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Rigorózní Práce UNIVERZITA KARLOVA V PRAZE FARMACEUTICKÁ FAKULTA V HRADCI KRÁLOVÉ KATEDRA FARMACEUTICKÉ BOTANIKY A EKOLOGIE RIGORÓZNÍ PRÁCE Biologicky aktivní metabolity rostlin II. Alkaloidy Corydalis cava (L.) Shweigg. & Körte (Fumariaceae) a screening jejich biologických vlastností. Biological Active Plant Metabolites II. Alkaloids of Corydalis cava (L.) Schweigg. & Körte (Fumariaceae) and Screening of Their Biological Properties. Školitel: Ing. Lucie Cahlíková, Ph.D. 2010 Mgr. Jan Průša PROHLÁŠENÍ Prohlašuji, že tato diplomová práce je mým původním autorským dílem, které jsem vypracoval samostatně. Veškerá literatura a další zdroje, z nichž jsem při zpracování čerpal, jsou uvedeny v seznamu použité literatury a v práci řádně citovány. V Hradci Králové, 15. ledna 2010 Mgr. Jan Průša 1 PODĚKOVÁNÍ Chtěl bych poděkovat paní Ing. Lucii Cahlíkové, Ph.D. za veškerou pomoc, trpělivost, cenné odborné rady, za změření a interpretaci MS spekter, poznámky k NMR spektrům, veškeré poskytnuté materiály a vedení během vypracovávání mé diplomové práce. Dále bych chtěl poděkovat Prof. RNDr. Janu Schramlovi, DrSc., Ing. Milanovi Kurfürstovi, Ph.D. z Ústavu chemických procesů AV ČR v Praze za změření NMR spekter a také Ing. Kateřině Macákové za stanovení biologických vlastností izolovaných látek. Dále kolektivu katedry farmaceutické botaniky a ekologie za příjemné prostředí a pomoc při řešení technických a teoretických problémů. A také svým rodičům a kamarádům, kteří mi byli vždy oporou. Mgr. Jan Průša 2 OBSAH 1 Obsah………………………...…………………………………………………………………………1 1. Úvod………………………………………………………………………………………………...4 2. Cíl práce……………………………………………………………………………………...…….7 3. Teoretická část……………………………………………………………………………..………9 3.1. Kritéria výběru rostliny pro fytochemický výzkum………………………………………….10 3.2. Corydalis cava (L.) Schweigg. & Köerte - Dymnivka dutá……………………….................10 3.2.1. Synonyma…………………………………………………………………..…………..10 3.2.2. Systematické zařazení…………………………………………………………………..11 3.2.3. Botanický popis……………………………………………………………….……..…11 3.2.3.1. Botanický popis čeledi…………………………………………………….....11 3.2.3.2. Botanický popis rostliny……………………………………………………..12 3.2.4. Ekologie………………………………………………………………………….……..13 3.2.5. Areál rozšíření …………………………………………………………………………13 3.2.5.1. Celkové rozšíření…………………………………………………………..…13 3.2.5.2. Rozšíření v České republice………………………………………………….14 3.2.6. Popis drogy………………………………………………………………………..……14 3.3. Obsahové látky Corydalis cava (L.) Schweigg. & Köerte…………………………..………14 3.3.1. Isochinolinové alkaloidy z Corydalis cava (L.) Schweigg. & Köerte……………..........15 3.3.2. Ostatní sekundární metabolity izolované z Corydalis cava (L.) Schweigg. & Köerte…22 3.4. Alzheimerova choroba její etiopatogeneze a možnosti terapie…………………...………….23 3.4.1. Charekteristika Alzheimerovy choroby…………………………………………………23 3.4.2. Acetylcholinesteráza a butyrylcholinesteráza a jejich inhibice…………………………23 3.4.3. Inhibice AChE a BuChE alkaloidy z Corydalis cava a dalších rostlin rodu Corydalis...25 3.4.4. Ostatní biologické aktivity alkaloidů z Corydalis cava…………………………………27 3.5. Fytochemické a biologické studie dalších druhů rodu Corydalis……………………………28 3.5.1. Corydalis yanhusuo…………………………………………………………………….29 3.5.2. Corydalis solida………………………………………………………………………...32 4. Experimentální část………………………………………………………………………………34 4.1. Všeobecné postupy…………………………………………………………………..……….35 4.1.1. Destilace a odpařování………………………………………………………………….35 4.1.2. Chromatografie…………………………………………………………………….……35 4.1.2.1. Tenkovrstvá chromatografie……………………………...………………….35 4.1.2.2. Sloupcová chromatografie………………………………………………...….35 4.2. Materiál a vybavení……………………………………………………………………….….36 4.2.1. Rozpouštědla…………….……………………………………………………………...36 4.2.2. Chemikálie………………………………………………………………………………36 4.2.3. Chemikálie a materiál ke stanovení účinku AChE a BuChE (IC50)…………………….36 4.2.4. Chemikálie ke stanovení antioxidační a antiprotozoální aktivity……………………….37 4.2.5. Přístroje použité při stanovení biologických účinků izolovaných látek………………...37 4.2.6. Detekční činidla…………………………………………………………………………37 4.2.7. Chromatografické desky a absorbenty………………………………………………….38 4.2.8. Vyvíjecí soustavy pro analytickou tenkovrstvou chromatografii……………………….38 4.2.9. Vyvíjecí soustavy pro preparativní tenkovrstvou chromatografii………………………38 4.3. Zpracování chloroformového výtřepku B z Corydalis cava………………………………..……39 4.3.1. Příprava a čištění výtřepku Corydalis cava/B/CHCl3……………………………..……39 4.3.2. Sloupcová chromatografie výtřepku Corydalis cava/B/CHCl3…………………………40 4.3.3. Zpracování spojených frakcí 7 a 8……………………………………………………....42 2 4.3.4. Čištění a separace minoritních alkaloidů z F1…………………………………………..43 4.3.5. Izolace alkaloidů z podfrakce F1-3……………………………………………………...44 4.4. Určení struktury izolované látky……………………………………………………………..45 4.4.1. Měření hmotnostního spektra……………………………………………………..…….45 4.4.2. Měření NMR spektra……………………………………………………………………45 4.5. Stanovení účinku alkaloidu na lidskou HuAChE a sérovou HuBuChE (IC50)……………….45 4.6. Stanovení antioxidační aktivity……………………………………………………………....46 4.7. Stanovení antiprotozoální aktivity……………………………………………………………46 5. Výsledky..........................................................................................................................................47 5.1. Strukturní studie izolované látky 1…………………………………………………………...48 5.1.1. Hmotnostní spektrum izolované látky 1………………………………………………...48 5.1.2. NMR studie izolované látky 1……………………………………………………….….50 5.1.2.1. 1H NMR spektrum izolované látky – 1………………………………………50 5.1.2.2. 13C NMR spektrum izolované látky 1………………………………………..51 5.2. Strukturní studie izolované látky 2…………………………………………………….……..52 5.2.1. Hmotnostní spektrum izolované látky 2………………………………………………...52 5.2.2. NMR studie izolované látky – 2…………………………………………………..…….54 5.2.2.1. 1H NMR spektrum izolované látky 2………………………………………...54 5.2.2.2. 13C NMR spektrum izolované látky 2………………………………………..55 5.3. Antioxidační aktivita alkaloidů ……………………………………………………………...57 5.4. Inhibiční aktivita vůči AChE a BuChE………………………………………………………57 5.5. Antiprotozoální aktivita alkaloidů……………………………………………………………57 6. Diskuze……………………………………………………………………………………………58 7. Literatura………………………………………………………………………………………....60 8. Seznam zkratek…………………………………………………………………………………..66 3 1 ÚVOD 4 V současné době mají přírodní léčiva nezastupitelné místo v medicíně. Moderní výzkum nových léčiv se po určité době opět vrací k rostlinnému materiálu, který je v dnešní době ekonomicky výhodnější a mnohdy levnějším zdrojem biologicky aktivních látek. Velká pozornost je v současnosti věnována rostlinám tradiční čínské medicíny, která využívá asi 5000 léčivých rostlin, u nás nepříliš známých nebo terapeuticky nevyužívaných1,2. Do popředí se také dostávají rostliny dříve považované za okrasné. Jednou ze skupin látek přírodního původu, které jsou již delší dobu sledovány tvoří alkaloidy. Alkaloidy se vyskytují především ve vyšších rostlinách. Odhaduje se, že 10-20 % všech rostlin obsahují alkaloidy. Biogeneticky jsou tyto látky odvozené od aminokyselin. Podle původní aminokyseliny se dělí na základní strukturní typy (tropanové, isochinolinové, chinolinové atd.), které se dále dělí na podstruktury3. Jedna z nejvýznamnějších a nejrozšířenějších skupin alkaloidů je skupina isochinolinových alkaloidů. Tyto látky se vyznačují širokým spektrem výskytu, struktur a biologických účinků. Jsou soustředěny především do čeledí Papaveraceae, Berberidaceae, Ranunculaceae, Fumariaceae a Amarylidaceae4-6. Isochinolinovým alkaloidům je v současné době věnována velká pozornost pro jejich schopnost inhibovat cholinesterázy, které se podílejí na vzniku neurodegenerativních onemocnění. Mezi tyto nemoci patří především Alzheimerova choroba, která je zodpovědná za cca 50-60 % všech demencí. Tímto onemocněním trpí každý desátý člověk starší 65 let a až každý druhý starší 85 let. Tato choroba se v současné době nedá vyléčit, pouze zmírnit a zpomalit její příznaky. Jednou z terapeutických možností zpomalení progrese Alzheimerovy choroby je podávání inhibitorů acetylcholinesterázy (AChE). Na základě posledních studií bylo zjištěno, že při této chorobě určitou roli hraje i enzym butyrylcholinesteráza (BuChE) a bylo by potřeba blokovat i tento enzym. Jedním z nejrozšířenějších terapeutik používaných při léčbě Alzheimerovy choroby je isochinolinový alkaloid galanthamin, který specificky inhibuje pouze AChE a vůči BuChE je prakticky neúčinný7. V současné době se hledají především látky, které 5 budou schopny inhibovat oba typy cholinesteráz. Vzhledem k celosvětovému stárnutí populace se neurodegenerativní choroby a jejich terapie stávají velkým sociálním problémem a hledání nových potencionálních léčiv, jak přírodního tak i syntetického původu, se věnuje řada pracovních skupin po celém světě8,9. Jedním z rostlinných druhů obsahujících isochinolinové alkaloidy je rod Corydalis, který se v Asii, ale i v Evropě a Americe široce používá nejen v lidovém léčitelství. Z tohoto rodu byla doposud izolována celá řada isochinolinových alkaloidů, ale jejich biologické aktivitě většiny z nich nebyla doposud věnována velká pozornost10,11. 6 2 CÍL PRÁCE 7 Cílem mé rigorózní práce bylo: 1. Provést preparativní tenkovrstvou chromatografii podfrakce F1-3, získané v rámci diplomové práce12. 2. Získání minimálně jedné látky v čistém stavu, určení jejích základních fyzikálně- chemických charakteristik. 3. Příprava vzorků na biologické testování. 4. Podílet se na stanovení biologických aktivit (inhibice AChE, BuChE, antioxidační a antiprotozoální aktivita) izolovaných látek. 8 3 TEORETICKÁ ČÁST 9 3.1
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