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History of Baguio How It Became a City of Migrants

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History of Baguio How It Became a City of Migrants History of Baguio how it became a city of migrants Rowena R. Boquiren, Ph.D. City Travel, Baguio City, 8 August 2018 Objectives • Explain how “Baguio” with its early settlements evolved as a city with peculiar migration trends - high in-migration (settlers from other Cordillera and north-western Luzon provinces, and foreigners since early 1900s) - continuing in-migration; with out-migration of locals (since 1930s “peace time” years ) - circulating migration (since 1970s) • Surface insights to be considered in addressing land rights issues Background as Resource Person • Resident for 40 years (1978) with earlier years as constant tourist (a decade + earlier) • Historian • Researches and publications • Community extension / volunteered actions • Baguio-Dagupan Urban Planning Project team member (BLIST Plan) • Heritage conservationist (natural and cultural) R. R. Boquiren, with the Ancestral Domain Research Network. 2008. The Nature of the Land Problem in Baguio City. BAGUIO ANCESTRAL LAND CASES LEGAL SITUATIONER ON TOWNSITE SALES APPLICATION REVIEW OF POLICIES AFFECTING THE USE AND DISPOSITION OF LANDS IN THE CITY OF BAGUIO A STUDY ON INSTITUTIONAL LANDS WHAT THE NUMBERS SAY AND THE HISTORY TEXTS REVEAL ENCLAVES OF THE RICH AND VACANT SITES ANCESTRAL LAND CLAIMS IN URBAN POOR COMMUNITIES / URBAN POOR SQUATTING ISSUES R. R. Boquiren, Lead editor with L. Maranan and N. Bennette. Researched and written by Local Research Teams. 2017. Early Settlements of Baguio : Retrieving a People’s Heritage. With support of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Unpublished. Fig. 1. Beginnings of Baguio, pre-1900. porcelain, jar, salt, blanket Imavodong gold Orengao Califuguaycattle grazing Pidaoan Chuyo (Illustrated by R. Boquiren based on data from Bagamaspad and Pawid, 1985, on map with current references) From the slow-paced Ibaloy baknang grazing area (population of 489 in 1903), the place soon became a busy district with some 8,000 permanent residents by 1927, and grew thrice to 24,117 by 1933 (NCSO 1975), achieving the 1904 target population of 25,000 people. By 1960 actual population was twice the ideal size; as of 2007 (population at 301,926, excluding the student population estimated at minimum 100,000), the increase had reached more than twelve times the 25,000 planned level (Fig. 2). Patterns in the growth of Baguio ethnic base and state control use, allocation and management of land 1. growth and changes in population composition - trends in mobility - impact on land use and ownership 2. changes in the character of the urban center and bearing on land supply Historical trends 1. Land use and ownership before the 1900s “OPEN ACCESS” USUFRUCT PRIMACY OF ‘NATIVE TITLE” BEFORE COLONIAL CONTROL Ibaloy and Kalanguya in southern Benguet Bontoc, a few Chinese and Japanese in-migrants 2. Beyond 1900s to 1940s Kennon Rd. and Mountain Trail - construction labor Country Club and Camp John Hay (Ifugao and Aplay workers) Logging and Itogon mining (Kankanay from northern Benguet and Pangasinan; foreigners) Government services, urban enterprises, education, commerce (lowland settlers and foreigners ) 3. Post WWII, 1970s, post 1990 earthquake and today + finance center, tourism and health center in the north From Bag-iw to Baguio PRELIMINARY PLAN OF BAGUIO, PROVINCE OF BENGUET, P.1. By D.H. Burnham and Pierce Anderson. Chicago. Illinois, June 27. 1905 Evolution of the Baguio Plan, By Parsons, 1909; 1912; 1928. Early settlements Tublay La Trinidad Sablan The Mansion Mine’s View Deck Baguio Cathedral Burnham Park Loakan Camp John Hay Bakakeng Aspiras- Irisan Palispis Highway K Camdas e n Itogon 7 Camp n Leonila Hill o n Tuba Lion’s head R d Fort Del Pilar Fig. 1. SITE OF EARLY SETTLEMENTS IN BAGUIO BEFORE 1909. Source : RRBoquiren 073017 with Google map as base map. Table 1. Families in revisited history of Baguio’s early settlements. Site Cited in earlier works Surfaced through the Descendant families/ current project settlers from lowlands Loakan Baroy Kalias, Tofeng, Damon, Carantes, Makay, Tagley Batil, Bay-osan, Savong, (Tagdi), Binay-an and more Shashoy, Dangeg, Shadin, Boncog Bakakeng Kudnil, Bangsi-il Pacalso, Palispis, Buyoc, Binay-an, Kiswa, Baday, (Crystal Cave area) Taktak, Calsi, Parisas, Kitma, Bangsi-il, Demot, Batil, Pucay, Joaquin Guanso, Smith, Kiang and Smith, Mariano, Pistula more Irisan Bilag, Smith, Ngimol Na’ngis, Sepic, Bavay, Pucay, Tacay, Ingosan, and Campolot Pilay, Biray, Soley, Gabol, Apsi, Shalisis, (in Benin section) Amistad Awisan and more Camp 7 Barot Binay-an, Binay-an, Amistad, Pocdo Cariño, Carantes, Parisa, Tongkok Palispis, Chinese and lowlander- Amistad settlers Old Lucban/ Piraso, Camdas, Piraso, Camdas, Camdas, Carantes, Camdas Dangiapo Pinaoan, Chinese- and lowland settlers Leonila Hill Shepday Eladios/ Reyes, Navarro, Javier, Viloria, Quinto STORY of LOAKAN Beaulah Pistola Cayetano and Edouard Pistola Cayetano with Nora Bendaen, Jackson Chiday, Helen P. Esnara, Vicky Macay, Rebecca Mataba, Marilyn Palispis and Kathleen T. Okubo Loakan as resettlement area for baptized Igorots ( the 1755 report of Fray Pedro de Vivar where Loakan was first cited, next in 1833 report of Fray Jose Torres of Mangaldan, Pangasinan who went to La Trinidad passing Tofeng (whose son Kalias is said to be the founder of Loakan) and Damon; Batil, Savong, Shashoy; Dangeg, Shadin and Boncog (children of Saguid and Sa’bot) as earliest remembered residents. Barrio of Tuba, then of Baguio Torrens titling 1904; titling of agri. lands Camp John Hay 1903, Mansion Military reservation 1907 expansion Government expropriation (air strip) 1926 Mining 1930s, in-migrants from northern Benguet, Mt. Province, Ilocos, Pangasinan; PMA 1948, TI, BCEPZ, NFA • Maridit - Ugnayon, Shuntogan, Bayeng, Chacchacan (descendants of Damon) • Pidawan - (within PEZA area) Teckel, Catao, Viscaya (descendants of Damon) • Pidawan - (on the south side) Chacchacan • Crown - Ticuan (descendant of Bayeng – Damon) • Coral - Keschel who married Maguna (relative of Kalias), Dingan and Bayeng (descendants of Damon and Batil), • Tali’ti - Pingkisan (adopted father of Maingpis), Cosil, Pilanta (descendants of Damon) • Suyoc - Tagle (descendants of Kalias) • Cudirao- Chacchacan (descendant of Batil) • Bubon - Mil-an/Agmaliw (descendants of Damon and Batil) • Sadjo extending to Bisil – Bilad, Pilanta, Shaun, Bugan (descendants of Kalias) • Mangkha/Arupong – Bunga, Besky, Tangkhud Palispis, Bawas, Cumdad a.k.a. Ekh’ig (descendants of Batil and Damon) • Badiwan - (now Dagsian, used to be part of Loakan) Binay-an, Palispis (descendants of Damon) • Pongian - Chacchacan, Oradja, Dengan, Camid, Pilay (descendants of Batil) • Ongasan - Tangkhud Palispis, Pilay, Bayeng, Duencia (descendants of Damon) • Salat - Chacchacan (descendants of Batil) • Cangisi - Chacchacan (descendants of Batil) • Buken - a communal ricefield became a property titled after Bugan (daughter of Kalias) • Ma’aebat - (now Purok Magsaysay, end part claimed by Carantes) Cuidan, Tagley (descendants of Kalias and Batil) • Mabiyeow - (communal lagoon or pidawan) now part of Loakan-Apugan • Ulat- Shala’oy - communal farm now called Atok Trail Barangay • Jage’si - Viscaya (descendants of Damon) • Ngalngal - creek from Badiwan to Bued River – Bilad-Carantes (descendants of Carantes), Shodang (descendants of Damon) • Mohiat - (Kadaclan Village now) -descendants of Ignayon and Ekig (Damon) • Uc-uhan- (Springhills) - descendants of Damon • Arupong - Aguyus Puus (adopted by Kalias) BAKAKENG : STORY OF ITS PAST AND TOMORROW’S CHALLENGES By Gina Binay-an Kiswa and Rose Camilo Calatan (†) Chuyo (Baguio-Tuba) Green Valley area, Camp 7, Bakakeng Norte, Shalshal and Tiking (now in Bakakeng Central), Bengao and Balacbac In the mode of development and process of migration, the concept of land as a gift held in stewardship for future generations has essentially disappeared, if not totally gone. Public Land Act 1903 Atab Catholic School SLU-SVP Housing Project, 1971 Settlers from lowlands and other Cordillera provinces Business investors 1990s Some of the early settler families • Pacalso and Kintana (whose descendants are the Mat-an, Bartolome and Demot families) • Palispis/Palos and Ahudaw (whose descendants are the Binay-an and Kiswa at what is now the Bakakeng Proper; also Baday at Lower Shalshal and Kelvan families) • Buyoc and Payat (whose descendants are the Parisas families in Bakakeng Proper) • Calsi and Shamja (whose descendants are the Balong and Damsis families) • Batil and Bitnay (whose descendants are the Mariano and Bangsi-il families) • Taktak and Shahunsay (whose descendants are the Kitma and Bangsi-il families at Upper Shalshal) • Basawan and Suyep (whose descendants are the Palos, Chapis and Camilo families) • Pucay at Upper Shalshal and eventually transferred to the Abanao area and later moved to Guisad • Cados, Caltan/Pistula, Demot, Cuanso and Kawili families in Bengao • Guanso/Kwanso ( at Lower Shalshal) • Madiano/Mariano owned the areas around Shal-shal ( Chaparal and the current Justice Village along Marcos highway). Joaquin Smith/Esmek, who was originally from Atok and married one of Cariño’s daughters, Kenya. They settled in Balacbac and Chuyo (Green Valley) that were wide pasturelands. FROM RURAL CENTER ISHISHAN TO URBAN IRISAN Herminia P. Gaydowen, Ligaya Awakan, Rizalin F. Retuya, Marites Fagayan, Teresita Aping-Luna and Balbina Apilas Ernesto A rancheria before 1900s, under township called Twin Peaks, then as Tuba in 1911, became part of Baguio in 1930 Na’ngis and Incolon as first settlers,
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