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Monocots Eudicots Embryos One cotyledon Two cotyledons Leaf venation Veins Veins usually parallel usually netlike Stems Vascular tissue Vascular tissue scattered usually arranged in ring Roots Root system usually Taproot (main root) fibrous (no main root) usually present Pollen Pollen grain with Pollen grain with one opening three openings Flowers Floral organs usually Floral organs usually in in multiples of three multiples of four or five © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Reproductive shoot (flower) Apical bud Node Internode Apical bud Shoot Vegetative shoot system Blade Leaf Petiole Axillary bud Stem Taproot Lateral Root (branch) system roots © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Storage roots Pneumatophores “Strangling” aerial roots © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Stolon Rhizome Root Rhizomes Stolons Tubers © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Spines Tendrils Storage leaves Stem Reproductive leaves Storage leaves © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Dermal tissue Ground tissue Vascular tissue © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Parenchyma cells with chloroplasts (in Elodea leaf) 60 µm (LM) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Collenchyma cells (in Helianthus stem) (LM) 5 µm © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 5 µm Sclereid cells (in pear) (LM) 25 µm Cell wall Fiber cells (cross section from ash tree) (LM) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 Vessel Tracheids 100 µm Pits Tracheids and vessels (colorized SEM) Perforation plate Vessel element Vessel elements, with perforated end walls Tracheids © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 Sieve-tube elements: 3 µm longitudinal view (LM) Sieve plate Sieve-tube element (left) and companion cell: Companion cross section (TEM) cells Sieve-tube elements Plasmodesma Sieve plate 30 µm Nucleus of companion cell 15 µm Sieve-tube elements: longitudinal view Sieve plate with pores (LM) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 Primary growth in stems Epidermis Cortex Primary Shoot tip phloem (shoot apical meristem and Primary young leaves) xylem Pith Vascular cambium Lateral Secondary growth in stems Cork cambium meristems Axillary bud Cork cambium meristem Periderm Pith Cortex Primary phloem Secondary Primary phloem Root apical xylem meristems Secondary Vascular xylem cambium © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 13 Apical bud Bud scale Axillary buds This year’s growth Leaf (one year old) scar Bud scar Node One-year-old branch formed Internode from axillary bud near shoot tip Last year’s growth (two years old) Leaf scar Stem Bud scar Growth of two years ago Leaf scar (three years old) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 Cortical GLABRA-2 is expressed, cells and the cell remains hairless. GLABRA-2 is not expressed, and the cell will develop a root hair. m µ 20 The root cap cells will be sloughed off before root hairs emerge. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 15 Cortex Vascular cylinder Dermal Ground Epidermis Vascular Zone of Root hair differentiation Zone of elongation Zone of cell Mitotic division cells (including root apical meristem) 100 m Root cap µ © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 Epidermis Cortex Endodermis Vascular cylinder Pericycle Core of parenchyma cells Xylem 100 µm (a) Root with xylem and phloem in Phloem 100 µm the center (typical of eudicots) (b) Root with parenchyma in the center (typical of monocots) Endodermis Pericycle Xylem Phloem Dermal Ground Vascular 70 µm © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 17 Emerging Epidermis lateral 100 µm root Lateral root Cortex Vascular Pericycle cylinder © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 18 Shoot apical meristem Leaf primordia Young leaf Developing vascular strand Axillary bud meristems 0.25 mm © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 19 Guard cells Stomatal pore m Dermal µ Epidermal Ground 50 Cuticle Sclerenchyma cell Vascular fibers Stoma (b) Surface view of a spiderwort (Tradescantia) leaf (LM) Upper epidermis Palisade mesophyll Spongy mesophyll m Lower µ epidermis Bundle- 100 sheath Cuticle cell Xylem Vein Phloem Guard Vein Air spaces Guard cells cells (a) Cutaway drawing of leaf tissues (c) Cross section of a lilac (Syringa) leaf (LM) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 20 Sclerenchyma Phloem Xylem (fiber cells) Ground tissue Ground connecting tissue pith to cortex Pith Epidermis Dermal Epidermis Cortex Ground Vascular Vascular Vascular bundle bundles 1 mm 1 mm (a) Cross section of stem with vascular (b) Cross section of stem with scattered bundles forming a ring (typical of eudicots) vascular bundles (typical of monocots) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 21 (a) Primary and secondary growth Pith in a two-year-old woody stem Primary xylem Vascular cambium Primary phloem Epidermis Cortex Cortex Epidermis Primary phloem Vascular Vascular Growth Periderm cambium ray Primary Secondary Cork xylem Vascular phloem cambium cambium Cork Pith Bark Secondary Late wood Secondary xylem xylem Early wood Secondary phloem Cork First cork cambium Periderm 1 mm (mainly Growth Vascular Growth cork ray ring cambia and cork) 1.4 mm (b) Cross section of a three-year- old Tilia (linden) stem (LM) Secondary phloem Most recent Layers of cork cambium periderm Secondary xylem Cork Bark © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 22 Vascular cambium Growth Vascular cambium Secondary Secondary phloem xylem After one year After two years of growth of growth © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 23 Growth ring Vascular ray Heartwood Secondary xylem Sapwood Vascular cambium Secondary phloem Bark Layers of periderm © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 24 .
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