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Universidade do Minho Instituto de Letras e Ciências Humanas Song Haoyan ar a ereira visit e omás P O "ser português" e o "outro": Revisitar a História de Portugal no Diálogo Com a tugal no Diálogo Com a or Civilização Chinesa - O caso Tomás Pereira tuguês" e o "outro": R tória de P O "ser por His Civilização Chinesa - O caso T yan Song Hao 5 1 UMinho|20 julho de 2015 Universidade do Minho Instituto de Letras e Ciências Humanas Song Haoyan O "ser português" e o "outro": Revisitar a História de Portugal no Diálogo Com a Civilização Chinesa - O caso Tomás Pereira Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências da Cultura Especialidade em Culturas do Extremo Oriente Trabalho efetuado sob a orientação do Professor Doutor Manuel Rosa Gonçalves Gama e da Professora Doutora Sun Lam julho de 2015 DECLARAÇÃO DE INTEGRIDADE Declaro ter atuado com integridade na elaboração da presente tese. Confirmo que em todo o trabalho conducente à sua elaboração não recorri à prática de plágio ou a qualquer forma de falsificação de resultados. Mais declaro que tomei conhecimento integral do Código de Conduta Ética da Universidade do Minho. Universidade do Minho, 29 de julho de 2015 Nome completo: SONG HAOYAN Assinatura: __________________________________________________________________ iii iv Aos meus pais que merecem este trabalho v vi Agradecimentos Um agradecimento profundo ao Professor Doutor Manuel Rosa Gonçalves e à Professora Doutora Sun Lam, pela orientação cuidadosa, pelas sugestões e comentários e, em particular, pela amizade. Ao Diretor da Faculdade Internacional da Universidade de Ciência e Tecnologia de Macau, Professor Doutor Sun Jianrong, pela oportunidade que me deu de trabalhar em Macau, pelo seu empenhado apoio, tanto no estudo como na vida. Ao Professor Doutor António Manuel Lázaro, pela orientação da minha tese de mestrado. Aos meus pais, por me amarem e apoiarem sempre. Ao professor Luís Cabral, pela sua grande paciência e ajuda, pela sua amizade, e pelos conhecimentos que me transmitiu. Ao Instituto Camões, pela bolsa de estudo que me concedeu, a qual me permitiu concluir o curso de mestrado. Aos docentes do Curso de Doutoramento em Ciências da Cultura – Culturas do Extremo Oriente, pela dedicação e pelos conhecimentos que me transmitiram. Aos grandes amigos Bruna Patrícia Cardoso Peixoto, Andrea Portelinha, pela sua amizade e carinho e pelo acompanhamento, tanto no estudo como na vida. À grande amiga Ruthia Portelinha, pelo apoio incondicional que me ofereceu. À Dr.ª Leonor Seabra, da Universidade de Macau, orientadora da minha tese de licenciatura, por todo o apoio e pelo importante papel que desempenhou na minha formação académica. Ao Dr. Yao Jingming e ao Dr. Roberval Teixeira e Silva, da Universidade de Macau, pela sua ajuda ao longo do meu percurso académico e de vida. A todos os professores do Departamento de Português da Universidade de Macau, vii pela amizade e pelos conhecimentos que me transmitiram ao longo da minha licenciatura. À Professora Zheng Shanpei, da Universidade de Línguas Estrangeiras de Tianjin, pelo seu precioso contributo para a minha formação. Aos meus colegas de mestrado, pela sua amizade e pela ajuda que me deram, não só no estudo mas também na vida. Aos meus amigos, não só pela amizade mas por todo o apoio que me ofereceram durante a elaboração da minha dissertação de doutoramento, especialmente Chen Kuang, Fan Wenting, Jin Xinyi, Lu Yawei, Shao Wanbi, Wang Mingsheng e Zhang Nan, um agradecimento muito especial. Ao Instituto de Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade do Minho, pela oportunidade de formação académica no Programa de Mestrado e de Doutoramento. À Faculdade Internacional da Universidade de Ciência e Tecnologia de Macau, pela oportunidade de carreira profissional. viii Resumo A Europa e a Igreja Católica viviam um período conturbado, no contexto da Reforma Protestante do século XVI, quando a Companhia de Jesus surgiu, ajudando a garantir a posição do catolicismo no velho continente e tomando para si a missão de divulgar a fé a outros povos. Enquanto isso, Portugal descobria todo um Novo Mundo, graças à temeridade dos seus marinheiros e à ousadia dos seus reis. O jesuíta português Tomás Pereira foi um dos que partiu de Lisboa para o Oriente, sob as ordens do Padroado Português, para converter os infiéis ao catolicismo. Para isso, o religioso estudou a língua e cultura chinesas em Macau, antes de conquistar um posto em Pequim, junto do imperador Kangxi. A par do seu trabalho de proselitismo, Pereira foi um embaixador das ciências ocidentais e ocupou um importante cargo na corte Qing, desempenhando um papel de relevo nas negociações com a Rússia, na sequência da invasão de territórios chineses. O episódio da Controvérsia dos Ritos é revelador da influência que Tomás Pereira alcançou: após a proibição das missões na China e graças aos seus argumentos junto do imperador, o jesuíta conseguiu que o Édito de Tolerância ao Cristianismo fosse publicado. Para além disso, conhecedor que era da teoria musical, foi professor de música do próprio imperador e escreveu a primeira obra em chinês sobre a técnica musical ocidental. Enquanto o padre permaneceu em Pequim, foi registando os assuntos e acontecimentos mais importantes no seu diário, testemunho posteriormente entregue à Igreja Católica, em Roma. Muitas das suas memórias sobre Kangxi foram conservadas, permanecendo como documentos de grande valor histórico até à atualidade. Concomitantemente, a sua imagem permaneceu na literatura popular da China. O percurso de Tomás Pereira, que nasceu em Portugal mas passou a maior parte da sua vida na China, terá provocado uma metamorfose identitária. Através dele, é possível revisitar a história de Portugal no diálogo com a civilização chinesa: o seu ix contributo no domínio da interculturalidade é inegável. O grande objetivo do presente trabalho é precisamente estudar as relações culturais entre os dois países, a partir da ação dos jesuítas na segunda metade do século XVII e inícios do século XVIII, com especial enfoque na vida e identidade do padre Tomás Pereira (1645-1708). Palavras chave: Companhia de Jesus, diálogo intercultural, imperador Kangxi, Padre Tomás Pereira x Abstract The Europe and the Roman Catholic Church lived troubled times, in the context of the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century, when the Society of Jesus was created, to help protect the leading but threatened position of Catholicism. The Society was also chartered with the mission to disseminate Catholicism all around the world. During the same period of time, Portugal discovered a whole New World, thanks to the temerity of the Portuguese navigators and the audacity of Portuguese kings. As a Portuguese Jesuit, Thomas Pereira left Lisbon for the East in order to accomplish a mission bestowed by God, and tasks by Portugal. He studied the Chinese language and culture in Macau, which enabled him to later serve the Emperor Kangxi in Beijing. Besides evangelization, Pereira also taught Western sciences to the Chinese and occupied important offices in the imperial court. When Russia invaded China, he helped the Chinese envoy and successfully settled the dispute. In addition, has he was a master of music, not only was he made music teacher of the Emperor, but he also wrote the first Chinese book introducing Western musical theory. During the Rites Controversy episode, Thomas Pereira's influence was proved: China banned evangelization but, through his painstaking and continuous persuasions put forth to the Emperor, made it possible for Catholicism to be legally preached in China. Whilst living in China, Thomas Pereira kept record of the most important events in the form of his diary, and delivered them to the Catholic Church in Rome. Many of his memories about Emperor Kangxi can be found today, all of which of great historical value. In addition, his image often appears in the popular literature in China. Although born in Portugal, Thomas Pereira spent more years of his life in China than in his home country. Therefore, the identity of Thomas Pereira is worth studying. Through Thomas Pereira the Jesuit priest, we can revisit the history of Portugal and the dialogue with the Chinese civilization: his contributions made in the xi field of intercultural exchanges will always be remembered. The main purpose of this paper attempts to study the cultural relations between both countries, centered around the activities of the Jesuit priests between the second half of the seventeenth century and early eighteenth century, with special focus on the life and identity of father Thomas Pereira (1645- 1708). Key words: Jesus Society, intercultural dialogue, emperor Kangxi, Priest Tomás Pereira xii 概要 欧洲与天主教是两个密不可分的时代元素。在十六世纪宗教改革的背景 下，为了巩固天主教在欧洲的地位，罗马天主教总会建立了耶稣会。此外，耶 稣会还负有向全世界传播天主教的职责。而在同一时期，葡萄牙发现了新大陆。 作为葡萄牙耶稣会士的徐日升，肩负着祖国与耶稣会的双重使命，离开了里斯 本前往东方。1672 年，徐日升来到了澳门，并在这里学习中国语言及文化，随 后，凭借着自身过人的学识，得以赴诏进京，为康熙皇帝效力。 除了传播福音外，徐日升还向中国居民讲授西方科学，并在大清朝廷内 身负要职。另外，徐日升精通西方乐理，不但教授康熙帝学习西乐，并且撰写 了第一部用中文介绍西方乐理知识的书籍。当俄国人侵犯中国领土的时候，是 徐日升帮助了中国使臣成功的平息了这场纷争。由于《礼仪之争》，中国禁止， 中国禁止传教士在华传教，然而，通过徐日升对康熙帝及朝中大臣的不断劝谏， 天主教才得以合法在华传播。 徐日升在华期间，将身边发生的重要事件以日记的形式记录了下来，并 寄给了罗马天主教会。此外，他呈给康熙帝的许多奏折也同样得以保存，这些 资料为后世的研究提供了极大的历史价值。同时，他的人物形象也经常出现在 中国的文学作品中。 虽然徐日升出生于葡萄牙，但是他一生的大部分时间都在中国度过。所 以，他的身份认同问题非常值得我们去进一步剖析。换言之，在他的一生中， 究竟扮演了何种角色呢？是葡萄牙人还是中国人？然而，无论答案如何，他在 中西文明交化中所做出的贡献都足以令人铭记。综上所述，本文通过分析中国 文化及徐日升（1645 - 1708）的文化认同问题，来回溯中葡两国的文明交流史。 关键词：耶稣会，跨文化研究，康熙帝，徐日升神甫 xiii xiv Índice Introdução ........................................................................................................................................
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    in Early Religious Cultures in the Early Modern World Catholic Missionaries Modern Asia Patterns of Localization Amsler, Andreea Badea, The Renaissance Ethics of Music Edited by Nadine Singing, Contemplation and Musica Humana Heyberger, and Hyun-Ah Kim Bernard Christian Windler Calvinism, Reform and the Absolutist State in Elizabethan Ireland Mark A. Hutchinson Indulgences after Luther Pa�dons in Counter-Reformation France, 1520-1720 Elizabeth C Tingle Conversion to Catholicism in Early Modern Italy Peter A. Mazur Missionary Strategies in the New World, 1610-1690 An Intellectual History Catherine Balleriaux F?�d and Religious Identities in Spain, 1400-1600 J1ll1an Williams John �wen and the Civil War Apocalypse Preachmg, Prophecy and Politics Martyn Calvin Cowan Medicine and Religion in the Life of an Ottoman Sheikh Al-Damanhuri's "Clear Statement" on Anatomy Ahmed Ragab Catholic Missionaries in Early Modern Asia Patterns of Localization Nadine Amsler, Andreea Badea, Bernard Heyberger and Christian Windler ,� !?io�!!!�f{!up For ore informat on about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/ _ � � LONDON AND NEW YORK Rehg10us-Cultures-m-the-Early-Moderri-World/book-series/RCEMW 0 r First published 2020 Contents by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OXl 4 4 RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2020 selection and editorial matter, Nadine Amsler, Andreea Badea, Bern�rd Heyberger and Christian Windler; individual chapters, the contnbutors The right of Nadine Am ler, A dreea Badea, Bernard Heyberger and _ _ � r: Chnstian Wmdler to be 1dent1fied as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been _ asserted m accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, _ viii Designs and Patents Act 1988.
  • Internal Conflicts and the Political Control Over Bureaucracy in The

    Internal Conflicts and the Political Control Over Bureaucracy in The

    Meritocracy or Patronage? Internal Conflicts and the Political Control Over Bureaucracy in the Imperial China 1644-1911 Tianyang Xi¤ Abstract The quality of state bureaucrats is often key for maintaining social stability. This paper ana- lyzes the political mechanism of control over governors in the Qing dynasty. The ethnicity-based patronage favored Manchus within the central government, yet the majority Han officials were instrumental for maintaining social stability. We find that sanctions and promotions for gover- nors were responsive to internal conflicts within their jurisdictions. Moreover, new appointments tended to be drawn from the majority group when there were more internal conflicts nationwide. This pattern of control over bureaucracy suggests a competence-versus-loyalty trade-off, which is echoed by the history of contemporary China. ¤Assistant Professor, the National School of Development, Peking University. [Contact: [email protected]] I am thankful to Adam Przeworski, Robert Bates, Carles Boix, Jon Eguia, Georgy Egorov, Daniel Esser, John Ferejohn, Sanford Gordon, James Hollyer, Peter Katzenstein, Debin Ma, Michael Munger, Emerson Niou, David Stasavage, Guangzhen Sun, Yang Yao, the participants of APSA annual meeting, and the attendees of seminars at Princeton, Duke, Tsinghua, Shandong, and Fudan Universities for helpful comments and suggestions. 1 1 Introduction The quality of state bureaucrats is key for the thriving of all kinds of political systems. Democracies and dictatorships face similar problems of appointing competent officials and replacing those who fail to do their jobs properly. Moreover, no ruler can rule single-handedly: delegation is inevitable. Even when political power is monopolized, as in the case of the majority of regimes in human history, political elites may need to reach outside their own group to govern effectively.
  • Kápolnás Olivér M

    Kápolnás Olivér M

    ADATLAP a doktori értekezés nyilvánosságra hozatalához I. A doktori értekezés adatai A szerző neve: Kápolnás Olivér MTMT-azonosító: 10031845 A doktori értekezés címe és alcíme: A mandzsu birodalom megalapítása és a mongolok a Daicing gurun i fukjin doro neihe bodogon i bithe című mű alapján DOI-azonosító: 10.15476/ELTE.2016.183 A doktori iskola neve: Nyelvtudományi Doktori Iskola A doktori iskolán belüli doktori program neve:Mongolisztika Doktori Program A témavezető neve és tudományos fokozata: †Dr. Uray-Kőhalmi Katalin; Dr. Buyantegüs; Dr. Tatiana A. Pang II. Nyilatkozatok 1. A doktori értekezés szerzőjeként hozzájárulok, hogy a doktori fokozat megszerzését követően a doktori értekezésem és a tézisek nyilvánosságra kerüljenek az ELTE Digitális Intézményi Tudástárban. Felhatalmazom az ELTE BTK Doktori és Tudományszervezési Hivatal ügyintézőjét, Hevő Pétert, hogy az értekezést és a téziseket feltöltse az ELTE Digitális Intézményi Tudástárba, és ennek során kitöltse a feltöltéshez szükséges nyilatkozatokat. 2. A doktori értekezés szerzőjeként kijelentem, hogy a) az ELTE Digitális Intézményi Tudástárba feltöltendő doktori értekezés és a tézisek saját eredeti, önálló szellemi munkám és legjobb tudomásom szerint nem sértem vele senki szerzői jogait; b) a doktori értekezés és a tézisek nyomtatott változatai és az elektronikus adathordozón benyújtott tartalmak (szöveg és ábrák) mindenben megegyeznek. 3. A doktori értekezés szerzőjeként hozzájárulok a doktori értekezés és a tézisek szövegének Plágiumkereső adatbázisba helyezéséhez és plágiumellenőrző vizsgálatok lefuttatásához. Kelt: 2016. november 21. a doktori értekezés szerzőjének aláírása Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem Bölcsészettudományi Kar DOKTORI DISSZERTÁCIÓ Kápolnás Olivér A mandzsu birodalom megalapítása és a mongolok a Daicing gurun i fukjin doro neihe bodogon i bithe című mű alapján Nyelvtudományi Doktori Iskola A Doktori Iskola vezetője: Dr.
  • The Jesuits in Chin A

    The Jesuits in Chin A

    THE JESUITS IN CHIN A by Feodosy Smorzhevsky An Eyewitness Account by an Eighteenth- Century Russian Orthodox Monk Translated by Barbara W. Maggs Translation © 2018 Barbara Widenor Maggs TABLE OF CONTENTS TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE .............................................................................. 4 NOTES ON THE TRANSLATION ITSELF ................................................. 4 ORIGINAL PUBLICATION ............................................................................. 5 INTRODUCTORY NOTE BY THE EDITOR OF SIBIRSKII VESTNIK, GRIGORY SPASSKY ..................................................................... 6 PART I: THE GUISES IN WHICH THE JESUTIS ARE SENT TO CHINA, THEIR OCCUPATIONS, AND WHAT THEY PRACTICE THERE .................................................................................................................... 7 The Ranks of the Jesuits in China and their Residential Colleges .............. 7 The Jesuit Way of Life in Peking ................................................................... 11 The Jesuits' Charge to Spread the Christian Faith among the Chinese ... 12 On the Service of Worship and Various Religious and Secular Ceremonies of the Jesuits ................................................................................ 16 PART II: HOW FAVORABLE IS THE CHINESE ATTITUDE TOWARD THE JESUITS? ................................................................................ 29 The Beginning of the Persecution of the Jesuits ......................................... 32 The Investigation of Jesuit