A Tonic Dictionary of the Chinese Language in the Canton Dialect Pdf, Epub, Ebook
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On Protestant Missionaries Publishing and Understanding of the Sacred
BIBLID 0254-4466(2008)26:3 pp. 225-262 漢學研究第26卷第3 期(民國97年 9 月) ᄲķęęྏኢ˩˝͵ࡔֽරޥĶ༱໐ຍ ᄃᄮᙊۍາି็ି̀၆ĮཐᏞᇃį۞ 廖 振 旺Ŏ ၡࢋ ฟጩ۞ᅳાĄ҃ώ͛۞ޞࡔૄ༛າିдර߿જΫࡁտĂߏ˘̪͵˝˩ ĂͽĮཐᏞᇃį˘३ࠎּĂֽଣϐޘ̼͛Ϋ۞֎ۍϫ۞Ăӈဘྏଂ ࡁտ̝˘ศĄۍරາି็ି̀႔ጯ३ᚱֽ ᇹءᇃࠎΏҖ۞ֹ̝˧ڼ۰ٙοĂ֭ྻϡ߆ڼĮཐᏞᇃįߏϤഈ ೳࢰ۞າି็ି̀ࣇĂݒ˩̶ࢦෛྍ३̈́Ϩކ३ᚱĄ҃˩˝͵ࡔֽර ݡĄώ͛ӈЋဦଣտֱາି็ۍࡶ̒ᄃ࠹ᙯ۞˞ۍྋĂͷᖙᛌăྖ ĮཐᏞᇃį̝ϫ۞Ă֭ྏဦ҂၅ࣇዦᄃᄮᙊྍ३۞ෛ֎Ąۍ̀ି ѨĂώ͛ᔘ͔ϡ˞˩˝͵ࡔֽරາି็ି̀ٙ൴ܑ۞ࡻ͛႔ጯኢĂֽೡ ࣇீٙ̚֍۞ĂͽĮཐᏞᇃį̈́ϨྖྋࠎᆐώĂ҃ؠഇдЧгᓝҖ۞ Ăώ͛ᛚ˞༊ॡາି็ି̀тңᖙᛌᄃྋᛖޢĄڶᓾķ̝ᆇё၁ކĶཐᏞ ĮཐᏞᇃį̚Ķ͇ିķ߱۞̰टĄ ۍᓾăăކᙯᔣෟ Ĉૄ༛າିă็ି̀ăཐᏞᇃăཐᏞ ˘ă݈ā֏ ѐĞ1870ğΏ˯ঔ࡚ර३ᐡ߿˝ڼδဦ३ᐡᄂ៉̶ᐡᐡᖟѣ˘ώТ̚ οĂ֭ྻϡ͞ءĮཐᏞᇃįĞဦ˘ğĄ1 ٙᏜĮཐᏞᇃįߏϤഈڕф 收稿日期:2007年9月27日,通過刊登日期:2008年4月23日。 Ŏ 作者係日本京都大學大學院文學研究科博士班學生。 1 該書全一冊,線裝,半頁 10 行,每行 23 字,㡨頭處 25 字。四周雙欄,單魚尾,版心上方 225 226 漢學研究第 26 卷第 3 期 圖一 康熙聖諭,雍正廣訓,《聖諭廣訓》:書名頁(左) 、首頁(右) Ă̚δဦ३ᐡᄂ៉̶ᐡᖟڕѐĞ1870ğˬ͡˯ঔ࡚ර३ᐡ߿ф˝ڼТ ᇹ३ᚱĄ2 ͽ˭ԧࣇΞྏ̚˘߱ĈءᇃࠎΏҖ۞ֹ̝˧ڼ߆ ĂޘĄߊࢋϡޘĂౌࢋϡـᄲĂˠϠд͵ĂЫฺࡍҗĂϹତֽޥ༱໐ຍ ຍγ۞ĄٺĂ˵ѣՏ͟˘ؠ۞Ă˵ѣޘಶ˘͟˵̙͌࣎˞Ąҭࢋϡ ϠٺăѝᐠਮฺĂߏ˘ؠ۞ఢĂზࢍֽ۞ĄҌڇт˘ѐࡍೀІҗ ຍγĂზࢍ̙ؠ۞ĄҰࡶ̙ٺዳ̃ăշ̃ăचঽѪಉĂְֱវߏ ԯੑĂ૱ֱѣዶĂࡶߏ࿃ᇹ̙ീ۞ְĂݒोࠤᆃΝϡĉ3 鐫:「聖諭廣訓」或「廣訓衍」,中鐫條數。版框寬 12.5 釐米Ű高 18.5 釐米,開本寬 14.7 釐 米Ű高 24.5 釐米。書名頁鐫有「同治九年三月」、「聖諭廣訓」及「上海美華書館活字板」 字樣。 2 誠如王爾敏所言:「在清代二百餘年歷史中,《聖諭廣訓》是朝野最熟知之書,大致除去 《時憲通書》及《萬寶全書》兩者之外,就是《聖諭廣訓》為全國第三種最通行之普通書 籍。」見氏著,〈清廷《聖諭廣訓》之頒行及民間之宣講拾遺〉,《中研院近史所集刊》22 下(1993.6): 257。 3 引自上海美華書館活字板《聖諭廣訓》第五條「尚節儉以惜財用」之白話解部分,頁31 廖振旺∕試論十九世紀來華新教傳教士對《聖諭廣訓》的出版與認識 227 ࡚҃ර३ᐡĞAmerican Presbyterian Mission PressğĂߏ˩˝͵ࡔ̚ഇ ĂТॡ˵ߏ༊ॡֽරາିဥវٙ౹న۞ିۤۍҁିົд˯ঔ౹ϲ۞ܜ઼࡚ ۍᇆᜩஎᅈ۞ֲڌĂͷ၆઼̈́̚ܜĂఢሀ̂Ăགྷᒉॡมۤ̚ۍົ Ą4˘̝ۤ ᖙዦώ˩˝͵ࡔϤಲරҘˠٙ൴Җ۞႔ᚱĂ̙༰΄ˠயϠ˭ЕႷયĈ ͞ءĂࠎңົΏҖ˘ώഈۤۍ༛ࢰ۞็ି̀ٙ۞ૄ็ކֽර ݡĉֱ҃າି็ି̀˫ߏͽۍጱ३ᚱĉߏӎѣ࠹ᙯ۞ކ̼ିڼ߆۞ ዦᄃᄮᙊྍ३ĉপҾߏྍ३ᔘѣ˘߱ෛ͇ିࠎளბ۞̰टĂֽޘᆃ֎̦ ၆ѩ็ି̀ࣇѣңаᑕᄃྋᛖĉ5 ώ͛۞ᆷүϫ۞Ăӈྏဦֹϡ࠹ᙯΫफ़ֽ ኢᙋ˯યᗟĄ̈́ځᄲ ฟጩ۞ޞிٙ࠰ۢĂ˩˝͵ࡔૄ༛າିдර߿જΫ۞ࡁտĂߏ˘̪ ࠁᓄ؟ĂΐͽځгĄ6 ྕтߙҜጯ۰ٙ֏ĈĶ઼̚ିົΫ൴ण؈ѡĂᔳᙱ ࠁᓄᗔķֹࡁտ۰ᙱ؟Ąķ7ĶְٽܧᗔĂᐂൺĂՐԆБቁ၁ྤफ़Ăঅ Ķᐂٺࠁٕ็ି፟ၹĄ8 Ҍ؟ͽБࢬ˞ྋ˩˝͵ࡔிкϤለֽ࡚ර۞າି ൺķĂಶтТ઼࡚ጯ۰ϒĞJohn K. -
Tonatory Patterns in Taizhou Wu Tones
TONATORY PATTERNS IN TAIZHOU WU TONES Phil Rose Emeritus Faculty, Australian National University [email protected] ABSTRACT 台州 subgroup of Wu to which Huángyán belongs. The issue has significance within descriptive Recordings of speakers of the Táizhou subgroup of tonetics, tonatory typology and historical linguistics. Wu Chinese are used to acoustically document an Wu dialects – at least the conservative varieties – interaction between tone and phonation first attested show a wide range of tonatory behaviour [11]. One in 1928. One or two of their typically seven or eight finds breathy or ventricular phonation in groups of tones are shown to have what sounds like a mid- tones characterising natural tonal classes of Rhyme glottal-stop, thus demonstrating a new importance for phonotactics and Wu’s complex tone pattern in Wu tonatory typology. Possibly reflecting sandhi. One also finds a single tone characterised by gradual loss, larygealisation appears restricted to the a different non-modal phonation type [12]; or even north and north-west, and is absent in Huángyán two different non-modal phonation types in two dialect where it was first described. A perturbatory tones. However, the Huangyan-type tonation seems model of the larygealisation is tested in an to involve a new variation, with the same phonation experiment determining how much of the complete type in two different tones from the same historical tonal F0 contour can be restored from a few tonal category, thus prompting speculation that it centiseconds of modal F0 at Rhyme onset and offset. developed before the tonal split. The results are used both to acoustically quantify laryngealised tonal F0, with its problematic jitter and 2. -
Official Colours of Chinese Regimes: a Panchronic Philological Study with Historical Accounts of China
TRAMES, 2012, 16(66/61), 3, 237–285 OFFICIAL COLOURS OF CHINESE REGIMES: A PANCHRONIC PHILOLOGICAL STUDY WITH HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS OF CHINA Jingyi Gao Institute of the Estonian Language, University of Tartu, and Tallinn University Abstract. The paper reports a panchronic philological study on the official colours of Chinese regimes. The historical accounts of the Chinese regimes are introduced. The official colours are summarised with philological references of archaic texts. Remarkably, it has been suggested that the official colours of the most ancient regimes should be the three primitive colours: (1) white-yellow, (2) black-grue yellow, and (3) red-yellow, instead of the simple colours. There were inconsistent historical records on the official colours of the most ancient regimes because the composite colour categories had been split. It has solved the historical problem with the linguistic theory of composite colour categories. Besides, it is concluded how the official colours were determined: At first, the official colour might be naturally determined according to the substance of the ruling population. There might be three groups of people in the Far East. (1) The developed hunter gatherers with livestock preferred the white-yellow colour of milk. (2) The farmers preferred the red-yellow colour of sun and fire. (3) The herders preferred the black-grue-yellow colour of water bodies. Later, after the Han-Chinese consolidation, the official colour could be politically determined according to the main property of the five elements in Sino-metaphysics. The red colour has been predominate in China for many reasons. Keywords: colour symbolism, official colours, national colours, five elements, philology, Chinese history, Chinese language, etymology, basic colour terms DOI: 10.3176/tr.2012.3.03 1. -
Oujiang Wu Tones and Acoustic Reconstruction
OUJIANG WU TONES AND ACOUSTIC RECONSTRUCTION PHIL ROSE Linguistics (Arts), Australian National University 1. Introduction We do not expect tones, as phonological phenomena, to vary without limit, but to show similarities, or so-called tonological universals, across varieties (Maddieson 1978). Nevertheless, when one samples tones from different Asian tone languages, or even different dialects, they often show a great variety of pitch shapes. Zhu and Rose (1998) for example demonstrated no less than 25 different tones in four varieties from different sub-groups within the Wu dialects of east central China. (I use the term tone in this paper in a sense analogous to phone, that is, as a constellation of audibly different properties, with pitch predominating but also including length and phonation type, that constitutes observation data for phonological – usually tonemic – analysis.) In exploring the nature of phonological variation in Language, we naturally concentrate on differences. This paper, on the other hand, makes use of how similar tones can be. It looks at variation in tones at seven localities distributed over a fairly small geographical area where the varieties, which belong to the same dialectal sub-group, have been described as homogeneous. Although this study reveals some interesting synchronic linguistic-tonetic variation, the main reason for undertaking it is not typological, but, as befits a festschrift for Harold Koch, historical. As mentioned, the Wu dialects of Chinese are well-known for their tonal complexity. Not only do they exhibit probably the most complex tone sandhi in the world (Rose 1990), but they also show a bewildering variety in their citation tones. -
'Where We Would Extend the Moral
‘WHERE WE WOULD EXTEND THE MORAL POWER OF OUR CIVILIZATION’: AMERICAN CULTURAL AND POLITICAL FOREIGN RELATIONS WITH CHINA, 1843-1856 A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Mathew T. Brundage December 2015 © Copyright All rights reserved Except for previously published materials Dissertation written by Mathew T. Brundage B.A., Capital University, 2005 M.A., Kent State University, 2007 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2015 Approved by ________________________________ Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Mary Ann Heiss, Ph.D. ________________________________ Kevin Adams, Ph.D. ________________________________ Gang Zhao, Ph.D. ________________________________ James Tyner, Ph.D. Accepted by ________________________________ Chair, Department of History Kenneth Bindas, Ph.D. ________________________________ Dean, College of Arts and Sciences James L. Blank, Ph.D. TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………….. iii LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………... iv PREFACE ………………………………………………………………... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………….. vii INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………… 1 CHAPTERS I. Chapter 1: China as Mystery ……………………………… 30 II. Chapter 2: China as Opportunity ..………………………… 84 III. Chapter 3: China as a Flawed Empire………………………146 IV. Chapter 4: China as a Threat ………………………………. 217 V. Chapter 5: Redefining “Success” in the Sino-American Relationship ……………………………………………….. 274 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………….. 317 APPENDIX………………………………………………………………… 323 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………. -
Autonomy of Chinese Judges: Dynamics of People’S Courts, the Ccp and the Public in Contemporary Judicial Reform
AUTONOMY OF CHINESE JUDGES: DYNAMICS OF PEOPLE’S COURTS, THE CCP AND THE PUBLIC IN CONTEMPORARY JUDICIAL REFORM by YUE LIU LL.B., Jilin University, 2003 LL.M., Jilin University, 2006 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (Law) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) November 2016 © Yue Liu, 2016 Abstract This dissertation is the outcome of author’s observations and empirical research on judicial reform in China from the 1980s to 2015. Focusing on judicial decision making process of judges in Chinese courts, it attempts to answer the following questions: How do the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the public, and the internal administrative power—three factors essential to Chinese judges’ judicial decision making process— influence the adjudication of individual cases in various periods of judicial reform? How do the increasingly professionalized judges respond to these institutionalized challenges? Moreover, how do the dynamics generated from the interactions among courts, the CCP, and the public shape the norms and institutional building of judges and courts, and affect judicial reform policies in China? This dissertation adopts historical analysis, documentary analysis, and qualitative analysis to seek answers to these questions. It finds that, first, direct influence of the CCP and the public to the judicial behaviours of individual judges is less evident than indirect influence through the administrative oversight in courts’ internal bureaucracy. Second, the relationships between courts, the CCP, and the public are more dynamic in fragmented China. The norms of Chinese judges’ autonomy and institutional changes in courts are constantly shaped by the expectations and compromise of powers of the CCP, the public, and courts. -
Lesson Plan Chien-Shiung Wu, Chinese Nuclear Physicist
Lesson Plan Chien-Shiung Wu, Chinese Nuclear Physicist Chien-Shiung Wu assembling an electro-static generator at Smith College Physics Laboratory. Photo courtesy of AIP Emilio Segre Visual Archives. Grade Level(s): 9-12 Subject(s): History, Physics In-Class Time: 50-65 minutes Prep Time: 10-15 minutes Materials • A/V equipment • Copies of Chien-Shiung Wu excerpt from The New Dictionary of Scientific Biography (found in the Supplemental Materials) • Copies of Discussion Questions (found in the Supplemental Materials) Prepared by the Center for the History of Physics at AIP 1 Objective In this lesson, students will learn about the life of experimental nuclear physicist Chien-Shiung Wu. Born in China, she became a hugely influential subatomic physicist after immigrating to America in the 1930s. Rather than focusing on her scientific accomplishments (which are discussed in more detail in the AIP Teacher’s Guides “Fair or Unfair: Should These Women Have Won Nobel Prizes” and “Outcasts and Opportunities: The Effects of World War II on the Careers of Female Physicists”), this lesson has students read about Chien-Shiung Wu’s early life, education, and unlikely activism. Introduction Chien-Shiung Wu (C.S. Wu) was born near Shanghai, China on May 31, 1912. She attended the Ming De School in her youth, which her father founded as one of the earliest Chinese schools to admit girls. Ultimately in 1930, she enrolled in the National Central University in Nanjing, where four years later she earned her Bachelor of Science degree in physics at the top of her class. 1 Wu’s time at Nanjing coincided with Japan’s invasion of the northern Chinese province Manchuria and subsequent attempts to destabilize the Chinese government. -
Title Verbal Aspects and Verbal Classifier Structures in Hui Chinese
Title Verbal aspects and verbal classifier structures in Hui Chinese Author(s) Liu, Boyang Proceedings of the 51st International Conference on Sino- Citation Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (2018) Issue Date 2018-09 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/235293 Right Type Conference Paper Textversion author Kyoto University Verbal Aspects and Verbal Classifier Structures in Hui Chinese LIU Boyang (EHESS-CRLAO) CONTENT • PART I: Research Purpose • PART II: The definition and classification of VCLs in Sinitic languages – 1. An introduction to Hui Chinese – 2. Previous work on VCLs in Mandarin – 3. A provisional definition and classification of VCLs in Sinitic languages – 4. Lexical aspects indicated by the verb phrase [VERB-VCLP] in Sinitic languages – 5. Relationships between grammatical aspects and the verb phrase [VERB-VCLP- OBJECT] • PART III: Grammatical aspects indicated by special auto-verbal classifier (Auto-VCL) structures in Hui Chinese – 6. The perfective aspect – 7. The imperfective aspect • PART IV: Conclusion PART I: RESEARCH PURPOSE Research Purpose: • Verbal classifiers (VCLs) have been much less studied from a typological perspective than the category of nominal classifiers (NCLs), and even less in the non-Mandarin branches of Sinitic languages, such as the Hui dialects; • In this study, I will introduce relationships between lexical aspects, grammatical aspects and verbal classifier phrases (VCLPs) in Hui Chinese, analyzing the similarities and differences with Standard Mandarin. • Verbal classifier structures in the Hui dialects display a transitional feature compared with Xiang, Gan and Wu, taking auto-verbal classifier (Auto-VCL) structures as examples (auto-VCLs derive from verb reduplicants in the verb phrase [VERB- (‘one’)-VERB]): – Auto-VCLs in the verb phrase [VERB-AUTO VCL] can code the perfective or imperfective aspect in different types of complex sentences in Hui Chinese; – More variety of auto-VCL structures is found in Hui Chinese compared with Xiang and Gan dialects. -
THE MEDIA's INFLUENCE on SUCCESS and FAILURE of DIALECTS: the CASE of CANTONESE and SHAAN'xi DIALECTS Yuhan Mao a Thesis Su
THE MEDIA’S INFLUENCE ON SUCCESS AND FAILURE OF DIALECTS: THE CASE OF CANTONESE AND SHAAN’XI DIALECTS Yuhan Mao A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (Language and Communication) School of Language and Communication National Institute of Development Administration 2013 ABSTRACT Title of Thesis The Media’s Influence on Success and Failure of Dialects: The Case of Cantonese and Shaan’xi Dialects Author Miss Yuhan Mao Degree Master of Arts in Language and Communication Year 2013 In this thesis the researcher addresses an important set of issues - how language maintenance (LM) between dominant and vernacular varieties of speech (also known as dialects) - are conditioned by increasingly globalized mass media industries. In particular, how the television and film industries (as an outgrowth of the mass media) related to social dialectology help maintain and promote one regional variety of speech over others is examined. These issues and data addressed in the current study have the potential to make a contribution to the current understanding of social dialectology literature - a sub-branch of sociolinguistics - particularly with respect to LM literature. The researcher adopts a multi-method approach (literature review, interviews and observations) to collect and analyze data. The researcher found support to confirm two positive correlations: the correlative relationship between the number of productions of dialectal television series (and films) and the distribution of the dialect in question, as well as the number of dialectal speakers and the maintenance of the dialect under investigation. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to express sincere thanks to my advisors and all the people who gave me invaluable suggestions and help. -
白話字的起源與在台灣的發展the Origins of Pe̍h-Ōe-Jī and Its
國立台灣師範大學台灣語文學系 博士論文 指導教授:賀安娟(Ann Heylen)博士 白話字的起源與在台灣的發展 The Origins of Pe̍ h-ōe-jī and Its Development in Taiwan 研究生:陳慕真 撰 2015 年 12 月 本論文獲得科技部 104 年度獎勵人文與社會科學 領域博士候選人撰寫博士論文獎勵,謹此誌謝。 摘要 本文以白話字為研究主題,探討白話字從十九世紀至今百餘年來的發展,分 析白話字在麻六甲的起源,在中國廈門的形成,以及在台灣從清末、日治時期, 到戰後的發展。透過白話字於不同時期的歷史梳理與分析,本文指出,白話字在 台灣的發展主要呈現兩條主要的脈絡:一為從 1865 年開始,由英國長老教會的 宣教師所發展的白話字運動 ── 這條主線在教會內穩定的發展,從日治時期延 續到戰後,直到 1969 年國民黨政府全面禁止白話字為止;另一條脈絡源於日治 時期的 1920 年代,白話字運動與台灣文化啟蒙運動相結合,並在戰後 1950 年代 由台灣省議員所接續,此後因為高壓的國語政策而沉寂,直到 1980 年代才在政 治解嚴的風潮下,隨著台語文運動而再次出現於台灣社會。這兩條脈絡顯示出白 話字在台灣的發展轉變為:(一)推動者:從西方宣教師轉變為台灣本地知識份 子,(二)訴求對象:從長老教會的信徒,擴及至台灣社會大眾,(三)推動目 的:從傳揚基督教,達成信仰教育,改變為以普及知識,達成社會教育,(四) 認同取向:從對基督教的信仰認同,發展為對台灣民族的認同。從這些轉變的過 程顯示出白話字一開始作為西方宣教師創制的文字系統在台灣本土化的痕跡。 從 1885 年《台灣府城教會報》創刊開始,台灣基督長老教會就開創了以白 話字閱讀、書寫、出版、傳播的時代,直到戰後的 1969 年為止。在長老教會的 推動下,白話字已經穩固的成為基督徒社群共通的文字。在 1885 年至 1969 年這 段台灣的「白話字時代」中,以白話字出版之書籍、刊物,總數量至少近千冊, 內容涵蓋了文學藝術、宗教信仰、歷史文化、兒童教育、醫學知識等領域。這些 成果顯示,以白話字所構築的知識體系已然健全,並成熟的體現在各領域。白話 字除了是教會信徒領受基督信仰的文字工具外,也是台灣人以台語獲取各種現代 化知識的重要途徑。 本文的另一個重點,在於指出「白話字傳播圈」的概念 ── 從十九世紀白 話字的傳播路線來看,首先是從南洋的麻六甲(1820 年代),繼而到中國廈門 (1850 年代),最後來到台灣(1865 年代)。就歷史的進程而言,台灣居於「白 話字傳播圈」的末端。然而,經過百餘年來歷史的發展,隨著東南亞華人和中國 閩南人的政治情勢、族群結構、語言式微、宗教信仰等主客觀因素,福建話和閩 南話的白話字在當地並未有穩定和長足的發展。相較於此,1980 年代後,隨著 台語文運動的成果,使得台灣在白話字上取得優勢和主導權,逐漸躍居為新加坡、 馬來西亞和中國閩南的白話字輸入中心。換言之,台灣從歷史上「白話字傳播圈」 的末端,逐漸發展成為具有「白話字傳播圈」中心的條件。 關鍵詞:白話字、台語、教會羅馬字、台語文運動、台灣基督長老教會、《台 灣教會公報》、台灣宣道社、白話字時代(1885-1969)、台灣文學 Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to study the development of Pe̍ h-ōe-jī since the nineteenth century and to analyze its origins in Malacca, its formation in Amoy, and its development in Taiwan from the sunset of the Qing dynasty to the post‐war period. The survey results of the development of Pe̍ h-ōe-jī indicate that the development of Pe̍ h-ōe-jī in Taiwan has two major contexts. -
Low Vowel Raising in Sinitic Languages: Assimilation, Reduction, Or Both?*
LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS 13.4:583-623, 2012 2012-0-013-004-000279-1 Low Vowel Raising in Sinitic Languages: * Assimilation, Reduction, or Both? Feng-fan Hsieh National Tsing Hua University Many Sinitic languages respect low vowel raising (LVR) whereby the low vowel /a/ is raised to /e/ only when flanked by a palatal glide and a coronal coda. In this article, I show that LVR in Sinitic languages is a genuine process of grammar because low-level phonetic coarticulatory effects alone cannot account for cross- linguistic/dialectal variation. Specifically, my survey reveals that vowel duration, onset consonants and/or the presence of retroflexes may have a direct bearing on LVR, thus calling for a phonological analysis. I argue that the phenomenon in question is better treated as additive effects of (i) target undershoot in the wake of impoverished vowel duration (i.e. vowel reduction) and (ii) contextual influences (i.e. backness assimilation). Phonological vowel quality change (LVR here) is motivated only when the benefit of contextual neutralization exceeds that of the sum of the “cost” of implementing the above coarticulatory patterns. Analytically, Flemming’s (2003) feature co-occurrence constraints, together with phonetically driven constraints, provide a straightforward account of the relationship between coronal place and vowel backness attested in LVR. Finally, implications for Mandarin segmental phonology are also discussed. Key words: vowel raising, vowel reduction, assimilation, segmental phonology, Sinitic languages 1. Introduction In this paper, I consider a fairly common but understudied process of vowel quality change in a handful of Sinitic languages: The low vowel /a/ is raised to [e] when * I would like to thank Yueh-chin Chang, Yen-Hwei Lin, Jeroen van de Weijer, and two anonymous reviewers for their detailed comments on earlier versions of this paper. -
China Trade Materials in Manhattan Library Collections
Journal of East Asian Libraries Volume 1989 Number 86 Article 4 2-1-1989 Olyphant's Island: China Trade Materials in Manhattan Library Collections: The New-York Historical Society, The Union Theological Seminary, and the Research Division of The New York Public Library Murray A. Rubinstein Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/jeal BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Rubinstein, Murray A. (1989) "Olyphant's Island: China Trade Materials in Manhattan Library Collections: The New-York Historical Society, The Union Theological Seminary, and the Research Division of The New York Public Library," Journal of East Asian Libraries: Vol. 1989 : No. 86 , Article 4. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/jeal/vol1989/iss86/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of East Asian Libraries by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. OLYPHANTS ISLAND: CHIN A TRADE MATERIALS IN MANHATTAN LIBRARY COLLECTIONS: THE NEW-YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY, THE UNION THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, AND THE RESEARCH DIVISION OF THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY Murray A. Rubinstein Baruch College, CUNY Introduction The New York of the 1820s and 1830s was a city opening itself to the world. The ships of John Jacob Astor, the merchant prince, with such captains as Samuel Hill at the helm, had opened the way to the south seas and the ports of East Asia in the years from 1780 to 1820. By 1826, the year that pious and practical business man, D.