Red Shoot Disease of Cranberry

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Cranberry Pest Management Red Shoot Disease of Cranberry Red shoot, caused by the fungus Symptoms and spindly with red or yellow Exobasidium perenne, is a rela- leaves that are slightly more tively minor disease of the culti- Signs round than typical oblong cran- vated American cranberry Symptoms Þrst appear in the berry leaves (Figures 1Ð3). By (Vaccinium macrocarpon) and the spring on current yearÕs shoots mid summer the lower surfaces wild small cranberry (Vaccinium that occur singly or as a cluster of leaves become covered with oxycoccus). The red shoot fun- arising from a node on a buried white, powdery fungal spores. gus is related to the fungus that runner. Affected shoots do not Shoots wither after the fungus causes red leaf spot. Red shoot produce ßowers but rather are has shed its spores. Diseased has been reported in Wisconsin, shoots break off easily from the Massachusetts, the PaciÞc Northwest, and in the Atlantic maritime provinces of Canada. Red shoot is not an economi- cally important disease, and speciÞc control recommenda- tions have not been developed. However, the distorted, red or yellow shoots have sometimes been misidentiÞed as a weed, making growers think that an herbicide should be applied. The fact that red shoot is a disease has been conÞrmed by tak- ing fungal spores from infected plants and inoculating them Figure1. Clusters of red shoot in a bed of ‘Searles’. The orangish-rust col- onto healthy plants; the inocu- ored shoots to the left are not affected by red shoot, but rather a different lated plants then developed red problem such as upright dieback. shoot symptoms. Figure 2. Early symptoms of red shoot compared to Figure 3. Later symptoms of red shoot compared to healthy uprights (at left). healthy uprights (at left). buried runner, but if dug care- Disease Cycle Control fully from the ground, one can The fungus overwinters in dis- Red shoot is generally not eco- observe that the shoots originate eased cranberry runners. nomically important, and con- from nodes along the runner Infected shoots arise from trol measures have not been (Figures 4 and 5). nodes, often where infected developed. shoots were attached in previ- ous years. Spores are produced on the undersides of leaves and Patricia McManus shed during mid to late summer. Department of Plant Pathology University of Wisconsin-Madison How spores go on to cause fur- April, 1998 ther infections is not known. Figure 4. Red shoot-afﬂicted Figure 5. Closer view of afﬂicted uprights (red arrow) attached to below- uprights attached to below-ground ground node on a runner (blue arrow). node on a runner..

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Plant Terminology
PLANT TERMINOLOGY Plant terminology for the identification of plants is a necessary evil in order to be more exact, to cut down on lengthy descriptions, and of course to use the more professional texts. I have tried to keep the terminology in the database fairly simple but there is no choice in using many descriptive terms. The following slides deal with the most commonly used terms (more specialized terms are given in family descriptions where needed). Professional texts vary from fairly friendly to down-right difficult in their use of terminology. Do not be dismayed if a plant or plant part does not seem to fit any given term, or that some terms seem to be vague or have more than one definition – that’s life. In addition this subject has deep historical roots and plant terminology has evolved with the science although some authors have not. There are many texts that define and illustrate plant terminology – I use Plant Identification Terminology, An illustrated Glossary by Harris and Harris (see CREDITS) and others. Most plant books have at least some terms defined. To really begin to appreciate the diversity of plants, a good text on plant systematics or Classification is a necessity. PLANT TERMS - Typical Plant - Introduction [V. Max Brown] Plant Shoot System of Plant – stem, leaves and flowers. This is the photosynthetic part of the plant using CO2 (from the air) and light to produce food which is used by the plant and stored in the Root System. The shoot system is also the reproductive part of the plant forming flowers (highly modified leaves); however some plants also have forms of asexual reproduction The stem is composed of Nodes (points of origin for leaves and branches) and Internodes Root System of Plant – supports the plant, stores food and uptakes water and minerals used in the shoot System PLANT TERMS - Typical Perfect Flower [V.
[Show full text]
Studies on Seed Germination, Seedling Growth, and in Vitro Shoot
HORTSCIENCE 44(3):751–756. 2009. plantlets are detached from the mother plant that are dried and planted. However, seed propagation is more feasible and recommen- Studies on Seed Germination, Seedling ded for survival of rare species (Van Wyk and Smith, 1996). If this species has to be Growth, and In Vitro Shoot Induction propagated on a large scale by means of seed or tissue culture methods, then currently there of Aloe ferox Mill., a Commercially is no basic information available on these aspects. Aloes are succulent and warm-cli- mate plants, where both temperature and Important Species water play an important role in establishing Michael W. Bairu, Manoj G. Kulkarni, Rene´e A. Street, Rofhiwa them. This study was therefore conducted to B. Mulaudzi, and Johannes Van Staden1 examine 1) the effects of different temper- atures, growth-promoting substances, and Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological watering frequencies on seed germination and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, and seedling growth of A. ferox; and 2) to Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa assess the applicability of an in vitro propa- gation protocol developed for other Aloe spp. Additional index words. cytokinins, growth regulators, multiplication rate, smoke solutions, temperature, tissue culture Materials and Methods Abstract. A study was done to investigate the effects of some physical and chemical factors on growth and development of Aloe ferox ex vitro and in vitro. The effects of light, Seed collection. Dried seeds of A. ferox temperature, and smoke–water on seed germination, ex vitro seedling growth require- were collected between the middle to the end ments, and effect of germination medium and cytokinins on shoot induction and of August from the Botanical Garden, Uni- multiplication in vitro were investigated.
[Show full text]
Chapter 5: the Shoot System I: the Stem
Chapter 5 The Shoot System I: The Stem THE FUNCTIONS AND ORGANIZATION OF THE SHOOT SYSTEM PRIMARY GROWTH AND STEM ANATOMY Primary Tissues of Dicot Stems Develop from the Primary Meristems The Distribution of the Primary Vascular Bundles Depends on the Position of Leaves Primary Growth Differs in Monocot and Dicot Stems SECONDARY GROWTH AND THE ANATOMY OF WOOD Secondary Xylem and Phloem Develop from Vascular Cambium Wood Is Composed of Secondary Xylem Gymnosperm Wood Differs from Angiosperm Wood Bark Is Composed of Secondary Phloem and Periderm Buds Are Compressed Branches Waiting to Elongate Some Monocot Stems Have Secondary Growth STEM MODIFICATIONS FOR SPECIAL FUNCTIONS THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF WOODY STEMS SUMMARY ECONOMIC BOTANY: How Do You Make A Barrel? 1 KEY CONCEPTS 1. The shoot system is composed of the stem and its lateral appendages: leaves, buds, and flowers. Leaves are arranged in different patterns (phyllotaxis): alternate, opposite, whorled, and spiral. 2. Stems provide support to the leaves, buds, and flowers. They conduct water and nutrients and produce new cells in meristems (shoot apical meristem, primary and secondary meristems). 3. Dicot stems and monocot stems are usually different. Dicot stems tend to have vascular bundles distributed in a ring, whereas in monocot stems they tend to be scattered. 4. Stems are composed of the following: epidermis, cortex and pith, xylem and phloem, and periderm. 5. Secondary xylem is formed by the division of cells in the vascular cambium and is called wood. The bark is composed of all of the tissues outside the vascular cambium, including the periderm (formed from cork cambium) and the secondary phloem.
[Show full text]
Plant Pathology
Plant Pathology 330-1 Reading / Reference Materials CSU Extension Fact Sheets o Aspen and poplar leaf spots – #2.920 o Backyard orchard: apples and pears [pest management] – #2.800 o Backyard orchard: stone fruits [pest management] – #2.804 o Bacterial wetwood – #2.910 o Cytospora canker – #2.937 o Diseases of roses in Colorado – #2.946 o Dollar spot disease of turfgrass – #2.933 o Dutch elm disease – #5.506 o Dwarf mistletoe management – #2.925 o Fairy ring in turfgrass – #2.908 o Fire blight – #2.907 o Forest fire – Insects and diseases associated with forest fires – #6.309 o Friendly pesticides for home gardens – #2.945 o Greenhouse plant viruses (TSWV-INSV) – #2.947 o Honeylocust diseases – #2.939 o Juniper-hawthorn rust – #2.904 o Juniper-hawthorn rust – #2.904 o Leaf spot and melting out diseases – #2.909 o Necrotic ring spot in turfgrass – #2.900 o Non-chemical disease control – #2.903 o Pesticides – Friendly pesticides for home gardens – #2.945 o Pinyon pine insects and diseases – #2.948 o Powdery mildew – #2.902 o Roses – Diseases of roses in Colorado – #2.946 o Russian olive decline and gummosis – #2.942 o Strawberry diseases – #2.931 o Sycamore anthracnose – #2.930 CSU Extension Publications o Insects and diseases of woody plants of the central Rockies – 506A Curriculum developed by Mary Small, CSU Extension, Jefferson County • Colorado State University, U.S. Department of Agriculture and Colorado counties cooperating. • CSU Extension programs are available to all without discrimination. • No endorsement of products named is intended, nor is criticism implied of products not mentioned.
[Show full text]
Principal Types of Vegetative Shoot Apex Organization in Vascular Plants1
PRINCIPAL TYPES OF VEGETATIVE SHOOT APEX ORGANIZATION IN VASCULAR PLANTS1 RICHARD A. POPHAM Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus 10 Before progress can be made in research, a problem must be recognized. Once the problem has been perceived, a research program may be directed toward a solution. The problem of how and where a shoot grows and the organization of the shoot apex was apparently first conceived by Kaspar Friedrich Wolff (1759). Although his observations on the structure, formation, and growth of cells were fantastically inaccurate, he made a great contribution to our knowledge of the growing plant by setting forth a new and important problem. In a very real sense, Wolff is the father of developmental plant anatomy. Disagreement is the life blood of many research problems. Strenuous opposition is often engendered by a dogmatic statement or a theory which is proposed as a universal truth. Opposition to Wolff's (1759) original proposition regarding the organization and growth of shoot apices prompted plant anatomists, some 85 years later, to investigate the truth of the statement. The factual solution of the problem of shoot apex organization had its beginnings in the work of Nageli (1845). Following this work on many lower cryptogams, Nageli concluded that the cells of all tissues of the shoot of cryptogams and higher plants have their genesis in a single apical cell. The new-born apical cell theory supported by Hofmeister (1851) and others provided the impetus for a renewed, vigorous attack on the problem of shoot apex organization. A little later a new proposal, Hanstein's (1868) histogen theory was born of more careful observations and in a mind unfettered by the prevailing fanaticism of the apical cell theorists.
[Show full text]
Vegetative Vs. Reproductive Morphology
Today’s lecture: plant morphology Vegetative vs. reproductive morphology Vegetative morphology Growth, development, photosynthesis, support Not involved in sexual reproduction Reproductive morphology Sexual reproduction Vegetative morphology: seeds Seed = a dormant young plant in which development is arrested. Cotyledon (seed leaf) = leaf developed at the first node of the embryonic stem; present in the seed prior to germination. Vegetative morphology: roots Water and mineral uptake radicle primary roots stem secondary roots taproot fibrous roots adventitious roots Vegetative morphology: roots Modified roots Symbiosis/parasitism Food storage stem secondary roots Increase nutrient Allow dormancy adventitious roots availability Facilitate vegetative spread Vegetative morphology: stems plumule primary shoot Support, vertical elongation apical bud node internode leaf lateral (axillary) bud lateral shoot stipule Vegetative morphology: stems Vascular tissue = specialized cells transporting water and nutrients Secondary growth = vascular cell division, resulting in increased girth Vegetative morphology: stems Secondary growth = vascular cell division, resulting in increased girth Vegetative morphology: stems Modified stems Asexual (vegetative) reproduction Stolon: above ground Rhizome: below ground Stems elongating laterally, producing adventitious roots and lateral shoots Vegetative morphology: stems Modified stems Food storage Bulb: leaves are storage organs Corm: stem is storage organ Stems not elongating, packed with carbohydrates Vegetative
[Show full text]
Pruning Fruit Trees: Rules of Shoot Growth
Pruning Fruit Trees: Rules of Shoot Growth Pruning fruit trees is usually perceived as a very difficult task for the inexperienced. This is due primarily to the uncertainty involved in deciding what to prune, where to cut, and how much wood to remove. Pruning decisions can be made much easier if we know the way a tree grows naturally. The purpose of this article is to present some basic principles and observations on shoot growth. While these rules were developed with tree fruit in mind, they are generally applicable to deciduous trees in the landscape. Rules of Shoot Growth 1. If two branches are identical in length, and diameter, and they emerge from the tree trunk at the same location, they will have the same growth potential. Such limbs have comparable hormone levels, leaf area, and they will receive comparable nutrients and growth promoting substances from the roots. 2. The steeper the angle of a branch, the more vigorously it will grow, provided all the other conditions are identical. This rule is especially important since it gives you, the pruner, a glimpse into the future about growth potential of limbs in a tree. Upright limbs, which form an angle with the trunk of 30 degrees or less, are apt to be too vigorous, grow inappropriately large, and by the nature of their vigor, be quite unproductive. Conversely, a limb that is flat and forms an angle of 90 degrees or more with the trunk will be weak and display little if any terminal growth. Further, vigorous upright shoots may grow from these flat limbs, and pose contin-ual problems in the future.
[Show full text]
"Effect of Photoperiod and Shoot Decapitation on Flowering Of
J. AMER. Soc. HORT. SCI. 115(1):131-135. 1990. Effect of Photoperiod and Shoot Decapitation on Flowering of Leucospermum ‘Red Sunset’ Daniel G. Malan1 and Gerard Jacobs Department of Horticulture, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa Additional index words. short-day plant, night break Abstract. Incandescent light night break (NB) and day continuation (DC) prevented flower formation in Leucosper- mum R.Br. CV. Red Sunset. Natural short days (NSD) during winter were inductive for flowering of intact shoots until 28 Aug. (Southern Hemisphere), but only until 24 July for decapitated shoots. Vegetative axillary buds released from correlative inhibition by shoot decapitation were less responsive to inductive short days (SD) than distal axillary buds on intact shoots. At least 42 inductive SD cycles were required for normal flowering after cessation of shoot growth. The effective length of the NB depended on the length of the NSD of winter. A 2-hr NB prevented flowering in vegetative buds released from correlative inhibition by shoot decapitation on 3 Mar., but was inadequate for axillary buds on shoots decapitated on 1 May. When the NB was begun during winter and discontinued before natural day (ND) lengths became too long in spring, the flowering time was delayed. Vegetative and reproductive growth of Leucospermum CV. cence development occurs during winter (May to September), Red Sunset (Proteaceae) follow a seasonal sequence. Plants grow and the flowers open in early spring (September to October). vegetatively during late spring and summer (November to March, The inflorescence is a capitulum arising from an axillary bud Southern Hemisphere) and individual shoots have strong apical distally situated on a shoot (Jacobs, 1985).
[Show full text]
Flowers Into Shoots: Photo and Hormonal Control of a Meristem Identity Switch in Arabidopsis (Gibberellins͞phytochrome͞floral Reversion)
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 93, pp. 13831–13836, November 1996 Developmental Biology Flowers into shoots: Photo and hormonal control of a meristem identity switch in Arabidopsis (gibberellinsyphytochromeyfloral reversion) JACK K. OKAMURO*, BART G. W. DEN BOER†,CYNTHIA LOTYS-PRASS,WAYNE SZETO, AND K. DIANE JOFUKU Department of Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 Communicated by Bernard O. Phinney, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, September 10, 1996 (received for review February 1, 1996) ABSTRACT Little is known about the signals that govern MOUS (AG) (3, 15, 17, 21–23). The LFY gene encodes a novel the network of meristem and organ identity genes that control polypeptide that is reported to have DNA binding activity in flower development. In Arabidopsis, we can induce a hetero- vitro (20). AG encodes a protein that belongs to the evolu- chronic switch from flower to shoot development, a process tionarily conserved MADS domain family of eukaryotic tran- known as floral meristem reversion, by manipulating photo- scription factors (24, 25). However, little is known about how period in the floral homeotic mutant agamous and in plants these proteins govern meristem identity at the cellular and heterozygous for the meristem identity gene leafy. The trans- molecular levels. Previous studies suggest that the mainte- formation from flower to shoot meristem is suppressed by hy1, nance of flower meristem identity in lfy and in ag mutants is a mutation blocking phytochrome activity, by spindly, a mu- controlled by photoperiod and by one class of plant growth tation that activates basal gibberellin signal transduction in regulators, the gibberellins (12, 15, 21).
[Show full text]
Character Description in Phylogenetic Analysis: Insights from Agnes Arber's Concept of the Plant
Character Description in Phylogenetic Analysis: Insights from Agnes Arber's Concept of the Plant By: BRUCE K. KIRCHOFF Kirchoff, B. K. 2001. Character description in phylogenetic analysis: insights from Agnes Arber's concept of the plant. Annals of Botany 88: 1203-1214. Made available courtesy of Oxford University Press: http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/88/6/1203 ***Note: Figures may be missing from this format of the document Abstract: Throughout her work Agnes Arber argues for an inclusive, synthetic concept of the vascular plant as `consisting of a unification of every phase of its existence'. Her view of the leaf as a partial-shoot reflects this unification by relating the part (leaf) to the whole (shoot). According to Arber's view of the plant, the part can be fully understood only in the context of the whole. Morphological character description as it is currently practiced in systematics isin sharp contrast with this holistic view of plant structure. Systematic characters are removed from their context when they are described. This problem is greatest when characters are expressed verbally. Verbal descriptions convey little of the content of the character. A shift from verbal to visual charactersallows systematists to capture more information, including some of the context in which the character occurs. By using a photograph, the fringe on a labellum of Alpinia spp. (Zingiberaceae) can be viewed in the context of the labellum in a way that the word `fringe' cannot convey. The use of pictorial charactersalso allows reliable data storage and retrieval from databases, much as DNA sequences are currently being stored and retrieved.
[Show full text]
NHBSS 040 2K Maxwell Plant
NAT. HIST. BULL. SIAM Soc. 40:201-203 BOOK REVIEW Plants From the Markets of Thailand by Christiane Jacquat. Editions Duang Kamol (DK), Bangkok, 1990; pp. 251, price 390 Baht. Dr. Jacquat, a Swiss archaeo-ethnobotanist, has produced an unusual, colourful, and certainly unique book combining botany and culture. The bulk of the book includes the identities, Thai and English names, short descriptions, uses, and 341 colour plates for 241 wild and cultivated plants in the following categories: edible and medicinal plants, ornamental plants, plants used for packaging, and a short section about two trees with useful wood/resin and bark. There is also information about Thailand's geography, ethnic composition, climate, forests, and food. The edible and medicinal plants include algae and fungi, fern allies and ferns, and flowering plants. Ornamental plants have fern allies and ferns as well as flowering plants, while only flowering plants are discussed under packaging plants. There is a glossary of botanical terms, list of references, and indices to botanical, Thai, and English names. I do have some comments that could be used to improve future editions of the book. The introductory part about Thai forests should be revised since much of it is incorrect. The term "jungle" is not a scientific term and should be replaced with tropical monsoonal evergreen (not tropical rain) forest. Although the terms "dry evergreen" and "hill evergreen" forests are commonly, but unfortunately uncritically, used for Thai forests, these ill-defined and inappropriate terms create confusion and need to be properly ex plained. "Mixed deciduous" forests are not, as the author writes, a cross between "dry evergreen" and deciduous forests.
[Show full text]
Origin of Buds, Branches, and Sprouts
New shoots from young pollarded London plane trees (Platanus x hispanica, syn. P. x acerifolia). Pollarding is a legitimate technique to maintain the size of trees of some tree species after they have developed the desired structure. The shoots are removed annually, leaving dormant or latent buds to sprout from the pollard head the following year. By Kevin T. Smith, Ph.D. timber for wood products is greatest for Branching in the mature tree begins with wood with straight grain and no knots. the pattern established by primary growth ecent research shows that survivor Stem or epicormic sprouts that form knots at the tip of stem and branch. The emerg- trees in rural, managed forests in the bole greatly reduce value of other- ing shoot tip of a new tree seedling grows rebuild broken crowns with new wise high-quality timber or veneer. In from the tip or apex. That growing tip con- RbranchesR and foliage after ice storm injury orchard production, epicormic sprouts fre- tains the dividing cells of the apical (Shortle et al. 2014). Veteran trees in his- quently do not produce flowers or fruit and meristem. The core of the apical meristem toric parks and landscapes show repeated are considered a wasteful drain on fruit contains cells that are totipotent, meaning cycles of crown loss and recovery (Fay yield. they are capable of differentiation into any 2002). Crown rebuilding or reiteration Arboricultural texts seem to strive for an type of cell that the plant needs. A slight from sprouts is a physiological response obvious or sensible balance.
[Show full text]