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Gustavocarbonarorodri UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO ESCOLA DE COMUNICAÇÕES E ARTES GUSTAVO CARBONARO RODRIGUES Narrativas brasileiras: identidade e discurso diplomático no governo Lula São Paulo 2015 GUSTAVO CARBONARO RODRIGUES Narrativas brasileiras: identidade e discurso diplomático no governo Lula Dissertação apresentada à Escola de Comunicações e Artes da Universidade de São Paulo para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências da Comunicação. Área de Concentração: Interfaces Sociais da Comunicação Linha de Pesquisa: Políticas e Estratégias de Comunicação Orientador: Prof. Dr. Paulo Roberto Nassar de Oliveira São Paulo 2015 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. Catalogação na publicação Serviço de Biblioteca e Documentação Escola de Comunicações e Artes da Universidade de São Paulo Dados fornecidos pelo autor Rodrigues, Gustavo Carbonaro. Narrativas brasileiras: Identidade e discurso diplomático no governo Lula / Gustavo Carbonaro Rodrigues. -- São Paulo: G. C. Rodrigues, 2015. 283p. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Comunicação - Escola de Comunicações e Artes / Universidade de São Paulo. Orientador: Paulo Roberto Nassar de Oliveira Bibliografia 1. Discurso diplomático. 2. Identidade nacional. 3. Mito Nacional. 4. Narrativa de país. 5. Novas narrativas. 6. Política Externa. I. Nassar, Paulo II. Título III. Título. Nome: RODRIGUES, Gustavo Carbonaro Título: Narrativas brasileiras: identidade e discurso diplomático no governo Lula Dissertação apresentada à Escola de Comunicações e Artes da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências da Comunicação. Aprovado em: _____/_____/ 2015 Banca Examinadora Prof. Dr.: __________________________________________________________________ Instituição: __________________________________________________________________ Julgamento: _________________________ Assinatura: _____________________________ Prof. Dr.: ___________________________________________________________________ Instituição: __________________________________________________________________ Julgamento: __________________________ Assinatura: _____________________________ Prof. Dr.: ___________________________________________________________________ Instituição: __________________________________________________________________ Julgamento: ________________________ Assinatura: ______________________________ AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço ao meu orientador Prof. Dr. Paulo Nassar, grande mestre e amigo, pela oportunidade, por ter acreditado no meu projeto e pela enorme generosidade intelectual. À minha família, especialmente aos meus pais, pelo carinho e incentivo que sempre me dedicaram. Ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPQ) pelo apoio fundamental para a execução deste projeto. Aos funcionários da pós-graduação da ECA, do PPGCOM e do CRP, que sempre estiveram a postos para me ajudar. Aos companheiros de jornada acadêmica Carlos Padeiro, Erick Roza e Henrique Gerken Brasil pela amizade e parceria ao longo do percurso desta dissertação. Aos colegas da Aberje e do Grupo de Estudos de Novas Narrativas da ECA-USP por todo o compartilhamento de ideias. Aos professores Bernardo Ricupero, Carlos Rogério Barreiros, Eneus Trindade, Matias Spektor, Margarida Kunsch, Mayra Rodrigues, Pedro Fragelli e Rosana Soares pelos ensinamentos que foram essenciais para este trabalho. Aos companheiros de Cerca-Frango pelas horas dedicadas ao debate e à descontração de cada semana. A todos que, de certa forma, colaboraram para esta dissertação, nossos sinceros agradecimentos. Por fim, mas não menos importante, agradeço à querida Carolina Baliviera pelo apoio, paciência, companheirismo e pela grande colaboração para este trabalho. Você faça um esforcinho pra abrasileirar-se. Depois se acostuma, não repara mais nisso e é brasileiro sem querer. (Mário de Andrade) RODRIGUES, Gustavo Carbonaro. Narrativas brasileiras: identidade e discurso diplomático no governo Lula. 2015. 283f. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Escola de Comunicações e Artes, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2015. RESUMO Este trabalho propõe uma reflexão sobre como o discurso diplomático estabelece um enredo para a identidade nacional e colabora para a construção de uma narrativa de país. Em um mundo cada vez mais interdependente e conectado, a metanarrativa de país precisa do suporte de uma inserção internacional autônoma, criativa e pragmática para continuar a se estabelecer. Diante desse contexto, o governo Lula (2003-2010) reposicionou o Brasil no cenário internacional e colocou a política externa a serviço de seu projeto de nação. O governo adotou uma estratégia de valorização da autoestima, reforçada pela ideia de Brasil emergente, da solidariedade latino-americana e da reaproximação com a África, para alterar algumas figuras narrativas da rede simbólica da identidade nacional e tentar superar suas diversas contradições. A partir da análise de discursos da diplomacia brasileira, estabeleceu-se um percurso teórico interdisciplinar para demonstrar as inter-relações entre narrativa de país, discurso diplomático e identidade nacional, ajudando a revelar a estrutura do mito nacional brasileiro. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Discurso diplomático. Identidade nacional. Mito Nacional. Narrativa de país. Novas narrativas. Política Externa. ABSTRACT This research proposes a reflection on how the diplomatic discourse establishes a plot to national identity and contributes do build a narrative of country. Faced with an increasingly interdependent and connected world, the metanarrative of country needs the support of an autonomous, creative and pragmatic international insertion to establish itself. In this context, Lula administration (2003-2010) repositioned Brazil internationally and put foreign policy in the service of its national project. The strategy adopted by the government was to enhance self-esteem, strengthened by the idea of the emerging Brazil, the Latin American solidarity and the rapprochement with Africa, to change some narratives figures of the symbolic network of national identity, and try to overcome its many contradictions. From the analysis of speeches of Brazilian diplomacy, It was settled an interdisciplinary theoretical path to demonstrate the interrelationships between country of narrative, diplomatic discourse and national identity, revealing the structure of the Brazilian national myth. KEYWORDS: Diplomatic discourse. Foreign policy. Narrative of country. National Identity. National myth. New narratives. LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela 1 – A formação do mito de Barthes em seu sistema semiológico segundo..................34 Tabela 2 – Exemplos de trechos categorizados como América Latina.....................................64 Tabela 3 – Exemplos de trechos categorizados como Brasil Africano.....................................71 Tabela 4 – Exemplos de trechos categorizados como Brasil Emergente..................................78 Tabela 5 – Exemplos de trechos categorizados como Autoestima...........................................82 Tabela 6 – Quantidade de referências por categoria...............................................................104 Tabela 7 – Resultados Gerais: categorias por discurso...........................................................106 Tabela 8 – Distribuição das categorias por ano na soma dos três discursos analisados a cada período..................................................................................................................109 Tabela 9 – Comparativo por autor em relação a cada uma das categorias.............................112 Tabela 10 – Comparativo entre os tipos de discurso em comparação com cada uma das categorias..............................................................................................................113 Tabela 11 – Relação entre os discursos realizados na Assembleia Geral da ONU e as categorias de análise, com discriminação de autor..............................................113 Tabela 12 - Relação entre os discursos realizados na Formatura do Instituto Rio Branco e as categorias de análise, com discriminação de autor..............................................114 SUMÁRIO 1 INTRODUÇÃO ................................................................................................................. 122 2 DA NARRATIVA DE PAÍS À REDE SIMBÓLICA DA IDENTIDADE NACIONAL .................................................................................................................................................. 23 2.1 A rede simbólica da identidade nacional ........................................................................ 28 2.2 O debate sobre a narrativa da identidade nacional brasileira ..................................... 39 3 A NARRATIVA BRASILEIRA NO DISCURSO DIPLOMÁTICO DO GOVERNO LULA ....................................................................................................................................... 52 3.1 Enfoque da pesquisa ......................................................................................................... 53 3.2 Metodologia de pesquisa .................................................................................................. 56 3.2.1 Seleção dos discursos e caracterização da amostra....................................................... 57 3.2.2 Técnica de análise dos dados ........................................................................................
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