185) Canada, 66 (1527) Artemisia, 18 (346-352) ASTERACEAE, 9, 17 INDEX 296

Astragalus, 51, 81 (1169-1178) Bent Grass, 38 (895-900) Canada, 44 (1030) Bulbostylis, 30 (606) Athyrium, 5 (51-53) BERBERIDACEAE, 10 Kentucky, 44 (1037) Bulrush, 33 (795-815) Atriplex, 15, 81 (297) (180-183) Blue-Joint, 39 (929) Hard-Stem, 33 (795) Aureolaria, 73, 81 (1745-1746) Berberis, 10 (180) Bluestem, Big, 38 (905) Prairie-, 34 (808) Avena, 39, 41 (913-914) Bergamot, 49(1148-1149) Little, 44 (1046) River-, 34 (801) Avens, 69 (1609-1614) Wild, 49(1148) Bluet, Mountain-, 20 Slender, 34 (804) Purple-, 69 (1614) Berteroa, 28 (566) Blueweed, 11 (200) Soft-Stem, 34 (815) Water-, 69 (1613) Berula, 77 (1812) Boehmeria, 78 (1839) Bunch-Grass, Feather, 45 (1066) White, 69 (1610) Besseya, 73 (1748) Bogbean, 57 (1303) Burdock, 18 (343-344) Yellow, 69 (1609) Betula, 10 (186-193) Bog-Cotton, 33 (782-788) Common, 18 (343) Awlwort, 30 (602) BETULACEAE, 10, 27 Bog-Laurel, 35 (839) Hairy, 18 (344) Axyris, 16 (298) (184-197) Bog-Rosemary, 35 (832) Bur-Marigold, 19 (380-386) Azolla, 6 (97) Bidens, 19, 24 (380-386) Boltonia, 20 (387) Burning Bush, 15 (294) Bignonia Family, 10 Boneset, 21 (423-428) Bur-Reed, 76 (1793-1800) Baby's Breath, 14 (267) BIGNONIACEAE, 10 False, 23 (462) Branching, 76 (1794) Bachelor's Button, 20 Bilberry, 35 (841-847) Upland, 21 (428) Floating, 76 (1798) Bacopa, 73 (1747) Alpine, 35 (846) Borage, 10 Giant, 76 (1797) Balsam, 10 (178-179) Dwarf-, 35 (842) Borage Family, 10 (198-217) Green-Fruited, 76 (1796) BALSAMEVACEAE, 10 Bindweed, 26 (531-533) BORAGINACEAE, 10 Narrow-Leaved, 76 (1795) (178-179) Black, 63 (1437) (198-217) Nuttall's, 76 (1793) Baneberry, 66 (1525-1526) Field-, 26 (531) Borago, 10 Small, 76 (1800) Red, 66 (1526) Hedge-, 26 (532) Botrychium, 4 (33-43) Bur-Reed Family, 76 White, 66 (1525) Low, 26 (533) Bottle-Brush Grass, 40 (952) (1793-1800) Baptisia, 51 (1179-1180) Birch, 10 (186-193) Bouncing Bet, 14 (273) BUTOMACEAE, 12 (218) Barbarea, 28 (564-565) Bog-, 10 (188) Bouteloua, 39 (916-918) Butomus, 12 (218) Barberry, 10 (180) Canoe-, 10 (190) Box-Elder, 7 (114) Butter-and-Eggs, 74 (1760) Japanese, 10 (180) Heart-Leaved, 10 (187) Box Family, 12 Buttercup, 67 (1548-1566) Barberry Family, 10 (180-183) Paper-, 10 (190) Brachyactis, 19 Creeping, 67 (1564) Barley, 41 (976-977) Purpus, 10 (191) Brachyeltrum, 39 (919) Early, 67 (1553) Little, 41 (977) Red, 10 (189) Bracken, 6 (85) Kidneyleaf, 67 (1548) Barnyard-Grass, 40 (947) Rosendahl, 10 (192) Eastern, 6 (85) Prairie-, 67 (1565) Bartonia, 37 (875) Sandberg, 10 (193) Bramble, 70 (1646-1665) Swamp-, 67 (1557-1558) Virginia, 37 (875) Swamp-, 10 (188) Brasenia, 58 (1317) Tall, 67 (1549) Basil, Wild, 50(1155) Yellow, 10 (186) Brassica, 28 (567-570) Butterfly-Weed, 9 (175) Basswood, 76 (1803) Birch Family, 10 (184-197) BRASSICACEAE, 11,27 Butternut, 47 (1100) Beachgrass, 38 (904) Bird's-Eye, 75 Brauneria, 21 Butterwort, 54 (1239) Beach-Pea, 52 (1194) Birthwort Family, 9 (164) Breadroot, 53 (1217) Buttonbush, 70 (1673) Beak-Rush, 33 (792-794) Bishop's-Cap, 72 (1717-1718) Brickellia, 23 BUXACEAE, 12 Bean, Sacred, 58 (1318) Bitternut, 47 (1098) Bristle-Grass, Bur, 45 (1052) Wild, 53 (1220-1221) Bittersweet, 15, 76 (293, 1790) Green, 45 (1053) Cacalia, 20 (388-390) Bean Family, 51 (1164-1233) Climbing, 15 (293) Brome, Hungarian, 39 (921) CACTACEAE, 12 (219-221) Bearberry, 35 (833) Blackberry, Smooth, 70 (1649) Smooth, 39 (921) Cactus Family, 12 (219-221) Beardgrass, 38, 44 (905-906, Blackberry Lily, 47 Brome-Grass, 39 (920-927) CAESALPINACEAE, 12 1046) Bladder-Fern, 5 (58-63) Bromus, 39, 81 (920-927) Calamagrostis, 39 (929-934) Beard-Tongue, 74 (1769-1773) Bladdernut, 76 (1801) Brooklime, American, 75 (1777) Calamintha, 50 Beckmannia, 39 (915) Bladdernut Family, 76 (1801) Broom-rape, 61 (1393-1395) Calamovilfa, 39 (935) Bedstraw, 70 (1674-1684) Bladderwort, 54 (1240-1245) Broom-rape Family, 61 Calla, 9 (157) Northern, 71 (1676) Bladderwort Family, 54 (1393-1395) CALLITRICHACEAE, 12 Rough, 71 (1675) (1239-1245) Buchloe, 39 (928) (222-224) Sweet-scented, 71 (1683) Blanket-Flower, 21 (431) Buckbean, 57 (1303) Callitriche, 12 (222-224) Yellow, 71 (1684) Blazing Star, 23 (469-473) Buckbean Family, 57 (1303) Calopogon, 59 (1353) Beech, Blue, 10 (194) Blephila, 48(1135) Buckthorn, 67 (1572-1574) Caltha, 66 (1536-1537) Beech Family, 36 (862-868) Blite, Coast, 16 (303) Alder-, 67 (1574) Calylophus, 58, 59 (1327) Beech-Fern, 6 (86-88) Bloodroot, 61 (1400) Common, 67 (1573) Calypso, 59 (1354) Broad, 6 (86) Bluebead-Lily, 54 (1254) Buckthorn Family, 67 Camelina, 28, 81 (571) Long, 6(88) Bluebell, 12 (228) (1570-1574) Campanula, 12 (225-228) Beggar's Lice, 11 (201-202) Virginia, 11 (210) Buckwheat, 62 (1426) CAMPANULACEAE, 12, 56 Beggar-Ticks, 19, 20 (380-386) Bluebell Family, 12 (225-236) Climbing False-, 63 (1450) (225-236) Belamcanda, 47 Bluebells, 11 (209-210) Buckwheat Family, 62 Campion, 14 (275-284) Bellflower, 12 (225-228) Blueberry, 35 (841-847) (1425-1465) Bladder, 15 (284) Clustered, 12 Lowbush, 35 (841) Buffalo-Berry, 34 (826) Snowy, 15 (281) Eastern Marsh-, 12 (226) Velvet-Leaf, 35 (844) Buffalo-Bur, 76 (1792) Starry, 15 (283) Rover, 12 (227) Bluebottle, 20 Buffalo Grass, 39 (928) White, 14 (280) Tall, 12 (225) Bluebuttons, 34 (819) Bugle-Weed, 49 (1142-1145) Camptosorus, 5 (54) Bellis, 19 (379) Blue Cohosh, 10 (181) Bugloss, Small, 10 Canary-Grass, 43 (1022-1023) Bells-of-Ireland, 49 Blue-Eyed Grass, 47 (1095-1097) Viper's, 11 (200) Reed, 43 (1022) Bellwort, 55 (1280-1281) Blue Grass, 44 (1026-1042) Bugseed, 16 (306-308) Cancer-Root, One-flowered, 61 Bent, Creeping, 38 (900) Annual, 44 (1027) Bulbet-Fern, 5 (58) (1395) INDEX 297

CANNABINACEAE, 12 Chamaedaphne, 35 (834) Purple, 5 (80) Autumn, 59 (1357) Cannabis, 57 (1304) Chamaerhodos, 68 (1590) Slender, 5 (57) Early, 59 (1359) Caper Family, 13 (237-238) Chamaesaracha, 75 (1786) Smooth, 5 (81) Spotted, 59 (1356) CAPPARACEAE, 13 (237-238) Chamomile, 18 (341-342) Clinopodium, 50 Striped, 59 (1358) CAPPARTOACEAE, 13 Stinking, 8 (341) Clintonia, 54 (1254) Cord-Grass, 45 (1055-1056) CAPRIFOLIACEAE, 13 Wild, 24 (475) Cloudberry, 70 (1650) Alkali, 45 (1055) (239-257) Yellow, 18 (342) Clover, 53 (1223-1228) Prairie, 45 (1056) Capsella, 28 (572) Chamomilla, 20, 24 (394-395) Alsike, 53 (1226) Coreopsis, 21 (407-409) Caragana, 51 Charlock, 28 (568) Bush-, 52 (1198-1200) Coriospermum, 16 (306-308) Caraway, 77 (1813) Jointed, 29 Crimson, 53 CORNACEAE, 27 (543-548) Cardamine, 28 (573-576) Cheat, 39 (926) Hop-, 53 (1224-1225) Corn-Cockle, 14 (258) Cardaria, 28 Checkerberry, 35 (837) Prairie-, 53 (1212-1215) Cornel, 27 (543-548) Cardinal-Flower, 12 (229) Cheeses, 56 (1297-1298) Rabbitfoot-, 53 (1223) Cornflower, 20 Carduus, 20 (391-392) Cheilanthes, 5 (55-56) Red, 53 (1227) Corn-Spurrey, 15 Carex, 30 (607-749) Chelidonium, 61 Stinking, 13 Cornus, 27 (543-548) Carnation, 14 (266) Chelone, 74 (1753) Sweet, 52 (1207-1208) Coronilla, 51 (1182) Carpenter's-Square, 74 (1775) CHENOPODIACEAE, 15 Water-, 4 (32) Corydalis, 36 (870-872) Carpetweed, 7 (121) (297-315) White, 53 (1228) Golden, 36 (870) Carpetweed Family, 7 (121) Chenopodium, 16, 81 (299-305) White Sweet, 52 (1207) Pale, 36 (872) Carpinus, 10 (194) Cherry, 69 (1636-1639) Yellow Sweet, 52 (1208) CORYLACEAE, 27 Carrot, 77 (1818) Black, 69 (1638) Clubmoss, 3 (17-31) Corylus, 10 (195-196) Wild, 77 (1818) Choke-, 69 (1639) Bog-, 4 (26) Coryphantha, 12 (219) Carum, 77 (1813) Pin-, 69 (1636) Bristly, 3 (17) Cotton-Grass, 33 (782-788) Carya, 47 (1098-1099) Sand-, 69 (1637) Fir-, 4 (30) Cottonweed, 8 (139) CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 13 Chervil, 77 Running, 4 (22) Cottonwood, 71 (1690) (258-292) Wild, 77 (1816) Shining, 4 (27) Cowbane, 77 (1827) Cashew Family, 8 (141-147) Chess, 39 (926) Clubmoss Family, 3 (17-31) Cowherb, 15 (292) Cassia, 51 Chickweed, 15 (285-291) Cockle, Corn-, 14 (258) Cow-Parsnip, 77 (1820) Castilleja, 73 (1749-1751) Common, 15 (291) Purple, 14 (258) Cowslip, 65, 66 (1513, Catalpa, 10 Field-, 14 (262) Red, 14 1536-1537) Chinese, 10 Forked, 14 (269-270) Sticky, 15 (282) American, 65 (1503-1504) Catawba-Tree, 10 Giant-, 14 (268) White, 14 (280) Virginia, 11 (210) Catbrier, 55 (1267-1271) Indian, 7 (121) Cocklebur, 26 (530) Cow-Wheat, 74 (1763) Catchfly, 14 (275-284) Mouse-ear, 14 (262-265) Coeloglossum, 59, 60 (1335) Crab, Siberian, 69 Forking, 14 (278) Chicory, 20 (397) Coffee, Wild, 13 (253) Wild, 69 (1640) Garden, 14 (276) Common, 20 (397) Cogswellia, 77 Crab-Grass, 40 (943-944) Night-Flowering, 15 (282) Chimaphila, 65 (1515) Collomia, 61 (1412) Cranberry, 35 (841-847) Sleepy, 14 (275) Chinquapin, Water-, 58 (1318) Coltsfoot, 26 American, 35 (843) Sweet-william, 14 (276) Chiogenes, 35 Sweet, 24 (479-481) High-bush, 13 (257) Catchfly-Grass, 42 (979) Chives, 54 (1249) Columbine, 66 (1535) Large, 35 (843) Catfoot, 22 (434) Chokecherry, 68 (1589) Comandra, 72 (1711) Mountain-, 35 (847) Catmint, 49 (1150) Black, 68 (1589) Northern, 72 (1712) Small, 35 (845) Catnip, 49(1150) Christmas-Fern, 6 (83) Comfrey, 11 Cranesbill, 37 (887-889) Cat-Tail, 76 (1804-1805) Chrysanthemum, 20 (396) Common, 11 CRASSULACEAE, 27 Broad-Leaved, 76 (1805) Chrysopsis, 20, 22 Northern Wild, 11 (198) (549-553) Narrow-Leaved, 76 (1804) Chrysosplenium, 72 (1714-1715) Prickly, 11 Crataegus, 68 (1591-1606) Cat-Tail Family, 76 (1804-1805) Cichorium, 20 (397) Commelina, 17 (322-323) Crepis, 21 (410-411) Caulophyllum, 10 (181) Cicuta, 77 (1814-1815) COMMELINACEAE, 17 Cress, Austrian, 29 Ceanothus, 67 (1570-1571) Cinna, 39 (937-938) (322-326) Bitter, 28 (573-576) Cedar, Eastern Red, 6 (102) Cinnamon-Fern, 4 (45) Compass-Plant, 25 (502) Creeping Yellow, 29 White, 6 (103) Cinquefoil, 69 (1616-1623) COMPOSITAE, 9, 17 (327-530) Field-, 29 (291) Celandine, 61 Old-Field, 69 (1632) Composite Family, 17 (327-530) Garden-, 29 CELASTRACEAE, 15 Marsh-, 69 (1627) Comptonia, 57 (1308) Hoary, 28 (293-294) Shrubby, 69 (1622) Coneflower, 24 (489-491) Lake-, 28 Celastrus, 15 (293) Silvery, 69 (1617) Prairie-, 24 (487-488) Marsh-, 29 (597-598) Celtis, 76 (1806) Tall, 69 (1618) Purple, 21 (413) Penny-, 30 (603) Cenchrus, 39 (936) Circaea, 58 (1328-1329) Conringia, 28 Rock-, 27 (554-562) Centaurea, 17, 20 (393) Cirsium, 20 (398-404) Convallaria, 54 Sand-, 27 (561) Centaurium, 37 (876) CISTACEAE, 17 (316-321) CONVOLVULACEAE, 26 Spring-, 28 (573) Centaury, 37 (876) Cladium, 32 (750) (531-542) Winter-, 28 (564-565) Cephalanthus, 70 (1673) Clammy weed, 13 (237-238) Convolvulus, 26 (531-533) Yellow, 29 (597-598) Cerastium, 14 (262-265) Claytonia, 64 (1469-1470) Conyza, 20 (405-406) Crested Fern, 5 (66) Ceratocephalus, 66, 67 Clearweed, 78 (1842-1843) Coolwort, 72 (1717) Cristatella, 13 CERATOPHYLLACEAE, 15 Cleavers, 70, 71 (1674-1684) Coontail, 15 (295-296) Critesion, 41 (295-296) Clematis, 66 (1538-1539) Coptis, 66 (1540) Crotalaria, 51 (1183) Ceratophyllum, 15 (295-296) Purple, 66 (1538) Coralberry, 13 (252) Crowberry, 34 (830-831) Chaenorrhinum, 73 (1752) Cleome, 13 Corallorhiza, 59 (1356-1359) Black, 35 (831) Chamaecrista, 51 (1181) Cliff-Brake, 5 (57, 80-81) Coral-Root, 59 (1356-1359) Purple, 34 (830) INDEX 298

Crowberry Family, 34 (830-831) Datura, 75 Dragonhead, 48 (1136) Eriochloa, 41 (964) Crowfoot, 67 (1548-1566) Daucus, 77 (1818) American, 48 (1136) Eriogonum, 62 (1425) Bristly, 67 (1562) Dayflower, 17 (322-323) False, 49 (1151) Eriophorum, 33 (782-788) Cursed, 67 (1566) Day-Lily, 54 (1258) Dragon's-Mouth, 59 (1352) Erodium, 37 Seaside, 67 (1552) Orange, 54 (1258) Dropseed, 45 (1059-1063) Erucastrum, 29 (585) Small Yellow Water-, 67 Yellow, 54 Northern, 45 (1061) Eryngium, 77 (1819) (1556) Dead Nettle, 49 Prairie-, 45 (1061) Eryngo, 77 (1819) White Water-, 67 (1550-1551, Death Camas, 55 (1282) Sand-, 45 (1060) Erysimum, 29 (586-588) 1560) Decodon, 56 (1291) Drosera, 34 (820-823) Erythronium, 54 (1255-1257) Yellow Water-, 67 (1554) Delphinium, 66 (1541) DROSERACEAE, 34 (820-823) Euonymus, 15 (294) Crowfoot Family, 65 DENNSTAEDTIACEAE, 4 Dryopteris, 5, 6 (64-73) Eupatoriadelphus, 21 (1525-1569) Dentaria, 28 (577) Duck-Potato, 8 (130) Eupatorium, 21 (423-428) Crown-Vetch, 51 (1182) Deschampsia, 40 (941-942) Duckweed, 54 (1234-1236) Euphorbia, 26, 81 (850-861) CRUCIFERAE, 11,27 Descurainia, 28 (578-580) Greater, 54 (1236) EUPHORBIACEAE, 35 (554-603) Desmanthus, 52 (1185) Lesser, 54 (1234) (849-861) Crunchweed, 28 (568) Desmodium, 52 (1186-1190) Star-, 54 (1235) Euphrasia, 74 (1755) Cryptogramma, 5 (57) Dewberry, Common Eastern, 70 Duckweed Family, 54 Euthamia, 21, 25 (429-430) Cryptotaenia, 77 (1816) (1651) (1234-1238) Evening-Primrose, 59 Cuckoo-Flower, 28 (576) Dianthus, 14 (266) Dulichium, 32 (765) (1341-1349) Cucumber, Bur-, 30 (605) Dicentra, 36 (873-874) Dutchman's Breeches, 36 (874) Evening-Primrose Family, 58 Wild, 30 (604) Dichanthelium, 43 Dyssodia, 21 (412) (1327-1349) CUCURBITACEAE, 30 Didiplis, 56 (1291) Everlasting, 18, 22 (334-340, (604-605) Diervilla, 13 (239) Echinacea, 21 (413) 434-436) Cudweed, 22 (434-436) Digitalis, 74 (1754) Echinochloa, 40 (947-949) Pearly, 18 (334) Low, 22 (435) Digitaria, 40 (943-944) Echinocystis, 30 (604) Eyebright, 74 (1755) Culver's-Root, 75 (1785) Dill, 76 Echium, 11 (200) Cupgrass, 41 (964) Dioscorea, 34 (818) Eclipta, 21 (414) FABACEAE, 36, 51 Cup-Plant, 25 (503) AMARYLLIDACEAE, 8 (140) Eelgrass, 46 (1081) FAGACEAE, 36 (862-868) CUPRESSACEAE, 6 (100-103) DIOSCOREACEAE, 34 (818) ELAEAGNACEAE, 34 Fagopyrum, 62 (1426) Currant, 72 (1721-1732) Diplachne, 40, 42 (95) (824-827) False Asphodel, 55 (1274-1275) Black, 72 (1728) Diplasiastrum, 3 Elaeagnus, 34 (824-825) False Boneset, 23 (462) Bristly Black, 72 (1726) Diplotaxis, 28 ELATINACEAE, 34 (828-829) False Dragonhead, 49 (1151) Buffalo-, 72 (1729) DIPSACACEAE, 34 (819) Elatine, 34 (828-829) False Foxglove, 73 (1739-1746) Golden, 72 (1729) Dipsacus, 34 Elder, 13 (248-249) False Indigo, 51 (1165, Northern Black, 72 (1725) Dirca, 76 (1802) Box-, 7 (114) 1179-1180) Red, 73 (1731) Distichlis, 40 (946) Common, 13 (248) False Mermaid, 55 (1283) Skunk-, 72 (1723) Ditch-Grass, 71 (1687) Marsh-, 23 (460) False Mermaid Family, 55 (1283) Swamp, 72 (1726) Ditch-Grass Family, 71 (1687) Red-berried, 13 (249) False Pimpernel, 74 (1761-1762) Swamp Red, 73 (1732) Dock, 63 (1454-1465) Elecampane, 23 Fameflower, 64 (1473-1474) Wild Black, 72 (1721) Bitter, 63 (1461) Eleocharis, 32 (766-781) Felwort, 37 (882) Cuscuta, 26 (534-542) Blunt-Leaved, 63 (1461) Eleusine, 40 Fennel, Hog-, 77 (1827) Cut Grass, 42 (979-981) Curled, 63 (1457) Ellisia, 46 (1082) Fern, Beech-, 6 (86-88) Cycloloma, 16 (309) Golden, 63 (1459) Elm, 76 (1807-1810) Bladder-, 5 (58-63) Cymopteris, 77 (1817) Pale, 63 (1456) American, 76 (1807) Braun's Holly-, 6 (84) Cynoglossum, 11 (198-199) Patience, 63 (1463) Cork, 76 (1810) Broad Beech-, 6 (86) CYPERACEAE, 30 (606-817) Swamp-, 63 (1465) Red, 76 (1809) Bulbet-, 5 (58) Cyperus, 32, 81 (751-764) Water-, 63 (1462, 1465) Rock-, 76 (1810) Christmas-, 6 (83) Awned, 32 (752) Willow-Leaved, 63 (1460) Siberian, 76 (1808) Cinnamon-, 4 (45) Fragrant, 32 (760) Yellow, 63 (1457) Slippery, 76 (1809) Crested, 5 (66) Cypress, Summer, 16 (310) Dodder, 26 (534-542) White, 76 (1807) Dissected Grape-, 4 (34) Cypress Family, 6 (100-103) Dodecatheon, 65 (1503-1504) Elm Family, 76 (1806-1810) Fragile, 5 (59) Cypress-Spurge, 36 (852) Dogbane, 8 (148-151) Elodea, 46 (1079-1080) Fragrant, 5 (68) Cypripedium, 59 (1360-1365) Dogbane Family, 8 (148-151) Elsholtzia, 48 Glandular Wood-, 5 (70) Cystopteris, 5 (58-63) Dogfennel, 18 (341-342) Elymus, 38, 40, 41 (950-957) Goldie's, 5 (69) Dogmint, 50(1155) EMPETRACEAE, 34 (830-831) Grape-, 4 (33-43) Dactylis, 39 (939) Dogtooth Violet, 54 (1255-1257) Empetrum, 34 (830-831) Hairy Lip-, 5 (56) Daisy, English 19 (379) Minnesota, 54 (1257) Enchanter's Nightshade, 58 Interrupted, 4 (46) Ox-Eye, 20 (396) White, 54 (1255) (1328-1329) Lady-, 5 (51-52) Daisy-Fleabane, 21 (417, 422) Yellow, 54 (1256) Epigaea, 35 (835) Lance-Leaved Grape-, 4 (35) Dalea, 51 (1184) Dogwood, 27 (543-548) Epilobium, 58 (1330-1336) Leathery Grape-, 4 (40) Foxtail-, 51 (1184) Gray-bark, 27 (546) EQUISETACEAE, 3 (1-13) Lip-, 5 (55-56) Dame's Rocket, 29 (589) Pagoda-, 27 (543) Equisetum, 3 (1-13) Long Beech-, 6 (88) Dandelion, 26 (525-526) Panicled, 27 (546) Eragrostis, 40 (958-963) Maidenhair-, 4 (48) Common, 26 (526) Round-Leaved, 27 (547) Erechtites, 21 (415) Marginal, 5 (71) Dwarf, 23 (461) Silky, 27 (544) ERICACEAE, 35, 65 (832-847) Marsh-, 6 (87) False, 17 (330) Dogwood Family, 27 (543-548) Erigeron, 20, 21 (416-422) Matricary Grape-, 4 (37) Red-seeded, 26 (525) Draba, 28 (581-584) ERIOCAULACEAE, 35 (848) Mosquito-, 6 (97) Danthonia, 40 (940) Dracocephalum, 48, 49 (1136) Eriocaulon, 35 (848) Northern Oak-, 5 (77) INDEX 299 Oak-, 5 (74-77) Giant-, 45 (1049) Glade-Mallow, 57 (1300) Green Bristle-, 45 (1053) Ostrich-, 5 (78) Green, 45 (1053) Glasswort, 16 (312) Indian-, 45 (1054) Rattlesnake-, 4 (43) Yellow, 45 (1050) Glaux, 65 (1505) June-, 41, 44 (978, 1037) Royal, 4 (47) Foxtail-Grass, Bristly, 44 Glechoma, 48 (1138) Manna-, 41 (970-973) Sensitive, 5 (79) (1049-1053) Gleditsia, 52 (1191) Marsh-, 45 (1055-1056) Shield-, 5, 6 (64-73, 83-84) Fragaria, 68 (1607-1608) Glyceria, 41, 45 (970-973) Meadow-, 44 (1026-1042) Slender Lip-, 5 (55) Fragile Fern, 5 (59) Glycyrrhiza, 52 (1192) Melic, 42 (984) Small Grape-, 4 (42) Fragrant Fern, 5 (68) Gnaphalium, 22 (434-436) Muhly, 42 (987-996) Spreading Wood-, 5 (67) Frangula, 67 Goafs-Beard, 26 (527-528) Needle-, 45 (1064-1066) Sweet, 57 (1308) Franseria, 18, 21 Golden-glow, 24 (490) Needle and Thread, 45 (1064) Walking, 5 (54) Fraxinus, 58 (1324-1326) Goldenrod, 25 (504-519) Nut, 32 (751-764) Water-, 6 (97) Froelichia, 8 (139) Golden-Seal, 66 (1544) Nuttall Alkali-, 44 (1043) Wood-, 5 (64-73) Frog's-Bit Family, 46 Goldie's Fern, 5 (69) Oat-, 38, 41 (912, 974) Fescue, 41 (965-969) (1079-1081) Goldthread, 66 (1540) Orchard-, 39 (939) Hard, 41 (967) Frostweed, 17 (317) Goodyera, 60 (1367-1369) Panic, 42 (1001-1020) Meadow-, 41 (968) Fumaria, 36 Gooseberry, 72 (1721-1732) Porcupine-, 45 (1064-1066) Nodding, 41 (966) FUMARIACEAE, 36 (869-874) Missouri, 72 (1727) Poverty-, 38, 45 (908, 1063) Prickle, 44 (1047) Fumewort, Slender, 36 (871) Prickly, 72 (1722) Prairie Cord-, 45 (1056) Red, 41 (969) Fumitory, 36 Goosefoot, 16 (299-305) Quack, 38 (892) Sheep-, 41 (967) Climbing, 36 (869) Oak-leaved, 16 (302) Rattlesnake-, 41 (971) Six-Weeks, 46 (1070) Common, 36 Goosefoot Family, 15 (297-315) Reed-, 39 (929-935) Tall, 41 (965) Fumitory Family, 36 (869-874) Goose-Grass, 40 Reed Canary-, 43 (1022) Festuca, 41, 46 (965-969) Gourd Family, 30 (604-605) Rice-, 42 (997-1000) Feverwort, 13 (253) Gaillardia, 21 (431) Goutweed, 76 Rice-Cut, 42 (980) Figwort, 74 (1774-1775) Galearis, 60 (1366) Grama, Side-Oats, 39 (916) Rough-Stalked Meadow-, 44 Figwort Family, 73 (1739-1785) Galeopsis, 48 (1137) Grama-Grass, 39 (916-918) (1041) Filipendula, 68 Galinsoga, 22 (432-433) GRAMINEAE, 37, 61 Rush-, 45 (1059-1063) Fimbristylis, 33 (789-790) Galium, 70, 81 (1674-1684) (890-1071) Salt-, 40 (946) Fir, 6 (104) Garlic, 54 (1246-1252) Grape, 79 (1877-1878) Salt-Meadow, 40 (945) Balsam-, 6 (104) Nodding Wild, 54 (248) Frost-, 79 (1878) Sand-, 45 (1068) Douglas, 7 Wild, 54 (1247) River-Bank, 79 (1878) Satin-, 42 (987-996) Fireweed, 21, 58 (415, 1330) Garlic-Mustard, 27 Summer-, 79 (1877) Scorpion-, 11 (211-214) Flag, 47 (1093-1094) Gaultheria, 35 (836-837) Grape Family, 79 (1875-1878) Scratch-, 42 (987) Blue, 47 (1093) Gaura, 59 (1337-1338) Grape-Fern, 4 (33-43) Silk-, 42 (998) Southern Blue, 47 (1094) Gayfeather, 23 (469-473) Dissected, 4 (34) Slender Wheat-, 38 (894) Sweet, 9 (154) Gaylussacia, 35 (838) Lance-Leaved, 4 (35) Slough-, 39, 45 (915, 1056) Yellow, 47 Gentian, 37 (877-881) Leathery, 4 (40) Spear-, 44 (1037) Flax, 56 (1284-1287) Bottle-, 37 (879) Matricary, 4 (37) Squirrel-Tail, 41 (976) Common, 56 (1287) Closed, 37 (879, 881) Small, 4 (42) Star-, 8 (140) False, 28 (571) Fringed, 37 (884-885) Grass, Alkali-, 44 (1043) Sweet, 41 (975) Flax Family, 56 (1284-1287) Horse-, 13 (253) Alkali Cord-, 45 (1055) Switch, 43 (1018) Fleabane, 21 (416-422) Prairie, 37 (880) American Slough-, 39 (915) Tall Melic, 42 (984) Daisy-, 21 (417, 422) Rose-stemmed, 37 (881) Arrow-, 48 (1130-1131) Tall Oat-, 38 (912) Marsh, 25 (494) Spurred, 37 (886) Barnyard-, 40 (947) Tickle, 38 (896) Floating Fern Family, 6 (97) Yellowish, 37 (878) Bent, 38 (895-900) Torrey's Manna-, 45 (1067) Floerkea, 55 (1283) Gentian Family, 36 (875-886) Blue, 44 (1026-1042) Triple-Awned, 38 (907-911) Flower, Blanket-, 21 (431) Gentiana, 37, 81 (877-881) Blue-Eyed, 47 (1095-1097) Tumble, 41,44(962, 1044) Cardinal, 12 (229) GENTIANACEAE, 36 Bottle-Brush, 40 (952) Vanilla-, 41 (975) Cuckoo-, 28 (576) (875-886) Bristly Foxtail-, 44 Wedge-, 45 (1057-1058) Spider-, 13 Gentianella, 37 (882-883) (1049-1053) Western Wheat-, 38 (893) Flowering Fern Family, 4 Gentianopsis, 37 (884-885) Brome-, 39 (920-927) Wheat-, 38 (891-894) (45-47) Geocaulon, 72 (1712) Buffalo, 39 (928) White, 42 (979-981) Flowering Rush, 12 (218) GERANIACEAE, 37 (887-889) Bur Bristle-, 45 (1052) Whitlow-, 28 (581-584) Flowering Rush Family, 12 (218) Geranium, 37 (887-889) Canary-, 43 (1022-1023) Wild Oat-, 40 (940) Flower-of-an-hour, 56 (1296) Wild, 37 (889) Catchfly-, 42 (979) Wire-, 44 (1030) Fluminea, 44 Geranium Family, 37 (887-889) Cord-, 45 (1055-1056) Witch-, 43 (1002) Foamflower, 73 (1738) Gerardia, 73, 74 Cotton-, 33 (782-788) Yard-, 40 Forget-me-not, 11 (211-214) Germander, 50 (1163) Crab-, 40 (943-944) Yellow-Eyed, 79 (1879-1880) Garden, 11 American, 50 (1163) Creeping Bent, 38 (900) Yellow Nut-, 32 (756) Smaller, 11 (212) Geum, 69 (1609-1614) Crested Wheat, 38 (891) Grass Family, 37 (890-1071) True, 11 (213) Giant-Hyssop, 48 (1132-1134) Cut, 42 (979-981) Grass-of-Parnassus, 72 Four-o'clock, Wild, 58 (1316) Gitia, 61 Early Scorpion-, 11 (214) (1719-1720) Four-o'clock Family, 57 Gill-on-the-ground, 48 (1138) Fall Witch-, 42 (982) Grass-Pink, 59 (1353) (1314-1316) Ginger, Wild, 9 (164) False Melic, 44 (1045) Gratiola, 74 (1756) Foxglove, 74 (1754) Ginseng, 9 (162-163) Feather Bunch-, 45 (1066) Greenbrier, 55 (1267-1271) False, 73 (1739-1744) American, 9 (162) Fowl Meadow-, 44 (1036) Green Dragon, 9 (155) Foxtail, 38 (901-903) Dwarf-, 9 (163) Goose-, 40 Grindelia, 22 (437) Bristly, 45 (1052) Ginseng Family, 9 (159-163) Grama-, 39 (916-918) Gromwell, 11 (205-208) INDEX

300

American, 11 (208) Heteranthera, 63 (1466-1467) Humulus, 57 (1305) Jimsonweed, 75 False, 11 (215-216) Heterotheca, 20, 22 (452) Huperzia, 3 Joe-Pye Weed, 21 (424, 426) GROSSULARIACEAE, 46 Heuchera, 72 (1716) Hydrastis, 66 (1544) Jointweed, 62 (1427) Ground-Cedar, 4 (23, 31) Hibiscus, 56 (1296) HYDROCHARITACEAE, 46 JUGLANDACEAE, 47 Ground-Cherry, 75 (1787-1788) Hickory, 47 (1098-1099) (1079-1081) (1098-1101) Large White-flowered, 75 Pignut, 47 (1098) Hydrocotyle, 77 (1821) Juglans, 47(1100-1101) (1786) Shellbark, 47 (1099) HYDROPHYLLACEAE, 46 Jumpseed, 63 (452) Ground Ivy, 48 (1138) Hieracium, 23 (453-459) (1082-1085) JUNCACEAE, 47 (1102-1128) Ground-Juniper, 6 (100) Hierochloe, 41 (975) Hydrophyllum, 47 (1083-1084) JUNCAGINACEAE, 48 Groundnut, 51 (1168) High-bush Cranberry, 13 (257) HYPERICACEAE, 47 (1129-1131) Ground-Nut, 9 (163) HIPPURIDACEAE, 46 (1078) (1086-1092) Juncus, 47, 81 (1102-1124) Ground-Pine, 4 (28) Hippuris, 46 (1078) Hypericum, 47 (1086-1091) Juneberry, 68 (1577-1588) Round-branched, 4 (24) Hoary Pea, 53 (1222) Hypoxis, 8 (140) Low, 68 (1580) Ground-Plum, 51 (1172) Hog-Peanut, 51 (1167) Hyssop, 49 June-Grass, 41, 44 (978, 1037) Groundsel, 24 (492-500) Holly, 9 (152) Fragrant Giant-, 48 (1132) Juniper, 6 (100-102) Common, 25 (500) Mountain, 9 (153) Giant-, 48(1132-1134) Creeping, 6 (101) Gumweed, 22 (437) Holly Family, 9 (152-153) Hedge-, 74 (1756) Ground-, 6 (100) Gymnocarpium, 5 (74-77) Holly-Fern, Braun's, 6 (84) Purple Giant-, 48 (1134) Juniperis, 6 (100-102) Gymnocladus, 52 (1193) Hollyhock, 56 Water-, 73 (1747) Gypsophila, 14 (267) Honesty, 29 Yellow Giant-, 48 (1133) Kalmia, 35 (839) Honewort, 77 (1816) Hyssopus, 48, 49 Kentucky Coffee-Tree, 52 (1193) Habenaria, 59, 60 Honey Locust, 52 (1191) Hystrix, 40, 41 King-Devil, 23 (457) Hackberry, 76 (1806) Honeysuckle, 13 (241-247) Kitten-Tail, 73 (1748) Hackelia, 11, 81 (201-202) Bush-, 13 (239) Ilex, 9 (152) Knapweed, Russian, 20 Hairgrass, 38, 40 (896, 898, Fly-, 13 (241) Ilysanthes, 74 Spotted, 20 (393) 941-942) Grape-, 13 (245) Impatiens, 10 (178-179) Knautia, 34 (819) Common, 40 (942) Hairy, 13 (243) Indian-Grass, 45 (1054) Knawel, 14 (274) Tufted, 40 (941) Mountain Fly-, 13 (247) Indian Hemp, 8 (148-151) Knotweed, 62, 63 (1428-1453) Halenia, 37 (886) Swamp Fly-, 13 (244) Indian-Lovegrass, 41 Bushy, 63 (1447) HALORAGACEAE, 46 Tatarian, 13 (246) Indian-Mallow, 56 (1295) Japanese, 63 (1072-1076) Wild, 13 (242) Indian Millet, 42 (998) Kochia, 16 (310) HAMAMELIDACEAE, 46 Honeysuckle Family, 13 Indian-Mustard, 28 (567) Koeleria, 41 (978) (1077) (239-257) Indian-Paintbrush, 73 Krigia, 23 (461) Hamamelis, 46 (1077) Hop, 57 (1305) (1749-1751) Kuhnia, 23 (462) Haplopappus, 22 (438) Common, 57 (1305) Indian-Pipe, 65 (1517-1518) Hardhack, 70 (1671) Hop-Hornbeam, 10 (197) Indian-Plantain, 20 (388-390) LABIATAE, 48, 51 (1132-1163) Harebell, 12 (228) American, 10 (197) Great, 20 (388) Labrador-Tea, 35 (840) Hawk's Beard, 21 (410-411) Hop-Tree, 71 Pale, 20 Lactuca, 23, 81 (463-467) Hawkweed, 23 (453-459) Hordeum, 41 (976-977) Indian-Tobacco, 12 (231) Ladies' Tobacco, 18 (335-340) Orange, 23 (453) Horehound, 49 Indian Turnip, 9 (155-156) Ladies'-Tresses, 60 (1389-1392) Hawthorn, 68 (1591-1606) Common, 49 Indigo, False, 51 (1165, Great Plains, 60 (1391) Hazel, Witch-, 46 (1077) Water-, 49 (1142-1145) 1179-1180) Hooded, 60 (1392) Hazelnut, 10 (195-196) Hornbeam, 10 (194) Fragrant False, 51 (1166) Nodding, 60 (1389) American, 10 (195) American, 10 (194) Wild, 51 Northern Slender, 60 (1390) Beaked, 10 (196) Hop-, 10 (197) Wild False, 51 (1179) Lady-Fern, 5 (51-52) Heath Family, 35 (832-847) Horned Pondweed, 79 (1881) Interrupted Fern, 4 (46) Lady-Slipper, 59 (1360-1365) Hedeoma, 49(1139) Horned Pondweed Family, 79 Inula, 23 Large Yellow, 60 (1363) Hedge-Nettle, 50 (1161-1162) (1881) lodanthus, 29 (590) Ram's-Head, 59 (1361) Hedyotis, 71 (1685) Hornwort, 15 (295-296) Ipomoea, 26 Showy, 60 (1365) Helenium, 22 (439) Hornwort Family, 15 (295-296) IRIDACEAE, 47 (1093-1097) Small Yellow, 60 (1362) Helianthemum, 17 (316-317) Horse-Gentian, 13 (253) Iris, 47 (1093-1094) Stemless, 59 (1360) Helianthus, 22, 81 (440-450) Horsemint, 49 (1148-1149) Iris Family, 47 (1093-1097) White, 60 (1364) Helictotrichon, 39, 41 (974) Horse-Nettle, 76 (789) Ironweed, 26 (529) Lady's-Thumb, 63 (1445) Heliopsis, 22 (451) Horseradish, 28 (563) Ironwood, 10 (197) Lamb's Quarters, 16 (299) Heliotrope, Garden, 78 (1846) Horsetail, 3 (1-13) Isanthus, 49(1140) LAMIACEAE, 48, 51 Hemerocallis, 54 (1258) Field-, 3 (1) ISOETACEAE, 3 (14-16) Lamium, 49 Hemicarpha, 33 (791) Marsh-, 3 (8) Isoetes, 3 (14-16) Laportea, 78 (1840) Hemlock, 7(111) Meadow-, 3 (9) Isopyrum, 66 (1545) Lappula, 11 (203-204) Water-, 77 (1814-1815) Water-, 3 (3) Iva, 23 (460) Lapsana, 23 (468) Hemp, 57 (1304) Woodland-, 3 (11) Ivy, Ground-, 48 (1138) Larch, 6 (105) Bog-, 78 (1839) Horsetail Family, 3 (1-13) Poison, 8 (144-145) American, 6 (105) Indian, 8 (148-151) Horseweed, 20 (405) European, 6 Water-, 8 (137) Hound's Tongue, 11 (198-199) Jack-in-the-Pulpit, 9 (156) Larix, 6 (105) Hemp-Nettle, 48(1137) Common, 11 (199) Jacob's-Ladder, 62 (1417-1418) Larkspur, 66 (1541) Henbit, 49 Houstonia, 71 Jeffersonia, 10 (182) Lasallea, 19 Hepatica, 66 (1542-1543) Huckleberry, 35 (838) Jerusalem Artichoke, 22 (450) Lathyrus, 52 (1194-1197) Heracleum, 77 (1820) Black, 35 (838) Jerusalem Oak, 16 Laurel, American, 35 (839) Hesperis, 29 (589) Hudsonia, 17 (318) Jewelweed, 10 (178-179) Bog-, 35 (839) INDEX 301 Leadplant, 51 (1164) Lithospermum, 11 (205-208) Malaxis, 60 (1375-1377) Melandrium, 14, 15 Leafcup, 24 (482) Littorella, 61 (1402) Mallow, 56 (1297-1299) Melic Grass, 42 (984) Leather-Leaf, 35 (834) Live-forever, 27 (552) Common, 56 (1297) False, 44 (1045) Leatherwood, 76 (1802) Liverleaf, 66 (1542-1543) Curled, 56 Melica, 42 (984) Lechea, 17 (319-321) Lobelia, 12 (229-234) False, 57 (1301) Melilotus, 52, 81 (1207-1208) Ledum, 35 (840) Great, 12 (233) Glade-, 57 (1300) MENISPERMACEAE, 57 Leek, 54 (1246-1252) Pale-spike, 12 (234) High, 56 (1299) (1302) Wild, 54 (1246, 1252) Water-, 12 (230) Indian-, 56 (1295) Menisperimim, 57 (1302) Leersia, 42 (979-981) LOBELIACEAE, 56 Rose-, 56 (1296) Mentha, 49 (1146-1147) LEGUMINOSAE, 12, 36, 51, Lobularia, 29 Scarlet, 57 (1301) MENYANTHACEAE, 36, 57 57, 61 (1164-1233) Loco Weed, 53 (1209-1211) Mallow Family, 56 (1295-1301) (1303) Lemna, 54 (1234-1235) Locust, 53 (1219) Maltese Cross, 14 Menyanthes, 57 (1303) LEMNACEAE, 54 (1234-1238) Black, 53 (1219) Malus, 69 Mermaid, False, 55 (1283) Lemon-Lily, 54 Honey, 52 (1191) Malva, 56 (1297-1299) Mertensia, 11 (209-210) LENTmULARIACEAE, 54 Prickly, 53 MALVACEAE, 56 (1295-1301) Mezereum Family, 76 (1802) (1239-1245) Lolium, 42 (983) Malvastrum, 57 Microseris, 24 Leonurus, 49 (1141) Lomatium, 77 (1822) Mammillaria, 12 Milfoil, 17 (327) Lepidium, 29 (591-593) Lonicera, 13 (241-247) Mandrake, 10 (183) Water-, 46 (1072-1076) Leptochloa, 40, 42 Loosestrife, 56, 65 (1292-1293, Manna-Grass, 41 (970-973) Milium, 42 (985) Leptoloma, 42 (982) 1506-1512) American, 41 (972) Milk-Vetch, 51 (1169-1178) Lespedeza, 52 (1198-1200) Creeping, 65 (1508) Fowl, 41 (973) Cooper's, 51 (1176) Lesquerella, 29 (594) False, 59 (1339-1340) Northern, 41 (970) Loose-Flowered, 51 (1178) Lettuce, 23 (463-467) Fringed, 65 (1506) Tall, 41 (972) Milkweed, 9 (165-177) Blue, 23 (466) Purple, 56 (1293) Torrey's, 45 (1067) Common, 9 (174) Prickly, 23 (467) Swamp-, 56, 65(1290, 1511) Maple, 7(114-119) Swamp-, 9 (168) White, 24 (483) Tufted, 65 (1512) Black, 7 (115) Milkweed Family, 9 (165-177) Wild, 23 (464) Whorled, 65 (1510) Hard, 7 (118) Milkwort, 62 (1419-1424) Leymus, 40 Winged-angled, 56 (1292) Mountain-, 7 (119) Cross-leaved, 62 (1419) Liatris, 23 (469-473) Yellow, 65 (1511) Red, 7 (116) Fringed, 62 (1420) Licorice, 52(1192) Loosestrife Family, 56 Siberian, 7 Purple, 62 (1422) Wild, 52 (1192) (1289-1294) Silver, 7 (117) Racemed, 62 (1421) Lilac, 58 Lophotocarpus, 7 (125) Soft, 7 (117) Sea-, 65 (1505) Common, 58 Lopseed, 61 (1401) Sugar, 7(118) Whorled, 62 (1424) Persian, 58 Lopseed Family, 61 (1401) Maple Family, 7(114-119) Milkwort Family, 62 (1419-1424) LILIACEAE, 54 (1246-1282) LORANTHACEAE, 56, 79 Mare's-Tail, 46 (1078) Millet, Common, 43 (1014) Lilium, 54 (1259-1260) (1288) Mare's-Tail Family, 46 (1078) Foxtail, 45 (1051) Lily, 54 (1259-1260) Lotus, 52 (1201-1202) Marginal Fern, 5 (71) German, 45 (1051) Blackberry, 47 American, 58 (1318) Marigold, Bur-, 19 (380-386) Hungarian, 45 (1051) Bluebead-, 54 (1254) Lousewort, 74 (1767-1768) Fetid, 21 (412) Indian, 42 (998) Corn-, 54 (1254) Lovegrass, 40 (958-963) Marsh-, 66 (1536-1537) Wood, 42 (985) Day-, 54 (1258) Indian-, 41 Water-, 24 (476) Mimosa, Prairie-, 52 (1185) Lemon-, 54 Love-in-a-Mist, 67 Marijuana, 57 (1304) MIMOSACEAE, 57 Michigan, 55 (1259) Ludwigia, 59 (1339-1340) Marrubium, 49 Mimulus, 74 (1764-1765) Tiger-, 54 Lunaria, 29 Marsh-Elder, 23 (460) Mint, 49(1146-1147) Trout-, 54 (1255-1257) Lungwort, 11 (209-210) Marsh-Fern, 6 (87) Field-, 49 (1146) White Water-, 58 (1321-1323) Tall, 11 (209) Marsh-Grass, 45 (1055-1056) Mountain-, 50 (1153) Wood-, 55 (1260) Lupine, 52 (1203-1204) Marsh-Marigold, 66 (1536-1537) Wood-, 48(1135) Yellow Pond-, 58 (1319-1320) Wild, 52 (1203) Marsh-Vetchling, 52 (1196) Mint Family, 48 (1132-1163) Yellow Water-, 58 (1319-1320) Lupinus, 52 (1203-1204) Marsilea, 4 (32) Mirabilis, 57 (1314-1316) Lily Family, 54 (1246-1282) Luzula, 48 (1125-1128) MARSILEACEAE, 4 (32) Miscanthus, 42 (986) Lily-of-the-Valley, 54 Lychnis, 14, 15 Matricaria, 20, 24 (475) Mistletoe, Dwarf, 56 (1288) Wild, 55 (1261) Lycium, 75 Matrimony-Vine, 75 Mistletoe Family, 56 (1288) LIMNANTHACEAE, 55 (1283) LYCOPODIACEAE, 3 (17-31) Common, 75 Mitchella, 71 (1686) Limosella, 74 (1757) Lycopodiella, 3 Matteuccia, 5 (78) Mitella, 72 (1717-1718) LINACEAE, 56 (1284-1287) Lycopodium, 3 (17-31) May-Apple, 10 (183) Mitrewort, 72 (1717-1718) Linaria, 73, 74 (1758-1760) Lycopsis, 10, 11 Mayflower, Canada, 55 (1261) Moccasin-Flower, 59 Linden, 76 (1803) Lycopus, 49(1142-1145) Meadow-Grass, 44 (1026-1042) (1360-1365) American, 76 (1803) Lygodesmia, 23, 25 (474) Fowl, 44 (1036) Mollugo, 7 (121) Linden Family, 76 (1803) Lysimachia, 65 (1506-1512) Rough-Stalked, 44 (1041) Molucella, 49 Lindernia, 74 (1761-1762) LYTHRACEAE, 56 (1289-1294) Meadow-Rue, 67 (1567-1569) Monarda, 49(1148-1149) Linnaea, 13 (240) Lythrum, 56 (1292-1293) Early, 67 (1568) Dotted, 49 (1149) Linum, 56 (1284-1287) Tall, 67 (1567) Moneses, 65 (1516) Liparis, 60 (1370-1371) Machaeranthera, 22, 23 Veiny, 67 (1569) Moneywort, 65 (1508) Lip-Fern, 5 (55-56) Macuillamia, 73 Medicago, 52 (1205-1206) Monkey-Flower, 74 (1764-1765) Hairy, 5 (56) Madder Family, 70 (1673-1686) Medick, 52 (1205-1206) Monkshood, 65 Slender, 5 (55) Madia, 24 Black, 52 (1205) Garden, 66 Lippia, 78 Maianthemum, 55 (1261) Megalodonta, 19, 24 (476) Monniera, 73 Listera, 60 (1372-1374) Maidenhair-Fern, 4 (48) Melampyrum, 74 (1763) Monolepis, 16 (311) INDEX 302 Monotropa, 65 (1517-1518) Najas, 57 (1310-1313) Olive Family, 58 (1324-1326) Pansy, 79 (1874) MONOTROPACEAE, 57 Nannyberry, 13 (255) ONAGRACEAE, 58 Wild, 78 Montia, 64 (1471) Napaea, 56 (1300) (1327-1349) Papaver, 61 Moonseed, 57 (1302) Nasturtium, 29 (595-596) Onion, 54 (1246-1252) PAPAVERACEAE, 61 (1400) Moonseed Family, 57 (1302) Neckweed, 75 (1782) Nodding Wild, 54 (1248) PAPILIONACEAE, 61 Moonwort, 4 (33-43) Needle and Thread Grass, 45 Wild, 54 (1250) Parietaria, 78 (1841) MORACEAE, 12, 57 (1064) Onoclea, 5 (79) Parnassia, 72 (1719-1720) (1304-1307) Needle-Grass, 45 (1064-1066) Onopordum, 24 Paronychia, 14 (269-270) Morning-Glory, 26 Nelumbo, 58 (1318) Onosmodium, 11 (215-216) Parsley, Fool's-, 76 Common, 26 Nemopanthus, 9 (153) OPHIOGLOSSACEAE, 4 Prairie-, 77 (1829) Morning-Glory Family, 26 Nepeta, 49(1150) (33-44) Parsley Family, 76 (1811-1838) (531-542) Neslia, 29 Ophioglossum, 4 (44) Parsnip, 77 (1828) Morus, 57 (1306-1307) Nettle, 78 (1844) Opuntia, 12 (220-221) Cow-, 77 (1820) Moschatel, 7 (120) Dead, 49 Orach, 15 (297) Meadow-, 78 (1836) Moschatel Family, 7 (120) False, 78 (1839) Garden, 15 Water-, 77 (1812, 1834) Mosquito-Fern, 6 (97) Hedge-, 50(1161-1162) Orchard-Grass, 39 (939) Parthenium, 24 (478) Motherwort, 49 (1141) Hemp-, 48 (1137) Orchid, Blunt-Leaf, 60 (1384) Parthenocissus, 79 (1875-1876) Common, 49 (1141) Stinging, 78 (1844) Club-Spur, 60 (1378) Partridge-Berry, 71 (1686) Mountain-Ash, 70 (1667-1669) Wood-, 78 (1840) Fringed, 60 (1383, 1386-1387) Partridge-Pea, 51 (1181) Mountain-Holly, 9 Nettle Family, 78 (1839-1844) Hooker's, 60 (1381) Paspalum, 43 (1021) Mountain-Mint, 50 (1153) New Jersey Tea, 67 (1570-1571) Long-Bracted, 59 (1355) Pasque-Flower, 67 (1547) Mountain-Moss, 6 (99) Nicandra, 75 Prairie White Fringed, 60 Pastinaca, 77 (1828) Mountain-Rice, 42 (1000) Nigella, 67 (1386) Pea, Beach-, 52 (1194) Rough-leaved, 42 (997) Nightshade, 76 (1789-1792) Purple Fringed, 60 (1387) Everlasting, 52 Mouse-ear, 23 Enchanter's, 58 (1328-1329) Ragged Fringed, 60 (1383) Hoary, 53 (1222) Common, 14 (264) Nightshade Family, 75 Rein-, 60 Pale, 52(1195) Mousetail, 66 (1546) (1786-1792) Round-Leaved, 60 (1385) Partridge-, 51 (1181) Mud-Plantain, 7, 63 (122-124, Nimble Will, 42 (994) Tall Northern Green, 60 (1382) Scurf-, 53 (1216-1218) 1466-1467) Ninebark, 69 (1615) Tall White, 60 (1379) Veiny-, 52(1197) Mudwort, 74 (1757) Common, 69 (1615) Tubercled, 60 (1380) Wild, 52 (1194-1197) Mugwort, Common, 18 Nipplewort, 23 (468) Orchid Family, 59 (1350-1392) Pear, 69 Western, 18 (351) Nothocalais, 17, 24 (477) ORCfflDACEAE, 59 Prickly, 12 (220-221) Muhlenbergia, 42 (987-996) Nuphar, 58 (1319-1320) (1350-1392) Pearlwort, 14 (271-272) Muhly, Mat-, 42 (993) Nut, Ground-, 9 (163) Orchis, 59, 60 Pearly Everlasting, 18 (334) Plains, 42 (988) Nut-Grass, 32 (751-764) Bracted, 59 (1355) Pea-Tree, 51 Wirestem, 42 (989) Nut-Rush, 34 (816-817) Round-Leaved, 59 (1350) Siberian, 51 Muhly Grass, 42 (987-996) NYCTAGINACEAE, 57 Showy, 6 (1366) Pedicularis, 74 (1767-1768) Mulberry, 57 (1306-1307) (1314-1316) Ornithogalum, 55 Pellaea, 5 (80-81) Red, 57 (1307) Nymphaea, 58 (1321-1323) OROBANCHACEAE, 61 Pellitory, 78 (1841) White, 57 (1306) NYMPHAEACEAE, 58 (1393-1395) Penny-Cress, 30 (603) Mulberry Family, 57 (1304-1307) (1317-1323) Orobanche, 61 (1393-1395) Pennyroyal, American, 49 Mullein, 75 (1776) Orpine Family, 27 (549-553) False, 49(1140) Common, 75 (1776) Oak, 36 (862-868) Orthilia, 65 Mock, 49 (1139) Mustard, 28 (567-570) Black, 36 (868) Orthocarpus, 74 (1766) Rough, 49(1139) Ball-, 29 Bur-, 36 (865) Oryzopis, 42, 81 (997-1000) Pennywort, Water-, 77 (1821) Black, 28 (569) Chestnut, 36 (866) Osmorhiza, 77 (1823-1826) Penstemon, 74 (1769-1773) Field-, 28 (570) Common Red, 36 (867) Osmunda, 4 (45-47) Penthorum, 27 (549) Garlic-, 27 Hill's, 36 (864) OSMUNDACEAE, 4 (45-47) Peplis, 56 Hare's-Ear, 28 Jerusalem, 16 Ostrich-Fern, 5 (78) Peppergrass, 29 (591-593) Hedge-, 30 (601) Northern Pin-, 36 (864) Ostrya, 10 (197) Pepperwort, Hairy, 4 (32) Indian-, 28 (567) Northern Red, 36 (867) OXALIDACEAE, 61 Perilla, 49 Tansy-, 28 (578-580) Swamp-White, 36 (863) (1396-1399) Periwinkle, 8 Tower-, 27 (557) White, 36 (862) Oxalis, 61 (1396-1399) Common, 8 Tumble, 29 (599) Oakesia, 55 Ox-Eye, 22 (451) Petalostemon, 53 (1212-1215) White, 28 Oak-Fern, 5 (74-77) Ox-Eye Daisy, 20 (396) Petasites, 24 (479-481) Wormseed-, 29 (587) Northern, 5 (77) Oxybaphus, 57, 58 Petrohagia, 14, 15 Mustard Family, 27 (554-603) Oat-Grass, 38, 41 (912, 974) Oxycoccus, 35 Petunia, 75 Myosotis, 11 (211-214) Tall, 38 (912) Oxypolls, 77 (1827) Phacelia, 47 (1085) Myosoton, 14, 15 (268) Wild, 40 (940) Oxytropis, 53 (1209-1211) Phalaris, 43 (1022-1023) Myosurus, 66 (1546) Oats, 39 (913-914) Phegopteris, 6 Myrica, 57 (1309) Cultivated, 39 (914) Pachysandra, 12 Phleum, 43 (1024) MYRICACEAE, 57 (1308-1309) Wild, 39 (913) Painted Cup, 73 (1749-1751) Phlox, 62 (1413-1416) Myriophyllum, 46, 81 Oenothera, 58, 59 (1341-1349) Downy, 73 (1751) Blue, 62 (1413) (1072-1076) OLEACEAE, 58 (1324-1326) Scarlet, 73 (1749) Downy, 62 (1416) Oleander, Water-, 56 (1290) Painted Leaf, 36 (851) Drummond, 62 Naiad, 57 (1310-1313) Oleaster, 34 (824-825) Panax, 9 (162-163) Moss, 62 Naiad Family, 57 (1310-1313) Oleaster Family, 34 (824-827) Panic Grass, 42 (1001-1020) Perennial, 62 (1415) NAJADACEAE, 57 (1310-1313) Olive, Russian, 34 (824) Panicum, 42, 81 (1001-1020) Prairie-, 62 (1416) INDEX 303

Summer, 62 (1415) Plum, 69 (1634-1635) Poppy Family, 61 (1400) Quack-Grass, 38 (892) Phlox Family, 61 (1412-1418) Canada, 69 (1635) Populus, 71 (1689-1694) Queen Anne's-Lace, 77 (1818) Phragmites, 43 (1025) Ground-, 51 (1172) Porcupine-Grass, 45 (1064-1066) Queen-of-the-Meadow, 68 Phryma, 61 (1401) Wild, 69 (1634) Portulaca, 64 (1472) Quercus, 36 (862-868) PHRYMACEAE, 61 (1401) Poa, 44, 81 (1026-1042) PORTULACACEAE, 63 Quillwort, 3 (14-16) Phyla, 78 (1847) POACEAE, 37, 61 (1469-1474) Braun's, 3 (14) Physalis, 75 (1787-1788) Podophyllum, 10 (183) Potamogeton, 64 (1475-1500) Lake-, 3 (15) Physocarpus, 69 (1615) Pogonia, 60 (1388) POTAMOGETONACEAE, 57, Prairie-, 3 (16) Physostegia, 49, 81 (1151) Rose, 60 (1388) 64 (1475-1500) Quillwort Family, 3 (14-16) Picea, 6 (106-107) Polanisia, 13 (237-238) Potato Family, 75 (1786-1792) Quinine, Wild, 24 (478) Pickerelweed, 63 (1468) POLEMONIACEAE, 61 Potentilla, 69, 81 (1616-1633) Pickerelweed Family, 63 (1412-1418) Poverty-Grass, 38, 45 (908, Radish, 29 (1466-1468) Polemonium, 62 (1417-1418) 1063) Wild, 29 Pigmyweed, 27 (553) Polygala, 62, 81 (1419-1424) Prairie-Clover, 53 (1212-1215) Ragweed, 17 (331-333) Pigweed, 8 (134, 136) POLYGALACEAE, 62 Purple, 53 (1214) Common, 18 (331) Russian, 16 (298) (1419-1424) Silky, 53 (1215) Great, 18 (333) Winged, 16 (309) POLYGONACEAE, 62 White, 53 (1212-1213) Western, 18 (332) Pilea, 78 (1842-1843) (1425-1465) Prairie-Coneflower, 24 (487-488) Ragwort, 24 (492-500) Pimpernel, 64 Polygonatum, 55 (1262-1263) Prairie-Mimosa, 52 (1185) Golden, 25 (492) False, 74 (1761-1762) Polygonella, 62 (1427) Prairie-Senna, 51 (1181) Northern, 25 (497) Scarlet, 64 Polygonum, 62, 81 (1428-1453) Prairie-Trefoil, 52 (1202) Prairie-, 25 (498) Yellow, 77 (1835) Polymnia, 24 (482) Prairie-Turnip, 53 (1217) Western Golden, 25 (499) Pimpinella, 77 POLYPODIACEAE, 4 (48-96) Prenanthes, 24 (483-486) RANUNCULACEAE, 65 PINACEAE, 6 (104-111) Polypodium, 5 (82) Prickly Pear, 12 (220-221) (1525-1569) Pine, 7 (108-110) Polypody, 5 (82) Little, 12 (220) Ranunculus, 66, 67 (1548-1566) Ground-, 4 (28) Common, 6 (82) Plains, 12 (221) Raphanus, 29 Jack-, 7 (108) Polypody Family, 4 (48-96) Primrose, 65 (1513) Raspberry, American Red, 70 Norway, 7 (109) Polystichum, 6 (83-84) Birds-eye, 65 (1513) (1664) Pitch-, 7 Polytaenia, 77 (1829) Evening-, 59 (1341-1349) Ratibida, 24 (487-488) Red, 7 (109) Pond-Lily, Yellow, 58 Primrose Family, 64 (1501-1514) Rattle Box, 51 (1183) Rattlesnake-Fern, 4 (43) Scotch, 7 (1319-1320) Primula, 65 (1513) Pondweed, 64 (1475-1500) Rattlesnake-Grass, 41 (971) White, 7 (110) PRIMULACEAE, 64 Rattlesnake-Master, 77 (1819) Pine Family, 6(104-111) Blunt-Leaved, 64 (1489) (1501-1514) Pineapple-Weed, 20 (395) Curly, 64 (1478) Rattlesnake-Plantain, 60 Prince's Pine, 65 (1515) Pinesap, 65 (1517-1518) Filiform, 64 (1481) (1367-1369) Princess-Feather, 63 (1515) Pinguicula, 54 (1239) Flat-Stem, 64 (1500) Rattlesnake Root, 24 (483-486) Proserpinaca, 81 Pink, 14 (266) Floating, 64 (1487) Red Osier, 27 (548) Proso, 43 (1014) Deptford, 14 (266) Fries', 64 (1483) Redroot, 67 (1570-1571) Prunella, 50(1152) Grass-, 59 (1353) Horned, 79 (1881) Redtop, 38 (899) Prunus, 69 (1634-1639) Maiden, 14 Illinois, 64 (1486) Reed, 43 (1025) Pseudotsuga, 7 Rush-, 23 (494) Large-Leaved, 64 (1476) Reed Canary-Grass, 43 (1022) Psoralea, 53, 81 (1216-1218) Swamp-, 59 (1353) Leafy, 64 (1482) Reed-Grass, 39 (929-935) Ptelea, 71 Pink Family, 13 (258-292) Long-Leaved, 64 (1488) Reedgrass, Wood-, 39 (937-938) Pteridium, 6 (85) Pinkweed, 63 (1444) Narrow-Leaved, 64 (1497) Rein-Orchid, 60 (1378-1387) Pteritis, 5 Pinus, 7 (108-110) Northern, 64 (1475) Reynoutria, 63 Puccinellia, 44, 45 (1043) Pinweed, 17 (319-321) Nuttall's, 64 (1480) RHAMNACEAE, 67 Puccoon, 11 (205-208) Pipewort, 35 (848) Palerno, 64 (1492-1493) (1570-1574) Hairy, 11 (206) Pipewort Family, 35 (848) Rafinesque's, 64 (1479) Rhamnus, 67 (1572-1574) Hoary, 11 (205) Pipsissewa, 65 (1515) Richardson's, 64 (1494) Rheum, 63 Narrow-leaved, 11 (207) Pitcher-Plant, 72 (1713) Robbins', 64 (1495) Rhubarb, 63 Pulsatilla, 66, 67 (1547) Pitcher-Plant Family, 72 (1713) Sago-, 64 (1490) Rhus, 8 (141-147) Pulse Family, 51 (1164-1233) Plagiobotrys, 11 (217) Sheathed, 64 (1498) Rhynchospora, 33 (792-794) Purslane, 64 (1472) PLANTAGINACEAE, 61 Spiral, 64 (1496) Ribes, 72 (1721-1732) Common, 64 (1472) (1402-1411) Variable, 64 (1484) Ribgrass, 61 (1406) Water-, 56 (1291) Plantago, 61, 81 (1403-1411) Vasey's, 64 (1499) Rice, Mountain-, 42 (997-1000) Purslane Family, 63 (1469-1474) Plantain, 61 (1403-1411) White-Stemmed, 64 (1491) Wild, 46 (1071) Putty-Root, 59 (1351) Bracted, 61 (1403) Pondweed Family, 64 Rice-Cut Grass, 42 (980) Pycnanthemum, 50 (1153) Common, 61 (1407) (1475-1500) Rice-Grass, 42 (997-1000) Pyrola, 65 (1519-1524) Great Indian-, 20 (388) Pontederia, 63 (1468) Robinia, 53 (1219) Green-Flowered, 65 (1520) Hoary, 61 (1411) PONTEDERIACEAE, 63 Rock-Brake, 5 (57) Lesser, 65 (1522) Indian-, 20 (388-390) (1466-1468) Rock-Cress, 27 (554-562) One-Flowered, 65 (1516) Mud-, 7, 63 (122-124, Poplar, 71 (1689-1694) Rocket, Dame's-, 29 (589) 1460-1467) Balsam-, 71 (1689) One-Sided, 65 (1524) Sand-, 28 Pale Indian-, 20 Silver-Leaf, 71 Pink, 65 (1519) Yellow, 28 (565) Rattlesnake-, 60 (1367-1369) White, 71 Round-Leaved, 65 (1523) Rockrose, 17 (316-317) Water-, 7 (122-124) Poppy, 61 PYROLACEAE, 35, 57, 65 Rockrose Family, 17 (316-321) Plantain Family, 61 (1402-1411) Common, 61 (1515-1524) Rock-Spikemoss, 6 (98) Platanthera, 60 (1378-1387) Corn, 61 Pyrus, 68, 69, 70 (1640-1641) Rope-Bark, 76 (1802) INDEX 304

Rorippa, 29 (597-598) Sand-Grass, 45 (1068) Setaria, 44 (1049-1053) SPARGANIANCEAE, 76 Rosa, 69, 81 (1642-1645) Sandwort, 14 (259-261) Shagbark, 47 (1099) (1793-1800) ROSACEAE, 68 (1575-1672) Thyme-leaved, 14 Sheep-Sorrel, 61 (1396-1399) Sparganium, 76 (1793-1800) Rose, 69 (1642-1645) Sanguinaria, 61 (1400) Shepherdia, 34 (826-827) Spartina, 45 (1055-1056) Rose Acacia, 53 Sanicle, 77 (1830-1833) Shepherd's-Purse, 28 (572) Spear-Grass, 44 (1037) Rose Family, 68 (1575-1672) Sanicula, 77 (1830-1833) Shield-Fern, 5, 6 (64-73, 83-84) Bunch, 44 (1028) Rose Pogonia, 60 (1388) SANTALACEAE, 72 Shinleaf, 65 (1521) Low, 44 (1027) Roseroot, 27 (551) (1711-1712) Shinnersoseris, 23, 25 (501) Prairie, 44 (1028) Rosinwood, 25 (502-503) Saponaria, 14, 15 (273) Shooting-Star, 65 (1503-1504) Spearmint, 49 Rotate, 56 (1294) Sarracenia, 72 (1713) Jeweled, 65 (1503) Spearwort, 67 (1555) Rowan, 70 (1668) SARRACENIACEAE, 72 (1713) Shorthusk, 39 (919) Specularia, 12 Royal Fern, 4 (47) Sarsaparilla, 9 (159-161) Sicklepod, 27 (554) Speedwell, 75 (1777-1784) RUBIACEAE, 70 (1673-1686) Bristly, 9 (159) Sicyos, 30 (605) Common, 75 (1781) Rubus, 70 (1646-1665) Wild, 9 (160) Side-Oats Grama, 39 (916) Corn-, 75 (1778) Rudbeckia, 24 (489-491) Saskatoon, 68 (1577-1588) Silene, 14, 15, 81 (275-284) Marsh-, 75 (1783) Rue Family, 71 (1688) Satin-Grass, 42 (987-996) Silk-Grass, 42 (998) Purslane-, 75 (1782) Ruellia, 7 (113) Satureja, 50(1155) Silphium, 25 (502-503) Thyme-leaved, 75 (1784) Rumex, 63 (1454-1465) Savin, Creeping, 6 (100) Silverberry, 34 (825) Spenopholis, 45, 81 (1057-1058) Ruppia, 71 (1687) Savory, 50(1155) Silverweed, 69 (1616) Spergula, 15 RUPPIACEAE, 57, 71 (1687) Saxifraga, 73 (1733-1736) Sinapsis, 28 Spergularia, 15 Rush, 47(1102-1124) SAXIFRAGACEAE, 46, 72 Sisymbrium, 29 (599-601) Sphaeralcea, 57 (1301) Beak-, 33 (792-794) (1714-1738) Sisyrinchium, 47 (1095-1097) Spider-Flower, 13 Common Scouring-, 3 (4) Saxifrage, 73 (1733-1736) Slum, 77 (1834) Spiderwort, 17 (324-326) Dwarf Scouring-, 3 (10) Burnet-, 77 Skeleton-Weed, 23 (474) Spiderwort Family, 17 (322-326) Flowering, 12 (218) Early, 73 (1736) Slough-Grass, 39, 45 (915, 1056) Spikemoss, 6 (98-99) Nut-, 34 (816-817) Golden, 72 (1714-1715) American, 39 (915) Rock-, 6 (98) Scouring-, 3 (1-13) Swamp-, 73 (1735) Skullcap, 50(1156-1160) Spikemoss Family, 6 (98-99) Smooth Scouring-, 3 (5) Saxifrage Family, 72 (1714-1738) Common, 50(1156) Spikenard, 9 (161) Spike-, 32 (766-781) Scarlet Pimpernel, 64 Mad-Dog, 50(1157) False, 55 (1264) Swaying, 34 (813) Schedonnardus, 44 (1044) Skunk-Cabbage, 9 (158) Spike-Rush, 32 (766-781) Twig-, 32 (750) Scheuchzeria, 48 (1129) Smartweed, 62 (1428-1453) Spindle-Tree, 15 (294) Variegated Scouring-, 3 (13) Schizachne, 44 (1045) Common, 63 (1441) Spiraea, 70 (1670-1671) Wood-, 48(1125-1128) Schizachyrium, 38, 44 (1046) Water-, 62, 63 (1429, 1446) False, 70 (1666) Rush-Aster, 19 (353) Scirpus, 33 (795-815) Smilacina, 55 (1264-1266) Spiranthes, 60 (1389-1392) Rush Family, 47 (1102-1128) Scleranthus, 14 (274) Smilax, 55, 81 (1267-1271) Spirodela, 54 (1236) Rush-Grass, 45 (1059-1063) Scleria, 34 (816-817) Snakeroot, Black, 77 (1830-1833) Spleenwort, 4, 5 (49-53) Rush-Pink, 23 (474) Scolochloa, 44 (1047) Button, 77 (1819) Ebony, 5 (49) Russian Olive, 34 (824) Scorpion-Grass, 11 (211-214) Seneca, 62 (1423) Maidenhair-, 5 (50) RUTACEAE, 71 (1688) Scorpion-Weed, 47 (1085) White, 21 (427) Narrow-leaved, 5 (52) Rye, 44 (1048) Scotch-Thistle, 24 Snapdragon, Dwarf-, 73 (1752) Silvery, 5 (53) Wild, 40 (950-957) Scouring-Rush, 3 (1-13) Sneezeweed, 17, 22 (328, 439) Sporobolus, 45 (1059-1063) Ryegrass, 42 (983) Common, 3 (4) Snowberry, 13 (250-252) Sprangletop, 40, 44 (945, 1047) Dwarf, 3 (10) Creeping, 35 (836) Spring-Beauty, 64 (1469-1470) Sage, 50(1154) Smooth, 3 (5) Snowflake, 49 Spruce, 6 (106-107) White, 18 (351) Variegated, 3 (13) Snow-on-the-Mountain, 36 (857) Black, 7 (107) Sagebrush, 18 (346-352) Scratch-Grass, 42 (987) Soapberry, 34 (827) Norway, 6 Sagina, 14 (271-272) Scrophularia, 74 (1774-1775) Soapwort, 14 (273) White, 6 (106) Sagittaria, 7 (126-131) SCROPHULARIACEAE, 73 SOLANACEAE, 75 (1786-1792) Spurge, 36 (850-861) St. John's-Wort, 47 (1086-1091) (1739-1785) Solarium, 76 (1789-1792) Cypress-, 36 (852) Common, 47 (1089) Scurf-Pea, 53 (1216-1218) Solidago, 19, 21, 25, 81 Flowering, 36 (850) Great, 47 (1091) Scutellaria, 50 (1156-1160) (504-519) Japanese, 12 Marsh, 47 (1092) Sea-Blite, 16 (315) Solomon's-Seal, 55 (1262-1263) Leafy, 36 (859) St. John's-Wort Family, 47 Secale, 44 (1048) False, 55 (1264-1266) Spurge Family, 35 (849-861) (1086-1092) Sedge, 30 (607-749) Sonchus, 25 (520-523) Spurrey, 15 SALICACEAE, 71 (1689-1710) Brook-, 32 (761) Sorbaria, 70 (1666) Corn-, 15 Salicornia, 16 (312) Red-Rooted, 32 (755) Sorbus, 69, 70 (1667-1669) Red Sand-, 15 Salix, 70 (1695-1710) Three-Way, 32 (765) Sorghastrum, 45 (1054) Sand-, 15 Salmonberry, 70 (1658) Umbrella-, 32 (751-764) Sorrel, 63 (1454-1465) Squirrel-Corn, 36 (873) Salsola, 16 (313-314) Sedge Family, 30 (606-817) Common, 63 (1455) Squirrel-Tail Grass, 41 (976) Salt-Grass, 40 (946) Sedum, 27 (550-552) Garden, 63 (1454) Stachys, 50(1161-1162) Salt-Meadow Grass, 40 (945) Selaginella, 6 (98-99) Sheep-, 63 (1396-1399, 1455) Staff-Tree Family, 15 (293-294) Saltwort, 16 (313-314) SELAGINELLACEAE, 6 Wood-, 61 (1396-1399) Staphylea, 76 (1801) Salvia, 50, 81 (1154) (98-99) Southernwood, 18 STAPHYLEACEAE, 76 (1801) SALVINIACEAE, 6 (97) Selfheal, 50(1152) Sow-Thistle, 25 (520-523) Starflower, 65 (1514) Sambucus, 13 (248-249) Senecio, 24 (492-500) Common, 25 (522) Star-Grass, 8 (140) Sandalwood Family, 72 Senna, Prairie-, 51 (1181) Field, 25 (520) Water, 63 (1466) (1711-1712) Sensitive Fern, 5 (79) Smooth, 25 (523) Star-of-Bethlehem, 55 Sandbur, 39 (936) Serviceberry, 68 (1577-1588) Spiny, 25 (521) Star-Thistle, 20 (393) INDEX 305

Starwort, 15 (285-291) Halbert-Leaved, 63 (1431) Tribulus, 81 Verbena, 78 (1848-1852) Water, 12 (222-224) Teasel, 34 Trientalis, 65 (1514) VERBENACEAE, 78 Steeple-Bush, 70 (1671) Teasel Family, 34 (819) Trifolium, 53 (1223-1228) (1847-1852) Stellaria, 14, 15 (285-291) Tephrosia, 52 (1222) Triglochin, 48 (1130-1131) Vernonia, 26, 81 (529) Stickseed, 11 (201-204) Teucrium, 50(1163) Trillium, 55 (1276-1279) Veronica, 75 (1777-1784) Sticktight, 20 (380, 382, Thalictrum, 66, 67, 81 Nodding, 55 (1276) Veronicastrum, 75 (1785) 385-386) (1567-1569) Snow-, 55 (1279) Vervain, 78 (1848-1852) Stinkgrass, 41 (958) Thaspium, 78 (1836) Triodanis, 12 (235-236) Blue, 78 (1849) Stinkweed, 30 (603) Thelesperma, 26 Triosteum, 13 (253) Creeping, 78 (1848) Stipa, 45 (1064-1066) THELPTERIDACEAE, 4 Triplasis, 12 (1068) Hoary, 78 (1851) Stitchwort, Common, 15 (288) Thelypteris, 6 (86-88) Triple-Awned Grass, 38 Narrow-leaved, 78 (1850) Stonecrop, 27 (550-552) Thimbleberry, 70 (1658) (907-911) Nettle-leaved, 78 (1852) Ditch-, 27 (549) Thimbleweed, 66 (1529, Trisetum, 45 (1069) White, 78 (1852) Storksbill, 37 1532-1533) Triticum, 46 Vervain Family, 78 (1847-1852) Stramonium, 75 Thistle, Bull-, 20 (404) Trout-Lily, 54 (1255-1257) Vetch, 53 (1229-1233) Strawberry, 68 (1607-1608) Canada, 20 (399) Minnesota, 54 (1257) Crown-, 51 (1182) Barren, 70 (1672) Common, 20 (398-404) Yellow, 54 (1256) Hairy, 53 (1233) Strawberry Elite, 16 (300) Musk-, 20 (392) White, 54 (1255) Milk-, 51 (1169-1178) Streptopus, 55 (1272-1273) Nodding, 20 (392) Tsuga, 7 (111) Spring-, 53 (1232) Strophostyles, 53 (1220-1221) Plumed, 20 (398-404) Tumble Grass, 41, 44 (962, Tufted, 53 (1231) Suaeda, 16 (315) Plumeless, 20 (391-392) 1044) Vetchling, 52 (1194-1197) Subularia, 30 (602) Scotch-, 24 Tumbleweed, 8 (132-133) Marsh-, 52 (1196) Sullivantia, 73 (1737) Sow-, 25 (520-523) Tunica, 14, 15 Tuberous, 52 Sumac, 8 (141-147) Star-, 20 (393) Turnip, Indian, 9 (155-156) Viburnum, 13, 81 (254-257) Fragrant, 8 (141) Swamp-, 20 (403) Prairie-, 53 (1217) Vicia, 53 (1229-1233) Poison, 8 (147) Thlaspi, 30 (603) Turtlehead, 74 (1753) Vinca, 8 Smooth, 8 (143) Thoroughwort, 21 (423-428) Tussilago, 26 Viola, 78, 81 (1853-1874) Staghorn-, 8 (146) Three-Seeded Mercury, 35 (849) Twayblade, 60 (1370-1374) VIOLACEAE, 78 (1853-1874) Summer Cypress, 16 (310) Three-Square, 34 (810) Auricled, 60 (1372) Violet, 78 (1853-1874) Sundew, 34 (820-823) Thuja, 6 (103) Broad-lipped, 60 (1373) Arrow-Leaved, 79 (1871) Sundew Family, 34 (820-823) Thyme, 50 Green, 60 (1371) Bird-Foot, 79 (1866-1867) Sunflower, 22 (440-450) Creeping, 50 Heartleaf, 60 (1374) Canada, 78 (1855) Common, 22 (440) THYMELAEACEAE, 76 (1802) Loesel's, 60 (1371) Dogtooth-, 54 (1255-1257) Tickseed-, 19, 20 (383) Thymus, 50 Purple, 60 (1370) Downy Yellow, 79 (1869) Swamp-Pink, 59 (1353) Tiarella, 73 (1738) Twig-Rush, 32 (750) Lance-Leaved, 79 (1860) Sweet Cicely, 77 (1823-1826) Tickle Grass, 38 (896) Twinflower, 13 (240) Smooth Yellow, 79 (1869) Sweet Coltsfoot, 24 (479-481) Tickseed, 21 (407-409) Twinleaf, 10 (182) Yellow Prairie-, 79 (1865) Sweet Fern, 57 (1308) Tick-Trefoil, 52 (1186-1190) Twisted-Stalk, 55 (1272-1273) Violet Family, 78 (1853-1874) Sweet Flag, 9 (154) Tiger-Lily, 54 Two-Eyed Berry, 71 (1686) Viper's Bugloss, 11 (200) Sweet Gale, 57 (1309) Tilia, 76 (1803) Typha, 76 (1804-1805) Virginia Creeper, 79 (1875-1876) Sweet Gale Family, 57 TILIACEAE, 76 (1803) TYPHACEAE, 76 (1804-1805) Virgin's Bower, 66 (1538-1539) (1308-1309) Tillaea, 27 (553) Virgulus, 19 Sweet Grass, 41 (975) Timothy, 43 (1024) ULMACEAE, 76 (1806-1810) V1SCACEAE, 79 Sweet William, 14 Toadflax, 74 (1758-1760) Ulmus, 76 (1807-1810) VITACEAE, 79 (1875-1878) Wild, 62 (1413-1416) Bastard-, 72 (1711) UMBELLIFERAE, 8, 76 Vitis, 79 (1877-1878) Sweet Woodruff, 71 Old-Field, 74 (1758) (1811-1838) Vulpia, 41,46(1070) Switch-Grass, 43 (1018) Tobacco, Indian-, 12 (231) Umbrella-Plant, 62 (1425) Symphoricarpos, 13 (250-252) Ladies', 18 (335-340) Umbrella-Sedge, 32 (751-764) Wahoo, 15 (294) Symphytum, 11 Tofieldia, 55 (1274-1275) Umbrella-Wort, 57 (1314-1316) Wakerobin, 55 (1276-1279) Symplocarpus, 9 (158) Tomanthera, 73 Urtica, 78 (1844) Waldsteinia, 70 (1672) Synthyris, 73 Tomatillo, 73 URTICACEAE, 78 (1839-1844) Walking Fern, 5 (54) Syringa, 58 Tooth-Cup, 56 (1294) Utricularia, 54 (1240-1245) Wallflower, Western, 29 (586) Toothwort, 28 (577) Uvularia, 55 (1280-1281) Walnut, 47 (1100-1101) Taenidia, 77 (1835) Torreyochloa, 41, 44, 45 (1067) Black, 47 (1101) Talinum, 64 (1473-1474) Touch-me-not, Pale, 10 (179) Vaccaria, 14, 15 (292) White, 47 (1100) Tamarack, 6 (105) Spotted, 10 (178) Vaccinium, 35 (841-847) Walnut Family, 47 (1098-1101) Tanacetum, 26 (524) Touch-me-not Family, 10 Valerian, 78 (1845-1846) Wapato, 8 (128, 130) Tansy, 26 (524) (178-179) Valerian Family, 78 (1845-1846) Wartweed, 36 Common, 26 (524) Tovara, 63 Valeriana, 78 (1845-1846) Water-Arum, 9 (157) Tansy-Mustard, 28 (578-580) Tower-Mustard, 27 (557) VALERIANACEAE, 78 Water-Clover, 4 (32) Tapegrass, 46 (1081) Toxicodendron, 8 (1845-1846) Water-Clover Family, 4 (32) Taraxacum, 26 (524-526) Tradescantia, 17 (324-326) Vallisneria, 46 (1081) Watercress, 29 (595-596) Tarweed, 22, 24 (437) Tragopogon, 26 (527-528) Vanilla-Grass, 41 (975) Water-Fern, 6 (97) TAXACEAE, 7(112) Trefoil, 53 (1223-1228) Veiny Pea, 52 (1197) Water-Hemlock, 77 (1814-1815) Taxus, 7 (112) Birdsfoot-, 52 (1201-1202) Velvet-Leaf, 56 (1295) Water-Horehound, 49 Teaberry, 35 (837) Prairie-, 52 (1202) Venus's Looking-glass, 12 (1142-1145) Tearthumb, Arrow-Leaved, 63 Tick-, 52 (1186-1190) (235-236) Waterleaf, 47 (1083-1084) (1448) Triadenum, 47 (1092) Verbascum, 75 (1776) Maple-Leaved, 47 (1083) INDEX 306

Virginia, 47 (1084) Pineapple-, 20 (395) Winterberry, 9 (152) Violet, 61 (1399) Waterleaf Family, 46 Prickle-, 52 (1185) Wintergreen, 65 (1519-1524) Wood-Sorrel Family, 61 (1082-1085) Scorpion-, 47 (1085) Aromatic, 35 (836-837) (1396-1399) Water-Lily, Yellow, 58 Skeleton-, 23 (474) Chickweed-, 65 (1514) Wormwood, 18 (346-352) (1319-1320) Wheat, 46 Flowering, 62 (1420) Beach-, 18 White, 58 (1321-1323) Wheat-Grass, 38 (891-894) Pink, 65 (1519) Roman, 18 Water-Lily Family, 58 Crested, 38 (891) Wintergreen Family, 65 Sage-, 18 (350) (1317-1323) Slender, 38 (894) (1515-1524) Woundwort, 50(1161) Water-Marigold, 24 (476) Western, 38 (893) Wire-Grass, 44 (1030) Wulfenia, 73 Water-Mat, 72 (1714) Whiteman's-Foot, 61 (1407) Wiregrass, 40 Water-Meal, 54 (1237-1238) Whitlow-Grass, 28 (581-584) Witch-Grass, 43 (1002) Xanthium, 26 (530) Water-Milfoil, 46 (1072-1076) Whitlow-Wort, 14 (269-270) Fall, 42 (982) XYRTOACEAE, 79 Q879-1880) Water-Milfoil Family, 46 Wild Licorice, 52(1192) Witch-Hazel, 46 (1077) Xyris, 79 (1879-1880) (1072-1076) Wild Rice, 46 (1071) Witch-Hazel Family, 46 (1077) Water-Oleander, 56 (1290) Willow, 71 (1695-1710) Wolfberry, 13 (251) Yam, 34 (818) Water-Parsnip, 77 (1812, 1834) Autumn-, 72 (1710) Wolffia, 54 (1237-1238) Wild, 34 (818) Water-Pepper, Mild, 63 (1442) Balsam-, 72 (1709) Wood-Betony, 74 (1767-1768) Yam Family, 34 (818) Water-Plantain, 7 (122-124) Bay-, 72 Woodbine, 79 (1875-1876) Yard-Grass, 40 Water-Plantain Family, 7 Black, 72 (1705) Wood-Fern, 5 (64-73) Yarrow, 17 (327-329) (122-131) Bog-, 72 (1706) Glandular, 5 (70) Common, 17 (327) Water-Purslane, 56 (1291) Crack-, 71 Spreading, 5 (67) Yellow-Eyed Grass, 79 Water-Shield, 58 (1317) Heart-Leaved, 72 (1700) Wood-Lily, 55 (1260) (1879-1880) Water Stargrass, 63 (1466) Laurel-Leaved, 72 Wood Millet, 42 (985) Yellow-Eyed Grass Family, 79 Water Starwort, 12 (222-224) Long-Beaked, 71 (1697) Wood-Mint, 42 (1135) (1879-1880) Water Starwort Family, 12 Peach-Leaved, 71 (1696) Wood-Nettle, 78 (1840) Yerba-de-tajo, 21 (414) (222-224) Pussy-, 71 (1699) Wood-Reedgrass, 39 (937-938) Yew, 7(112) Waterweed, 46 (1079-1080) Sage-Leaved, 71 (1698) Wood-Rush, 48 (1125-1128) American, 7 (112) Water-Willow, 56 (1290) Sandbar-, 72 (1701) Woodsia, 6 (89-96) Yew Family, 7(112) Waterwort, 34 (828-829) Shining, 72 (1704) Alpine, 6 (90) Waterwort Family, 34 (828-829) Slender, 72 (1702) Blunt-lobed, 6 (94) Zannichellia, 79 (1881) Wedge-Grass, 45 (1057-1058) Upland, 72 (1703) Cathcart's, 6 (95) ZANNICHELLIACEAE, 57, 79 Prairie, 45 (1058) Water-, 56 (1290) Oregon, 6 (95) (1881) Slender, 45 (1057) White, 71 (1695) Rocky Mountain, 6 (96) Zanthoxylum, 71 (1688) Weed, Bugle-, 49 (1142-1145) Willow Family, 71 (1689-1710) Rusty, 6 (93) Zigadenus, 55 (1282) Butterfly-, 9 (175) Willow-Herb, 58 (1330-1336) Smooth, 6 (91) Zizania, 46 (1071) Joe-Pye, 21 (424, 426) Windflower, 66 (1527-1533) Wood-Sorrel, 61 (1396-1399) Zizia, 78 (1837-1838) Loco, 53(1209-1211) Winged Pigweed, 16 (309) Common, 61 (1397) This page intentionally left blank Gerald Ownbey is an emeritus professor in the Depart- ment of Plant Biology at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. As the curator of the University Herbarium for over thirty years, he developed its collection of almost 750,000 specimens to make it the largest in the Midwest. Professor Ownbey is the author of Common Wild Flowers of Minnesota (University of Minnesota Press, 1971).

Thomas Morley is also an emeritus professor in the Department of Plant Biology at the University of Min- nesota, Twin Cities. In addition to introducing hundreds of students to Minnesota flora in his popular course "Minnesota Plant Life," he is widely recognized for his pioneering efforts to protect remnants of Minnesota's native habitats. Professor Morley is the author of Spring Flora in Minnesota (University of Minnesota Press, 1966).