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Dissertação De Mestrado MARINHA DO BRASIL ESCOLA DE GUERRA NAVAL PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ESTUDOS MARÍTIMOS HELLEN CHRISTINA PACHECO FERREIRA OS DISCURSOS DE LULA E DILMA (2007 A 2014) E O ATLÂNTICO SUL: UM NOVO OLHAR A PARTIR DA ANÁLISE DE DISCURSO RIO DE JANEIRO 2016 1 HELLEN CHRISTINA PACHECO FERREIRA OS DISCURSOS DE LULA E DILMA (2007-2014) E O ATLÂNTICO SUL: UM NOVO OLHAR A PARTIR DA ANÁLISE DE DISCURSO Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Marítimos da Escola de Guerra Naval como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Estudos Marítimos. Área de concentração: Segurança, Defesa e Estratégia Marítima. Orientador: CMG (RM1-IM) Claudio Rodrigues Corrêa. Rio de Janeiro 2016 2 HELLEN CHRISTINA PACHECO FERREIRA Os discursos de Lula e Dilma (2007-2014) e o Atlântico Sul: um novo olhar a partir da Análise do Discurso. Dissertação apresentada ao Curso de Mestrado Profissional em Estudos Marítimos da Escola de Guerra Naval, como requisito parcial à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Estudos Marítimos, Área de Concentração em Segurança, Defesa e Estratégia Marítima. Aprovada em 30 de junho de 2016 Banca Examinadora ________________________________________________________________ Claudio Rodrigues Corrêa (EGN-Orientador) Capitão de Mar e Guerra (RM1-IM) – Professor-Doutor - CPF Nº 884939037-87 ________________________________________________________________ José Augusto (EGN) Capitão de Mar e Guerra (RM1) – Professor-Doutor – CPF Nº093284327-15 ________________________________________________________________ Guilherme Nery (UFF) Professor-Doutor – CPF Nº 80771882734 3 DEDICATÓRIA À minha família Amiraldo, Léa e Hellayne que é minha base de tudo, e sempre apoiaram e respeitaram as minhas decisões e que me conferem amor, carinho, compreensão e paciência. 4 AGRADECIMENTOS Ao meu Deus que é meu salvador e o dono da minha vida, aquele que nunca me abandona e que sempre me consola e concebe forças para lutar pelos meus sonhos. À minha querida e amada família, que apoia minhas decisões incondicionalmente e que mesmo distante tem acompanhado a condução de minha jornada acadêmica. Ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. CMG (RM1-IM) Claudio Rodrigues Corrêa a quem devo o meu eterno obrigada, aquele “aceite” de orientação mudou a minha história. Obrigada pelo apoio, confiança, incentivo, paciência, dedicação durante o processo de orientação e que tanto contribuiu para o meu desenvolvimento acadêmico, profissional e pessoal. À Escola de Guerra Naval, que é um dos estabelecimentos mais relevantes da Marinha do Brasil, agradeço pela oportunidade e pelos conhecimentos recebidos. Ao corpo docente e técnico do Programa de Pós-graduação em Estudos Marítimos, sempre dispostos a auxiliar no que for preciso. Às minhas amigas-irmãs Monah Marins e Soraya Fonteneles, valeu garotas! Obrigada pelo apoio incondicional e por me manterem persistente nessa caminhada de dois anos de minha vida. E por contribuírem com palavras de apoio, incentivo e também marco teórico. Aos comandantes e tripulantes de OMs de navio e de terra, que indiretamente acompanharam essa breve jornada acadêmica e sempre torceram pela concretude deste projeto, o meu eterno agradecimento. Particularmente, ao meu chefe CF Velásquez, que dentro de suas possibilidades, me forneceu todo o apoio necessário. 5 Epígrafe The se ais the great adviser. (...) it is a crash course and a School of foresight. All its spectacles are lessons: we do not observe them lightly. Rui Barbosa, The Lesson of the Squadrons, 1898. 6 RESUMO Este estudo tem como propósito identificar se o tema Atlântico Sul foi abordado implícita ou explicitamente nos discursos proferidos por Lula da Silva (2007-2010) 1 e Dilma Rousseff (2011-2014), no período de 2007 a 2014, no foro denominado de Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas, e se houve continuidade nas abordagens. Para esta finalidade, utilizou-se a Metodologia de Análise Crítica do Discurso (ACD) na perspectiva sócio-cognitiva de Teun A. Van Dijk (2000) e suas estruturas textuais “Temas”, “Implícitos” e “Representação do contexto internacional”, além da pesquisa qualitativo-interpretativa. Por meio do levantamento dos elementos-chaves de Relações Internacionais presentes no referencial teórico, buscou-se aplicar as estruturas textuais de Van Dijk (2000), a fim de apontar em quais construções discursivas foram realizadas referências explícitas ou implícitas ao Atlântico Sul. A partir das análises dos discursos dos presidentes, observou-se continuidade no tratamento dado aos temas que mencionavam apenas indiretamente ou implicitamente a temática sul-atlântica. E constatou-se que as construções discursivas levaram em consideração a esfera sócio-cognitiva do grupo diretamente envolvido com os assuntos discutidos pelo Brasil, como é o caso dos Estados africanos. E que a intencionalidade consistiu justamente em reforçar a relevância do continente africano e do Atlântico Sul dentro das ações desencadeadas pela Política Externa Brasileira (PEB), além do esforço na busca de uma região sul-atlântica cada vez mais cooperativa e articulada para a defesa das riquezas dessa porção oceânica. Palavras-Chave: Atlântico Sul. Lula da Silva. Dilma Rousseff. Política Externa Brasileira. Análise Crítica do Discurso. 1 Em 2010, o Ministro das Relações Exteriores, o embaixador Celso Amorim compareceu à reunião anual da Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas como representante do presidente do Brasil na época, Lula da Silva. E para fins deste estudo, optou-se por analisar o discurso proferido por ele como um dos discursos que compõem o governo Lula no período proposto (nota do autor). 7 ABSTRACT This study aims to identify whether the South Atlantic topic was addressed implicitly or explicitly in the speeches by Lula da Silva (2007-2010) 2 and Dilma Rousseff (2011- 2014), from 2007 to 2014, the so-called forum of the General Assembly UN, and if there was continuity in the approaches. For this purpose, was employed the Analysis Methodology Critical Discourse (ACD) in socio-cognitive perspective of Teun A. Van Dijk (2000) and its textual structures "Themes", "Implicit" and "Representation of the international context" in addition to the qualitative interpretative research. Through the collection of International Relations of key elements in the theoretical framework, it sought to apply the textual structures of Van Dijk (2000), in order to point at which discursive constructions were made explicit or implicit references to the South Atlantic. From the analysis of the speeches of presidents, there was continuity in the treatment of subjects that mentioned only indirectly or implicitly the south Atlantic theme. And it was found that the discursive constructions took into consideration the socio-cognitive sphere of the group directly involved with the issues discussed by Brazil, such as the African states. And that intentionality consisted precisely to enhance the relevance of the African continent and South Atlantic within the actions triggered by the Brazilian Foreign Policy (PEB), and the effort in the search for a South Atlantic region increasingly cooperative and coordinated for the defense of riches of the tidal portion. Keywords:. South Atlantic Lula da Silva. Dilma Rousseff. Brazilian foreign policy. Critical Discourse Analysis 2 In 2010, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ambassador Celso Amorim attended the annual meeting of the General Assembly of the United Nations as a representative of the President of Brazil at the time, Lula da Silva. And for purposes of this study, was chosen to analyze the speech delivered by him as one of the speeches that make up the Lula government in the proposed period (author's note). 8 LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS E SIGLAS ACD – Análise Crítica do Discurso AD – Análise do Discurso AJB – Águas Jurisdicionais Brasileiras AGNU – Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas BNDES – Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social BRICS – Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China e África do Sul CDS – Conselho de Defesa Sulamericano CNUDM – Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o direito do Mar CPLP – Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa CS – Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas ECOWAS – Comunidade Econômica dos Estados da África Ocidental END – Estratégia Nacional de Defesa EUA – Estados Unidos da América FHC – Fernando Henrique Cardoso FMI – Fundo Monetário Internacional IBAS – Índia, Brasil e África do Sul LEPLAC – Levantamento da Plataforma Continental Brasileira MB – Marinha do Brasil MD – Ministério da Defesa MERCOSUL – Mercado Comum do Sul MRE – Ministério das Relações Exteriores ONU – Organização das Nações Unidas OTAN – Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte OTAS – Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Sul PALOP – Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa PAC – Programa de Aceleração e Crescimento 9 PEB – Política Externa Brasileira PEI – Política Externa Independente PIB – Produto Interno Bruto PND – Política Nacional de Defesa RDC – República Democrática do Congo RI – Relações Internacionais SACU – União Aduaneira da África Austral SADC – Southern Africa Development Community SI – Sistema Internacional SisGAAz – Sistema de Gerenciamento da Amazônia Azul TNP – Tratado de Não Proliferação de Armas Nucleares UE – União Europeia UNASUL – União de Nações Sul-Americanas ZOPACAS – Zona de Paz e Cooperação do Atlântico Sul 10 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO...........................................................................................................13 CAPÍTULO I – A ANÁLISE CRÍTICA DO DISCURSO: ABORDAGEM TEÓRICA E METODOLÓGICA ..................................................................................................19
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