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Jesús Félix Barandika Iza 73 LAS GARRAPATAS EXÓFILAS COMO VECTORES DE AGENTES ZOONÓTICOS: ESTUDIO SOBRE LA ABUNDANCIA Y ACTIVIDAD DE LAS GARRAPATAS EN LA VEGETACIÓN, E INVESTIGACIÓN DE LA PRESENCIA DE AGENTES PATÓGENOS EN GARRAPATAS Y MICROMAMÍFEROS Jesús Félix Barandika Iza TESIS DOCTORALES N.º 73 Universidad del País vasco Las garrapatas exófilas como vectores de agentes zoonóticos: estudio sobre la abundancia y actividad de las garrapatas en la vegetación, e investigación de la presencia de agentes patógenos en garrapatas y micromamíferos Jesús Félix Barandika Iza Vitoria-Gasteiz, 2012 Un registro bibliográfico de esta obra puede consultarse en el catálogo de la Biblioteca General del Gobierno Vasco: http://www.bibliotekak.euskadi.net/WebOpac Edición: 1.ª junio 2012 Tirada: 20 ejemplares © Administración de la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Planificación Territorial, Agricultura y Pesca Internet: www.euskadi.net Edita: Eusko Jaurlaritzaren Argitalpen Zerbitzu Nagusia Servicio Central de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco Donostia-San Sebastián, 1 - 01010 Vitoria-Gasteiz Impresión: Eusko Printing Service, S.L. www.eps-grupo.com ISBN: 978-84-457-3245-8 D. L.: VI 455-2012 A mi familia ¡A todos aquellos para los que este trabajo represente algo importante! Y para que nunca olvidemos a las Garrapatas. ¡Ellas nunca lo harían! AGRADECIMIENTOS En primer lugar, quiero agradecer a la directora de este trabajo, Ana L. García-Pérez, por haber confiado en mí para su realización, y por los numerosos “empujones” que ha necesitado darme para que al fin salga a la luz, por dirigir este trabajo, y sobre todo por darme la oportunidad de incorporarme a NEIKER, en aquel lejano mes de diciembre de 1999, y así poder introducirme en el mundo de la investigación. Quisiera agradecer también a Ana Hurtado, por su magnífica labor de codirección, por su espíritu crítico y sus valiosas aportaciones, siempre acertadas. A Elías F. Rodríguez Ferri, tutor de esta tesis, por su labor desde la Universidad de León. A Ramón Juste, por dar en su momento el visto bueno a mi incorporación a NEIKER, por la supervisión de este trabajo, y por su ardua defensa del Departamento de Sanidad Animal a lo largo de estos años. A las dos personas que iniciaron parte de la andadura laboratorial de este trabajo, por un lado, Beatriz Oporto, por su ayuda en la puesta a punto de los protocolos de PCR y RLB empleados en este trabajo, y por otro, Inés Povedano por su colaboración en el procesado de las muestras. A Josune García, por la ayuda prestada y las dudas resueltas, y a Ianire Astobiza, que participó en los últimos coletazos del proyecto EBATRAG así como en los comienzos del proyecto EDEN. A Marta Barral por mostrarme “sus” mejores puntos de muestreo de garrapatas y que luego permitieron la captura de los numerosos ejemplares que forman parte de este trabajo, y por la transmisión de su “sabiduría” del mundo de las garrapatas. A mis ex compañeros, Horacio Gil, tanto por ser mi maestro en el arte de la captura de micromamíferos, como por introducirme en el mundo de las bases de datos Access, y Eduardo Berriatua, que me inició en el mundo de la estadística. También me gustaría expresar mi agradecimiento a Jon Paul por la traducción del resumen de la tesis al Euskera, y a tod@s l@s becari@s, auxiliares, analistas, técnic@s e investigador@s con l@s que he coincido todos estos años, que han sido much@s, por el agradable ambiente de trabajo creado y por estar siempre dispuest@s a compartir de buen grado el espacio, los equipos, medios, fungibles, etc., a enseñar al que no sabe, y a echar un cable al necesitado. De igual forma, al resto de personal de NEIKER, que en muchas ocasiones desde la “sombra”, posibilitan y facilitan la labor de tod@s l@s que nos dedicamos a la ciencia. A Pedro Anda, del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, tanto por su “es-tu-pen-da” labor de coordinación del proyecto EBATRAG, como por la labor de transferencia de conocimientos laboratoriales y de todo tipo de material, de la que también han sido partícipes Raquel Escudero e Isa Jado. También a Sarah Randolph, de la Universidad de Oxford, por su gran labor de coordinación del sub-proyecto Tick-Borne diseases de EDEN. A l@s responsables de los Servicios de Conservación de la Naturaleza de las Diputaciones Forales de Araba y Gipuzkoa, y del Servicio de Conservación de los Espacios Naturales de la Diputación Foral de Bizkaia, por concedernos las autorizaciones de acceso y de captura de micromamíferos, haciendo posible que estudios como éste puedan realizarse. No quisiera olvidarme de Rafa y Edmundo, guardas forestales del Ayuntamiento de Bilbao, y de J.A. Irastorza, guarda forestal de la Mancomunidad de Aralar, por facilitarme el acceso al Monte Pagasarri y a Aralar. También tengo presente en mi gradecimiento a todos l@s colegas “ex-combatientes de León” que contribuyeron con su amistad y apoyo, a que un día me licenciara como Veterinario, y a l@s “ex-OVIS” por los duros años de clínica ovina compartidos, cuyo fruto me permitió ocupar la plaza del proyecto Sheeprion con el que me incorporé a NEIKER. Por último, especial mención a mi familia, a mis padres y hermanos por el esfuerzo que tuvieron que hacer para que pudiera estudiar en León, a Nieves y a mis dos “txikis” por su apoyo, cariño y comprensión mostrados, y por sufrir mi “no disponibilidad” a lo largo de este tiempo. Eskerrik asko. ¡MUCHAS GRACIAS A TOD@S! ÍNDICE Índice y abreviaturas Índice.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9 AbreviAturAs................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 introducción.generAl.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 19 introducción.y.objetivos............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 i... revisión.bibliográficA.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 27 . i.1... lAs.gArrApAtAs...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29 . i.1.1... clasificación.taxonómica.de.las.garrapatas.................................................................................................... 30 . i.1.2... características.generales.de.las.garrapatas................................................................................................. 31 . i.1.3... ciclo.biológico.de.las.garrapatas.................................................................................................................................... 36 . i.1.4... ecología.de.las.garrapatas.exófilas............................................................................................................................ 39 . i.1.5... ecología.de.las.garrapatas.endófilas........................................................................................................................ 40 . i.2... Métodos.de.cAptura de.gArrApAtAs................................................................................................................... 41 . i.2.1... captura.de.garrapatas.por.contacto.directo.con.la.vegetación......................................... 41 . i.2.2... recogida.de.garrapatas.con.dispositivos.atrayentes....................................................................... 43 . i.2.3... recogida.de.garrapatas.de.los.hospedadores.vertebrados................................................... 44 . i.3... especies.de.gArrApAtAs.identificAdAs.en.espAñA................................................................ 45 . i.4.. enferMedAdes.trAnsMitidAs.por.gArrApAtAs............................................................................... 51 . i.4.1... Zoonosis.transmitidas.por.garrapatas...................................................................................................................... 53 . i.4.2... bacterias.detectadas.sólo.en.las.garrapatas..“endosimbiontes”.................................... 55 . i.5... encefAlitis.vÍrica trAnsMitida por.gArrApAtAs........................................................................ 56 . i.5.1... virología................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 56 . i.5.2... epidemiología............................................................................................................................................................................................... 57 . i.5.3... Manifestaciones.clínicas.............................................................................................................................................................
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