DOCSLIB.ORG

In Armored Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) Author(S): M

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
In Armored Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) Author(S): M Diversity and Phylogeny of Cardinium (Bacteroidetes) in Armored Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) Author(s): M. E. Gruwell, J. Wu, and B. B. Normark Source: Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 102(6):1050-1061. Published By: Entomological Society of America DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/008.102.0613 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1603/008.102.0613 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. SYSTEMATICS Diversity and Phylogeny of Cardinium (Bacteroidetes) in Armored Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) 1 2 2 M. E. GRUWELL, J. WU, AND B. B. NORMARK School of Science, Penn State Erie, Behrend College, 162 Nick Building, 4205 College Drive, Erie, PA 16563-0203 Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 102(6): 1050Ð1061 (2009) ABSTRACT Species of Cardinium are intracellular endosymbionts of arthropods. They are known to interfere with the mode of reproduction in some parasitoid wasp and mite hosts, and they are associated with parthenogenesis in the oleander scale, Aspidiotus nerii Bouche´ (Hemiptera: Diaspi- didae). Here, we survey A. nerii more broadly for presence of Cardinium species. In total, we tested 593 individuals in 301 populations, representing 132 identiÞed species of armored scale insects, by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of 16S rDNA. We obtained positive PCR results in 67 individuals of 34 populations, representing 20 species and one unidentiÞed individual. Sequencing of these PCR products yields 20 new Cardinium haplotypes, raising the number of known insect-associated Cardinium haplotypes from 15 to 35. The new host-list elucidates the ecology of Cardinium, which in insects seems to be specialized on plant-feeding Hemiptera and associated parasitoid Hymenoptera. A phylogenetic analysis of all known insect-associated Cardinium 16S sequences reveals deep diversity in armored scale insects and implies horizontal transfer of Cardinium among armored scale insects and their parasitoids. KEY WORDS secondary endosymbiont, horizontal transfer, Encarsia, parthenogenesis The most widespread and notorious endosymbionts of Cardinium are known from a narrower range of insect insects are species of Wolbachia, a group of Alpha- hosts. Although fairly widespread in arachnids (Enigl proteobacteria that are well known for manipulating and Schausberger 2007, Duron et al. 2008, Groot and host reproduction (Werren and Windsor 2000). The Breeuwer 2008), so far in insects Cardinium has been four major host-manipulation phenotypes found in found only in the orders Hymenoptera and Hemiptera Wolbachia are typically categorized as follows: 1) cy- (Hunter and Zchori-Fein 2006, Duron et al. 2008, toplasmic incompatibility, in which sperm from in- Sacchi et al. 2008). Cardinium has been found to in- fected males are lethal to eggs from uninfected fe- duce cytoplasmic incompatibility and parthenogene- males; 2) male killing, in which infected males die sis in Encarsia wasps (Zchori-Fein et al. 2001, Hunter before maturity, usually at a very early embryonic et al. 2003, Zchori-Fein et al. 2004, Perlman et al. 2008) stage; 3) feminization, in which infected individuals and feminization in Brevipalpus mites (Weeks et al. that are genetically male develop as phenotypic fe- 2001). As with Wolbachia, a range of other more subtle males; and 4) parthenogenesis induction, in which effects on hosts also have been found, including en- infected individuals all develop as parthenogenetic hanced fecundity in Metaseiulus mites (Weeks and females (Werren 1997, Stouthamer et al. 1999). An- Stouthamer 2004) and broadened host range in En- other effect linked to Wolbachia in some cases is an carsia pergandiella Howard (Zchori-Fein et al. 2001). increase of fecundity and fertility (Stouthamer et al. Encarsia wasps, in which Cardinium is best charac- 1999). Wolbachia lineages are extremely widespread terized, attack whiteßies and armored scale insects, and occur in at least 12 insect orders (Werren et al. both of which are also known to harbor Cardinium. 1995, Arakaki et al. 2001, Noda et al. 2001, Dittmar and The other wasps in which Cardinium has been found Whiting 2004, Peng and JinJun 2004, Bordenstein and belong to the genera Aphytis and Plagiomerus, which Rosengaus 2005, Covacin and Barker 2007). are parasitoids of armored scale insects, and the genus Another lineage of endosymbiotic bacteria, the ge- Marietta, which is a hyperparasitoid of scale insects. nus Cardinium from the Bacteroidetes, has some of the Thus, in insects, Cardinium is known primarily from same host manipulation phenotypes as Wolbachia, but species that have a close ecological association with armored scale insects. In a survey of Cardinium and related bacteria across 24 species of scale insects in six 1 Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]. families, Cardinium was found in two species, both of 2 Department of Plant, Soil, and Insect Sciences and Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Fernald Hall, Uni- which were armored scales (Zchori-Fein et al. 2005). versity of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003. Here, we survey Ͼ130 species of armored scale insects 0013-8746/09/1050Ð1061$04.00/0 ᭧ 2009 Entomological Society of America November 2009 GRUWELL ET AL.: DIVERSITY OF Cardinium BACTERIA IN ARMORED SCALES 1051 by using Cardinium-speciÞc 16S primers. We Þnd a trols, based on samples from Provencher et al. (2005), greater diversity of Cardinium haplotypes from ar- to ensure accuracy and avoid contamination. mored scale insects than are known from all other PCR reactions were visualized using 1.5% agarose insects combined. The phylogeny of insect-associated gel electrophoresis and cleaned using Exo SAP-IT Cardinium lineages is consistent with frequent hori- enzymatic digestion (USB, Cleveland, OH). Cleaned zontal transfer among armored scale insects and their products were cycle sequenced and analyzed on a parasitoids. 3730xl DNA analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) at Brigham Young University (Provo, UT). Com- pleted sequences were edited and compiled using Materials and Methods Sequencher 4.2 (Gene Codes Corporation, Ann Ar- Cardinium Survey Across Diaspidid Scale Insects. bor, MI) and imported into a BLAST (Altschul et al. We sampled 593 individuals from 301 populations in 1997) search on GenBank (Benson et al. 2004) to 132 identiÞed species of armored scale insects. Of the verify identity as Cardinium. 301 populations, 263 were identiÞed to species, 20 Cardinium in Males. Female scale insects were used were identiÞed as undescribed new species in an iden- for the above-described survey, and for most other tiÞed genus and 18 were unidentiÞed. For 87 species, systematic work on scale insects, because they are we used the same genomic DNA extractions that were much more readily collected than male scale insects used for a previously published phylogenetic study of and because adult females are the only life stage that the armored scale insects (Morse and Normark 2006). can be reliably identiÞed to species. This stems from Two species from that study, Selenaspidus articulatus the fact that male scale insects are much shorter-lived Morgan and Dactylaspis sp. undesc. #3, were no than female scale insects, with a brief, winged adult longer available. To this sample we have added 45 phase. Thus sampling (generally by searching plant species and 38 undescribed or unidentiÞed popula- surfaces for sessile life stages) is biased toward fe- tions. Each new sample was tested for quality by poly- males. Nonetheless, most of our stored samples in- merase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of the clude many individuals, and subadult males are often 28S gene from the host scale insect. For each popu- present. lation we tested a minimum of two individuals and up In Aspidiotus nerii Bouche´ (Hemiptera: Diaspidi- to eight when the material was available (Table 1). dae), Cardinium is found only in the parthenogenetic Our sample includes a broad diversity of the armored lineage and is absent from sexual populations (Prov- scale insects, including multiple representatives from encher et al. 2005). This implies that Cardinium in A. the Þve major tribes and Ϸ6% of described species. nerii has a parthenogenesis-inducing phenotype. To The sample also includes 17 of the 36 species in which assess whether Cardinium always has such a pheno- parthenogenesis has been reported previously type in armored scale insects, all Cardinium-positive (Brown 1965, Danzig 1986, Gerson 1990, Nur 1990, samples were examined for the presence of males. If Kosztarab 1996, Gill 1997). See Table 1 for a list of one or more males was found, DNA was prepared from all species tested and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Morphology and Adaptation of Immature Stages of Hemipteran Insects
    © 2019 JETIR January 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) Morphology and Adaptation of Immature Stages of Hemipteran Insects Devina Seram and Yendrembam K Devi Assistant Professor, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab Introduction Insect Adaptations An adaptation is an environmental change so an insect can better fit in and have a better chance of living. Insects are modified in many ways according to their environment. Insects can have adapted legs, mouthparts, body shapes, etc. which makes them easier to survive in the environment that they live in and these adaptations also help them get away from predators and other natural enemies. Here are some adaptations in the immature stages of important families of Hemiptera. Hemiptera are hemimetabolous exopterygotes with only egg and nymphal immature stages and are divided into two sub-orders, homoptera and heteroptera. The immature stages of homopteran families include Delphacidae, Fulgoridae, Cercopidae, Cicadidae, Membracidae, Cicadellidae, Psyllidae, Aleyrodidae, Aphididae, Phylloxeridae, Coccidae, Pseudococcidae, Diaspididae and heteropteran families Notonectidae, Corixidae, Belastomatidae, Nepidae, Hydrometridae, Gerridae, Veliidae, Cimicidae, Reduviidae, Pentatomidae, Lygaeidae, Coreidae, Tingitidae, Miridae will be discussed. Homopteran families 1. Delphacidae – Eg. plant hoppers They comprise the largest family of plant hoppers and are characterized by the presence of large, flattened spurs at the apex of their hind tibiae. Eggs are deposited inside plant tissues, elliptical in shape, colourless to whitish. Nymphs are similar in appearance to adults except for size, colour, under- developed wing pads and genitalia. 2. Fulgoridae – Eg. lantern bugs They can be recognized with their antennae inserted on the sides & beneath the eyes.
    [Show full text]
  • Insetos Do Brasil
    COSTA LIMA INSETOS DO BRASIL 2.º TOMO HEMÍPTEROS ESCOLA NACIONAL DE AGRONOMIA SÉRIE DIDÁTICA N.º 3 - 1940 INSETOS DO BRASIL 2.º TOMO HEMÍPTEROS A. DA COSTA LIMA Professor Catedrático de Entomologia Agrícola da Escola Nacional de Agronomia Ex-Chefe de Laboratório do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz INSETOS DO BRASIL 2.º TOMO CAPÍTULO XXII HEMÍPTEROS ESCOLA NACIONAL DE AGRONOMIA SÉRIE DIDÁTICA N.º 3 - 1940 CONTEUDO CAPÍTULO XXII PÁGINA Ordem HEMÍPTERA ................................................................................................................................................ 3 Superfamília SCUTELLEROIDEA ............................................................................................................ 42 Superfamília COREOIDEA ............................................................................................................................... 79 Super família LYGAEOIDEA ................................................................................................................................. 97 Superfamília THAUMASTOTHERIOIDEA ............................................................................................... 124 Superfamília ARADOIDEA ................................................................................................................................... 125 Superfamília TINGITOIDEA .................................................................................................................................... 132 Superfamília REDUVIOIDEA ...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • San Jose Scale and Its Natural Enemies: Investigating Natural Or Augmented Controls
    California Tree Fruit Agreement Research Report 2002 SAN JOSE SCALE AND ITS NATURAL ENEMIES: INVESTIGATING NATURAL OR AUGMENTED CONTROLS Project Leaders: Kent M. Daane Cooperators: Glenn Y. Yokota, Walter J. Bentley, Karen Sime, and Brian Hogg ABSTRACT San Jose scale (SJS) and its natural enemies were studied from 1999 through 2002. Natural populations were followed in stone fruit and almond blocks, with orchard management practices divided into “conventional” and “sustainable” practices, based on dormant and in-season insecticide use. Results generally show higher fruit damage at harvest-time in sustainably managed fields, although, these results are not consistent among orchards and exceptions to this pattern were found. In conventionally managed blocks, later harvest dates resulted in higher SJS fruit damage, although this did not hold true in sustainably managed orchards. Results from SJS pheromone-baited traps show a predominant seasonal pattern of SJS densities progressively increasing and parasitoid (Encarsia perniciosi) densities progressively decreasing. These data are discussed with respect to SJS fruit damage and parasitoid establishment and efficiency. SJS and parasitoid sampling methodology and distribution were investigated. Comparing SJS pheromone trap data to numbers of crawlers on double-sided sticky tape and SJS infested fruit at harvest show a significant correlation between pheromone trap counts of SJS males and numbers of SJS crawlers. Results suggest that there is a small window in the season (April-May) when sticky tape provides important information on crawler abundance and damage. Results show a negative correlation between the early season abundance of Encarsia (as measured by pheromone traps) and SJS damage at harvest. These results suggest that early-season ratios of parasitoid : SJS can not be used to predict fruit damage or biological control (these data require more analysis).
    [Show full text]
  • Oystershell Scale Lepidosaphes Ulmi Order Hemiptera, Family Diaspididae; Armored Scales Native Pest
    Pests of Trees and Shrubs Oystershell scale Lepidosaphes ulmi Order Hemiptera, Family Diaspididae; armored scales Native pest Host plants: Ash, beech, birch, boxwood, cotoneaster, elm, fruit trees, lilac, maple, poplar, willow, and approxi- mately 20 other species Description: Adult female covers are approximately 3 mm long, convex, oystershell-shaped and gray to brown in color. Male covers, if present, are usually smaller. Eggs and crawlers are white. Gray form of oystershell scale on maple. (183) Life history: Crawlers hatch in late May to early June Photo: John Davidson and seek suitable feeding sites on branches and trunks. Nymphs mature in mid summer to mate. Eggs are depos- ited in late summer to early fall beneath the mother’s cover. There is one generation a year; two generations in the South. Overwintering: Eggs under the cover of the dead mother scale. Damage symptoms: Damage from scale feeding causes cracked bark and chlorotic, stunted foliage. Heavy infestations can kill branches or trees or weaken them to the point of being susceptible to secondary pests such as borers. Monitoring: In Wooster, Ohio, first generation eggs hatch when black locust and multiflora rose bloom in late May. Second generation eggs hatch in mid to late July. In Midland, Michigan, first generation eggs hatch when Vanhoutte spirea and black cherry bloom in mid May, Brown form of oystershell scale with female cover removed to and there is no second generation. Look for the character- show overwintering eggs. (185) istic oystershell-shaped brown to purplish-gray scale Photo: John Davidson covers on bark. Look for wilting foliage and imminent dieback.
    [Show full text]
  • Oystershell Scale
    Quick IPM Facts W289-R Oystershell Scale Lepidosaphes ulmi Host Plants Oystershell scale attacks 85 plant genera from 33 plant families including: • Birch Mother scale • Boxwood • Crabapple • Dogwood • Elm Dead crawlers • Hawthorn • Lilac Live crawlers • Linden Description • Magnolia • Maple Oystershell scale gets its name from the oystershell appearance • Ornamental cherry of its waxy coating. This armored scale insect has two forms: the • brown/apple form and the lilac form. It is an economically important pest Pear in nurseries, landscapes and orchards. The oystershell scale is mainly a • Redbud northern species and is commonly found in most states except those • Smoketree bordering Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico. • Viburnum • Willow Life Cycle Oystershell scale overwinter as white eggs protected beneath the waxy covering of the adult female scale. The crawlers hatch in the spring and then move a small distance from their mother before settling on the bark to feed (live and dead crawlers and adult scale are circled above). Crawlers form their own protective wax coating about a week later. Because of this narrow window, coordinating spray applications with crawler emergence is very important for achieving good control. Depending on the host and geographic location, oystershell scale may produce one to two generations per year. Monitoring Adult scale Look on the bark for the oystershell-shaped scale covers. Check beneath the scale covers for healthy, white eggs in the spring to estimate the effectiveness of previous control strategies. In late May, begin scouting for crawlers from the first-generation egg hatch, then again in late July when eggs from the second generation hatch.
    [Show full text]
  • Diverse New Scale Insects (Hemiptera, Coccoidea) in Amber
    AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES Number 3823, 80 pp. January 16, 2015 Diverse new scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in amber from the Cretaceous and Eocene with a phylogenetic framework for fossil Coccoidea ISABELLE M. VEA1'2 AND DAVID A. GRIMALDI2 ABSTRACT Coccoids are abundant and diverse in most amber deposits around the world, but largely as macropterous males. Based on a study of male coccoids in Lebanese amber (Early Cretaceous), Burmese amber (Albian-Cenomanian), Cambay amber from western India (Early Eocene), and Baltic amber (mid-Eocene), 16 new species, 11 new genera, and three new families are added to the coccoid fossil record: Apticoccidae, n. fam., based on Apticoccus Koteja and Azar, and includ¬ ing two new species A.fortis, n. sp., and A. longitenuis, n. sp.; the monotypic family Hodgsonicoc- cidae, n. fam., including Hodgsonicoccus patefactus, n. gen., n. sp.; Kozariidae, n. fam., including Kozarius achronus, n. gen., n. sp., and K. perpetuus, n. sp.; the first occurrence of a Coccidae in Burmese amber, Rosahendersonia prisca, n. gen., n. sp.; the first fossil record of a Margarodidae sensu stricto, Heteromargarodes hukamsinghi, n. sp.; a peculiar Diaspididae in Indian amber, Nor- markicoccus cambayae, n. gen., n. sp.; a Pityococcidae from Baltic amber, Pityococcus monilifor- malis, n. sp., two Pseudococcidae in Lebanese and Burmese ambers, Williamsicoccus megalops, n. gen., n. sp., and Gilderius eukrinops, n. gen., n. sp.; an Early Cretaceous Weitschatidae, Pseudo- weitschatus audebertis, n. gen., n. sp.; four genera considered incertae sedis, Alacrena peculiaris, n. gen., n. sp., Magnilens glaesaria, n. gen., n. sp., and Pedicellicoccus marginatus, n. gen., n. sp., and Xiphos vani, n.
    [Show full text]
  • American Museum Novitates
    AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES Number 3823, 80 pp. January 16, 2015 Diverse new scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in amber from the Cretaceous and Eocene with a phylogenetic framework for fossil Coccoidea ISABELLE M. VEA1, 2 AND DAVID A. GRIMALDI2 ABSTRACT Coccoids are abundant and diverse in most amber deposits around the world, but largely as macropterous males. Based on a study of male coccoids in Lebanese amber (Early Cretaceous), Burmese amber (Albian-Cenomanian), Cambay amber from western India (Early Eocene), and Baltic amber (mid-Eocene), 16 new species, 11 new genera, and three new families are added to the coccoid fossil record: Apticoccidae, n. fam., based on Apticoccus Koteja and Azar, and includ- ing two new species A. fortis, n. sp., and A. longitenuis, n. sp.; the monotypic family Hodgsonicoc- cidae, n. fam., including Hodgsonicoccus patefactus, n. gen., n. sp.; Kozariidae, n. fam., including Kozarius achronus, n. gen., n. sp., and K. perpetuus, n. sp.; the irst occurrence of a Coccidae in Burmese amber, Rosahendersonia prisca, n. gen., n. sp.; the irst fossil record of a Margarodidae sensu stricto, Heteromargarodes hukamsinghi, n. sp.; a peculiar Diaspididae in Indian amber, Nor- markicoccus cambayae, n. gen., n. sp.; a Pityococcidae from Baltic amber, Pityococcus monilifor- malis, n. sp., two Pseudococcidae in Lebanese and Burmese ambers, Williamsicoccus megalops, n. gen., n. sp., and Gilderius eukrinops, n. gen., n. sp.; an Early Cretaceous Weitschatidae, Pseudo- weitschatus audebertis, n. gen., n. sp.; four genera considered incertae sedis, Alacrena peculiaris, n. gen., n. sp., Magnilens glaesaria, n. gen., n. sp., and Pedicellicoccus marginatus, n. gen., n. sp., and Xiphos vani, n.
    [Show full text]
  • Two Species of Armored Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) Associated with Sori of Ferns Marcelo Guerra Santos¹ & Vera Regina Dos Santos Wolff²
    doi:10.12741/ebrasilis.v8i3.492 e-ISSN 1983-0572 Publicação do Projeto Entomologistas do Brasil www.ebras.bio.br Distribuído através da Creative Commons Licence v4.0 (BY-NC-ND) Copyright © EntomoBrasilis Copyright © do(s) Autor(es) Two Species of Armored Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) Associated with Sori of Ferns Marcelo Guerra Santos¹ & Vera Regina dos Santos Wolff² 1. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, e-mail: [email protected] (Autor para correspondência). 2. Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária – FEPAGRO, Rio Grande do Sul, e-mail: [email protected]. _____________________________________ EntomoBrasilis 8 (3): 232-234 (2015) Abstract. This note reports the presence of two scale insects species Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell) and Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) (Coccoidea, Diaspididae), associated respectively with Asplenium serratum L. (Aspleniaceae) and Niphidium crassifolium (L.) Lellinger (Polypodiaceae). It is the first record of a fern species as host plant of H. palmae. In both fern species, the diaspidids were found nearby the sori. Keywords: Aspleniaceae; Fern-insect interactions; Polypodiaceae; Pteridophytes; Scale Insect. Duas Espécies de Cochonilhas (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) Associadas com Soros de Samambaias Resumo. A presente comunicação relata a presença de duas espécies de cochonilhas Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell) e Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) (Coccoidea, Diaspididae), associadas respectivamente com Asplenium serratum L. (Aspleniaceae) e Niphidium crassifolium (L.) Lellinger (Polypodiaceae). É o primeiro registro de uma samambaia como planta hospedeira de H. palmae. Nas duas espécies de samambaias, os diaspidídeos encontravam-se concentrados principalmente ao redor dos soros. Palavras-chave: Aspleniaceae; Cochonilhas; Interações samambaia-inseto; Polypodiaceae; Pteridófitas. _____________________________________ nteractions between ferns and insects are more poorly (2003).
    [Show full text]
  • Homoptera: Diaspididae) Plant Protection and Quarantine of the Conterminous United States by Sueo Nakahara
    Historic, Archive Document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. United States Department of Agriculture Checklist of the Animal and Plant Health Armored Scales Inspection Service (Homoptera: Diaspididae) Plant Protection and Quarantine of the Conterminous United States By Sueo Nakahara USDA, APHiS. PPG Hoboken Methods 'Oevelopmem 209 Fiiver Street Hoboken. MJ ■Q703£> United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library Introduction There are approximately 1,700 species of armored scales (Diaspididae) in the world (Beardsley and Gonzalez (1975: 47) and 285 species in the conterminous United States. Although 297 species are treated in this list, 12 species are regarded as eradicated. These 12 species are known only from the original collections and have not been collected during the past 40 years, or are recorded only from localized infestations that have been subjected to eradication measures. Aonidiella inornata McKenzie was recorded from Houston, Texas (McDaniel 1968:212), and Quadraspidiotus braunschvigi (Rungs) (Ferris 1942:426) is known only from the original collection. Although treated as eradicated, both species may still exist as localized infestations. Melanaspis multiclavata (Green and Laing) recorded from FIorida by Terris (1941:429) is a misidentification of an undescribed species (Davidson 1978, per. comm.) and is excluded from this paper. Also excluded is Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas) (= _P* zizyphus) reported from Mississippi (Ferris 1937:90) on the basis of one old record from lem¬ ons and oranges of questionable origin. Abgral1aspis comstocki (Johnson) and A. howardi (Cocker- ell) possibly are forms of Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam) (Stannard 1965:573), but are listed as separate species because of taxonomical problems with D.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Padil Species Factsheet Scientific Name: Common Name Image
    1. PaDIL Species Factsheet Scientific Name: Lepidosaphes tokionis (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) Common Name Croton Mussel Scale Live link: http://www.padil.gov.au/maf-border/Pest/Main/142940 Image Library New Zealand Biosecurity Live link: http://www.padil.gov.au/maf-border/ Partners for New Zealand Biosecurity image library Landcare Research — Manaaki Whenua http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/ MPI (Ministry for Primary Industries) http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/ 2. Species Information 2.1. Details Specimen Contact: New Zealand Arthropod Collection - [email protected] Author: Rhode, B.E. & Crosby, T.K. Citation: Rhode, B.E. & Crosby, T.K. (2013) Croton Mussel Scale(Lepidosaphes tokionis)Updated on 4/10/2014 Available online: PaDIL - http://www.padil.gov.au Image Use: Free for use under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY- NC 4.0) 2.2. URL Live link: http://www.padil.gov.au/maf-border/Pest/Main/142940 2.3. Facets Commodity Overview: Field Crops and Pastures, Horticulture Commodity Type: Capsicum & Chilli pepper, Citrus produce Distribution: Afrotropic, Australasia, Indo-Malaya, Nearctic, Neotropic, Palearctic Groups: Bugs Host Family: Agavaceae, Araceae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae Pest Status: 0 Unknown Status: 0 NZ - Unknown 2.4. Other Names Croton Scale Insulaspis tokionis Borchsenius, 1963 Lepidosaphes auriculata Sanders, 1909 Lepidosaphes lasianthi Wolcott, 1936 Lepidosaphes newsteadi tokionis Fernald, 1903 Lepidosaphes tokionis Takahashi, 1935 Mytilaspis auriculata Green, 1907 Mytilaspis newsteadi tokionis Kuwana, 1902 2.5. Diagnostic Notes **Description from Williams & Watson (1988)** Scale of adult female pale brown, elongate. Male scale about same colour as female scale, smaller. Adult female, when mounted on slide, elongate: head of mature specimen sclerotised and expanded laterally to form sclerotised lobes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Biology and Ecology of Armored Scales
    Copyright 1975. All rights resenetl THE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY +6080 OF ARMORED SCALES 1,2 John W. Beardsley Jr. and Roberto H. Gonzalez Department of Entomology, University of Hawaii. Honolulu. Hawaii 96822 and Plant Production and Protection Division. Food and Agriculture Organization. Rome. Italy The armored scales (Family Diaspididae) constitute one of the most successful groups of plant-parasitic arthropods and include some of the most damaging and refractory pests of perennial crops and ornamentals. The Diaspididae is the largest and most specialized of the dozen or so currently recognized families which compose the superfamily Coccoidea. A recent world catalog (19) lists 338 valid genera and approximately 1700 species of armored scales. Although the diaspidids have been more intensively studied than any other group of coccids, probably no more than half of the existing forms have been recognized and named. Armored scales occur virtually everywhere perennial vascular plants are found, although a few of the most isolated oceanic islands (e.g. the Hawaiian group) apparently have no endemic representatives and are populated entirely by recent adventives. In general. the greatest numbers and diversity of genera and species occur in the tropics. subtropics. and warmer portions of the temperate zones. With the exclusion of the so-called palm scales (Phoenicococcus. Halimococcus. and their allies) which most coccid taxonomists now place elsewhere (19. 26. 99). the armored scale insects are a biologically and morphologically distinct and Access provided by CNRS-Multi-Site on 03/25/16. For personal use only. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1975.20:47-73. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org homogenous group.
    [Show full text]
  • Acacia Flat Mite (Brevipalpus Acadiae Ryke & Meyer, Tenuipalpidae, Acarina): Doringboomplatmyt
    Creepie-crawlies and such comprising: Common Names of Insects 1963, indicated as CNI Butterfly List 1959, indicated as BL Some names the sources of which are unknown, and indicated as such Gewone Insekname SKOENLAPPERLYS INSLUITENDE BOSLUISE, MYTE, SAAMGESTEL DEUR DIE AALWURMS EN SPINNEKOPPE LANDBOUTAALKOMITEE Saamgestel deur die MET MEDEWERKING VAN NAVORSINGSINSTITUUT VIR DIE PLANTBESKERMING TAALDIENSBURO Departement van Landbou-tegniese Dienste VAN DIE met medewerking van die DEPARTEMENT VAN ONDERWYS, KUNS EN LANDBOUTAALKOMITEE WETENSKAP van die Taaldiensburo 1959 1963 BUTTERFLY LIST Common Names of Insects COMPILED BY THE INCLUDING TICKS, MITES, EELWORMS AGRICULTURAL TERMINOLOGY AND SPIDERS COMMITTEE Compiled by the IN COLLABORATION WiTH PLANT PROTECTION RESEARCH THE INSTITUTE LANGUAGE SERVICES BUREAU Department of Agricultural Technical Services OF THE in collaboration with the DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND AGRICULTURAL TERMINOLOGY SCIENCE COMMITTEE DIE STAATSDRUKKER + PRETORIA + THE of the Language Service Bureau GOVERNMENT PRINTER 1963 1959 Rekenaarmatig en leksikografies herverwerk deur PJ Taljaard e-mail enquiries: [email protected] EXPLANATORY NOTES 1 The list was alphabetised electronically. 2 On the target-language side, ie to the right of the :, synonyms are separated by a comma, e.g.: fission: klowing, splyting The sequence of the translated terms does NOT indicate any preference. Preferred terms are underlined. 3 Where catchwords of similar form are used as different parts of speech and confusion may therefore
    [Show full text]