134

The cultural significance of personal names in has been stressed by previous writers.^ Elaborate rules are laid dovm by different Grhyasutras. There is a great diver­ gence of view as to the time when the child was named.

Several times are suggested in the ancient literature and in the sutras and smrtis.

It appears from Kane’ s study that the literary data about naming falls into three or four distinct periods such as, (1) Vedic, (2) Sutra, (3) Smrti and (4) Nibandha.

Vedic Period

In the a man had at least two names. One of these was supposed to be secret (guhya) known to the parents only.

Thus, in the literature of the period he is referred to by two names. One of them was his own name and the other either his gotra name or patronymic or sometimes (rarely) matronymic.

When the three names ar& mentioned, the first name was a person’ s ordinary name, the second a derivative from his father’ s name and the last derived from his gotra, e.g.

Trasadasyu (his own name), Paurukutsya (son of Purukutsa), 2 Gairiksita (descendant of Giriksita).

^ Kane, P.V ., ’ Naming a Child’ , IHQ XIV, 224-44. Sankalia H.5., 2 Rg V.33.8. 135

SGtra Period

Very elaborate rules are given in the Gyhya i>Qtras about naming a child. They may be grouped into three classes :

(i) The Aevalayana^ and the Apastamba^ tell us that after or on the 10th day a son should be given a name be­ ginning with

(a) Sonant, semi-vowel in the middle and visarga at its end and consisting either of two or four syllables, two for firm position and four, for spiritual glory.

(b) The first part of the name being a noun, the second part a verb.

(c} Another name after naksatra which was to be secret.

( ii) A daughter should be given a name of uneven syllables.

, 5 6 In the second class, we have Hiranyakesi, BhSradvija,

Gobhila,^ ^Slfikhfiyana,^ Baudhfiyana,^ Kh6diri\nd MBnava^^ g^hyasQtras.

gr. 1.15, S.B.E. Vol. 29.183. ^Ap.gr. I5.e-11, S.B.E. Vol. 30.282-283. ^S.B.E. Vol. 30.214. ^1.26. ^ Il-I* 23.31. ^S.B.K. Vol. 30.57. • ?o II.3.6. u 1^ Mfinava 1.18.1. ^1.24.4-6, S.B.F.. Vol. 29.50. 136

The Gobhila-grhyfisQtra prescribes the giving of a secret name at the tine of Jatakarma, and says that NSaakarana is to be performed after the passing of ten nights, a hundred nif-hts or a year from the birth. The Khfidira seems to sug­ gest the same.

Janan&dHrdhvam dasarStrachchhataratrfit

SaftvatsarSdvS nSma kurySt II Kh&dira, |I.3«6.

According to the Gobhila and MSnava, the girl*s name should end in da.

(iii) The PSraskara, Baudh&yana ^and the ^e^a slitras lay down certain rules.

(a) NSmakarana sh(xild be on the lOth or I2th day.

( b) One name after naksatra and the second at the

upanayana.

A Drahmana*s name should end in'barman*, a Ksatriya*s in 'Varman*, a Vaisya^s in '^upta* and a ^Gdra's name should end in ’ bhrtya* or 'dfisa*.

12 According to the VarSha Grhya sQtra, a father’ s name

should be avoided and a rlrl*s name should not be after a river, naksatra, the moon, the sun, Pusan or should not >,e a name ending in raksita or dattl preceded by the name of a deity.

^^Kane, op. c it., 234. 12varaha £r. 2. 137

13 In P5nlnl*s time names after nakeatras were common.

He gives several rules for deriving names of males and fe­ males.

Smrti Period

Manu gives only two rules about giving a name.

(1) The name of a Br&hnana should be indicative of a maAgala, of a Ksatriya strength, of a Vaisya wealth and of

:^ddra lowness.

(2) An upapada to the name of a BrSima^a should be iarman (happiness or blessing). An upapada to the name of a king should indicate protection, to the name of a Vaisya, an upapada should indicate prosperity and of a i^udra, indi­ cating dependence or service.

Nibandha Period

The MitSksara. a c.ommentary on the Yajnavalkya Smrti quotes ^aftkha, who says that a father should give a name 14 connected with a family deity.

It appears that in the times of the Brahmanas nakfatra- names were secret and so art not met with. Gradually these ceased to be secret and became common.

IV.3.34-37; VII 3.lS. Mitakgara, 1 .12. Paijiinl gives the names derived from ^ravifthS, Ph&l- gunl) Anuradh&i Sv&ti, Tifya, Punarvasu without adding any termination sig^nify ’ bom on’

In the Junagadh inscription of Rudradfiman, the brother- in-law of Chandragupta is said to have been a Vaisya named

Pusyagupta. The KahfibhSsya^^ speaks of boys named Tisya and Punarvasu and cites ChitrS, Revatl, Rohini, as names of women born on these naksatras. We know the king Pusyamitra, the founder of the ^uhga dynasty. Buddhists also had nak- satra names, e.g. KiOggaliputta Tissa, AsS^ha, PhSguna,

SvStiguta Pusarakhita are mentioned in the SSnchi inscrip- tions.

According to the mediaeval works on Jyotisa ” each of the 2'/ naksatras is divided into 4 p3dae and to each pSda of a nakfatra a specific letter is assigned e.g. Chu, Che,

Cho and La for the four p&das of Asvini from which a person born in a particular pada of Asvini was called either OhQ^a- 18 mani, Ghedisa, Cholesa, Laksamana."

The naming of a child in different periods thus shows the social fashions of the time.

IV .3.34. Kielhorn F ., Vol. 1.231; Vol. 11.30?. ^ 11.95 Kane, op.cit., 236. 139

The inscriptions from >^lch the material is

collected roughly cover a period of ten centuries ( from the 300 A.iJ. t® the 13th century A .D .). The material that

we get from the inscriptions is not of a uniform nature.

Personal names. sip;nify the religious tendencies of the persons. They help us in understanding the castes and sub-castes. We can have some idea of the original habitat of certain present-day castes and their probable ethnic origin and the probabl*» origin of certain surnames.

A critical study of these records gives us the follow­ ing data :

1. Names of the ruling kings and other male members

of the royal family and names of the queens.

2. Names of the donee 3r&hmanas and their fathers*

sometimes grandfathers* names.

3. Names of the officials.

4. Names of the srefthi and sadhu (merchant class).

5. Names of the commemorated persons.

6. Names of ordinary women (other than the royal

family).

7. Names of other non-Brahmin castes and religion,

e.g. Jaina, bauddha, Kayastha, etc.

Names of the Members of Royal Families

The Vlk5takas

The royal nauios in the available VakStaka inscriptions 140 throw light on th^ir caste and provenance. The eleven inscriptions mention that the V5k5taka« belonged to Visnu- vrddha ;:otra. This is mentioned for the first time in the records of Pravaraaena II. Why should this be so? Does this suggest that the later members of the family sought to trace thf»lr descent from an ancient iBrahmanic gotra?

In the SOtra period, drauta Sutras of "Apa6tamba,^^and 20 PaudhSyana uei*uiuii ”Visnuvriddha’ . 6 0 it is clear that this is a Brahmanic gotra and the VSkatakas who professed to be­ long to this gotra were orieinally Brahmanas. It may further 21 be said that they were higvedins or Krsna Yajurveains, because

Visnuvriddha gotra occurs only aaon^. the listu of these iirahmanas.

22 According to the V5yu PurSna, Vindhyas&kti, the founder of the VSkltaka dynasty, flourished near cast Malwa.

""atah Kolikilebhyascha "Vindhya. 23 Jaktirbhavisyati" Vayupura^ia.

Garbe, XXIV, 6l9. 20 Caland, W., Vol. Ill (1913), 434. 21 Chitrava, biddesvara sSatri, Uesastha Kirvodi Brahmana Parichaya Grantha, 286. Apte, H.N., \ayu Parana, {^iinandasraria Sanskrit granjpfhSvali) Aahyaya 4^1 sloka 363* 23 Apte, W.N., Vavu Purana, ( AnandSsrania Sanskrit grantUrtVaifci, iidiiy3ya 99.363* HI

Thp name ox Viiidhyasakti suegests that the king flourished in th?^ valley of the Vlndhy^.

-WlC However the Puranic account and the very name of founder r Vindhyasakti as well as the names of later kings of the dynasty suggest that the dynasty was Ksatriya. VSyupurana Includes

Vindhyasakti among Yavana kings, as Kolikilas are styled

Yavanas.

Ihis may indicate the absorption of th». foreigners in the Indian culture, vdio adopted , customs, etc.

\ ignuvriddlia gotra

24 Jayaewal mentions that ’Visnuvriddha’ is a subdivision 25 of the BhSradvSjas, but Brough states that ’Visnuvriddha* ie the subdivision of Kevala-Ahirirasa

Ihis name is also important from another point of view.

Probably this ie \.iw earliest epigraphical reference to the

'Visnuvriddha* gotra.

The Kausitaki Br5hmana mentions Varsnivriddha gotra. Hence O A Brough remarks, " as against VSrsnivriddha, the wfltra lists all have ’Visnuvriddha’ , a form of which is further supported by later inscriptione.” Here the replacement of Vrsni by

Jayaswal, K.F., , p. 62. 25 John Brough, The Karly Brahmanlcal System of Gotra <

by Vlsnu may have been assisted by a soml-Prakritic form Vieni.

Does this consideration help to explain the apotheosis of the pastoral hero Krsna of Vrsni race as an incarnation of Visnu rather than of some other deity?”

It may mean that the deification of Krsna as Visnu took place between the composition of the Kauoitaki Br5hniana and the

V^kStaka period; and since V^s^i is one of the names of the

YSdava tribes to which Krsna belonged, ♦Virsniv^iddhas' were

Ksatriyas. It is possible that for this reason the VSkStakas, as Ksatriyas, professed this gotra.

Significance of V5k5taka Names

A majority ox vakStaka names have the suffix ’ sena', e.g.

Hudrasena, Fravarasena*

Why did the VSkStak&s adopt this suffix? In the genealogies of the previous dynasties e.g. Randa, Maurya, Kanva, SStavahana and Kardanjaka, we find that the ’ sena^ suffix is adopted by the

Kardamakas e .g ., Rudrasena I and II and Prithvisenu. In the

VEkStaka genealogy, we come across the names Hudrasena and

Prithvisena twice and only one name i.e. Gautamlputra reminds us of a similar namp in the SatavShana or Andhra dynasty. The founder of the family Vindhyasakti flourished near about East

I'ialwa and was the feudatory of the 4aka RahSsatrapas. It is quite likely that he and the oiemberB in his faodly adopted the naoies current in the dynasty of their sovereign rulers. 143

ift'hatever be this origin, V5k5takas by the 5th century,

had adopted names with Ksatriya suffixes like *sena'.

The first part of the names is either

( i) after the name of a deity - Rudra, Damodara, Deva, Hari,

( ii) after a name connoting victory, glory, valour —

Pravara, Sarva,

(iii) after a name connoting dominion e.g. PrthvI, Narendra.

'Rudra* as the first member of the names suggest that the kings were the devotees of Hudra or they patronised the cult of this god. The suffixes ’ sena’ and *sakti* denote the war-like profession of the kings.

The epigraphs record only two names of the VakStaka queens;

(1) PrabhavatiguptS and (2) Ajjhita Bhat^SrikS. The name

PrabhSvatiguptfi indicates that the queen came from the Gupta • family. This has been already pointed out by scholars before.

AJjhita Bhattarika

The first part of the name 'Ajjhita* is not a Sanskrit word. Probably, it may stand for the Sanskrit word ’ Adhlta*. If so, it suggests that the queen might be an educated lady.

She bears the honorific BhattSrika. We come across the above

Bhandarkar, D.R., lA 42, 160. Vincent A. Smith, Early History of India. 26 (3rd Edition). 144

name In the Uchchakalpa inscription. In the pre-4th caitury

BrShmi inscriptions »bhattSrika* was used as an honorific

applied to the names of elderly women. In the NSsik Euddhist

cave inscription of Uehavadata the word ’ LihattSraka’ stands 28 for the king.

The VSkStaka records mention Maharaja BhavanSga as the maternal grand-father of Rudrasena I who belonged to the family of the EhSrasivaa. The suffix ’ nSga* suggests the non- Aryan origin of the king.

:>arabhapur kings

There are seven rulers of this family, iiarabha the founder of the dynasty, was a personality of considerable importance.

The city of ^arabhapura was na;ied after him, vidio probably founded it. ’iiarabha’ is a fabulous animal which is sup­ posed to be stronger than a lion, or an elephant. It indi­ cates strength and power. The names ’ Narendra’ and ’ Pravara’ recall the names of VSkStaka rulers. The name *liurggarSja’ suggests that the kine ruled the hilly tract.

The king ’ SudevarSja* bears the title ’ Paramabhagavata’ .

The prefix ’ su* might have been used in the sense of good, excellent and virtuous. One name ’ Jayarfja^ connotes victory.

All the names except Narendra and Prasannamatra are hav­ ing the suffix ’ rSja’ . Two names PrasannamStra and MSnamStra bear the suffix ’mStra*.

Appendix, 125 No. 1131* Sanskrit li-ngllsh Dictionary. 1057,

Konier Williams. 145

Ihe first part »Prasanna» in the name ♦Prasannamfitra'

is an epithet of ^iva as given in * diva8a^ranSm5vali* .

PSnduvafeais of Kasala

The names of these kings are after Indra and IsSna Bhava and ^iva suggest devotion to Indra and ^iva respectively. One • name is after the planet ’ Chandra* the first members of Nanna and Tlvara are worth noting. The word *Tlvara’ means a hunter

( offspring of a rSjaputri by a Kshatriya). If we accept this meaning, it yields some information about the caste and pro­ venance of the dynasty. Nanna being a non-6ansicritic word, is very difficult to explain. Probably it might have been used in the sense 'Nanda* meaning happiness and pleasure.

’ Deva*, *gupta* and *bala* are the suffixes of the royal names. The suffix ’ gupta* indicates the influence of the

Guptas. Mahfisivagupta was called 'BSlSrJuna' on account of his great skill in archery. One name i.e . Udayana reminds us of a similar name of the hero in the Sanskrit drama *Svapna-

-vSsavadattam* . Epigraphs record only one f«nale name VSsa^I, who was the mother of Mahfisivagupta, and the daughter of iiiirya- varman, the king of . Vasaji5 is also a non-Sanskrit word and cannot be explained.

Pan^uvafesls of Kekala

The kings are named after Jaya, , Nfiga and Kiarata.

These do not need any comment. The suffix ’ bala* denotes 146

strength and valour. DrSnabhat^SrikS, Indrabhat^arikS and

L5kaprakfis5 are the queens of the family. The words *DrSna*

and *Lbka* stand for mountain and region respectively. We know

that the Pan^uvaihsis ruled the hilly tract. IndrabhattSrikS might be after Indra.

29 The Eran Boar inscription refers to the region of Maha-

-rSjadhirSja ToramSna, the Huna king and his feudatory BrShmana

king Dhanyavisnu, who belonged to MaitraySnl kkhS.

The word ’ ToramSna* is a 'i’urkish word meaning robust 30 individual. It is not known how old this word is in Turkish

language. but if it is indeed old, it shows the Central Asian racial origin of the Hunas.

ParivrS.lakas

The three inscriptions mention five names. DevSdhya

Prabhanjana, DSmodara, Hastin and SaAksobha. Prabhanjana, Hastin and SaAksobha denuUe power and valour. DevS^hya and DSmodara are the names after deities. The names of Parivrajaka kings do not have suffixes like Ksatriya rulers. lichchakalpas

The naiites of kings are after Jaya, Kum^ra and Ogha.

KumSradevX, fiamSdevI, Ajjhitadevi are queens. MahSdevi appears to have been anhonoriflc of the wives of the kings.

c n III, 159. 30 Hony H.C., Turkish English Dictionary. 352. 147

31 Arang copper platea of iJhioaflenit II tive the geneology

of Qhlmasena II, for six generations. It ie not clear to which

particular dynasty they belonged. Ihe first king ;^ura bears

the title 'EIJyarsitulyakula Prabh2vaklrti*. Ihe names Bibhl-

Sana and Bblma occur twice respectively. They remind us of

Bibhlsana in the Ramayamt and Bhima, the freat Pandava warrior.

This ie probably the earliest epifraphical reference to the

name Bibhl§aija. 'ihe word sura denotes strength, ihe name

Uayita indicates the feudatory status of the kin^*

Nalas

From the numismatic evidence, we know the two names of 32 kin^s e.g. Arthapati and Variha.

The HSJlw stone inscription mentions Skandavarman and oth

60 their exact relation to dhavaduttavaniian cannot be deteroined.

Four names are after deities; they are Bhavadatta vannan, Skandavarmen, VarSha and Virupfiicsa.

The first partu ’ Prithvi- ami 'Artha* in the nc.ne6

'Prithviraja' and ’ Arthapatl' suiigest power, pros­ perity. VirupSk§a is an spit-het of ^iva, SiCaning ’ v;ith deformed

W IX, 344. 29ff. 33 eyes’ . lie get the name ’VirupSkea’ in 'i.aittirivci. .truny£.iui« 34 in the Paraskara Grihyasutras, and in the early inscrip­ tions of the L»«ccan.^^ 'ihe first part in the name ViiSea- tuhga may be an indicative of the shining personeiiity of the king; or it shows that the king gave up the traaitionax names.

IsilavafhKi^

’Vardbana* is the suffix of all the names of kin^s in this dynasty. The names proper are ;^ri, Pyithvi and Jaya.

36 Ihe Khamkhed plate mentions the king I'ratapaslla.

This is a solitary name uf th9 king of an unknown uynasty.

The RSstrakutea of Peror

The four names Lurgu, Goviiuia, SvSmika and i'vicH. far Visnu, .Uva.and Garuda in lexicons. The first aiember

’ jJurg*’ indicates that the king ruled a oiountainou& country.

The RSstrakiitfcS

Thr cultural sipnificance of the Rastraku-S-a royal names 37 3^ has been traced by Sankalia and Kulay. The latter says as follows :

^^Taitt. AT., 10,12. ^V.onier ibiliiaffie, op.clt., 964. 3^S«nkalia, article. bPCRI III« 351* 3^^ m i, 95. 37sankalia, H.D., op.cit., IO9 . 38jVulay, Sumetl, op.cit., 310* 149

"Indra, Govindia and Krsna are the names aft^r dpities.

Next to the namee after deities, we find names suggesting souie quality such as Araoghavarsa, Jagattuhga, Nirupama.

Two names, Dhrva, Karka seem to be after star and rasl. The former may be also the name of the Purfinic personality ’ Dhrva*.

Kalc^churis of Tripuri

A r,r^«t varipty of namep is found in the Kalachuri klr,e-r>. 4aMffara''».np and NarapiES-ta arc the two names after deities.

If we go through the inscriptions of Gujarat the Deccan and Kiadhyapradesh, the first epigraphic acention of the name iiaAkara occurs in the Kalachuri inscription of Gujarat^^

'ihe firet aembera *itjaya*, ’ Jaya’ , and ’Vijaya*, having the e>uffix *siiilha* are also significant and indicate strength.

The firfit part ’Yasan* in the name fasahkarna connotes victory.

Two names are jifter freat heroes lakerra^.a and Karna.

Ve have no epifrra??hical referf»nce to the name lakeonana up to the tenth century. The first mewber *GayJ* in the name

’GaySkarna* denotes the after the fj-eat city. The com­ pound ’GaySkarna* yields no eatiafactcry sense.

The names, ’ Laksamana', ’ Karna* and ’GSngeya’ indicate tlie revival of the names of the epic heroes.

CII IV, A1. 150

All the kings bear the suffix ’deva* which shows the paramount position of the rulers.

The ladlen of rank apparently have the suffix

The first mecriberc: sro ’ Alhana’ and »Kf>lhane*. The first

ffipjnhpra NattS anH f’nnala have thf» following meaning r#*spec~

tlvely: (1) nan* of a Paglni^^ (2) i^esaviaesaThe word

Wdhala may ctand for the Prakrit words KohaliS, a.eaning 43 N^^va'1hallkS. or l^oha meiining enusfi. RShadi may be probably derived froBi the Prakrit word Kah£ n;eaning RSaha. In SansKrit

RShat^i ie a naBie of a itSgini. It showe tne special liking of the queen.

Another interesting name is AvalladSvi. She was a

Kuna princess. The first part *Ava* is a Prakrit word

Tn*»arinF pair, or capture.

ii»e Kjilachuritt of ftatriatmr

Th<* naiBPH arp with the suffix ’ deva*. The first parts

’ ’’rithvT^ and NTagad* in th«» names ’ Jagaddeva* and *Prlthvi-

deva connote dominion. Th#» first parts of the narses Ratnadeva and Jajalladeva that the nam^s are after jewel and quality.

40 Monier V^illiaras, op.cit., 525. Sheth, H .T ., P5iasaddainaJ'i5nnava. 380. 42 Loc* cit* 522, Loc. c U . , 522. 151

The suffix ia applied to the name ’ rratapa'.

W« know that there was a powerful tribe named ’ mallaa’ in Rastern India, against whom Bhlmaaena had to light. They are also mentioned in bhismaparva along loith the Aftgas, and Vafigas and the Kali&gas.

Then there were the ’Mal&vas’ In the '^unjab ^vhen Alex-

-ander the Great invaded India. They were called ’Kalloi*

In Cref-k.iijfiether the word ’ * in .'ianakrit literature has anythinp to do with these warrior tribes regains still to be lnvpgti£'eted. ’Kalla’ means a wrestler, implying^ unusual physical strenf.th* Korrelly euch suffix could have been used by other K^atriya kings as well. I’ut we find that it is used for the first time by the &al*churis of Hatnapur. How they came to use this suifix is difficult to say, as w-e have no earlier inscriplional data.

Nonalla, RSJallS, LSchchallS, RlrabhallS and b6mall5 were the quer»na. The ladies of rank apparently had the termina­ tion *«111’ added to their names. The suffix ’ alia’ is used LL in thp sense of nother. It is very significant when it is apT>li«d to th» narnes of queens as they ar»“ regarded the isoth^rs of their subjects. The first n>eTjbers ’ Raja’ ,

’ Lachchha’ aay »ugp;est Klory. The first part ’ 3oma’ in

’ SomallS^way stand for the noon. The lexicons fiive the mean- 45 ing of the v^ord Rambha ‘as the bamboo staff of e relieious

^ Paninl, VII 3.10?; Monier Williams, op.cit., 96. Monier Williams, op.cit., oujJiouoq jueq su»»nb aqr, •BjpuuLiopx^raH s i »areu

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•jreqsiy JO samx'j. aq-^ ux uaAa snoarsj sbm 'j i 'auxni puooexp um ou^ s^ L*t -XI3M 19 SBM aq-^ guxofp® qOT^« qj»3HJX«M \ *IivapBi3»xfilW JO aunju eq-j

japun paddxqsjom sism gfjrici ‘I b T®JTH Suxpjooov ’lAap 9^ -BXjfXu^w JO aaddxqsjOM aqi paxi^o «T »J«A«aiaos 2ux>l aqj,

•3UX10U q-iUOM 8X XA®P®^^TUBW

awBu aqx *Xxx®»j b 35 n aq-j o*; pa3uox«»q uaanb aqi r^Bq^ SMoqe

,XAapBXB3BN» ux b x b ^bm paoM aqx /^uox'joa'iojd jo aAX^sa'Jans ajB •aapao ptre m bx jo ©ouBuac^uxBUi ao jBUBasqfT* ‘ jBUBss^t sjoqwata 'jsJXJ »UI *uaanb jaxqo

JO aauas oqq. ut pasn uaaq aABq aq^xm qoxqM ,XAapSq^Wi 5fTJJ»i8

CSl 154

YSdavas of Devairlrl.

Of the several Y&dava rulers, we get Slhghana, Krsna and * 49 RSmachandra In Madhyapradesh Inscriptione. Barsi Takll inscription introduces a new line of princes. Ihe founder of this family was DanturSJa. The latter might be a mistake for

’ Danti*.

Mames of Ordinary people

Generally personal names of ancient India are the faith­ ful reflection of the prevailing social systeia. They throw interestinp; lig^it on many aspects, so that we can learn about the caste, religion and occupation of a person.

Names of Donees

In dharraa is regarded as one of the three ends of life, so the kings, their officials and sometimes mer­ chants also gave offerings at the time of solar eclipse, winter solstice, summer solstice and ^raddhakanuas. The recipients of these grants were generally UrSihma^as.

The Names of BrShTnana donees

The epigraphs give the following information about the

BraJimana donees

49 m , 130. 155

(1) Th« Name of the donee.

(2) The name of hia father and sometimes of his grand­

father and great-grandfather.

(3) The gotra.

(4) The Veda or its sub-branch professed by the donee.

(5) The place >Dhence he came (vinlrpata) and the place

of his residence (vastavya).

The last two are mentioned only in a few records.

The names of the Drahmanas consist usually of two parts, the name proper and the upapada, that is the suffix.

The first part, that is the name proper, isay be classi­ fied aa follows :-

(1) Names after deities.

(2) Names after naksatras.

(3) Names indicating religious tendency.

(4) Names after great men, ancestors, gotra ral etc.

(5) Names signifying relation.

(6) Descriptive names.

(V) Names after trees and flowers.

(6) Names after animals.

(9) Names after sky, cloud, etc.

(10) Composite names. (11) Miscellaneous names.

(1) Names after Deities

Names after deities can be claseified further into ; 156

(a) Names aitwr deities in general.

(b) " If ^iva.

(c) " n Vif^u.

(d) " If BrahmSl.

(e) " « Indra.

(f) ” « Uatta.

(e) ” ti Ganapati. (h) •* n Madana.

(i) « If N5ga

(j) " n iJCrya (k) " n Chandra

(1) Rame6 after goddesses.

General Nawfts

we get a few names which contain the first part as

*deva’ meaning ’ god*. These names are found more in the

VSkBtaka records than in the records of the later period.

50 Farly records of the Deccan uo not ffiention any name

sipriifying deity in general.

P From the list of Brahwi inscriptions ( pre-4th century,

A.D.} it seems that the Jaina and Bauddha monks and nuns also adopted the names signifying deity in general.

iankalia, op.cit., Ill, 346-91. Luders, "List of ErShmi inscriptions from the ear­ liest times to about 400 A.D." M ^ Appendix l82. 157

Namfta after a deity In ficnT&l ( D>va)

Vfikatakas

Deaja DeTa^arman

Deva Devasarsnlrya

DevSrya

Panduvam^ls

Devaraksita AchSrya

Nalae

DevadattSrya DevSrya

ParlvrS.lakas

DeySdhya-datta-sarman

Deva saman

RSs^rakGtae of P»rar

Deva sv^in

Lastraktttas

Devti-datta

Kalachurls of Ratnapur

Devadhara Deva-barman

Paramgrae of Malwa

Uevadhara Chaturvedin.

All these namea meaning *god* in general, contain the 158

word Meva* with the upapadae like Srya, Sch&rya, datta, dhara, ja, rakflta, sarman and aySmin.

Names after

The VSkStaka inscriptions record the following epithets of ^iva, Bhava, I^&na, Mahesyara, Rudra, ^iya, Soma and SvSmin.

The name *Rudra* seems to be popular. The name ’ Siivarakslta' occurs in a PSn^uvamsi record. The suffix ’ rakfita’ which is gpnerally applied to the name of any Buddhist who is con­ verted to Buddhism, is applied to the iirahraanie name. The earliest reference to the name ‘ i^ahkara’ in Madhyapradesh is in the ^arabhapur inscriptions, ihe RastrakQta epigraphs record the names of diva's followers, e.g. BhQtagana and

Haragana. There are some names of 'achSryas* of the mathas, who belonged to ^aiva lineage. The Vakfitakas were worshippers of ^iva. They called themselves Paramam3hesvaras’ , but we do not get any direct reference to SchSryas in the VJkStaka inscriptions. Though we know from the Kathura inscription of Chandragupta II, that a sect of the Lakulisa existed as 52 early as in the first quarter of the fourth century A.D. 53 and as a large number of ^ka-mukha lihgas are found in the territories which were formerly ruled by the VSkStakas, it is probable that the followers of the Lakulisa-PSsupata cult flourished under the vakStakas.

52 ^ IXT, 4-g. 53 JBBRaS m i , 15 1 . 159

However, the SchSryas following; are first mentioned 54 in the PSa^uvaffisi record.

Under the rule of the Kalachurie of Tripuri, ^aivism becanie the paramount cult. This is testified to by the adherenceof royal families to this faith.

Tu\argJadova I» hia queen KohalS and their son Laksmana rSja II built richly endowed temples and monasteries. The

'SchSryas* of these monasteries received honour at the hands of the Kalachuri kin£S. These kings liberally patronised the ma^has.

We are told that Rudrasambhu belonged to the line of the 'siddhas’ . The queen Alhanadevi placed the PSsupata ascetic ’FudrarSsi* in charge of the temple VaidyanStha.

BhSvabrahman was also a PSEupata ascetic who hailed from LSta. It is very significant because, the ’PSsupatas’ first obtained a footini^ in the LSta country. Kausika, GSrgya,

Kaurusa and Kaitreya who became the founders of four branches of the Pasupata school belonged to the Lata country.

Names after diva

VakSt akas

Bhavasvlmin TIvarasarman

M x m , 36.

Vjyu Ch. 23, 210-213.

Ch. 24, 127-131. 160

TevarasarmSrya MaheavarSrya

Ruddajja Rudrirya - Dylvedin

Rudra((tarfflarya Rudras&mtSrya

l^ivaja ooffi&rya

Somaaarm&rya SvlmldeTSrya

PSpduvarosls

Bhavadatta

Jjivarakfita NavySsi-visaya-agrani

^^arabhapura kin^a

v^ahkarasvaiain SvSmippa

PratSpsila

Tsvarabhatta■ • - Purohita SomasvlSmln

RSistrakGtaa of Bcrar

HhQtagana-bha^ta Karagana - livivSdin

Tsana - samavcdin Mundibhatta

Sankara Soma

SvSaii^bhatta

R5sti‘akStas

Ruddapp&-bha^ta

Kalachuric of Iripurl

C ahg.adhara&arman 161

Mahe^vara ^*^ri Bhatta

Somesvara DIksita Triloohana ^hakura

ViavarQpa Vlnala^lva Pai^^lta

Kalachurle of Ratnapur

Gafigldhara ^ivadSsa

SomarSja Somesvara

ParamSraB of Kalwa

Bhadr€‘svara sukla

Gang&dhara dikslta

Gahj?,adhara dvivedin

Gafigadhara ^rotriya

Garbei^vara chaturvedin

SomeB-vara trivedln

Trilochana dikslta

VOS vara trivedln

^ivadSsa

It is interesting to note the name i^ivadSsa. We know from the Suufti literature that ’ dSaa* is not a liruhmanic suffix.

S.0 here it can be said that the person ^ivadisa was the follower of Bbakti cult, and accepted ’ dasatva* of ^iva.

Garbhesvara 55 The word *Garbha* means »offspring of the sky i.e.

^^Monier williams, op.cit., 349. 162

the fogs and vapour drawn upwards by the rays of the sun during eij;;ht months and sent down again in the rainy season.*

The word *Garfahesvara’ signifies ths omnipotent position of iSiva.

The naaes of the ichSryas of ^aiva lineage oceuring in our records are as follows :

Panduvamaie

Sadasiv&chSlrya

iaadya^sivSchSrya

Kalachuris of Tripuri

Aghorfisiva

ChC^&siva

Dharmasambhu

Erdayasiva

TsSnasambhu

Tsvarasiva

Pasupatas

BhS.vabr^nian

KudrorasI

Kalachuris of Tripuri

Bhiva tejas Pavanasiva

Klrtisiva PrabhSvasiva

t^lSdhumateya Prabodhasiva

Mattamayuranatha Purusasiva 163

Rudrasanbhu SadSsiva l^abdasiva £>aktislva

iiidiaslva

Kalachuris of Katnapur

Ts^asiva Kudrcsiva

PBsttpastas.

I^Svabrahma^ Hudrai'Siii

Two nanos Madhumateya and Mattamayuranathai are after the place-names Madhuiaatl and Ilattarnayura respectively.

Mattamayura^^ was the capital of the Chalukya king - vanaan. Achlrya Purandara came to ^•attamayura and founded a mathe there, frota which the ci«oi derived the name ’Matta- mayuravafesa’ . Furandara was named after Mattamayura.

The second parts of the naeies with a few exceptions, are those of i>lva and i^ambhu suf^gest that the persons belonged to the :>aiva sect. The first members ChG^a, Hrdaya and ^ikhS in the names ChG^asiva, ^ikhSsiva and Hrdayasiva indicate that every part of the body was identified with ^iva. The names ’ Pav«nasiva* *Hrdayasiva’ and’^abdasiva’ suggest that even the breath, heart and speech of the Sch5x*yas was identified with that of iiva. The first menlbera of the remaining names are the epithets of ^iva. W© get only two names of the

Piaupatas viz. BhavabrShman, RudrarSsi. E5sI-karana-bhSsyam

56 CII IV, p. clii. 164

is the name of th« work of the PSsupata. It 1 b likely that the second part »r3sl* in the name *Rudrar5sI’ stands for the above-mentioned work of the PSsupataa. The inscriptions

of Kalachuris of Tripuri mention the epithets GahgSdhara,

Trllochana and VisvarQpa. These are a few of the three famous names of iiva.

The Vak3taka plates give the following suffixes i.e . arya, deva, devarya, sarman, svSjnin. The suffix *appa* is

found in the i5arabhapur records.

The suffixes Chaturvedini dlksita, dvivedin, panditai

srotriya, sukla were prevalent in the Kalachuris of Tripuri records and in the ParamSra plates. Today they have become surnames.

The suffixes *Srya* 'sarman^ are the traditional suffixes and the rensaining are new.

Names of Visnu

^arly records of a variety of Madhyapradeah refer to 57 a variety of names of Visnu, Mat^“vlsnu is called *i9iaga- 5B vatbhakta*. The Poona plates mention Parama-bhigavata Chandragupta. The suffix ’ BhSgavata* occurs in the PS^duva&si records and ie the first clear instance which indicates that the donee professed the BhSgavata cult.

*^7 cil III 160. 58 t;i XIV 42. 165

Pan^uva&sl records mention sons^ new epithets of Vlsnu as Kesava, MadhusQdana, HIr2yana, Sridhara, V3man. l^arabhapura records add Dlmodara» Records of Kalachurls of Trlpuri give the following names: Chaturbhuja, Dharenldhara, Jan&rdana,

Kldhava, ?urus3ttama.

Inscriptions of the Kalachwrls of Uatnapura mention two new names, Gopala and Padmsnibha.

Kiscellaneous inscriptions record GadSdhara and Laksml- dhara. The Kalyajii Chalukya record mentions Vithapai, which stands for Vi^thala. Ihis form of Vicnu is popular in MahSrastra* D

We get various new epithets in the ParamSra inscriptions as Ananta, Govinda, Madhu, Naraslmha, Padmasvaialn, ^rlnivfisa,

Vijayin.

The Sooavaiisi records add a new name "Chakradhara” .

This ”Chakradhara" reminds us of the same name in the l3th century, who was the founder of the KahSnubhSva sect.

It is interesting to note the name ’Harigana*. The 'ganas* are considered as diva’ s attendijito and not of Vlsnu.

Deleury, G .A., Cult of Vlthoba. 209. (A thesis lor Ph.li. submitted to the University of Poona, 1952). 166

We do not get the names Scuhkarfana and VSsudeva. We know that VSsudeva belonged to the Vrani race. It is likely that the orthodox brahmin^had not adopted the Ksatrlya name VSsudeva.

A very few names after Krsna occur in the inscriptions but

K^sna is invariably used.

The V5k£taka and the Nala records present one name Var&ha after the incarnation of Visnu.

This chronological narration shows that almost all the important names of Visnu which occur in works like the

* Visnusahaaranama* had been adopted by Brihmanas and the old taboo of not using the deity's name directly, had been com­ pletely given up.

Names after Visnu

VakStakas

Harinnaja

Harisarmfirya

Venhujja.

PSnduvaAsis

Bhatta Haridatta Srldhara BhSgavata

Kesava V&mana fihlgavata

KadhusQdana Visnudeva

Nfirayai^a Up£dhyaya 167

^arabhapura kings

D&modarasvSmin Visnusv&min

ParivrS.iaka

Vlsnudeva VisnusvSmin

RSetrakutas of Berar

D&modara

RSstrakutas

NlrSyana Visnu

^rldhara DIksita

Kalachuris of Tripuri

Thakkura Chaturbhuja Hari-sarman

OSmodara pan^ita JanSlrdana Pandita

Dharanldhara Kesava Nayaka

Harl-datta-^arman •Jhakura MSdhava

Harl-gana Kadhu

Madhusudana N&rlyana

Furufottama ^rldhara

VSmana

Kalachuris of Katnapur

Pandita DSmodara GopUla

Hari HaridSsa

Hari-barman Kelava i6d

N^fiyana sarman PadmanSbha

Purufbttama Visnu Trivedin

Kiscellaneoua inscriptions

GadSdhara CiaitS Laksmldhara GaitI

MSdhavasarman GaitS

ChSlukyas of KalvSni

Bha^^a Padnanfibha Bha^ta Vl^hapai

Paramaras of Ralwa

Ananta Agnihotri Govinda Dvivedin

DSmodara up^dhySya Hari Chaturvedin

DSmodara srotriya Haridhara Pan^ita

Dharanldhara Agnihotri Harisarman PJthaka

Dharanldhara chaturvedin Jan&rdana Chat in'vedin

GadSdhara Dvivedin JanSrdana Trivedin

GadSidhara chaturvedin Kesava Dvivedin

Paramaras of Malwa

MSdhava Trivedin Madhu Dlksita

Madhukantha Sukla KadhusQdana Trivedin

Narasidiha Avasathika NaraslAha Trivedin

N&rfiyana Dlksita Narayana Agnihotri

Nlrayana Upldhyfiya N&rfiyana Dvivedin

PadmanSbha Dvivedin PadmasvSfflin Dlksita

Purufottama Dlksita ^rlniv&sa 169

Vijayin ChaturvSdin Visnu Chaturvedin

SomavamslB of HahSkosala

Chakradhara Jan£rdana

Names after Krsna

ParlvrS.lakas

Krsnasvamln• « •

Paramfiras of Malwa

KSnha^a Pandita K&nha^a Panchakalpin

Krs^a YSjnika

A great variety of suffixes is found in the inscriptions of the ParaniSras. They are, Agnlhotri, Avasathika, Chatur­ vedin DIksita, Dvivedin, Pandita, PStJaaka, ^rotriya, ^ukla,

Trivedin, UpSdhySya.

Miscellaneous inscriptions present a new suffix *GaitS'.

60 Gaits

Gaits is a Gondl word meaning a village priest or headman*

It signifies that the Brahmana who ministered to the Gonds had this suffix applied to his name.

60 Russell, ii.V., Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India. Vol. Ill, 64. 170

The modern surname Avasthi may have originated from

Avasthika.

Names after Brahman

There are a very few names after Brahm^. The earliest reference to the name after Brahma occurs in the PSnduvaAsi record.

The early records of the Deccan do not mention any name after BrahmS. The earliest reference seems to be in the

BadSmi Chfilukyan records. In Gujarat we do not get the names after BrahmS.

Pa^(jluYa&8i»

Brahma

^arabhapur kings

Brahma-deva-Svamln

ParamSras of Malwa

Brahma Chaturvedin

Brahma ^rotrlya

Wames after Indra

. 61 Sarabhapur record mentions only one name Purandara-

m i 23 171

svfifflin. Another name Vasavanandln occurs in the PSnduvamsi 62 InBcriptions. In the Deccan it occurs In the Kalyanl

ChSlukya record. In Gujarat the Gurjjara plates present two

names after Indra.

62a We get the name JlmQta-v&hana in the Inscriptions of

Kalachuris of Ratnapur.

Names after Datta

A solitary name after Datta la found in the darabhapur

record « Dattasvamin. In the Deccan we get one name after

Datta in the RastrakQta records; and in Gujarat Gurjjara plates

give one name after Datta. According to the earlier practice

Datta was a suffix and not a prefix or the name proper.

We do not get the names after Ganapati in Madhyapradesh.

In Gujarat also no record, till the 13th century refers to 63 the name of Gai^pati. In the iteccan the f»arli<>8t reference to this name appears in the Sth century. A record of ^ 727 refers to a name of Chaturvedi BrShmana as MoridSsa. But the

early records do not mention the names after Ganapati. It

shows that the Ganesa cult is very recent in Madhyapradesh.

In Gujarat,no record till the 9th century refers to the name of Ganapati. From the archaeological studies and from

62 Mulay, op.cit., 336. ^^®Konier Williams, op.cit., 422. Mulay, op.cit., 336. ^ Sankalia, op.cit., 155. 172

the studies of place and personal names, Sankalla opines that

Ganesa cult is recent in Gujarat. From the early references

in the Deccan, this cult might have spread from the Deccan to

Madhyapradesh.

Names after Madana

The name Madana is mentioned in a very late period, i .e ., the ParamSras of Malwa. In the Deccan the name after Madana

occurs in the Badfimi ChSlukya records. In Gujarat Valabhi re­

cords give one name after Madana.

ParamSras of Malwa

65 Madana - Pai^(^lta : '’The MahahViSrata gives important

iconographical features of Kfima. In sculpture one of the earliest reprf^sentation of Kima comes from Mathura dating back to the ^uhga period". It shows that the practice of naming after Madana was not follo%ired by the learned Brahma^as. It seems that some writers and persons other than BrShma^as adopted the names after Madana.

Names after Naga

Considering the fact that there was a large N&ga popula- 66 67 tion in Central India, the Deccan Central Provinces, United

Bft N# ^5 Chapekar^ 1*33. (A Thesis for the Ph.D. submitted to the University of Poona, 195B).

Luders, ^ X, Appendix, 182. Sankalia, BDCRI III, 351. 173

Provinces and even in the Punjab, the names we get in our

inscriptionB are very few. In Cujarat we get the names after

nSga in the RSstraklita plates. In the Gurjjara plates Nfiga is

used as a suffix.

Names after NSga

^/SkStakas

N&gasarman

Panduvafesis

N&gadeva

/ barabhpur klnr.s

NlgavatsasvStmin

Parivrg.lakag

NSgaearican

PratSpslla

N&gammabhatta NSgasarman

Kalachurls of Tripuri

Sribhatta Nago

ParamSras of Kalwa

NSgadeva Yajnika 174

Names after SQrya

We get the names Ravi and SQryasvamln from the VSkfitaka records. PSn^uvaAsi records add some new epithets of i>urya as ‘Arka’ '^askara\ ^^iadhyShnarQpa^

Sarabhapur records mention Savitr ^v&mln. Aditya and

DivSkara occur in the R&strakQta Inscriptions. In the Deccan the earliest mention of the names after COrya is in the 3rd century A.D. In Gujarat the Gurjjara plates give names after

SDrya.

There i« a great variety of names after LOrya in the re­ cords of the 4th - 5th centuries from Central Provinces. They are quite unique.

SGrya is a Rpvedic deity. The i»;ah5bh5rata gives the iconographical features of SOrya in thp Yana, Ehlsir.a, Drona,

Kama and jJSnti parvans. The earlier sculptural evidence is from Mathura ( lOO A .D .).

KadhvShnarGpa.

The word *MadhyahnarQpa* signifies that the person is as bright as the mid>day sun.

Savitr 3vamln The sun before rising is called 6avitr . Eleven hymns

Chapekar, op. c it., 193. 175

69 of the Rf^Vfida are devoted to th«» praise of Savitr . The

name Savitr avamin occurs in the £>arabhapur records. It shows

that the Influence of the Rgvedic deity Savitr was profound

even in th« 4th, and 5th centuries A.D.

Namea after SQrya

V5kanakas

Kavi ^QryasvSmin

PSnduvaAsis

Ark a BhSskara

Bhiskaradeva Madhylhnarupa

^arabhanur kings

Bhfiskarasvamin Prabhakarasvamin

Savitr avSmin

Nalas

Ravirarya RavidattSrya

Parivra.1akas

BianusvSirin

Uchchakalpas

MitrasvSfflin

Monier Williams, op.cit., 1190. 176

Pratgpstla

Aditya-sarman

RSstrakutas of Berar

Aditya DivSkara

Kalachurls of Trlpurl

Divakara Divodasa

MahSditya Thakura

ParamSras of F.alwa

DivBkara Dlksita

MahSditya Avasathi^a

We get a v«ry few names after Agni in the ParivrSjaka

rocords.

The non-occurrence of the names after Agni shows that

Agnl-worship was not popular in Madhyapradesh.

Names after Agni

ParivrS.lakas

Agnibhatta Agnibarman

AgnlsvSinin

Names aftor H ^ a

We get the earliest reference to the name after Rlma 177

70 in the Vakataka inscription. The inscription tells us that the Brihmana drirSma was a Sachiva and belonged to the family which emifratftd from the southern country. In Gujarat the

Gurjjara plates give one name after Rama. A very few names occur in the early inscriptions of the Deccan.

Though the Rama-names are excee'din^^ly few, they are sug­ gestive of the worship of the personal deities. The conception 71 of RSma as an incarnation of Vi§nu occurs in the NSahgbhSrata.

Kair.es after H£n3s

VakS^akas

^ri KSjraa

Kalachuris of Tripuri

Pandita Ra^hava KSmachandra FiSmasarman

Kalachuris of Hatnepur

HSghava

Paraaaras of lUalwa

RSir.a DTkfilta RSmesvara Trivedin

rSmesvara Chaturvedin

ASWI, &9 (1881) . Chapekar, op.cit., 52. 176

Wg mspt with a few nam^s after Skanda. The earliest

reference to the name after Skanda occurs In the VSkStaka ^

Inscriptions.

In the early inscriptions of tne jjeccan we get only one 72 name after okanda. In Gujarat the Valabhi plates present

names after Skanda. A regular six>headed figure^ oi* this god

appears on the coins of the Yaudheyas in the 2nd century A.U.

It is well-known that the Guptas had a special favour for this deity.

Names after Skanda

VSkStakas

KumSrasarmorya

Skandarya

Nalas

KumSradattSrya

RastrakOtas of Berar

KumSra

ParamSrae of Malwa

Kumara Panchakalpin

Sankalia, BDCRI. Ill, 351. 72A Chapekar, op. cit., 155* 179

Namce aft^r Varuna r:arly Guptbs

VSkStakas

Varunarya 1‘rivedin

Only one name after Varuna occurs in the VSkataka records.

Nanigg after Goddess

The first inscriptlonal reference to the name after a 73 goddees occurs in the VfikStaka record. In the Oeccan we get 74 it in the Badami Chalukya period. The earliest reference to DurgS is found in the Nala records. In Gujarat a solitary mention of Charadt occurs in the RSatrakQta records. In the

Mahgbharata Una is described in parvans. Kali is des­ cribed in the -i^auptika alone but Durga finds no mention in 75 the epic.

VakStakas

KSlisarman

Panduvaftiis

Durgaraksita Bhatta Gauridatta

ni, III, 261. 74 Kulay,op.cit♦, 343. 75 Ghapekar, op.cit., 197^» 180

Nalas

DurgSrya DurgaiattSrya

GaurldattSrya

RSstrakGtag of Ber&r

Cha&dl

RSstrakutas

Durggappa

Names after nakgatra and rSal

We get a great variety of names after naksatra in the 76 V^k&taka records. In Gujarat, we find the nakfatra names in the Gurjjara, Hfis^rakQta and Valabhl plates. The early records 77 of the Deccan do not mention the names after naksatras; so it can be said that in liiestem and Central India formed by the

Deccan, Gujarat and Madhyapradesh, we get the earliest reference to nakfatra names in Madhyapradesh, that is in the VlkStaka inscriptions. The naksatra *Vis%kha* seems to be popular. A great variety of naksatra names occurs in the pre-4th century records.

It is to be noted that the naksatra names triiich were secret names in the Vedic period, had been popular in the VSkStaka period. The practice of naming after a naksatra which can be

Sankalia, op.cit., 116. 77 Sankalia, BDCRI III, 349. 7® L'tiders, El 1 Appendix 195. 181

traced back through the eutra period to Vedic was also followed 79 by the people in the VSki^aka period. A Nala Inscription men- tions one name, Dhruva-datt&rya, Dhznivai probably standing for 60 the polar star *Dhruva*. The name Karkasvfimin occurs in the

RfistrakQta records.

Names after Naksatra and Risi

VSkatakas

Jet^haja Jyesthasarm^ya

MaghSrya Maghasarnan

MQla^arman Revatija

Revati^araan Revati^armSrya

Svltif^armlrya Vi^Ikhasvamin

NaksatrarQpa

^arabhapura kings

ViBSkhasTlmin

Parivrt.lakas

Vii&khadatta VisSkhadeva

Nawes after Chandra

We get only thr«*e names after Chandra in a very late period, i.e . in the inscriptions of the Kalachuris of Tripuri and Ratna- pura. Pre-ChSlukyan records of the Deccan supply eight names after Chandra. In Gujarat Valabhi records present the names after Chandra.

ao Ei m ill, 9. 182

Mawtia a f t T Chandra

Kalachuria of Trlpuri

^aidhara

Kalachuria of hatnapura

ChSnda

ParamSraa of Malwa

Chandrakantha ^ukla

Namgg aftar Vadas and Sacrifice

Following are the namea after Vedaa and Sacriflcc.

VSkgtakaa

VedSrjrya Tajnarya Tajnapatl

PSnduvafcala

Vadagarbha

^arabhapur klnra

TaJnasvSmln

ParamBra of Malwa DhSma-deva-^aman Veda-pSthaka

Mamea after great men

Naoes after great nen, epic heroes, etc*, do not appear In the records of Madhyapradesh In the early period.

The first reference to the name after a {‘sl occurs In the

Parlvr&Jaka records. We have the names after the epic heroes e.g. Laksamana.

Ihe inscriptions present the follovlng names after ^^1

Bhrgu, Kapilai MSrkan^eya and Vatsa. It shows how the fashion for naming aftsr epic or faaily

deities was gaining ground and the old rule, as old as the

Taittirlva Sadihitfi was gradually declining.

Names after ^reat men

Parivrtiakas

Kapilasv^in

Rfistrakgtas of Berar

Vatsa

Kalachuris of Ratnatyjr

llhrgu Pandit a Lakana Sahadeva

ParamSras of Malwa

fiharatapSla Thakura Bhfgu Pa^4ita

Mirkan^a Trivedin M&rkan^eya Avasathlka

Names after relation

VSkStakss

BSppSrya Bhatr^arman

MStrJrya MStrsarman

Mitr^armirya Pituja

^arabhapura kings

PandhuvatsasvSmin

Bhlmacena II

BSppasvSnin

M S a MStrSdhyirya

ParivrS.lakas

Matrdatta 1^4

RSstralriitaa

BhBilla

Westarn ChSlukyaa of Kalylna

Dhatta Bopal

Thaae are names after Mitr^Pltr ^ BSppa, Boppa, Bandhu and BhSl respectively.

The words *M8t:f' and ’ Pitr’ are the epithets of ^iva as given in the ^iva-sahasra nSmSvali, so these Eight not b© after the father and mother but after l^iva and UmS, who are regarded as the father and mother of the Universe. The great poet K&li>

-d&sa in his Raghuvaihsa writes in the beginning.

" Jagata^ pitarau vande Parvatiparame^varatt**

Here the compound *pitarau* stands for ^iva and PSrvati.

Names denoting tribes

VSkStakas

fehojakadevirya Bhojfirya

Gon^&rya Bhatta Gon^asarman

GQhasarman

T Snduvamsis

Gon&rya bhatta

{aarabhapur kinr.s

BarbarlsvSnin

The above names give information and important evidence of the regiwi. We know that ancient Vidarbha was colonised by the , a YSdava tribe. 165

It is also w«ll known that the region ie inhabited by the

Condas and GQhas, both non-Aryan tribes. What is intcrpsting, is the addition of the suffixes *5rya* and * Barman* to Copda and OQha respectively. The application of the suffixes ’ firya* barman to the nane Gonda might indicate that a Gonda had become a KrShmana. Or it mif^ht signify that an Xrya Brllui.ana minister* ing to the Gon^as, was called GondSLrya.

Names after Tree and Flowers

Kalachuris of Ratnapura

Nimbadeva

Paramaras of Malwa

KusumapSla Pandita LImadeva Dvivedin

Names after numerals

PratSpi^Ila

^as^hlkumSra

RastrakStas

ChhathikumSra

Names after river

VSkStakas

GaftgSrya

^>arabhapura kings

Phalgusvlmin

ParivrS.lakas*

Gafiga-bhadra-svSmin

The name seems to be a name after the river Phalgu; but it may be a naksatra name. 1^6

Compoaitft Namca

VfikStakaa

Haatlbhoja

PSndUYamaia

brahma Irivlkraffla Durgakalft^a barabhapura kinea

Kumaravataa

Nalaa

Chakradrona

Parlvrft.lakag

SvStigahga

Rfistrakutaa of Berar

Mltra-chaturveda Hakta-prabha>chaturveda

Ravl-chandra Ravi-ga^a

^rl»prabha-chaturveda Kalachurls of Trlpt^rl

Dhattaari RhavanBga

Brahma-Trlvlkraroa

PaQduTaiinai Inscriptlona preaent one interesting name Brahna*

Trivikrama. Inatead of cofflbination of BrahmS, Vif^u, Maheaa, we meet only two namea, e.g. Brahna and Trivikrama.

Name8 after Vtyu

ParawSras of Malwa

'Vayudeva - PSthaka

Descriptive names auggeat some quality or speciality or give some general information. The PS^^uvaii^is records mention id7 one name ’Modha*. In Gujarat, Caulukya Inscriptions record

*Mi0^ha* as a 8ub->cast«.

Descrictive names

VSkgtakas

Itha^^llajja Nandana-Srya

Pravara ^antisarman

^armfirya Varasarman

Varasann5rya PSnduvaAsla

LohitasarasviiBin Kaparda-upadhyaya

Mo^^ha Prithvirtpa

SthlropadhySya Trailokyahaiisa-upSdhySya

■ VidySdiiara-upSdhySya Vldagdh&fiura ^arabtiapur kings

KIrtisvfimin SvSaiin

ParivrS.iakas

Dhanadatta Manoratha

Paritosa sarman busarman

Nalas

VIradattSrya i^agtrcikStaa of Berar

Suprabha VaramQlaka chaturvedin Kalachurls of Trjpurl

PcUfdusamiaD Prthvidhara

^ ^ t l sarman Upadhy&ya sXlu

Pandita So^hasarman Descriptive names

Kalachuria of Ratnapur

Kha^gaslAiha Kulachandra

MahEdhana Prithvldhara

RSjadeva S&dh&ra

SatyasSdhSra iJllSditya

Sllana Sodhadeva V Suprada Suvarnakara

TribhuvanapSla Thiraicha-up&dhyaya

Tasodeva

FaraciSras of Malwa

Abhlnanda Avaeathika Ajayln chaturvedin

A^adhara Trivedin GosSla

Tasadeva Agnihotrl Tacodhara Trivedin

Ka^uka Agnihotri Kula dhara-T ri v e din

Kuladhara Pan^ita SidhSrana-chaturvedin

Sanuddhara-chaturredin.

Somavaihsls

Dhrtlkara SSnthakara

Paramaraa of Malwa

Simhakantha-OIksita• • • .Irinidhi Sth%nesvara-Ae>A4iaotrl ^ura-Trivedin

Udayl Visadhara-Dvivedin Namca after animala

\ak5tak&8

Govirya

At present in Berar and Kagpur districty there is a sub- 189

-caste named *Gav&ri*. And if it is connected with GovSrya,

then we can trace the antiquity of this sub-caste to at least

the 5th century A.D.

jjamea after Yaksha yakgS-i^kas

Yaks&rya

A perusal of the personal names in Madhyapradesh shows

the naming practices from the region. It also indicates how

thp injunctions of certain Crihya sutras like MSnava forbidding

giving of names directly after a deity were violated. However,

the practice of naming after a nak^atra which can be traced back throufh the Sutra period to the Vedic was observed in the VJkJ- taka period. The most sip^nifleant name however, from the anti­

quity of certain non-aryan tribes and their Sryanication is

Gon^&rya.

J a i n Names

Only three Jain names are mentioned in the records of

Kalachuris of Iripuri. Two of them belong to GollSparva 5mn5ya

and one to Desif.ana Smnaya.

GollapGrva SianBya

iifflnaya is a group of monks under a particular guru. There

are slight differences in the mode of behaviour of different

SmnSyas.

uoll#^*is a name of a country identified with Goli in

dOe Deo S .E ., History of Jaina Konachlsm. 402. 190

Guntur district. It is probable that the families from the f»astern part of Oolla country were said to belong to GollSpQrva

SmnSya.

«.-oI15purva SmnSya

Sarvadhara-sSdhu Mahabhoja. uesiKana amnSya

Deslga^ is a sub-diviaion of the Nandiga^a in the Mula-

88

Subhadra - Acharya t'auddhg names — " Hi a Pa^^uvainiSi records mention two names Koradeva and AlakS.

The inscriptions of Kalachuris of Tripuri record only four names.

The AJanta inscription was caused to be incised by VarShadeva, a devout Buddhist, vfho was a Sachiva of the Vak3taka king

Karisena*

Kahlrasvanin

The records of Kalachuris of Hatnapur present th«* name,

Kihlrasvarain, There is no such viord as Mihira' in Sanskrit.

Hes this Fihira anything to do with Persian ttibr meaning sun, 62 name of a fire temple? It also reminds us a similar name of the rtuna kin^ Kihirkul.

Ihe names Lahfida Loha^a may be compared with similar names from Gujaz-at,

fil EC II, (trans.), 17. ’^l. 82 FTsteingass, Persian Knrlish Dictionary. 191

Jlvu.l.la^^

The meaning of th« word Jiva Is Visnu karna, the name of the

constellation Pusjra, livelihood. It is possible that in JivS

rya, we pose a name after the constellation Pufya.

GoladSsa

OolS is the naine of DurgS. And it is quite likely that

this person was a devotee of the goddess DurgS,. 65 nohSrya

Rohah - rising from smaller to higher denosjination.

Vasuraurya^^

Vapurfi - harlot, prostitute.

It is not likely that a BrShmana would be named after a

prostitute.

BarbbarisvSmin

The word BarbbErl stands for the Non-Aryan tribe. These are

the original people in the Central provinces.

Kansippasvamln 87 The word ilansa means a bell uetal. Ihe person is designated

by Karnika.

Iasudattarva

Ihe word *Vasu’ sifcnifies a class of f,ode whose number is usually eight and whose chief is Indra.

^3 Apte, V .S ., Sanskrit English Dictionary. 515. Ibid., 46«?. ^5 Ibid., 373'. Ibid., 953. Kionier Williams, op.cit., 241. 192

Kodrava Svlmin 68 Th« name occurs in the ParivrSjaka recorda. Xodrava i» the nam« of epeelos of grain eaten by the poor. today in the Satpura ranges *Kodo* is the staple foodt It i& probable that ’ Kodo* and fCodrava are identical species of grain (Paspalum

sprobiculatum). jj^g likely that the person might be lollowing a particular type of penance. Chhltapai

Ihe name Chhltapai occurs in the RalachurlE of Iripuri in- 69 scrlptions. It is a Brahmanic name. Chhitapai roay be derived from Ksetrapati ksrtra chhetta ^ chita pati 7 pai.

It is interesting: to note that a Brlhma^ia adopted this Vai^ya type of name. It shows that people were not observing the Vedic rules of namln?^ a chlldt. 90 Wahlradeva

The name occurs in the PSnduvamsi records. Lexicons give the meaning of the t^ord Mahiradeva as Indra.

Pararoahafcsa

The Panduvaihsi Inscriptions present one interesting name

’ Paramahaftisa*.

It is perhaps the earliest epiftraphical reference to the name *Paramaha6iea*.

It is likely that the person bearing this name, was initiated to asceticism, as a ’ ParamahaAsa*, the highest stafe in ascetlsm. 91 92 93 The Jab£la, Bhlksuka and Pararaahaiisa upanisadas des-

Ibid,, 313. 89 CII IV 290. 90 Monler Williams, op. clt., 815. Schrader F. Otto. Minor Upanisadas Vol. I, 71. 92 Ibid., 233. 93 ibid., 46-55. 193

-cribe tho 'Paractahaiisa' stage of a SaisnySsln as follows -

" l^ukladhySnaparSyaijte adhyatmanls^hoasubhakarcici

nirratilanaparah i

iiaj^ySsena dehatySgan karotl sa Paramahamso

nSma so Paramaha&so nSmetl ti

’•He is always «ngag«d in naditating upon th<* pure, d«vot«d

to the s«lf and int«nt upon uprooting evil actions. One, who

thus gives up his body by such r(»nunciation is verily a *Parama-

hamsa*.

The JSbala uoaniaada fives the list of ninr »ParariiahaAsas*

in which Dattatreya is mentioned. As the conception of DattStreya

is very late, it can be said that the Jabala upanisada belonged

to the later phase of upanisadic period.

If we go through the JebSla Bhiksuka and Faraiuaiiamsa upani-

sadas, we find no similies, metaphors, repetition of an idea,

short stories, etc.

The style is very simple. The rules of gramas&r are not

violated.

"The later upanisadas are religious rather than philoso­

phical works and contain the doctrines and views of schools of 94 philosophers and religious sects of a much later period."

The Jabala, Paramah^sa and ^liksuka upanisadas contain the

doctrines and views of schools of philosonhers and religious sects,

'ihe lanpuafte of these upanisads is very simple. Ihete upanisadas

describe only the nature of ’ Paraiuahanisa*.

QL Iwinternitz , A History of Indian Literature« Vol. I, 239. 194,

All these things brinis: us to the conclusion that the con-

poBition of the JdbSla, Bhiksuka and Paramaha&sa can be dated at least in the 4th or 5th century A.D.

Names according to their endings have been grouped into tbp following claaaes :

Names ending in ka

Ayanika Astaka

Delhuka Jo^uka

HSpuka Goseka

KadhGka Narauka

Namea ending in na

Kasamana Voppana

Mahasona PIthana

PrSkrit Names

According to their endings the following naiuee are grouped in one class.

Kalachurls of Tripuri

Oalhana Oelhanasannan

Galhana I;. JSlhana

Kalhana PSlhana

Ralhana Sulha^ • Talhana Valhana Kalachurls of Ratnapur

Alhana Jalhana

lialha^a Ralhana

ParamSras of I!alwa

fillhana Ralhana K*»lhana 195

These as Sankalia has f»xplain«d seem to fall outside the

rules fiven for the formation of the Prakrit language.

Suffixes of the names of BrShwanaa

We get the following suffixes of the names of trShr-uinas.

Achfirya, Sclitye, aenihotri, ajja, a«ma, annt, tppa, Srya,

Svasathika, bhigavata, bhata, bha^^a, chaturveai| dSea, aatta,

deva, dlk&ita, dvivedin, Isvara, kirnika, kumSra, miara, nSyaka

panchakalpln, pandita, pSthaka, pati^ purf$hita, rakslta> sarmani

^iva, srotriya, sukla, svSsiln, trlvedin, thakura, upSdhySya, y&jnika.

.^-charva 95 ♦ilChSrya’ means a spiritual fuide. He knows the rules of religion. The suffix ’ SchSrya* first occurs in the V'SkEtaka re­ cords.

»ditya

’ Aditya* is an epithet of SQrya. It may suggest sun-worship or strength like the sun. Ih Wadhya Pradesh this suffix occurs in a Vftry late periodin the inscriptions of tJe Kalachuris of Ratnapur. In the *«ee

Aj-nihotri

*Afnlhotri* means, one who practises the a^nihotra. We meet this suffix for the first time in the Inscriptions of the Para- maras of Malwa. In-the Deccan, we find it in a North Konkan 98 3il^Sra record. Ihe suffix has become, in modem tlB.es, a

95 Monier Williams, op.cit., 130. 96 Mulay, op.cit., 354. 97 Sankalia, op.cit., 115. 9S Vadavali,cp.pl., JB^A3 m , 505 196 surnarae of iirahinanas. In Gujarat we do not get this uuffix.

Amaa 99 'Amma* means *moth«r* in Kannada. It is also an Jionorlfic title at the <*nd of proper names and in addressing feniaies. In the Mysore region it la us«-d in the sense of a man of good family. This suffix occurs in the early and late Kastreikdta records. In Gujarat we do not find any /irahmanic name having the suffix *amma*.

Anna 100 ’ A^a* also is a Kannada suffix, meaning elder brother.

In Kamatak region, it is used in the sense - a very clovorman.

The first reference to this suffix is found in the JtSstra- kuta records.

»Appa* is an Indo-Aryan loan word in Kannada derived from atmah suffix. It i® frequently added to the proper namvs of men, as a term of common respect. In the lieccan this sufiix occurs in the Kastrakuta records. It is not found in the personal names frora Gujarat inscriptions. The earliest reference to this suffix , iOl in Madhyapradesh is in a record of barabhapur kinf.a.

Arya is not specifically a Brahmana suffix. It is difficult to ascertain in what sense it was adopted by the j^ral^aanas in the

VSkataka and later periods. In the Rigvedic periou thr meaning of the word *Arya* stood for the names of the first three castes. It is also used in the same sense in the Atharva Veda. The \5.iasaneyl

99 Kittel, F .H ., Kannada English Dictionary. 92. Ibid., 42. Narasimhia A .N ., A Grammar of the Old Kanarese Inscriptions. 364. 197

sa&hlta. the HahSbhSrata ana ev»n th« Panch&tantrc us« It in the

saiRF sensft* However, in the KamSyana. kanmrorti and in the

dskuntala it ia used in the aense of ’ honourable, r^spcctable,

noble, TRspectively. Probably the BrShmanns, at least from the

first century onwards, aeem to have used the suffix »arya* in this sensf^. _ 102 In the pre-4th ceatury Brahmi inscriptions, Arya app^^ars as a prefix in the names of the Jain monks and nuns and teachers from

I'athura. But in the post-4th century records, the mojt common

- 103 suffix was ’iirya’ . Araong; the Guptas, VSkStakaa, the iraiku^akas the Kalachuryae, the tiad&mi ChSlukyas, the RSstrakutas the KalySnX

UhSlukyas, the ^illhSrae of N. and S* Konkana Koliiapura tu;d the

T5

Avasathlka

Avasathiktt means a man who keeps a sacred fire in hie house.

It is found first in the Gohrwa plates of the Kalachuris of

Tripuri. The modern mirname ’ Avasthi* found in parts of U.P. may have originated froia ^Xvasathika*.

Liiders *List of fifsSimi inscriptions from the Earliest times to about 400 A*I>. Appendix p. 182. 103 Bhandarkar, D.R., Appendix to Kpifcraohia Indiea. Volumes XXI to m i l . 104 KI XXVI, 150. 19S

BhSFavata

This suffix occurs only in the Pan^uvamsi record. It denotes that the Brfihmana bniout,^^ to ’ SiiSfravata’ cult, or a devotee of

Vis^u.

Bhatta

♦Eha^^a* is a Sanskrit word meaning a learned person. We meet this suffix for the first time In the PSnduvaAei records.

In Gujarat, the suffix 'bi^a^^a* is found in the Gurjjara plates.

Cnaturvedin

this suffix indicates the proficiency of the person in four

Vedas. Ko find this suffix in the Kas^rakuta records. In the same period, It Is found in Gujarat and in the iieccan.

Datta

The suffix *datta* occurs in the records of tne Parivr^jakas and in the inscriptione of the RSftrakQtas. In Gujarat it occurs in the records of Maitrakas of Valabhi. It is an old Vedic

FrShmanic suffix. i)«*va M)eva* is oft«»n fonnd at the **nd of the naaes of BrShraanas.

It occurs first in the VIkitaka records. In Gujarat the Gurjjara plates give this suffix.

The suffix Maaa' appears in the records of the Kalachuris of Hatnapur. We find this suffix in the Deccan in the ixSs^rakQ^a records.

^05 XI, 193. 199

Th« naae DivodSsa occurs in the^lgveda. irivodSsa surnamed

Atithigva wae a great conqueror, who successfully fought against x’urua, Yadue and lurva&as. Gen<»rally the suffix 'dSaa* ie not applied to the name of a iirahmana; but it is interesting; to note that the Hgvedic name DivodSsa again appeared in the Kalachuris of Ratnapur records after so many centuries.

OSkaita

DIksita is one who dedicates his self for the performance of the Soma sacrifice. In Kadhyapradesh it first occurs in a

^arabhapur record.In the Deccan we get it in th#» -adfimi

GhSlukya records.

In Gujarat we do not gf»t this suffix. ySmika

We meet this suffix once in a ^arabhap’ir record. Today the suffix ’ Karnika* is necessarily a XSyastha suffix but it s<»eaa that the Brahmana ’^^of^ss^d the work of KSyastha (writing) had this suffix applied to his name.

Tsvara

This sufi'ix indicates superiority. We mest this suffix In the inscriptions of the Kalachuris of Tripuri and in the records of the ParanSras of Malwa.

Kuntara This is a Ksatriya-type of suffix. It occurs only in the

KlftrakCta records i.e . Chchhathikunara.

Misra

The suffix *misra* is found only in the records of the 200

Kalachurie of Tripuri. in the Deccan, it is found onc^ in a

TSdava record.

ih® suffix 'misra* is applied to the nemes of reap«ctabl* and leamad parsons. No>i-a-days it has bffcorca a surname in

Unitad Provincaa. It reminds us of the nama of a graat scholar

IfiandanaiDi sra.

NSyaka

*N5yaka* means one who guidas. This solitary suffix is 107 found only in the KalachuriB of Tripuri records. Fven today this suffix Is retainad by the PrShraanaa; but now it is not

3p«cifically a brShr»«nlc «?uffix. In the Karatha period the

Tnoney-l<^nder or the head of the army was ontitled as »N'5yaka^,

Pandita

The sufilx 'pandita* means a learned person, fee meet this suffix for the flrat time in the records of Kali*churis of

Irlpuri. In the Deccan it occurs for the first tiaa in a nama froDi a RSstraktlta record.

P^thaka

*PSthaka* is a ^^anskrit word. It n

In modem times Misra, Pandita and Fathaka are brahaanical surnamas. The suffixes ’ pandita* and »pathaka' denote the scholarly habits or the profession of the persons.

Fanchakalpln Lexicons give the followini: weaning of ’ Panchakalpin*

107 cil IV, 366. 201

one who has studied five * Kalpas* especially thosfl belonging to

the Atharvaveda. The word Kalpa signifies the tnanner of acting,

proceeding, practice, especially that prescribed by the Vedas.

The suffix occurs only in the ParairiSra records.

Purdhita

We get this suffix In the record of PratSpsila.

iSarman

It is an old brShmanic suffix. It appears in the VSkStaka

records. In Gujarat it occurs in the Gurjjara plates. In the

iieccan it occurs in the pre-ChSlukyan records.

^ukla It is found only in the records of the Paraaiaras of Malwa.

In the Deccan it is mentioned in T&dava records. Now in Mahfi- rSstra it is found very rarely but in Uttara Pradesh it is very

common. Ihe ?aram5ra records mention the Brahmanas having this suffix who migrated froic tiadhyadesh (i.e . Uttarpradesh).

Svamin

The word sv&uin neans a religious man of the highest order.

This suffix is found in the VakStaka records. It is found in the early records of the iieccan as well as in the inscriptions of

Gujarat.

It suggests tHat the BrShmana is versed in the study of the

Vedas. A solitary name having this suffix is found in a ParamSra loe record.

lOS U , 109. 202

Thakkura

•Jhakkuivuis a desifnation of a municipal officer or a very petty royal officer. In Gujarat it appears for the first time in the ChSlukya recordc.

In >'

Kalachurls of Tripuri. It seerca that thie honorific suffix

'thakkura^ is applied to the name of a distinguished person.

Kven in Gujarat in the Chalukya period thakkura was primarily a title applied irrespective of the caste of the person bearing it. In th«» Dpccan we do not get this suffice upto 13th century but today it is prevalent in the Deccan.

Trlvedln

The word signifies that a l^ahniana is acquainted with the three Vedas. The suffix ’'Triveda^' is found in the VakS^aka record. I.ater on, we meet this suffix in the inscriptions of the Kalachuris of Ratnapur . In the Deccan it is found only in the Tldava records. In Gujarat we do not get this suffix.

Upadhvava

*Up5dhySya* means a worshipper or a priest. The first reference to this suffix is found in the Panduvamsi records.

Inthe later period we meet this suffix in the records of the

Kalachuris of Ratnapur. In the Deccan, only in Yadava records we get this suffix. It is absent in Gujarat.

Ya.jnlka *TSjnika* means one who performs a sacrifice. »e meet this i3t in the ParaaSra records. In the JJeccan a solitary instance

109 Sankalia, op.cit., 151» 203

of « nan« with Tajnlka as the suffix is fron the north Konkan

dilShfira r e c o r d . 7r\ '^•wjarat we do not get this suffix in our

times, though it figures as a surname of Brihmanas today.

Joint suffixes

The following suffixes are mentioned Jointly aosnabha^^a,

aryabhat^a, bhadrasvSmini datt&rya, datta^arman, devSrya, deva-

svamin sarmfflarya.

Anunabhatta

It is a combination of Sanskrit and non-Sanskrit suffixes,

e.g* NSgammabhat^a. It occurs in the later RI^^rakQta inscriptions.

Anrabhatta

Both the suffixes are Sanskrit, vis. GOn^Sryabhat^a. It

occurs in the V&kfitaka period.

Bhadra-svSmin

This suffix is found in the ParivrSJaka records, e.g. Gaiiga>

bhadra-svfinin.

Dattarva This suffix is found only in the Nala records. In Nala re­ cords it occurs four tluea, for instance, Gaurl-dattSrya.

Datta^arman It occurs in the Parivrijaka and Kalachuris of Tripuri records, i.e . Hari-datta-saraan.

DevSrya This joint suffix is aentioned in the VSkStaka records, e.g.

SvamidevSrya.

Vadavali cp. p i., JBBRAS XXI, 505. 204

UeVtiSvSmin Solitary example of this suffix is Brahma-deva>8vSjnin. It

is loentioned in iarabhapur records.

The review of the BrShmanic suffixes shows that in the early period (300 A.O.) the suffixes like deva, datta, sarman were in vogue. Later, about 600-700 A.O. c<»ae the suffixes appa, a i ^ , amma and then by 1,000 A .D., dvivedin, trivedin thakkura srotriya, ^ukla, etc.

Siadlar process is seen in Gujarat and the Deccan Karnataka.

Thus, the content or the essentials of Brahmanic culture as far as their names are concerned were getting fixed when the Muslims came over almost all over North and Central India.

VSkBtakas

The VIk&taka plates give the following suffixes: Achlrya, irya, ajja, deva, dev%rya, dvivedin, sarman, sarmarya, svSmin, trivedah, pati.

It seems that th^ nuffixes *irya* and sarman were very popular.

These are the older BrShmanical suffixes.

We get two new suffixes: i.e. dvivedin*, Trivedah*.

^arabhapur kings In the records of the ^arabhapur kings the names of br&hmanas have the following suffixes: appa, svlmin.

The earliest reference to the suffix *appa* in f'iadhyapradesh is in the records of ^rabhapur kings^”^^ *Appa» is an indo-Iryan 112 loan word in Kanna^a derived from Stmah.

111 IH£ XIX, 145. 11^ Narasimhia, A.N., A Grammar of the oldest Kan&rese Inscriptions. 364. ♦ The suffixes marked with the asterisks ere those which eppear for the first time ss Brahmanical suffixes. 205-206

In the Deccan we get this suffix in the HSa^raku^a in­

scriptions.

P5^i(jluva&^i» of

In PS^^uva&si records following suffixes are found :

Arbyabha^^a^i bhSgavatat datta* devat raksitat upadhyaya.* F5n<^uvafe8is of Kekala

Sv&uin

In this period we meet for the first time the suffixes

bhfigavata* Jryabha^^a* datta, and rakeita. Sometimes *bhat^a*

is applied as a prefix* The suffix *rakfita» which is generally

applied to the names of persons >rtio were converted to Buddhism in the early centuries of the Christian era. ^ seen for the first time, applied to the Brahmanic name.

The Pax‘ivra.1aka»

Datta, deva, saraian, svSmin and dattasarman.’''

ke titeet the suffix dattasarman for the first tine in the

ParivrSj&ka record®.

The Uchchakalpas

Datta, svSmin.

Bhliaasena II

t i y i m i n

Malas

Arya, dattarya* There are eight names having the suffix *^dattSrya*. Ihe suffix *dattirya* occurs for the first time in the Nala records.

The copper plate of Pratapasila mentions the following suffixes: 207

Amaabha^ta, bha^ta, icumSra,’*' purohitat svamin, aarman.

LSatrakOtaa of 3erar * Bhattai chaturveda, avSmin

RSstrakGtas

Ammu, ai^^a, a^i^bhat^a, bha^^a, datta, dvivedln, aik^lta,* * ktimara.

In this p«riod we meet some new Xannada suffixes: amma, anna, a^^abhatta, kumSra. KumSra is a Ksatriya type of suffix.

Kalachuria of Tripuri

Bhatta, dattai^arman, deva, diksita, mlsrat nSyaka, pandita^ sarman, ^hakural upMhyaya. Kxcept the first four suffixes and the suffix sarman all the rest are new*

At present they have becOTie the surnames of Brahmanas.

Kalachuris of Ratnaour

DSsa* dev A, Jyotisint pandita, santian.

Siioha, svSmin, thakura trivedin, upadhyfiya.

Kalachiu'is of Ratnapur records present three new suffixes.

Ihe suffix Masa* applied to the BrShma^ic name is found in the

KSstrakCta inscripti<»ri.^^^ In Gujarat we do not get ^his suffix.

Jvotlsin

We meet this suffix for the first time in the inscriptions of Madhyapradesh. In the Deccan we find it in KalySni Chalukya and

TSdava records.

SiAha The suffix which is fit for a Ksatriya is found here applied to the RrShamanic naicp. It sugrests power and strength.

Malay, op.clt., Appendix, Mulay, op.viw., 360. 20B

Mlscallenoug Inacrlptlons

Gaits, barman

Galta

Gaita is a sub-caste of the Gonds. *Galt&* means a village

priest. This suffix is found only in the miscellaneous inscrip­ tions of the area. F.ven today the village priest is called *Gaita*. IhuSy the epifraphical reference, along with the term Gon^a surname shows that the Gonds with their sub­ castes are at least ao old as th« Ilth century.

Western Chalukvas of KalvSni

bhatta, deva, pai.

bometimes 'bhatta* is used as a prefix.

Pai is a Prakrit word derived from »Pati».

Paramaras of\Malwa

A great variety of suffixes is found in the ParaiaSra records.

Agtiihotr^ , ^vasathika, chaturvedin, deva, dlk^ita, dvive- din, panchakalpin, pandita, pathaka, sarman, srotriya, sukla, thakura, trivedin, upldhylya and yijnika. We get new suffixes.

The inscriptions tell us that these BrShmanae hailed from Madhya- pradesh and Mathura. Thus, not only light is thrown on the mifration of Hrfihma^as from the U;P. to the present j^>adhyapradesh, but we get an explanation for the existence of families having the surnames, sukla, ySJnika, misra, avasthi in this region.

YSdavas of Devariri

amma.

115 Russell, R .V., The tribes and castes of thf» Central Pro­ vinces of India. Vol. Itl, 6tT 209

Thus the survey of Br&hmanical suffixes in Madhyapradesh indicates the gradual discontinuation of the traditional suf­ fixes *arya’ and 'barman’ .

Gotras and Vedic ^khSs

Th<> names and name-endings of the BrShsiana donees throw light on the religious and social conditions of the time. Further consideration of the gotras and the Vedic ^akhSs would tell us what different kinds of the Brghnapas had cone and settled down in Kadhyapradesh.

^arly Guptas

The inscriptions mention the }«altr&yani sSkh& once.

Krsna Yajurveda

MaitrayfinI slkhS

VlkStakas ------116 We get the following gotras in the VSkStaka records.

Atrcya (1) BhSlaftdSyana (3) Bharadvfija (7) Gautama (3)

Harkkari (1) KS^yapa (3) Kaundinya (10) Kausika (9) Maudgalya (1)

PaipalSdi (1) PSrSsara (Ij S&i^ilya (2} i%ty£yana (2) ^ravifthfi- yana (1) Vl&Jildhita (1) Vfijikauiiika (3) Vatsa (3)«

One family of Maudgalya belonged to Taittiriya ^IkhS.

The single families of the PaipalSdi .^ravisthSyana and the

VIJilohita belonged to the Atharvaveda. The Vljilohita family came from ^klrjunaka (Arjuni in Chanda district).

There are t«ro families of the ^Sn^ilya gotra and the l^&tyfi- yana gotra respectively.

Of the three families of the Vfijjikau^ika gotra one settled

The figures after the gotras indicate numbers. 210 at* ArSinaka*.

All thft thrre families of the OhSlandSyanas belonged to the Atharvaveda.

There are seven fsTnillea of the BhSradvSjas, but we do not get any information about their sSkhS and Veda.

Three fare!lies belonged to Gautama gotra.

A solitary family of Harkkaris belonged to the Atharvaveda from Chandrapura, Chandrapura is Chanda.

Of the two KSsyapas, the one from Pravarare^vara-sad-vi&sati-

-vataka belonged to the Taittirlya sakhS.

Out of ten Kaundinyas four belonged to VSjaeaneyX alkhS and one professed the Taittirlya sakhS.

There are nine families of the Kausikas. All except one belonged to the Atharvaveda*

There were three families which belonged to the Vatsa gotra.

It se«»ms that the VSkStakas had a special favour for the

AtharvavedX BrShflmnas.

The copper-plates of the dynasties before the RS^trakG^as do not mention the places of ( exit}(Vinlrg«ta} and v&stavya

(residence) of the donees. It is likely that the rulers not being paramount, mipht have patronised some local BrShma^as.

^arabhapur kings

Atreya (2) BhSradvaja (3) DhSranI (2) XJtySyana (2) Kaun-

^i^ya (2) Kauiiika (10) PSrli^ara (2) Vatsa (2 ).

Of the two Atreya families one u«*ionged to Madhyandina s&khl and the other practised the Kanva s5khi of the sukla Yajurveda.

The one family of Bharadvaja gotra belonged to the Aupamanya stkh&. 211

Out of ten Kausikas, on« belonged to Vfijasanayl and th«

other follovred the Midhyandina sakhi.

There were two Kaundl^ya fanllles of the VBJaeaneyl ^SkhS.

Of the two KitySyanas, one followed the Kildhyandina sSkhS

of the ^ukla Tajurveda.

There were two familiet of the ParSsara gotra. One belonged

to Talttlrlya sSkhS and the other practised the V&Jasaneyl.

Pancjtuvamsis of Koaala*

PSrasara (2) fihSradvfiJaa (2) Kaun^l^^ya (1)

Two fanllles of the I^Iradvaja gotra and one family of the

Kaun^lnya gotra belonged to VSJasaneya and Kadhyandlna sakhfi 117 respectively. The epigraph mentions certain BrShmaipas from

ChhatranSta but It does not tell the gotras of these Brahaa][^s.

Panduvamsls of Wekala.

Vatsa gotra (1)

The solitary family of the Vatsa gotra belonged to M&dhyandlna

sakha of the dukla lajurveda.

Kalas

P&rl&ara (9) Kautsa (3)

Bhlmasena II miSradvSjs (2)

ParlvrS.lakas

EhfiradvSja (2).

Uchchakalpa Ka^va {1). The solitary Kanva family belonged to VSJasaneya

kkhiL.

117 M m i l , 290. 212

RgBtrakfltae of Berar

RhfiradvSJa (3) Kaundlnya (1) Kau^lka {1} Kautsa (2)

INSaudgalya (1) T!lrula (1)

Out of three BhlradvSjae two ware of Mdhyandlnya sSkhS,

and one belonged to Kanva sSkhS. Thare were five families follow­

ing the Talttirlya s5kh5. There was a family each of Maudgalya,

Kanva and Kautsa and belonged to Ka^va sSkhS.

KSstrakGtae

BhSradvSja (3) HaridrS (2) KSsyapa (5) Kraraaltha (1)

Ku^mSsha (1) ^lof^ala (1) Si^uli (1) Vflsistha (l) Opaznanyu (1)

Vfijikanva (1).

Of the two Hh8radv£Ja families, one came from Nandivardhana

that is NSgerdhan near Nagpur.

One of the five KSsyapas came from DhSrasiva and the two

professed the Rpveda.

The one VSsistha was a RcvedI from Veyaghana (Vaygaon).

The one Uptwanya belonged to VSjasaneya sSkhS.

The one Kramaltha came froir. TalevStaka, which is modem

Tale^aon In Airravati district.

It can be said that the RaatrakQtas did not show any special

preference for BarShmanas from the Deccan and Karnataka. All the

donees were from Madhyapradesh.

Ihere is no evidence of the SSmavedins and Atharvavedins

from the Madhyapradesh inscriptions of the RastrakGtas.

There were three Kgvedis who were patronized by the RSstra- katas.

Ike find the following; new gotras in the RSstrakGta period:- 213

HaridrS, Kramaitha, Ku^lm&sa, Moggala and Siguli.

Rgveda I I I KSsyapa (Dh&raalYa) VEslstha (Vcyaghana)

^ukla Tajurveda (Vajasaneya sikhg) I BhSradvSJa Upamanya.

The copper plates and the stone inscriptions of th« Kala- churls of Tripuri mention the following gotr&e:

Agastya {2) Ananta (1) FhBradvSja (4) KR^yapa ik) KatyS-

-yana (3) Krs^Streya (3) Kausllla (10) Kauslka (9) Kanva (3)

Maunya (5) Sfivarnya (4) Vidarbhl Kau^dinya (3) Vievfiffiltra (1)

Except IMradvIja, Kasyapa, KStySyana and KauiSika, all the rest arf new. Of the three K&tyayana families one came fr<»i Kilavaka(Kalwa)

The two Kausika families professed the VSjasaneya sSkhS and one came from VaisSili.

Of the thre® K|*fnatreya families one came from KSsi.

dukla Yajurveda (VIJaeaneya 4skhs)

Kausika The cooper-plates and the stone-inscrlptions of the Kala- churis of Ratnapur mention the following BrShmana gotras:

AlaAvSyana (3) Ahgirasa (4) Bharadvlja (2) BhSrgava (5)

ChandrStreya (9) KSsyapa (6) Krsnatreya (3) Kausika (2) Pir5-

-<$ara (6) Saftkriti (3) Vatsa (10). The thr«^e Angirasa farailiee belonged to Bahvricha aSkhSi and one came from HastiySmathl. 214

Of the nine Chandrltreyae five belonged to VSjasaneya

8Slkh& and the one came frost Takfiri.

There were two Bh5rgava families, one of which came from

OaurXpura.

Of the ten Vatsa families one emigrated from ^onabhadra.

The two PIrSsaras were SSmavedins.

One of the two Kaueikas belonfM to Chhandogya sakhS, and

emigrated from srSvaati.

The detailed survey of HrShmanas as mentioned in the plates

of Kalachuris of Katnapur indicates that the VatauE and Chanclri-

treyas were in a large number. Ihe inscriptions mention the

^Smavedi Brlhsanas.

Ihe coppc^r-plates of the Paramfiras of Maliva mention the

following brShma^ gotras :

Audd&la (3) iihSradvlJa (21) i^hirgava (7) Daumya (4) Cau*

tama (10) haritakautsa (4) Kasyapa (l6) KatySyana (3) Kautsa (3)

34arka9^eya (3) i^.audgalya (3) PSr^sara (6) Parivasu (3) Pavitra (6)

^Sin^ilya (V) V^sif^ha (3) Vatsa (3)>

Uhaumya, Haritakautsa, Katyiyana, Markan^eya , Par&vasu

and Pavitra, are the new gotras.

From the earlier records, it seems that the BhSradvajas

were large in number and dominating our epigrajAiical data. 0^ / All the three Auddlas belonged to MSdhyandina sSkhl.

One of them came from MahSvana-stiiiiii*, that is modern MahSbui,

a town in the Fathura district. The fih£radvSJas number 21 in all, but this includes the

separate references, to eons, fathers and grandfathers,otherwise 215

th« nufflber would be seven. Of the twentyone families eight

belonged to KSdhyandina s&khS. The n«»v«»n families professed

the RSnayini sakhS. The three BhSradvljas were of Kathuma liSkhi.

One of the iiharadvajas who belonged to MUdhyandlna sSildifi

said to have come from Madhyadesh. Another Kadhyandina ^Skl.I

br^hmana hailed frob Ghat&usri.

'ihe two iihSradv&Jae who belonged to Madhyandina sEkha

and Kauthiuna s&kiia respectively emigrated frois Takfiri.

The two Ixrahma^ae of Ra^ayinl agkha hailed from Kathura.

The one Lharadvfija camp from Tripurl (modern Tewar in

Jabalpur district).

All the Uhaumyas belonged to Asval&yana sSkha. One of the

four families of the Dhaumyas came from j>:athura.

There were ten Gautama families. One of the three, follow­

ing ^ghkhayana s£khS came from Cindavanaka (Didwana in Jodhpur

Rajputana}.

Of the three Gautamas of Kauthuma sSkha one came from

Mah&vana.

A solitary family of Asval&yanM toSkhS hailed from TakSri.

Out of the four families of the Hlritakaustas, two belonged

to Katha s^h a and one of them emigrated from iravasti.

ahe Kasyapas number sixteen in all. The seven families

belonged to A&val&yana One of them came from Mutavathu.

Two families hailed from Mathura.

Out of the eight fsunilies following Kadliyandina iakha, the

one is said to have emigrated from Madhyadesh. There was a

family of FiSdhyandina sikha came from MutSvathu. 216

Of the three KStySyanas two are S8raav«dls and one of them came from KahSvana.

One of Che three Kautaas following the A^valSyana s&khi came from i^'iathura*

Out of the three Markan^ejrae, the one family of MSdhyandina sSkhfi caBie from ’v^adhyadeeh.

The tliree ??&udgalyafi were of KSdhyandina sSkhS and one hailed froui Kadhyadesh.

One of the six FSrSsaras following YSjimadhyandina slkha came from Asraa«asthljia. The two PSrSsaras of Kauthuma ^SkhS, emigrated from HastinSpura.

Of the three Faravasus one came from Akoll (Akola in Berar).

There are six Pavitra familiea. two Pavitra families following AsvalSyana sSkhS emigrated from Mahfivana. We do not get this gotra in * Gotrapravara~nibandhakadambam*-

Of the seven ^andilya fandlies five belonged to Mdhyandina sSkhS) and the two i^Sdhyandinas canie from Kadhyadesh.

Out of the three V^siftha families, the one following

AsvalSyana lliikiia is said to have migrated from Mathura.

All the three Vatsaa belonged to Kauthuma sSkhS and one of them came from TakSri.

The ParaioSras insertptions indicate the mi^?ration of the

Brlhmanas from Mad!xyadeah. Vie know that the ParaiBSras were patrons of learning. So, many BrS.hmanas migrated to seek the royal help. The political cause would be the Muslim-invasion.

Miscellaneous inscriptions mention one *GaitS’ who was the student of the Tajurveda. 217

Sonavafei^iB

Gautama (2) Kap&hala (2) Kaundinya (1)

Of th#* tw) Oautaraas one came from Odradesh and was resident

of Murujunpa.

One of the two Kapijthalas, one professed the Krsna Yajur-

veda, emigrated from Madhyadeah and the resident of Ullakheta.

The HSgavaAsi inscriptions raor>tlon two BrShroanas but they

are silent about the rotras, Vedic sSkhSs and the places of

residence and the emigration of these BrShmanas.

YSdavas

The four r.antri families belonged to VSlabhya gotra.

The VSWItakas

Kfsna Yajurveda (Taittiriya sSkhS)

1 I i Kadugalya Kaundinya Kasyapa__ ( Pravareslrara-ftad-vimsati- VStaka)

Atharvaveda ______I______i I I ! I Bhalandayuna Uarkk&ri Kausika ^ravif^h&ya^a Vajilohita (Chandrapura) (Kkarjunaka)

i^ukla Yajurveda (VSjasaneya slkhSi} I _ I > I I I, . I Atreya BhSradvSja Gautama Kaundinya PSrlsara Vatsa

The inscriptions do not mention th» Veda of the urahmanas having the gotrac Atreya, BhSradvaja, Gautama, Kaundinya,

ParSsara, and Vatsa; but the H:i^ihad5ranvakopani^ad gives a

116 ijirihadSranyakBpanisad 8lO ( AnandSiSrama ISdition) 21«

list of the BrRhraanae following the Vaja«an«ya sftkhS of th«

^ukla Yajurv»»da. The abovg mentioned gotres ar« mentioned in the said list.

In Gujarat, the Gurjjai’a plates mention the follow­ ing the Rgveda, the i^iSradvSjaa following the SSmaveda. Ihe

Kaitraka platen record the families of the Atreya and ParS^ara who professed the Atharvaveda, and one Eharadvaj*^family of the 119 SSmaveda*

The following tables show the relation between the Vedic / 120 and gotras of BrShmanas mentioned in the Deccan.

The RastrakUtas

Rgveda Krsna Tajurveda I *" I Bharadvlja rjhfiradvfija

^ukla Yaju^veda ( Kanva sHkhfi) f BhSradvaJa

Sllaharas of Korth Konkan

P.gveda

Atreya Vatsa

Kalvinl Chglukyaa

b&maveda I Vatsa

Yadavaa Rgveda SSmaveda I < BhSradvSja Atri

Sankalia, op.cit., 125-132. ^20 Mulay, op.cit., 371-381. 219

It can be said that the relations between the Vedic sSkhi and gotra were not strict even in the Upanieadic period. t>arabhapur Kinp:s.

:^ukXa Yajurveda

I I Kanva MSdhyandina ^ I _ I Atreya Atreya Kaueika ( TTStySyana

^ukla lajurveda I Vajasaneya s&khfi Kausika Kaundinya P&r§sara

Krsna Yajurveda

Taittirlya

?5r3sara Panduvafhsla of Kosala and Kekala

J>ukla Tajurveda J I Vajasaneya MSdhyandina Bharadvaja BhSradvlja Kaundinya Vatsa

HlftrakGtas of Berar

dukla Tajurveda J I I Kanva MSdhyandina BharadvSJa DhlradvSJa Maudgaiya Kanva Kautsa. 220

RSgtrakSt^aB

iigveda

I I K3ayapa Vasiftha

^ukla Tajurveda (Vfijasaneyi sSkha) I BharadvSJa I Upamanyu

Kalachurls of Ratnapur

Hgveda ( Bahurlcha s&kha)

Angirasa

l^-ukla Tajurvpda (VSjasanpya sSkhS) r ChandrStreya

^Smaveda

PSrl^ara Chhandogya Jskhs

The Paramaras

^ukla Yajurveda

I I Kanva HiLdhyandina Auddala (Kahavanasthana) BhSradvIJa (Madhyadeeh) Ka^yapa (Madhyadesh) J'iSrkan^eya (Madhyadesh) Maudgalyas (Kadhyadeah) ^findilya (J^adhyadesb) 221

ParamSras

S^aveda

I I Xauthuma i^Skhl RanSylnl sSkhI

BhSradvSja (TakSrl) BhSradvSja (Wathura)

Oautaina (iMahSvana)

PSrfisara (UastlnSpur)

Vatsa (TakSrl)

i^amaveda f KatySLyana (Mahfivana)

Rgveda ( AsvalSyanfi sSkbS) I Qhaumya I Gautama

Kasyapa (MutSvathu) f (Mathura)

Kautsa (Mathura)

Pavitra (B^ahSvana)

The detailed survey of th«* gotras shows that the Yajurveda claiffled the largest number of ’drShmanas.

The Samavedins are sientioned in the Kalachuris of Ratnapur and Paramatat* records; drawn from 7 gotrae, all of them are found in the list of Yajurvedis. The i^ig;vcda has BrSlmianas from eight gotras. Three of then are coranon in the Tajurveda list. The Atharvavedis, drawn from five gotras ere only mentioned 222

in thm VSkStaka Inscriptions.

The j?,otriiS can b« count(>d at the present day by thousands 121 as they were even in the time of Baudhayana.

Now the gotrae are listed nearly about 5000 in Gotrapravara-

nibandhakadaabakam by Rao.

Accordinf to the Mahabharata the orifinal fotras were

only four viz. Hirgu, Vasistha, KS^yapa end Ifigirasa, Vi^vSmitra,

Jamadapni, BhSradvSja, Oautama, Atr<, ftp’«stya, VSsistha and

Kfisyapa were mentioned by all the ^rauta Sutras.

PSnlni defined gotra as ”descendents from the grandson 122 onwards of any wrll-known man. Gotrasr* pautraprabhutyapatyam."

The word gotra in the Rgveda means only a herd of cattle

or a pen for cattle. In later times down to the present day 123 it has the meaning of an exogamous patriarchal family unit.

The general conception about a gotra is that **gotra de­

notes all persons who trace descent in an unbroken male line

from a common male ancestor, whereas, according to the ^rauta

and Uharma sutras the progeny of the eight primary sages declared 124 to be a sage.**

The following gotras seem to have existed in Madhyapradesh:

Auddala, Agastya, Alamvayana, Ananta, Ihpirasa, Atreya

BhSlandSyana, BharadvSJa, iSifirgava, ChandrStreya, DhSrani,

^21 Vaidya, C .V., All India Oriental Conference Report I (1919), 36. Vaidya, op.cit., 36. 123 Kosarabi, U .D., JBHKaS XXVI, 21-^0. ^24 Sankalia, op.cit., 134. 223

Dhaumya, Gautama, Harkkarl, Harldra Hlrltakautsai Kanva

KSsyapa, KStySyana, Kaun^tnya, Kausika, Kau^illa Kautsa,

Kramaitha, Krsnltreya, KutimSi^a, MSrkandeya, MSrula, Moggala

Maudgalya, Maunya, Palpaladl, PlrSsara, ParSvasUi Pavltra,

^Sn^ilya, Safikrti, isStySyana, SSvarnya Sigull iravistf55yana,

Uparaanya VSjilohita, VSjlkanva, Vajikausika, VSlabhya Vatsa,

Vidarbhik&undinya, VisvSmitra.

In our period the Kaundinyas were largest in number in theVSkStaka period, the F4iSrad>/5jas were in the ParamSra period, ihe ^otra 'Pavitra’ and ^Faravaeu' are mentioned only in the Faramara plates. Unfortunately it appears that no lists can be had Brahinanic gotraa prevailing now otherwise an interesting comparative study could have been attempted.

KSyaethas

The KSyasthas were generally employed as clerks. I24a "The word KSyastha doee not occur in the ancient

Dharroaetitras of Gautama, Ap&stamba, Baudh&yana or Vlsistha nor in the Manu-t-mriti. According to the Visnu i^harma ^Sstra,

K5yastha wrote the public documents. The commentary on the

Tajnavalkya Unrti explains the KSyasthas as the scribes. The • I Veda-VySsa-jmrti includes the KSyasthas among ^udras.

though numerous officers are mentioned in the inscriptions of the first five or six centuries of thu Christian era, the

KSyastha hardly aver figures ainong them.”

In ?'.adhyapradeah, the jJSyasthas first apptsar in the in­ scriptions of the Kalachurig of Tripuri and Ratnapur. A highly cultured KSyastha Vastavya family sorved the KSlachuris of Tripuri for many generations. '’Several inscriptions indicate 124a Kane, P.V. . History of DkarmasSstra, V o l.II,P t.1,76-77. 224

that a KSyastha race descended IVom Vtstu and hence called 125 *Vastavya*. Kfiyaatha lived near Kalanjara in or before

eleventh century. Even today in U.P. there are some KSyattha

families, having the surname ' i^rivastava* The post of the

scribe of copper-plate grants, in the secretariat at Ratnapur

was held by a Kfiyastha famixy of the village Jan^ira,

The Rewa stone inscription 126 of Kar^a contains a legendary

account of the origin of the K^yastha caste. The Klyasthas w v

the descendants of a ^udra servant of sage Kachara. It shows

clearly that in the middle of the eleventh century the Kayasthas

formed the caste.

Anantp&la, the keeper of records is said to have belonged

to the Gau^a lineage, flinister Goll^ka known as Gau^a, is mentioned in Bandhagarh inscriptions. ;iome writers of Ratna­

pur copper plates are specifically mentioned to have belonged to the Gau^a lineage. The inscription tells us that the writer

Pratirija tdio belonged to Gau^a race, has written on copper

in clear letters only because of his natural devotion to the

feet of the BrShmanas. 127* In , a reference to Prathama Klyastha occurs in

a pre-fith century record. 12g In Gujarat, the class formed a sub-caste called

KSyastha in the 10th century.

Majumdar, R .C ., History of Ben<5:al. Vol. I , 5d7» CII IV, 271. ^27 Majumdar, R .C ., . Vol. I, 568. Sankalia, op. cit., 147* 225

SSdhue

iiSdhus 129 are generally merchants, as dankalia has shown.

Sadhus are mentioned in the miscellaneous inscriptions and

N&gava&si records.

The Kalachuris of Tripuri inscriptions mention the names

of Jain SSdhus.

jresthis

^resthi is a very prominent figure as he is a business mafrnate. ^resthis act as bankers.

The refen’nce to i^refthi occurs for the first time, In the record of Pratapsila. The SShukSras appear in the mis­ cellaneous inscriptions.

Thakkura 130 Thakkura is a title or designation of a municipal officer or as a very pettv royal officer. If we go through the inscriptions of Madh)« pradesh it seems that Thakkura was primarily a title, applied irrespective of the caste of the person bearing it. The inscriptions of Kalachuris of Tripuri mention some Drahmanic names having the suffix '^hakkura. 131 The RSjim stone inscription mentions one lady named U4ay& bearing the honorific title Thakkurlinl. Such a title is still current in Saurashtra and occurs in its old literature.

The following positional titles - Lftian^Sri, Kfir\)iika, Mahfi-

Jana NSyaka, Pai, Pattakila, PradhSna, Rajaguru, Kauta, ^Sbdika

Vaidya survive even today. The surnames Kan^ika and PradhSna

^29 Sankalia, op.cit., 150. 131 cil IV 454. 130 " -- * 226 are necesstirily Klyastha surnames. i)haraSdhikSri, Hajaguru,

Sabde ( ^Sbdika) are the Brahxnana suffixes. The surname

*Likhlte' still survives among the MSdhyandina BrShmai^s of

Berar.

The functional designations - SQtradh&ra, Suvar|^ak£ra,

Lohaklra, VaJ^ika now form sub-castes such as SQtSra, SonSra,

Lohira, and VS^i.

Jngtl

Thp earliest reference to the caste VSnijaka occurs in the V3kStakas. Besides this Nigava&si inscriptions mention,

Tailike, M U i, Kosaja.

Vadavu

This title occurs in the TSdava records. It is likely that the man who was in of a temple was called ^VadSvu'

Kven today, the man v/ho maintains the temple is called ’ Ba^ave*

O.lhS

We get this title in the Somavaihsi plates. The name of a oJhS without any suffix is Q.1h5 Ray ana. It is derived from

UpSdhySya. due to its intervocalic position changed into

Vajjh > OJha.

Kaithil EsrShmana who were formerly in the service of the 132 Gond kings have the surname OJhl.

Vaidya

Only one name Devanandin with the professional suffix

Vaidya is found in the Pfin^uvaihsi records. In the Deccan

Vaidyas occur in the Badfimi Chfilukya and Yfidava records.

132 w.Crooke, The Tribes and Castes in the North-Western Provinces and Oudh. Vol. II. 145. 133 Mulay, op.cit., 391. 227

Certain names are mentioned with designations and profes' sions. Reference to these names throws light on the adminis­ trative machinery of Madhyapradesh.

In the Appendix II,

Column I gives the names of persons arranged alphabetically.

n II the profession or designation of the person,

« III religion of the person, caste of the person

n IV residence of the person

« V the time under ^om the person lived

n VI sources and information in columns I to V.

The king was the centre of administration. He used to carry on the government with the help of the ministers and various other officials.

find the following official terms for the minister.

The terms are :

Kiniater

AmStya Kah&mantrin

KahSmatya N!ahlpradhina

Mantrin Pradhfina.

Adminlstratlve department

Adhipatirluta Rlhaslka Ko^^apSla

MahSsSmanta HahasySdhikrita Ade^akSrin

l^ogpati Grihapikamantrin SarvavSdhyaksa

T^ogika KahipramStri i?amahartri

RSJyidhikrita Dus^asldhya Sannidhltri.

Head of the Militia

Mahadan^anlyaka DandaniByaka SenSpati. 226

Head of the treasury

lih&gi^Sgarika Bhan^firl

Foreign department

MahBsSndhiYIgrah i ka DQtaka

Uepai^ment of Law and Rellflon

DharmShkusa DharmldhikSrln Dharmapradhlna ^■ahfidharm&dhlkara]^lka Palace officers

PratihSri ^ayylpSla

>ecretarlee

Arthalekhin ^rlkarnlka Lekhaka

Lekhanidhyaksa MahSiksapatalika Ko^alekhln

Country and village officers

GrSmanSyaka Pa^taklla

^>lscellaneou8 officers

Asvasfidhanlka Uauvlrlka Mah&Jana

Niyaka Pllupatl Tukta

NlyukstoL Gonslderlng the first part of these we find that these names are after : (1) Deities such as ^Iva, Vlsnu, arahma.

(2) A few names suggest quality such as valour, strength.

(3) Non-sanskrlt names. We find the following official terms for the minister;

Minister AmStya MahSmStya Mantrin Mahfimantrin Mahfipradhlna PradhSna. 229

Th#^ words * PradhSna* and AmStya are synonyms meaning

the first companion of king or minister. Kantri^^^ is the

counsellor. Sachiva^^^ is both minister and counsellor. The

term ^Sachiva* first occurs in the V&k&taka inscriptions!.

The names of amStyas occurs for the first time in the

ParivrSjaka records. Some names are purely Sanskrit i.e.

Harisiiiha, Tasaplla. Some are exclusively non-Sanskrit i.e.

GollSka, Dhodhaka.

The suffixes are pfila, simha, ayya. The Tldava plates

mention four mantris of VSlabhya gotra having non-Sanskrit

names GamiySya, Pllama, Bhillama. The suffixes Hij&ha and P31a

denote the Ksatriya origin of these amStyas. Goll&ka ( Kala-

churis of Tripuri) belonged to KSyastha caste. Mauntri (K.

Iripuri) Jata YasapSla (K. Tripuri).

DandanSyaka

Ihe solitary designation of a Da^^^nSyaka appears for the

first tirae in the Kaly&ni ChSlukya record i.e. Dandanayaka.

\arious meanings are assigned by several scholars to the

word Dan^anlyaka. In many cases it appears to mean a General

or^^^ magistrate, judge.

SenSpati

SenSpati was the head of the army. This official term

occurs first in the V%kSltaka and Nala records e.g. BEppadeva,

. I - Monier Williams, op. c it., . 135 Ibid., 785. 136 Ibid., 1130. 137 Kane, P.V., History of i3harma^astra, Vol. 111,965. 136 ^ionier Williams, op.cit., 466. 230

Chitravarman KIty&yana, Chamldasa, Naaiidisa. The eufflx d&sa IndlcatAs that the post of Senipatl was occuplsd even by a Valsya or ^Odra. The Nala records present the name of

Sen&pati as Prltibhipavata. The Pratlpa^lla's record mentions the name Durggaharl.

?^ahB8andhlvlgrahlka

Kiahfisandhlvigrahika is a prime minister or minister of peace and war. The designation of ’Mahfisandhivigrahika* appears first in the Parivrfijaka records.

A majority of these nc.mes seems to be Sanskrit and a few Prakrit.

The name endings ti^ich we get are datta, plla, rfija etc.

The inscriptions of the Rastrakutas of Berar present a non-

Sanskrit name ’ Naula’ . lih&nd&p.Srlkfe

Dhan^JfeSrika is a •keeper of royal tr^^asury".

The Kalachuris of Tripuri inscriptions record the official tern BhSn^5g£rlka but do not mention the names. Miscellaneous inscriptions present one non-sanskrit name Altana.

K5iv5dhikrta

Rfijyfidhlk^a is an authority over the country. The term occurs only in the VSkBtaka records. The name GhamldSsa indicates the non-Ksatriya origin of the 'R5Jyadhik|^a*.

jjhogapati ) Bhogik ) Bhoktf, ) Bhogapatl is the head of a district.

This term occurs first in the Parlvrfijaka records. The name-ending which we get is *datta'. 231

Grhalkaitiantrln Grhalkamantrin is horn? minister. The term occurs in a record of Kalachuris of Trlpuri. 139 The inscription mentions that the home minister belonged to Kfatriya caste i.e. Chandra- siirJia.

KShaeika } RahasySdhikrita ) 140 Kahasyadhik^ita is a private secretary. The term occurs in the Nala records.fhe name of the officer is ’ Chulla* wfiich is derived from the Sanskrit word ^Kfudra*.

MahadharmSdhikarahika is » judge. The term ^dharmSdhi^ kara^ia* and ’ dharmadhikarnin’ meaning a judge are mentioned in 141 142 V isnudharmottai’a and KatsvapurSna.

DharmSdhikarnika^ls a chief justice. Dharmapradh^a^ is said to be eminent in piety. i}harry.afekusa There is no such term as Dharmahkusa. It may mean that

"the person who goads for justice". The term first occurs in the record of the RSs^raktltas of Berar.

Ko^tapaia

The term occurs in the ParamSra records meaning officer in charge of a fort KottapSla-Vahada.

911 I'’I 351. Kane, P.V ., History of Dharmasastra. Vol. 111,1000 Visnudharmottara 11.24 Matsya 215.24. “*^3 Monier Williams, op.cit., 512. 144 Ibid., 511. 232

Uustasadhya

It is & technical title probably denoting an officer in charge of criminale. This official tera occurs only in the inscriptiona of Kalachuris of Tripuri^^^ e.g. Padmaaimha. l>rikamika

Karnlka ia an officer in charge of a state department.

We find this official term only in the Nagavafcei plates. The names are non^Eanskrit e.g. DSria, Kudriyama Virama, Mentama

NSyaha.

Ide^ekSrin

We come across this teriti in the NfigavaAisi inscriptions. 146 Name proper is Amana.

OragianSyaka 1^7 We meet this tera iu the NS^ravaftsi records - Atavan[^i. PadihSrl

Fa^ihari is Pratihari meaning Chafflberlain occurs in the / I4d Nl^avafesi inscriptions. So«i-K5yaka, GuddSpu-erapa, reddi.

Pattakila

This designation occurs first in the Parais&ra records.

F.vf>n today the village headman is called 'Patil*. Present day *Patil* might have been originated from the ancient 'Pa^^a- kile*. In the beccan it occurs in the ^ilShara records.

IV, 33d. Cl X, 39. ^ X, 33. 317. 233

Lckhaka

Lekhakas appear invariably in all periods. The names

are after deities having the euffixea disa, Sditya, datta,

dhara, Isvara, sarmani siiigha, p&la* The inscriptions of

Kelachuris of Tripuri record one writer's name *naj* which

means a barber. The suffixes Sditya, datta, barman, Isvara

indicate that the writer’ s profession was adopted even by the

tJrShraanas.

Sometimes this post is found to be hereditary. The

post of the scribe of copper-plate grants in the secretariat

at Ratnapur was held by a Klyastha family of the village

several generations.

JQtakas

'DQtaka* meaning messenger ambassador is found invariably

in all the times.

•’.e get the Sanskrit suffixes, deva, raja, bhat^a and the non-San&krit suffix ' aimna* .

deva, r&ja,bhatta are the Sanskrit name-endings; 'amma*

is a non>Sanskrit suffix.

> aha .1 ana

The N&gavaihsi inscriptions present the title ’^lah&Jana'

e.g. Siihgha.

■ LU ae&U Ihe RlstrakGtas of Berar inscriptions mention one name

PrabhSkara who was the executive officer of the assembly of the

corporation. He was called »Pllupati» e.g. head of the elephant

riders. 234

ChhurikSra

This title is found only In the NSgavadisl records, the naKP J'edipotta ia non-Sanakrit name.

Kutbpb of Heroes

Therr; are a few names of heroeo, having the suffix *i>imha' which df^notes power n.g. MalayaBii^a.

Kamc'S of Women

The inscriptions refer to a few Brfihmana ladies. There is nothing; special to write about the names of the BrShmana ladies.

Naices of the wives of the officials

The names of the wives of the officials are having the suffix ’ devi' or *MahadevI*. The wife of a thSkura is once called 'Thakkurini*.

Ordinary Ladies

Only one name of a wife of a iSayyapSla is mentioned in the

Tldava recordove.g. rSjiyi.

3urnag.es

In the early c«>nturies, personal names consisted of two inseparable parts, combined into one e.g. VisfikhSrya, Rudra- svSrain. Later on epigraphs refer to new types of suffixes.

Conaiderinp, our data we find that the aurnaines can be classified as - (i) Surnames derived from the ancestors. ( ii) surnames derived from the occupation or achievements.

Surnames derived from ancestors and Kotras Ihe surnaaes derived from gotras are etill found in 235

r-adhyapradfish. They are Aire,BhSradvSja, BhSrgavaf ChandrS-

treya, Dharane, Gautama, Harkare, Kauslka, Kaundl^ya, P5rS-

sara, V^sletha.

^urxi&mPB derived from occupation or achievements

The largest number of eurnaroes belong to thla class. It

1 b interesting to note that many of these surnaines still sur­

vive In Madhyapradesh. They are SchSrya, avasthi, agnihotri,

bha^a, dikfita, dvivedi, joshi, raisra, pan^ita, pathaka, Barman,

svSmi, ^ukla, trivedi, upSdhySya, ySjnika. Koat of these b u t -

names are really titles or occupations or descriptive of the

achievements of various individuals, and so we find a father

as trivedi and a son as pandita or one could be both. Later

on, these titles seem to have crystallised into hereditary

faraily names.

Rainini?: in a family

The survey of the royal genealogy shows that generally the grandson or the great grandson was named after the grand father, but a son was never named after a father. There was a tendency to give names from a certain set of names or having certain endings e.g. Pravarasena I, Pravaras^na II. The Vakfi~

^eika kings had the suffix ’ sena* applied to their names while the Kalachuri kings had ♦Deva*. This system was followed by all tf*e classes.

(1) There was a tendency to give names from a certain set of names or having certain endings.

(2) We find that in a family the members were named after a particular deity. This may suggest that the members of that family were devotees of that particular deity. 2j»6

(3) From the lOth century onwards the practice of retain­

ing some padSnta or suffix seems to have been developed. Dut

still it W&8 not an established fact. A son and father are

found to have different padSntas, such as if a father is up5-

dhyajra his son may be a chaturvedi e.g. Govinda UpSdhyaya

Ananta Chaturvedi.

It indicates that the padSntas or suffixes were really

eifnificant at that time.

The detail analysis of personal names has revealed cer­

tain features of the social structure ;

(1) The nature of names

(2) The practice of naming a family

(3) The Brahmana gotras.

The names of the HrShmanas donees - have dominated our

epigraphic data. The study of these nanes of BrShma^as indi­

cat ps that the names of BrShmanas were after the naksatrasj and names of the person«iJu uoities like Visnu, ^iva, etc.

These names give us an idea about the condition of the religion. Accordingly ^aivism seems to have been followed from very ancient times.

Ihe ParamSra inscriptions mention different kinds of suf­ fixes in which we can see the beginning of some of our present day surnames) Dtivedi, Trivedi» OpSdhy&ya, etc.

We do not get a single name after Garippati or Hanumina. 1^9 Very few names after RSna are mentioned. Sankalia has

Sankalia, op. c it ., 155. 237 pointed out that the cults of RSma, Hanumfina and Ganeea ar« comparativ«»ly very recent.

The Vakfttakaa patronise the Atharvavedi Brihmanas but in th« later period it seems that the M&dhyandina Vajasaneya ^SkhS dominated our epigraphical field.

The follovd.ng elements are found in the composition of the personal names}

(i) Completely Sanskrit names. Moat of the names of the iirahmanas were iianskrit. Completely Sanskrit names are found • more in the V^&taka inscriptions.

(ii) Completely non-Sanskrit - dhodEma, chlkume.

(iii) Sanskrit names with non-Sanskrit suffixes. Rudreppa.

( iv) Non-Sanskrit names with :>anskrit suffixes, o.g*

Cond5rya.