The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, 390002

Master of Arts: Regular YEAR 1 CORE 01: Credit 3 Semester 1 AM1C01AY0N / AAH2101 Hours 45 Prehistoric Cultures of India

Objectives The primary aim of this course is to enable students to identify prehistoric cultures through artifacts and other archaeological remains. It introduces the idea of prehistory, its scope and objectives which is followed by sequential development of prehistoric Stone Age cultures and their geographical distribution in India. The environmental background and technological development in successive prehistoric cultural periods are also discussed in order to understand the changing economic activities, especially food gathering to food production and its spread. COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS UNIT-I 8 hrs 1. Introduction to prehistory and scope of prehistoric studies 2. General framework of Human evolution and development. 3. Environmental background and Human bio-cultural development. 4. Physical Features of Indian Subcontinent and their effects on prehistoric and Proto-historic cultures of India. 5. Prehistoric research in India in historic perspective. UNIT-II Prehistoric cultures 8 hrs Lower Paleolithic period Pioneering discoveries and major finds. Tools and typological variation, raw- materialfor tools and technology of production. Primary context and secondary context sites.Stratigraphy and chronological dimensions, Sohan industries and the Potwar geo-stratigraphy in perspective, Acheulian assemblages and geographical distribution,Type sites form different regions and major river valleys. Authors of Acheulian andissues of Hominin fossil ancestors in India. Evidence of cultural patterns and recentadvances in research. UNIT-III Prehistoric Cultures 12 hrs Middle Palaeolithic period Nevasa and Middle Palaeolithic culture, Tools and typological variation, Raw- materialsfor tools and technology of production. Stratigraphy and chronological position. MajorMiddle Palaeolithic sites in India, Primary and secondary context sites. Evidence ofcultural patterns and recent advances in research.,

Upper Paleolithic period. Upper Palaeolithic discoveries and problems of periodization,Tools and typological variation, Lithic raw-materials and technology ofproduction. Stratigraphy and chronological position. Regional nature of Upper Palaeolithic culturaldevelopment. Major Upper Palaeolithic sites in India. The Upper Palaeolithic and theemergence of anatomically modern humans. Evolution of different strands of behavioralmodernity.

Prehistoric rock-art: Review of relevant evidence. Prehistoric Art and behavioual modernity. Antiquity of prehistoric art in India. Evidenceof prehistoric art: rock paintings, engravings, figurines. Important pre- historic rock-art sites. Prehistoric art and social dimensions UNIT-IV Prehistoric Cultures 9 hrs Mesolithic period Mesolithic cultural development and its scope. The Holocene environment and Mesolithic culture in India. Tools and typological variation, Raw-materialsfor tools and technology of production. Stratigraphy and chronological position. Major Mesolithic sites in India and regional variations in artifact assemblages

Neolithic period Neolithic period and beginning of food production. Major Neolithic regions in India. Neolithic stone tools and technology of production. Domestication of cattle, sheep andgoat and cultivation of food grains. Evidence of structures and storage devices.Popularization of pottery and other containers.Neolithic society and Changing social production and relations of production UNIT -V Practicals: (this will run concurrent to the preceding units) 10 hrs Practical Identification of stone tools from different periods and Training in artifact drawing and documentation REFERENCES 1 Agrawal, D. P- The Archaeology of India, Curzon Press, London. 1982 2 Agrawal, D.P and D.K.Chakrabarti- Essays in Indian Protohistory, B.R.Publishing Co, Delhi, 1979 3 Allchin, B.R.and D.K.Chakrabarti- A Source Book on Indian Archaeology, M.M Publishers Pvt. limited, New Delhi , 1979 4 Allchin. B, A.Goudie, K.T.M.Hegde- The Prehistory and Paleogeography of the Great Indian Thar Desert, Academic Press, London, 1978 5 Allchin, B. and R. Allchin- The Rise of Civilisation in India and Pakistan, Cambridge University Press, London, 1983 6 Dennell, Robin The Palaeolithic Settlement of Asia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2009 7 Dikshit, K.N. (Ed)- Archaeological Perspective of India since Independence, Bulletin of the Archaeological Society, (Special Issues) Nos.13-14, 1984. 8 Erwin Newmayer- Lines on Stone: Prehistoric Rock Art of India, Manohar, New Delhi, 1993. 9 Fuller, D. Q- 2007 Neolithic Cultures in Pearsall, D.M., (Ed) Encyclopedia of Archaeology Academic press, New York:756 – 67 10 Misra, V. N. Indian Prehistory, Ecological perspective, Man and Environment 11 Paddayya, K 2007 The Palaeolithic cultures in Pearsall, D.M., (Ed) Encyclopedia of Archaeology, Academic pres, New York: 767-78 12 Petraglia, D. M., and Ravi Korisettar, 1998. Early Human Behavour in Global Context 13 Sankalia, H.D.- Stone Age Tools: Their Techniques, Names and Probable Functions, Deccan College, Pune, 1982 14 H.D.Sankalia- Prehistory and Protohistory of India and Pakistan, Deccan college, Pune, 1974 15 Subbarao, B.- Personality of India, Baroda, 1958 16 B.K.Thapar,B. K.- Recent Archaeological Discoveries in India, UNESCO Publication, 1985 17 Wheeler, R E M- Early India and Pakistan, Thames and Hudson, London,, 1959

The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, India 390002

Master of Arts: Regular YEAR 1 CORE 02: Credit 3 Semester 1 AM1C02AY0N / AAH2102 Hours 45 Palaeography and Epigraphy

Objectives The primary objective of this course is to make students proficient in identifying and reading ancient Indian scripts through a study of Brahmi and Kharoshthi scripts and selected inscriptions, edicts of ancient India starting from the Mauryan period to the time of Guptas. It traces the development of script through time and makes students aware of the importance of epigraphy as a major source of archaeology and history COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS UNIT-I Introduction to Ancient Indian Script 9 hrs (i) Antiquity of Writing in India (ii) Origin of Brahmi and Kharoshthi Scripts (iii) Introduction to South Indian Script-Vattezhuthu (iv) Decipherment of Ancient Indian Scripts (v) Development of the letters of Mauryans, W. Ksatrapas, Guptas scripts UNIT-II Early Inscriptions I 8 hrs (i) Junagarh Rock Eddict XIII of Asoka (ii) PillarEddict II of Asoka (iii) Dhamma of Asoka (iv) Besnagar Garuda Pillar Inscription of Bhagabhadra (v) Hathigupha Inscription of Kharavela UNIT-III Inscriptions of different dynasty 8 hrs (i) Mathura Stone Inscription of Huvishka (ii) Nanaghat Cave Inscription of Naganika (iii) Nasik Cave Inscription of Gautami Putra Satakarni (iv) Junagarh Rock Inscription Of Rudradaman I UNIT-IV Gupta Inscription 10 hrs (i) Pillar Inscription of Samudragupta (ii)Mathura Pillar Inscription of Chadraguta Vikramaditya (iii)Junagarh Rock Inscription Of Skandagupta UNIT -V 10 hrs (i)Practical training in reading and writing of ancient scripts, (ii)Transliteration and reading ancient Indian scripts of different periods (This unit will run concurrent to the previous units) REFERENCES 1 Ahmed Hasan Dani, Indian Palaeography, New Delhi 2 Bajpai, K.D., K.Agrawal, S Bajpai, 1992: Ayitihasik Bhartiya Abhilekh, Publication Scheme, Jaipur 3 Basak Radhagovind, Asokan Inscription, 4 Buhler,G. 1959: Indian Palaeography: Indian Studies, Calcutta 5 Cunningham, A, 1961: Inscriptions of Asoka, Indological Book House, Delhi 6 Cunningham, A., 1961,: Inscriptions of Ashoka, Indological Book House Delhi. 7..Diskalkar, D.B, 1977: Selections from Sanskrit Inscriptions, ClassicalPublications, New Delhi. 8 Fleet, J., 1971: Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. 3, New Delhi 9 Gupta, S.P. & Ramachandran, The Origin Of Brahmi Script 10 Hultzch, F., 1969: Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol.1 11 Jha Amiteshwar, 2003, Bharatiya Sikke, Ak Ayitihasik Parichay, IIRNS Publication, Mumbai 12 Mirashi, V.V., 1955 Corpus Inscritionum Indicarum, Vol. 4 13 Mookherji, R.K., 1959, Ashokan Inscription, Calcutta Progressive Publishers, Calcutta 14 Pandey Rajbali, 1984, Indian Palaeography, Motilal Banarasidas, Delhi. 15 Rana, M. S., 1978, Bhartiya Abhilekh, Bhartiya Vidhya Prakasan, Delhi 16 Ramesh, K.V., 1984: Indian Epigraphy, Vol. I , Sandeep Prakashan, Delhi 17 Soloman Richard, Indian Epigraphy The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, India 390002

Master of Arts: Regular YEAR 1 CORE 03: Credit 3 Semester 1 AM1C03AY1N /AAH2103 Hours 45 Architecture, Sculpture and Iconography – I

Objectives The main aim of this course is to make students acquainted with the major forms of Art and Architectural heritage of Ancient India. In the 1st part, it traces the origin and development of early Buddhist, Brahmanical and Jain architecture. It also provides a review of sculptural arts in ancient India from the Indus civilization to the Gupta period. COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS UNIT-I Historiography of Indian Art 11 hrs Architecture as a Source of Cultural Studies and Methods of its Interpretation. Rock-Cut Architecture: Main Features and stages of development of Chaitya Halls. (i) Barabar Hill Group (ii) Udaigiri-Khandgiri (Orissa) (iii) Western Indian Group: Bhaja, Kanheri, Kondane, Pitalkhora, Ajanta, Junnar, Karle, Nasik, Ellora. UNIT-II Stupas and Viharas: Origin, Architectural Characteristics 11 hrs Development of Stupa Architecture: (i) Central India: Sanchi, Bharut (ii) South India: Amravati, Nagarjunakonda, Bhattiprolu, Ghantasala. (iii) North-Western India: Gandharan Stupas – Dharmarajika, Takht-i-Bahai, Jamalgadhi, Taxila, Mirpurkhas, Devnimori etc. (iv) Gangetic Basin: Dhamek, Nalanda etc. (v) South-East Asia: Borobudur, Buddhanath. UNIT-III Sculpture as a Source of Cultural Information 8 hrs i) Mauryan Sculptures, (ii) Sunga Sculptures (iii) Mathura School of Art (iv) Gandhar School of Art UNIT-IV Buddhist Iconography 5 hrs Origin of the Buddha Image (i) Symbolic and Iconic Depictions of Buddha in Indian Art. (ii) Dhyani Buddhas, Manushi Buddhas, Boddhisattvas, Maitreya (iii) Tara, Manjushri, Prajna-Paramita, (iv) Panuchika-Hariti, Jambhal etc. UNIT -V 10 hrs Practical training in identifying structural details of ancient Indian architecture and sculptures through site visits and photographs REFERENCES 1 Debala Mitra Buddhist Monuments. Sahitya Samsad, Calcutta. 1971. 2 S. Nagaraju Buddhist Architecture of Western India. Agamkala Prakashan, Delhi. 1981. 3 Percy Brown Indian Architecture. Vol. I, D.B. Taraporvala and Co., Bombay. 1959

4 C.B. Pandey Mauryan Art. Bhartiya Vidhya Prakashan. 1982 5 V.S. Agrawal Indian Art. Prithvi Prakashan, . 1965 6 Stanislaw J. Czuma and Rekha Morris Kushan Sculpture. The Cleveland Museum of Art, , USA.1985 7 J.C. Harley Gupta Sculpture. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1974 8 Western Indian Art’. Special issue of Journal of the Indian Society of Oriental Art. New Series, Vol. I, Calcutta. 1966 9 Bhagwat Sahai Iconography of Minor Hindu and Buddhist Deities. Abhinav Publication, NewDelhi. 1975 The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, India 390002

Master of Arts: Regular YEAR 1 CORE 04: Credit 3 Semester 1 AM1C04AY1N /AAH2104 Hours 45 Archaeological Methods and Theory - I

Objectives The course covers the definition and history of archaeology, data collection methods and its analysis, dating methods in archaeology, conservation and preservation of archaeological objects and sites and also the basic theoretical frameworks that are useful in interpreting archaeological data. It is an analytical paper that allows a student how to do archaeology, the merits and limitations of Archaeological data and its interpretation methods. COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS UNIT-I Introduction to Archaeology and Archaeological Methods 9 hrs Introduction History of Development of Archaeology Introduction to the three age system UNIT-II Interdisciplinary Nature of Archaeology 8 hrs Culture in Archaeology Archaeology and its relation with other natural and physical sciences UNIT-III Archaeological Methods and Records 10 hrs Nature of Archaeological Data Exploration methods Excavation methods Recording of Archaeological Data Ordering of Archaeological Data, Classification of Archaeological Data UNIT-IV Conservation and Preservation 8 hrs Causes of Deterioration of different types of metal and non- metal antiquities and monuments ) Treatment and Preservation of metal and non-metal antiquities and monuments) UNIT -V 10 hrs Practicals in methods of artifact conservation and preservation (this will run concurrent to the preceding units) REFERENCES 1 Aitken M.J. (1974) Physics and Archaeology (2nd Ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2 Atkinsen R.J. (1953) Field Archaeology. London: Methuen. 3 Binford L.R.(1972) An archaeological Perspective. New York: Seminar Press. 4 Brothwell D. &Higgs E.(Ed.) (1963) Science in Archaeology. London: Thames and Hudson. 5 Childe V.G.(1956) A Short Introduction to Archaeology. London: Fredrick Muller Ltd. 6 Childe V.G.(1956) Piecing together the Past: The Interpretation of Archaeological Data. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. 7 Clarke D.L. (1968) Analytical Archaeology. London: Methuen 8 Cleator P.E.(1957) The Past in Pieces. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. 9 Cronyn J.M. (1990) The Elements of Archaeological conservation. London: Routledge. 10 Daniel G. (1975) Hundred and Fifty Years Of Archaeology. London: Dockworth. 11 Flower P.J. (1977) Approaches to Archaeology. London. 12 Gosh A. (Ed.) (1953) Ancient India IX. Delhi: ASI. 13 Heizer F.R. (Ed.) (1959) A Guide to Archaeological Field Methods. California. 14 Hodder I. (1991) Reading The Past: Current Approaches to Interpretation in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 15 Kempton W. (1981) The Folk Classification of Ceramics: A Study of Cognitive Prototypes. London: Academic Press. 16 Leute U. (1987) Archaeometry: An Introduction to Physical Methods in Archaeology and the History ofArt. New York: VCH 17 Miller D. (1985) Artifacts as Categories: A Study of Ceramic Variability in Central India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 18 Plenderleith H. Conservation of Antiquities and works of art. London: Oxford University Press 19 Roy S. (1961) The story of Indian Archaeology (1784-1947). New Delhi. 20 Trigger B.G. (1968) Beyond History: The Methods of Prehistory. London: Holt, Rinehart & Winston 21 Trigger B.G. (1989) Towards A History of Archaeological Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 22 Wheeler R.E.M. (1954) Archaeology from Earth. Oxford: Clarendon Press The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, India 390002

Master of Arts: Regular YEAR 1 CORE 05: Credit 3 Semester 1 AM1C05AY0N / AAH2105 Hours 45 Political (700 BC to 700 AD)

Objectives The overall objective of the course is to introduce students to the historical background of ancient India, so that they are able to locate cultural events in the right historical perspective. The 1st part of course aims at providing the historical background for understanding the cultural developments in different parts of India from the beginning of Early Historic period up to 8th Century AD. It essentially deals with political history and concomitant cultural history that will help students to appreciate the archaeological records in the right perspective COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS UNIT-I Early history of India 11 hrs (a) Definition and scope of historic archaeology of India (b) Archaeological and literary sources (c) Brief review of the archaeology of the Pre-Mauryan period (late phase of PGW and early phase of NBPW) (d) Pre-Mauryan India: Monarchial and Republican states during the 6th Century B.C - Sixteen , Rise of Magadhan imperialism and effect of Persian and Greek invasion UNIT-II Mauryan period 11 hrs (a) Sources of the Mauryan period (b) Chandragupta succession (c) Ashoka’s political conquests, his Dhamma, Administration (d) Downfall of the Mauryas UNIT-III Post-Mauryan period 11 hrs (a) Post-Mauryan rules of North, North-Western and Western India – Sungas, Kanvas, Indo-Greeks, Sakas, , Western Kshatrapa (b) Kushanas – Early history of Kanishka, his Career and (c) Satavahanas – Political history and their Contribution UNIT-IV Gupta and Post-Gupta period 12 hrs (a) Early history and political expansion of Guptas (b) Cultural developments in the Gupta-Vakataka period till Harshavardhan (c) Harshavardhan – his Conquest, Administration, Religious policy and Personality. (d)Chalukyas of Badami Activities Tutorial presentations and Class room discussions (This will run concurrent to the preceding units)

REFERENCES 1 Allchin R. 1989. Patterns of City Formation in Early Historic South Asia, South Asian Study 6:163-147 Bhattacharya, H. 1953. Cultural Heritage of India. Vol IV. The Ramakrishna Mission. Calcutta. Champakalakshmi, R. 1996. Trade, Ideology and Urbanization. South India 300 B.C. to A.D.1300. Delhi Chattopadhyaya, S. 1984. Some Early Dynasties of South India. Motilal Banarides. Delhi Chopara, P. N., Ravindran, T. K., Subramanian, N. 1979. . Vol I. S.Chand and Co. New Delhi. Devabhuti ,J. S. 1990. Harsha, Oxford University Press Ghosal, U. N. 1957. Studies in Indian History and Culture. Oriental Longmans Calcutta. Kosambi, D. D. 1985. An Introduction to the Study of Indian History (reprint) Bombay: Popular Prakashan. Majumdar, A. K. 1983. Concise History of India, Vol. I, II, III. Munshiram Manoharlal Pub. House, New Delhi. Majumdar, R. C. (ed.).1960. Bhartiya Vidhya Bhavan Volumes (History and Culture of theIndian People). Vol.IV. The Age of the Imperial Kanauj. Vol V. The Struggle for Empire.Bombay. Majumdar, R.C. et al.(ed.). 1960. The History and Culture of Indian People. Vol. I. Vedic Age. Vol. II. Age of Imperial Unity. Vol III Classical Age. Bahrtiya Vidhya Bhavan. Bombay. Goyal S.R. 1986. Harsha and Buddhism. Meerut: Kusumajali Prakashan. Mirashi, V. V. 1981. The History and Inscriptions of the Satavahanas and the WesteernKshatrapas. Bombay: Sytate Board of Literature. Narain, A.K. 1957. The Indo-Greeks. Oxford: Oxford University Press Roy, R.N. 1983. The Ganges Civilization: A Critical Study of the PGW and NBPW Periods ofthe Ganga Plains of India. New Delhi: Ramananda Vidya Bhavan. Shastri, K. A. N. 1952. The Age of Nandas and Mauryas. Banaras, Motilal Banarsiadas Tripathi V. 1976. The Painted Grey Ware: An Iron Age Culture of Northern India. New Delhi: Concept Publishing House. The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, India 390002

Master of Arts: Regular YEAR 1 Inter-disciplinary Elective – 01 Credit 3 Semester 1 AM1I01AY0N /AAH2107 Hours 45 Elements of Archaeology

Objectives This course aims to introduce the students to understand the past and its significance. It will give an overall idea of culture and its association with the surrounding environment. COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS UNIT-I Introduction to Archaeology 15 hrs • Definition of Archaeology • History of Archaeology • Definition of various terms in archaeology • Sources of Archaeology and History General methods of archaeological field work UNIT-II Archaeology and multiple ways of reading the past 15 hrs • Cultural background of Human past o Culture and major trends in cultural evolution • Evolutionary background of Humans o Fossil records and modern genetics o Environmental background of bio-cultural evolution UNIT-III Premises of Archaeological explanation 15 hrs • Traditional approaches and normative models o Culture History models • New archaeology and Processual approach o Cultural ecology and systemic models  Post-Processual archaeologies. REFERENCES 1 Agrawal D.P. 1992 Man and Environment in India through Ages. New Delhi: Books and Books. 2 Binford L.R.(1972) An archaeological Perspective. New York: Seminar Press. 3 Brothwell D. & E.S. Higgs 1970 Science in Archaeology. London : Thames and Hudson. 4 Brothwell D. &Higgs E.(Ed.) (1963) Science in Archaeology. London: Thames and Hudson. 5 Butzer K.W.1971 Environmental Archaeology : An Ecological Approach to Prehistory. Chicago: Aldine 6 Butzer K.W.1982 Archaeology as Human Ecology: Method and Theory for a Contextual Approach. 7 Charlsworth J.K.1966 Quaternary Era Vol I & II . London. 8 Childe V.G.(1956) A Short Introduction to Archaeology. London: Fredrick 9 Muller Ltd. Clarke G. (1965) Archaeology and Society. London: Metheun. 10 Daniel G. (1975) Hundred and Fifty Years Of Archaeology. London: Dockworth. 11 Ember, C. R and Melvin Ember 1992: Anthropology; A Brief Introduction, Prentice Hall, Englewood cliffs, New Jersey. 12 Fagan, Brain, M. 1991: In the Beginning- an Introduction to Archaeology. Harper 13 Collins Imbrie J. & N. Newell (ed.) 1964 Approaches to Palaeoecology. New York 14 Jones, S., R. Martin and D. Pilbeam 1992 The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, edited book, Cambridge University Press 15 Kottak, C. P. 2008: Cultural Anthropology, McGraw Hill, New 16 York Lewontin, R. 1995 Human Diversity. Scientific American Library. 17 Prucel, R. W 1991 Processual and Post-Processual archaeologies Centre for Archaeological Investigations (CAI) Southern Illinois, University of Carbondale - Occasional Papers No. 1 18 Relethford John, H., 2006: The Human Species: an introduction to Biological Anthropology, McGraw Hill, New York 19 Relethford, J.H.1997 The Human Species. An Introduction to Biological Anthropology. Mayfield Publishing Company 20 Scarre Chris (ed.) 2005: The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies, Thames and Hudson Ltd. London 21 Trigger , B. 1991 A History of Archaeological Thought 22 Wadia, S., R. Korisettar and V.S. Kale (Eds.) (1995) Quaternary Environments and Geoarchaeology of India. Essays in honour of Professor S.N. Rajaguru. No: 32, Geological Society of India, Bangalore. 23 Wheeler R.E.M. (1954) Archaeology from Earth. Oxford: Clarendon Press. The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, India 390002

Master of Arts: Regular YEAR 1 CORE 06: Credit 3 Semester 2 AM2C06AY0N / AAH2201 Hours 45 Proto-historic Cultures of India

Objectives The main objective of this course is to introduce basic features of the Chalcolithic and Iron Age Proto-historic cultural developments in different part of India. It deals with the early stages of Chalcolithic cultural developments in the Indus valley and other parts of India followed by the Harappan Urbanism and its decline. It also discusses Chalcolithic and Iron Age cultures that immediately preceded the beginning of Historic period in India. COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS UNIT-I History of Proto-historic research in India 16 hrs Beginning of Chalcolithic cultural development in the Indus and the Ghaghar-Saraswati basins and adjoining regions. The Harappa Culture a. Pre-Urban/Early Harappan cultural developments b. Urban/Mature Harappan c. Post-Urban Harappan UNIT-II Chalcolithic Cultural developments outside the periphery of Indus Civilization 6 hrs Ahar-Banas Chalcolithic complex in southern Rajasthan Kayatha assemblage in Central India Savalda assemblages in the Tapi basin of northern Decca UNIT-III Other Post-Harappan Chalcolithic cultures 6 hrs OCP and Copper Hoard remains Malawa culture UNIT-IV Iron Age cultures 7 hrs a. Painted Grey Ware and beginning of Iron Age b. Northern Polished Black ware and cultural progress of Iron Age. Iron Age the second urbanization. c. Spread of Iron and Megalithic culture in South India UNIT -V Practicals (this will run concurrent to the preceding units) 10 hrs Training in identification of different ceramic types and other selected artefacts, training in pottery drawing and other methods of documentation. REFERENCES 1 Agrawal, D. P- The Archaeology of India, Curzon Press, London. 1982 2 Agrawal, D.P and D.K.Chakrabarti- Essays in Indian Protohistory, B.R.Publishing Co, Delhi, 1979 3 Allchin, B.R.and D.K.Chakrabarti- A Source Book on Indian Archaeology, M.M Publishers Pvt. limited, New Delhi , 1979 4 Allchin, B. and R. Allchin- The Rise of Civilisation in India and Pakistan, Cambridge University Press, London, 1983 5 Banerjee, N. R.- The , M.M. publications, New Delhi, 1965. 6 Dhavalikar, M.K.- Cultural Imperialism: Indus Civilization in Western India, Books and Books, New Delhi, 1995. 7 Fairservis, W.A.- The Roots of Ancient India, The University of Chicago press, Chicago, 1975 8 Joshi, J.P- Excavation at Surkotada in 19721-72 and Exploration in Kutch, Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India,87,1990 9 Lal, B.B.- The Earliest Civilization of South Asia, Aryan Books International, New Delhi, 1979 10 Lal,B.B and S.P.Gupta- Frontiers of the Indus Civilization, Books and Books, NewDelhi, 1984 11 Misra, V.N. Ed- The Eastern Anthropologist, Vol. 45, Nos. 1-12 (Indus Civilization Special Number) 1992. 12 Possehl, G.L.- Indus Civilization in Saurashtra, B.R.Pblishing Corporation, Delhi, 1980. 13 Possehl, G.L- Harappan Civilization, Oxford and I.B.H Publishing Co, New Delhi , 1982 14 Rao, S.R. – Lothal And Indus Civilization, Asia Publication House, Bombay, 1973. 15 Rao, S.R. – Lothal- A Harappan Port Town, 1955-62, Memoir of the Archaeological Survey of India 78(II), 1979 16 Rao, S.R. – Lothal- A Harappan Port Town, 1955-62, Memoir of the Archaeological Survey of India 78(II), 1985. 17 H.D.Sankalia- Prehistory and Protohistory of India and Pakistan, Deccan college, Pune, 1974 18 Subbarao, B.- Personality of India, Baroda, 1958 19 R.E.M.Wheeler, R.E.M - The Indus Civilization, University Press, London, 1968 20 Wheeler, R E M- Early India and Pakistan, Thames and Hudson, London,, 1959 The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, India 390002

Master of Arts: Regular YEAR 1 CORE 07: Credit 3 Semester 2 AM2C07AY0N /AAH 2202 Hours 45 Epigraphy & Numismatics

Objectives The main objective of this course is to make students proficient reading in some of the important Early Medieval epigraphs and to introduce importance of ancient coins as a major source of archaeological records and to impart training in identifying coins of different periods of history. COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS UNIT-I Selected Inscriptions 10 hrs (i) Aihole Inscription of Pulakesin II (ii) Gwalior Prasasthi of Pratihara (iii) Baroda Copper Plates of Toramana (iv) Devnimori Relic Casket Inscription (v) Uttarameru Chola inscription UNIT-II Technique of numismatic studies 8 hrs (i)Antiquity & Technique of minting Coins in Ancient India (ii) Punched Mark Coins of Ancient India (iii) Coinage of Indo-Greeks (iv) Indo Scythian coins & Indo Parthians Coins UNIT-III Coins of Ancient times 10 hrs (i) Satavahana Coins (ii) Kushana Coins (iii) Western Kshatrapa coins (iv) Gupta Coins (v)Chola coins

UNIT-IV Tribal Coins 7 hrs (i) Yaudheya Coins (ii) Kuninda Coins (iii) Audambaras Coins UNIT -V 10 hrs Practical training in reading inscription and identifying coins of different periods

REFERENCES 1 Allen J, 1962, Catalogue of the Coins of Ancient India, Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi. 2 Bajpai, K.D., K.Agrawal, S Bajpai, 1992: Ayitihasik Bhartiya Abhilekh, Publication Scheme, Jaipur. 3 Brown, C.J., 1973: Coins of India, Indo logical Book House, Delhi 4 Chattopadhyay Bhaskar, 1967: The Age of the Kushanas- A Numismatic Study, Punthi Pustak publication, Calcutta 5 Chakraborty, S.K., Indian Numismatics- From the Earliest Time to the Rise of the Imperial Guptas, Bhartiya Kala Prakashan, New Delhi. 6 Diskalkar, D.B, 1977: Selections from Sanskrit Inscriptions, Classical Publications, New Delhi. 7 Fleet, J., 1971: Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. 3, New Delhi 8 Goyal ,S.R., 1994: Indigenous Coins Of Early India, Kusumanjali Prakashan, Jodhpur 9 Gupta, P.L., 1991: Coins , Natioal Book Trust of India New Delhi 10 Gupta, P.L., : Prachin Bharat ke Pramukh Abhilekh, Vol.I – (Maurya Kal se Gupta Purva Kal Tak), University Publication, Varanasi 11 Hultzch, F., 1969: Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol.1 12 Jha Amiteshwar, 2003, Bharatiya Sikke, Ak Ayitihasik Parichay, IIRNS Publication, Mumbai 13 Jha A., & Dilip Rajgor, 1992, Studies in the Coinage Of the Western Kshatrapas, IIRNS Publication, Mumbai 14 Lahiri, A.N., 1965: Corpus of Indo Greek Coins, Poddar Publication, Calcutta. 15 Rajgor, Dilip, 2004, Punch Mark Coins of Early Historic India, Reesha Publication,Mumbai 16 Rajgor Dilip 1992, Studies in the Coinage of the Western Kshatrapa, IIRNS, Nasik 17 Rana, M. S., 1978, Bhartiya Abhilekh, Bhartiya Vidhya Prakasan, Delhi 18 Ramesh, K.V., 1984: Indian Epigraphy, Vol. I , Sandeep Prakashan, Delhi 19 Sharan Mahesh K, 1969, Tribal Coins- A Study( The Yaudheya, The Malavas, The Audambaras and The Kunindas,Abhinav Publications, Delhi 20 Sirkar, D.C., 1984, Indian Epigraphy, Motilal Banarasidas, Delhi 21 Sirkar, D.C., 1968, Studies In Indian Coins, Motilal Banarasidas, Delhi The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, India 390002

Master of Arts: Regular YEAR 1 CORE 08: Credit 3 Semester 2 AM2C08AY2N / AAH2203 Hours 45 Architecture, Sculpture and Iconography – II

Objectives The main aim of this course is to make students acquainted with the major forms of Art and Architectural heritage of Ancient India. In the 2nd part, it traces the origin and development of early temples and evolution of temple architectural styles in different regions in the medieval period. The course also deals with ancient Indian paintings and its heritage. It further deals with ancient Indian coins as a major archaeological source. COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS UNIT-I Indian Temples: Concept, Origin, Antiquity and Development; it’s Plan and 12 hrs Elevation .(i) Gupta and Post-Gupta Temples (ii) North Indian Style of Temple Architecture (iii) Temples of Gujarat and Rajasthan (iv) Bhumija Temples of Central India (v) Khajuraho Group of Temples (vi) Temples of Orissa UNIT-II 10 hrs (i) Temples of Aihole (ii) Southern Style of Temple Architecture (iii) Mahabalipuram (iv) Monolithic Kailasnath Temple (v)Temples of Tanjor, Kanchi

UNIT-III Iconography: Origin and Development of Image Worship. 8 hrs (i) Principal Iconographic Features of: Brahma, Surya, Navagraha, Digpalas etc. (ii) Forms of : Shivalingas, Saumya, Ugra and Sanharmurtis of Shiva (iii) Forms of Vishnu: Garuda, Characteristic Forms of Dasavataras. (iv) Syncretic Images of Hindu Iconography. (v) Karttikeya, Ganesh, Nandi etc. (vi) Forms of Shakti, Parvati, Durga, Lakshmi, Sarasvati, Lajja Gauri, Maitrikas UNIT-IV Main Features of Tirthankar Images 5 hrs (i) 24 Tirthankars, (ii) Yaksha and Yakshinis of the Tirthankaras. UNIT -V 10 hrs Practical training in identifying structural details of ancient Indian architecture and study of sculptures through site visits and photographs and project work on a standing monument REFERENCES 1 Percy Brown Indian Architecture. Vol.I, D.B. Taraporvala and Co., Bombay. 1959 2 Michael Mesiter and Madhusudhan Dhaky (Eds.) Encyclopaedia of Indian Temples. American Instituteof Indian Studies, Delhi. 1991 3 Krishna Deva Temples of India. Vol. I and II, Aryan Books International, New Delhi. 1995 4 Pramod Chandra (Ed.) Studies in Indian Temple Architecture. American Institute of Indian Studies,Varanasi. 1975 5 T.A.G. Rao Elements of Hindu Iconography. Vol. I and II. Motilal and Banarasidas, Delhi.1968 6 J.N. Banerjea The Development of Hindu Iconography. Calcutta University. 1956 7 Sheo Bahadursingh Brahmanical Icons of Northern India. Sagar Publication, New Delhi. 1972 8 R.S. Gupte Iconography of the Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. D.B. Taraporvala and Co.,Bombay. 1972 9 Bhagwat Sahai Iconography of Minor Hindu and Buddhist Deities. Abhinav Publication, NewDelhi. 1975 10 Kalpana Desai Iconography of Vishnu. Abhinav Publication, New Delhi. 1973 11 U.P. Shah Jaina-Rupa-Mandana. Vol. I, Abhinav Publication, New Delhi. 1987 The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, India 390002

Master of Arts: Regular YEAR 1 CORE 07: Credit 3 Semester 2 AM2C09AY2N /AAH2204 Hours 45 Archaeological Methods and Theory - II

Objectives The 2nd part of the course covers various dating methods in archaeology, field methods that are used in archaeological data collection and sampling and the basic theoretical frameworks that are useful in interpreting archaeological data. It is an analytical paper that allows a student how to do archaeology, the merits and limitations of Archaeological data and its interpretation methods COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS UNIT-I Dating Methods I (Relative Dating Methods) 9 hrs Stratigraphy Chemical Analysis of Bones Varves Obsidian Hydration Problems in Relative Dating UNIT-II Chronometric Dating Methods 9 hrs Dendrochronology Radiocarbon Method (c14 Method ) Thermoluminescence Method (TL) Problems in Chronometric Dating UNIT-III Archaeological Theories 14 hrs New Archaeology and General Theories Middle Range Theory Systems Theory Postprocessual Archaeology UNIT-IV Introduction to Field Methods 5 hrs Field Methods (Surveying, Use of Field Equipment, Sampling Methods etc.)

UNIT -V Field Work 12 hrs 4 weeks field training in archaeological excavations and explorations. The students are expected to submit Fieldwork report towards the end of the semester which will be assessed as per the University Examination System REFERENCES 1 Agrawal D.P.& M.G. Yadava (1995) Dating the Human Past. Pune: ISPQUS. 2 Aitken M.J. (1974) Physics and Archaeology (2nd Ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press 3 Aitken M.J. (1990) Science based Dating in Archaeology. London: Longman. 4 Arnold D.E. (1985) Ceramic Theory and Cultural Process. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 5 Atkinsen R.J. (1953) Field Archaeology. London: Methuen 6 Binford L.R.(1972) An archaeological Perspective. New York: Seminar Press. 7 Binford L.R. (1983) In Pursuit of Past. London: Thames and Hudson. 8 Binford S.R.& Binford L.R. (1968) New Perspectives in Archaeology. Chicago: Aldine. 9 Brothwell D. &Higgs E.(Ed.) (1963) Science in Archaeology. London: Thames and Hudson. 10 Chakrabarti D.K.(1988) Theoretical issues in Indian Archaeology. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers 11 Childe V.G.(1956) Piecing together the Past: The Interpretation of Archaeological Data. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. 12 Clarke D.L. (1968) Analytical Archaeology. London: Methuen. 13 Clarke G. (1965) Archaeology and Society. London: Metheun. 14 Cleator P.E.(1957) The Past in Pieces. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. 15 Fleming S.(1976) Dating in Archaeology: A Guide to Scientific Techniques. London: J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd. 16 Flower P.J. (1977) Approaches to Archaeology. London. 17 Gosh A. (Ed.) (1953) Ancient India IX. Delhi: ASI. 18 Grinsell L., Rahtz P. & Willims D.P. (1974) The Preparation of Archaeological Report. 19 London. Heizer F.R. (Ed.) (1959) A Guide to Archaeological Field Methods. California. 20 Hodder I. (Ed.) (1987) Archaeology of Contextual Meanings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 21 Hodder I. (1991) Reading The Past: Current Approaches to Interpretation in Archaeology. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. 22 Kempton W. (1981) The Folk Classification of Ceramics: A Study of Cognitive Prototypes. London: Academic Press. 23 Leute U. (1987) Archaeometry: An Introduction to Physical Methods in Archaeology and the History of Art. New York: 24 VCH Libby W.F.(1955) Radiocarbon Dating. London. 25 Michaels W.J.(1973) Dating Methods In Archaeology. London 26 Miller D. (1985) Artifacts as Categories: A Study of Ceramic Variability in Central India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 27 Paddyya (1990) The New Archaeology and its aftermath, a view from outside the Anglo-American world. Ravish Pune. 28 Renfrew, A.C. 1974. Before Civilization. New York: Knopf 29 Renfrew A.C. & E.B.W.Zubrow (Ed.) (1994) The Ancient Mind: Elements of Cognitive Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 30 Renfrew A.C.(1983) Towards An Archaeology of Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 31 Renfrew A.C., M.J.Rowlands & B.A.Segraves (Ed.) (1982) Theory And Explanation in Archaeology. New York : Academic Press. 32 S. Settar and R. Korisettar, 2002. Indian Archaeology in Retrospect: vol. 1 and 3, ICHR, Delhi: Manohar 33 Shanks M. & Tilley C. (1987) Re-constructing Archaeology. Cambridge University Press. 34 Shiffer M.B. Behavioral Archaeology. New York: Academic Press. 35 Trigger B.G. (1968) Beyond History: The Methods of Prehistory. London: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. 36 Trigger B.G. (1989) Towards A History of Archaeological Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 37 Wheeler R.E.M. (1954) Archaeology from Earth. Oxford: Clarendon Press. The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, India 390002

Master of Arts: Regular YEAR 1 CORE 10: Credit 3 Semester 2 AM2C10AY0N / AAH2205 Hours 45 Political History of India (700 AD to 1200 AD)

Objectives This is the second part of the political history course. As in the first part, the second part of the course is meant for providing the necessary historical background for understanding the cultural developments in different parts of India from the 8th Century AD to 12th Century AD. It essentially deals with political history and concomitant cultural history that may help students of archaeology to appreciate historic records in the right perspective. COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS UNIT-I Emergence of independent powers in Northern India 8 hrs Yasovarman of Kanauj Gurjara Pratiharas The Chamanas of Sakambari The Karkotka dynasty Maitrakas of Vallabhi UNIT-II 7 hrs The Parmaras of Malwa, The Chandellas of Jajakabhuti (Bundelkhand) The Palas (Gopala, Dharmapala, Devapala, Narayanapala, Mahipala–I, Nayapala, Nayapala’s successors, Ramapala, end of the dynasty. The Kalachuris of Tripuri UNIT-III Important dynasties of the Deccan and South India 10 hrs (a) Sangam age – Polity and Society (b) Political and Cultural Developments – Chalukyas, Pandya, Cheras, Chola and Pallava (c) The Chalukyas of Kalyana : (d) The Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta UNIT-IV 10 hrs The Pallavas of Kanchi (Beginning of Power, Simhavishnu, Mahendravarman – I, Narasimhavarman – I, Parameshvaravarman – I, Narasimhavarman – II, Nandivarman and his successors.

The Pandyas and their times The Cholas: (Vijayalaya, Aditya–I, Parantaka–I, Rajaraja, Rajendra–I, Rajadhiraja–I, Rajendra–II, Virarajendra, Adhirajendra, Koluttunga–I, Successors of Koluttunga –I) UNIT -V 10 hrs Term Paper writing and submission

REFERENCES 1 Allchin R. 1989. Patterns of City Formation in Early Historic South Asia, South Asian Study 6:163-147 2 Bhattacharya, H. 1953. Cultural Heritage of India. Vol IV. The Ramakrishna Mission. Calcutta 3 Bhattacharya, N. N. 1989. Medieval Bhakti Movenments in India. Delhi 4 Champakalakshmi, R. 1996. Trade, Ideology and Urbanization. South India 300 B.C.to A.D. 1300. Delhi 5 Chattopadhyaya, S. 1984. Some Early Dynasties of South India. Motilal Banarides. Delhi 6 Chopara, P. N., Ravindran, T. K., Subramanian, N. 1979. History of South India. Vol I. S.Chand and Co. New Delhi. 7 Ghosal, U. N. 1957. Studies in Indian History and Culture. Oriental Longmans Calcutta. 8 Gopal, L. 1965. The economic Life of Northern India (AD. 700-1200). Delhi 9 Hall, K.R. 1980, Trade and Statecraft in the Age of Cholas. Delhi 10 Kosambi, D. D. 1985. An Introduction to the Study of Indian History (reprint) Bombay: Popular Prakashan. 11 Majumdar, A. K. 1983. Concise History of India, Vol. I, II, III. Munshiram Manoharlal Pub. House, New Delhi. 12 Majumdar, R. C. (ed.).1960. Bhartiya Vidhya Bhavan Volumes (History and Culture of the IndianPeople). Vol.IV. The Age of the Imperial Kanauj. Vol V. The Struggle for Empire.Bombay 13 Majumdar, R.C. et al.(ed.). 1960. The History and Culture of Indian People. Vol. I. Vedic Age. Vol. II. Age of Imperial Unity. Vol III Classical Age. Bahrtiya Vidhya Bhavan. Bombay. 14 Shastri, K. A. N. 1966. History of South India (IIIrd ed.) Oxford, Oxford University Press. The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, India 390002

Master of Arts: Regular YEAR 2 CORE 11: Credit 3 Semester 3 AM3C11AY1N / AAH2301 / AAH2301C11 Hours 45 Compulsory Course World Prehistory - I

Objectives The overall objective of this paper (in two part) is to introduce students to the major prehistoric cultural development in most part of the world from the very beginning of human origin and make them aware of major theoretical and methodological issues of prehistoric study. After providing a brief history of the idea of prehistory and theoretical and methodological background of prehistoric investigations, the 1st part of the course examines archaeological evidence that are available for understanding the prehistoric cultural developments in Africa, Europe, West Asia, South East Asia and China through the Palaeolithic period. It encourages students to critically examine issues of origin, development and expansion of prehistoric cultures in different parts of the world. COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS UNIT-I 10 hrs Meaning and scope of prehistory, History and development of prehistoric archaeology,Methods and principles of prehistory. Introduction to prehistoric culturalsequence Prehistory and geological time frame,Human antiquity and fossil records.Prehistoric stone tool techniques,Stone Age primary and secondary sites.

UNIT-II 10 hrs Lower Palaeolithic Cultures in Africa, Europe and West Asia. Pre-Acheulian and Acheulian developments. Contributions of Olduvai Gorge in the Palaeolithic study,

Lower Palaeolithic in Europe, Acheculian and Non-Handaxe industries. Hominid fossil records. Cultural patterns of the early hominins UNIT-III 5 hrs Prehistory of China and Southeast Asia Lower Paleolithic culture in China and in Southeast Asia. Hominin fossil records UNIT-IV 10 hrs The Middle and Upper Palaeolithic cultures of Europe; Stratigraphy and chronology. Hominid fossil records. Near Modern and Modern Humans, Modern human expansion and migration. Emergence of Behavioural modernity and Upper Palaeolithic Art. UNIT -V 10 hrs Practical training in identification and drawing of Stone tools Visit to Stone Age primary and secondary sites. (This will run concurrent to the preceding units)

REFERENCES 1 Bordes, Fancois 1968 The Old Stone Age McGraw Hill, U.K 2 Butzer, K. W. 1982. Archaeology as Human Ecology. Cambridge University Press: New York (reissued in 2006) 3 Butzer, K.W and G.L. Isaac (Eds.) 1975 After the Australopithecene, The Hague 4 Clark, J. G. D 1977 World Prehistory: New Perspective, Cambridge 5 Daniel, G. 1976 Hundred years of Archaeology Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press 6 Daniel, G. and Colin Renfrew 1987 The Idea of Prehistory New York: Columbia University Press 7 Isaac, G. L 1971 “The Diet of Early Man”. World Archaeology 2:278 -229 8 Klein, R. G 1999 The Human Career, Human Biological and Cultural Origins, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 9 Lee, R. B. and De Vore, I (Eds.) 1968 : Man the Hunter Chicago: Aldine Leori- 10 Gourhan, A. 1982 The Dawan Of European Art: An Introduction to Palaeolithic Cave Painting, Cambridge , Cambridge University Press. 11 Lewis Barry, Robert Jurmain and Lynn Kilgore 2010 Understanding physical Anthropology and Archaeology, Wadsworth Cengage Learning. 12 Patricia Philip. 1980 The Prehistoric Europe Allen Lane, London 13 Paddayya, K 1990 New Archaeology and Aftermath. Ravish publishers, Pune 14 ----- 1994 C. J. Thomsen and the Three Age System, Man and Environment XVIII (2): 129-140. 15 Philipson , D.W 1988 African Archaeology Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 16 Price Douglas T. & Gary M. Feinman 2008: Images of the Past. McGraw Hill, Boston 17 Prucel, R. W. 1991 Processual and Post-Processual Archaeologies Multiple Ways of Knowing the Past CAI, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale Occasional Paper No.10 18 Renfrew, c. and Bahn, P. 2014 The Cambridge world Prehistory Vol.1: Africa, South and Southeast Asia and the Pacific Cambride University Press: 85-105 19 Roe, Derek The Palaeolithic. In Peter Hammond (Ed.) Physical Anthropology and Archaeology 20 Scarre Chris (ed.) 2005: The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies, Thames and Hudson Ltd. London 21 Smith, Fumiko Ikava (ed.) 1978 Early Palaeolithic in South East Asia. World Anthropology 54, Uni. of Michigan; Mouton, The Hague 22 Trigger, B.G 2006 A History of Archaeological Thought (reprint) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 23 Wenke, R. J and Deborah I. O. 2006 Patterns in Prehistory: Humankind’s First Three Million Years: Oxford University Press 24 Wu Rukang and Olsen, J.W. (eds.)1985 Palaeoanthropology and PalaeolithicArchaeology in Peoples Republic of China. Orlando.Fl. Academic Press

The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, India 390002

Master of Arts: Regular YEAR 2 CORE 12: Credit 3 Semester 3 Code AM3C12AY1N / AAH2302 / AAH2302C12 Hours 45 Compulsory paper Ethno and Experimental Archaeology - I

Objectives Ethnoarchaeology and Experimental Archaeology has a very recent history in archaeological studies. It involves the investigations of contemporary behavior and material culture from archeological perspective. It is broad field of inquiry that encompasses all aspects of human adaptation from selection of raw material to ideological basis for the use of specific symbols. The overall objective of this course is to provide an opportunity to learn constructively and access reading material on the subject. After basic introduction to the history and development of the subject, various technologies will be constructively and critically examined. While discussing ancient technologies students would be encouraged to express their ideas about specific topics and get constructive feedback. This course will also briefly introduce students with general and specific scientific principles of artifact examinations- with emphasis on their interpretive limitations and use. After introductory classes students would be asked critically examine and review various ethnoarchaeological and experimental studies carried out in India and Pakistan COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS UNIT-I General Introduction 12 hrs a)Archaeology, Analogy, Ethnoarchaeology, Experimental Archaeology

b)General Principles of artifact examination Limitations: sample size, corrosion / decay, Physical examination Qualitative and quantitative Analyses UNIT-II Stone working 10 hrs General qualities of raw material Procurement: Mining / quarrying and beginning of pyrotechnology Knapping: Flaking Methods Abrading: Rubbing, sawing, drilling and polishing Pulverizing Examination of Stone artifacts Stone bead Making: Past and Present Ceramic Production UNIT-III Raw materials: Clays and fillers Farming Process Secondary Formation Process Surface decoration Drying and firing Firing sequence and Bonfire, pitkiln, updraft, downdraft, Muffle kiln Technological studies of Indian Protohistoric Pottery UNIT-IV Advance Ceramics 5 hrs Glazes & refectory clays Glass & enamel Indus Faience and Stone making UNIT -V Practical 8 hrs Students will be give practical training in artifact examination and identification of important indicators associated with the above mentioned craft REFERENCES 1 Agrawal, D. P 2009: Harappan Technology and Its Legacy. Rupa and Infinity Foundation series. New Delhi 2 Bhan, K. K. and D. Gowda 2003: Shell Working at Nagwda (North Gujarat) with Special Reference toShell Industries of the Harappan Tradition in Gujarat.Man and EnvironmentXXVIII (2): 51-80 3 Bhan K. K., M. Vidale and. J. M. Kenoyer 1994: Harappan Technology: Theoretical andMethodological Issues,Man and EnvironmentXIX (1-2): 141-157 4 Charlton, T. H. 1981: Archaeology, Ethnohistory and Ethnology: Interpretive Interface, in Advancein Archaeological Methods and Theory, Vol. 4 (ed.) M. B. Schiffer, pp. 129-159. Academic Press 5 Hodges, H. 1971: Artifacts. Academic Press 6 Hegde, K. T. M. 1991: An introduction to Ancient Indian Metallurgy, Geological Survey of India. 7 Inizan M.-L H. Roche and J. Tixier 1992: Technology of Knapped Stone. Meudon: CREP 8 Kenoyer, J. M. 1983: Shell Working Industries of the Indus Civilization: An Archaeological andEthnographic Perspective.Doctoral Dissertation, Department of South and Southeast Asian studies,University of California. Barkley 9 Kenoyer, J. M. 1994: Faience from the Indus Valley Civilizations. Ornament 17(1-2): 39-54 10 Kenoyer, J. M 1994: Experimental Studies on Indus Valley Technology at Harappa, in South AsianArchaeology 1993, Vol. I. (ed.) A. Parpola and P. Koskikallio. Helsinki. 11 Kenoyer, J. M., M. Vidale and K. K. Bhan 1991: Contemporary Stone Bead Making in Khambhat, India: patterns of craft specialization and organization of production as reflected in archaeological record. World Archaeology23 (1): 44-63. 12 Kenoyer, J.M., M. Vidale and K. K. Bhan 1994: Carnelian Bead Production in Khambhat India: AnEthnoarchaeological Study, inLiving Traditions: Studies in Ethnoarchaeology of South Asia, (ed.) B.Allchin, pp. 281-306. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi 13 Kenoyer, J. M. and H. M.-L Miller 1999: Metal Technology of the Indus Valley Tradition, in The AncientMetallurgy of the Asian Old world, University Museum Monograph no. 89 (ed.) V. Pigott. The University ofPhiladelphia 14 Krishnan, K. and K. T. M. Hegde 1987: Chemical and Petrographic Studies in pottery HarappanCulture in Gujarat.Journal of M. S. University of Baroda(Humanities) 35-36, 1 (1986-87) 27-56. 15 Krishnan, K. 1992: An analysis of Decorative Pigment on Harappan Pottery of Gujarat. South Asian Archaeology 8: 125- 16 Mehta Nikita 1997: Preliminary Ethnoarchaeological Studies of Traditional Copper/Bass casting inWestern India.M. A. Dissertation. Department of Archaeology, M. S. University of Baroda 17 MillerRice Prudnce M 1994: The Archaeology Study of specialized Pottery production: Some aspects ofMethods and Theory, inPots and Potters(ed.) P. Rice. Monograph XXIV, pp. 45-54. Los Angeles:Institute of Archaeology. 18 Shepard, A. D: 1956: Ceramics for Archaeologists, Washington. 19 Vidale, M. 2000: The Archaeology of Indus Craft: Indus Craftspeople and Why We Study Them, IsIAO – Rome The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, India 390002

Master of Arts: Regular YEAR 2 CORE 13: Credit 3 Semester 3 AM3C13AY0N / AAH2303 / AAH2303C13 Hours 45 Compulsory Course Methods of Archaeological Research

Objectives The primary objective of this course is to orient the students in different methods and techniques of data collection and analyses along with introducing them to various social science research methodologies. Students will be introduced to philosophy of sciences. The second part of the paper in semester IV of MA, involves a minor project work under the supervision of a teacher which will lead to the submission of a dissertation COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS UNIT-I Introduction 8 hrs Introduction to the Philosophy of Science; Fundamentals of Social Science Research methodology; Approaches in Research: Quantitative and Qualitative; Ethical Issues UNIT-II Designing and Developing Research Proposal 10 hrs Developing a conceptual framework, literature review in research and its analysis, research questions, hypothesis formulation, designing the study, data needed and sourcing it, sampling methods, traditional data analyses, statistical data analyses UNIT-III Recent Trends in Archaeological Research 10 hrs Application of the scientific methods in archaeology, Different models used for explanation / interpretation UNIT-IV Interaction 10 hrs Design and formulation of Dissertation project; Writing the project/dissertation proposal with the help of the respective guiding teacher UNIT -V Dissertation Project Presentations and finalization 7 hrs Practical demonstration and training in presentation of dissertation/project plan

(Each student shall select a topic for dissertation in the 3rd Semester, write a proposal and make a presentation of the proposal before the end of the same semester. The dissertation work completed and submitted in the 4th semester will be assessed in the Semester end examination) REFERENCES 1 Atkinsen R.J. (1953) Field Archaeology. London: Methuen. 2 Binford L.R. (1983) In Pursuit of Past. London: Thames and Hudson. 3 Binford L.R.(1972) An archaeological Perspective. New York: Seminar Press. 4 Binford S.R.& Binford L.R. (1968) New Perspectives in Archaeology. Chicago: Aldine. 5 Bryman, A. 2002 Social Research Methods, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press. Oxford 6 Chakrabarti D.K.(1988) Theoretical issues in Indian Archaeology. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. 7 Childe V.G.(1956) Piecing together the Past: The Interpretation of Archaeological Data. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. 8 Clarke D.L. (1968)Analytical Archaeology. London: Methuen.Criticism and growth of Knowledge, Cambridge University Press 9 Clarke G. (1965)Archaeology and Society. London: Metheun 10 Cleator P.E.(1957)The Past in Pieces. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. 11 Flower P.J. (1977)Approaches to Archaeology. London. 12 Grinsell L., Rahtz P. & Willims D.P. (1974)The Preparation of Archaeological Report. London 13 Hodder I. (1991)Reading The Past: Current Approaches to Interpretation in Archaeology.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 14 Hodder I. (Ed.) (1987) Archaeology of Contextual Meanings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 15 Kuhn, Thomas.The Structure of Scientific RevolutionLakatos, J.I. and P.W. Musgrave. 16 Paddyya (1990)The New Archaeology and its aftermath, a view from outside the Anglo- Americanworld. Ravish Pune. 17 Popper, K.R.The logic of Scientific Discovery 18 Renfrew A.C. & E.B.W.Zubrow (Ed.) (1994)The Ancient Mind: Elements of Cognitive Archaeology.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 19 Renfrew A.C.(1983)Towards An Archaeology of Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 20 Renfrew A.C., M.J.Rowlands & B.A.Segraves (Ed.) (1982)Theory And Explanation in Archaeology.New York : Academic Press 21 Renfrew, A.C. 1974.Before Civilization. New York: Knopf 22 S. Settar and R. Korisettar, 2002.IndianArchaeology inRetrospect: vol. 1 and 3, ICHR, Delhi:Manohar 23 Shanks M. & Tilley C. (1987)Re-constructing Archaeology. Cambridge University Press. 24 Shiffer M.B.Behavioral Archaeology. New York: Academic Press. 25 Trigger B.G. (1968)Beyond History: The Methods of Prehistory. London: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. 26 Trigger B.G. (1989)Towards A History of Archaeological Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress. The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, India 390002

Master of Arts: Regular YEAR 2 CORE 14 (Optional): Credit 3 Semester 3 AM3C14AYaN / AAH2304 / AAH2304C14-a Hours 45 Arts and Crafts of Ancient India –I

Objectives The overall objective of this course is to emphasis the importance of arts and craft objects in the archaeological context and to highlight the technology and social context of their production. The 1st part of the course deals with technology of ceramic production from the Neolithic time onwards. Students are expected learn main ceramic types belonging to different regions and different periods and examine their patterns of production, distribution and consumption. COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS UNIT-I 7 hrs (i) Definition of art and craft Development of Humans into tool maker, Early forms of societies (ii) Artifact classification, organization and analysis UNIT-II 8 hrs (i)Ceramics Introduction to clay, processing clay, manufacture of pottery and application of decorations UNIT-III 6 hrs Characters and Features of: (i) Neolithic Pottery (ii)Pre/Early Harappan Pottery (iii)Harappan Pottery UNIT-IV 6 hrs Characters and Features of: (i) Late Harappan Pottery (Gujarat) (ii) Malwa Ware (iii) Banas Ware (iv) Jorwe Ware (v)Ochre Coloured Ware UNIT -V 6 hrs Characters and Features of: (i) Painted Grey Ware (ii) Northern Black Polished Ware (iii) Megalithic Ware (iv) Early Historic Pottery Practical Identification of Pottery, pottery drawing and documentation, 10 hrs (this will run concurrent to the preceding units) REFERENCES 1 Childe, V.G. 1954. Rotary Motion. In C. Singer, E.J. Holmyard & A.R. Hall (eds.) History of Technology, pp. 187-215. Oxford 2 Clarke, D.L. 1978. Analytical Archaeology. New York. 3 Dales, G.F. & J.M Kenoyer. 1986. Excavations at Mohenjodaro, Pakistan: The Pottery. Pennsylvania 4 Hodges, H. 1964. Artifacts. An Introduction to Early Materials and Technology. London. 5 Khan, F.A. 1961. Excavations at Kot Diji. Pakistan Archaeology II: 11-85. 6 Rao, S.R. 1962-63. Excavation at Rangpur and other Explorations in Gujarat. Ancient India 18&19: 5-207. 7 Rao, S.R. 1966. Excavations at Amreli. Baroda. 8 Roy, T.N. 1986. A Study of Northern Black Polished Ware Culture. Delhi. 9 Rye, O.S. 1981. Pottery Technology. Principles and Reconstruction. Washington. 10 Saraswati, B. 1978. Pottery-Making Cultures and Indian Civilization. Delhi 11 Shepherd, A.O. 1954. Ceramics for the Archaeologist. Washington 12 Singer, C, E.J. Holmyard & A.R. Hall (eds.) A History of Technology. 2 volumes. Oxford. 13 Sinha, B.P. 1969. Potteries in Ancient India. Patna. Sinopoli,C. 1991. Approaches to Archaeological Ceramics. New York. Tripathi, V. 1976. The Painted Grey Ware. Delhi The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, India 390002

Master of Arts: Regular YEAR 2 Core – 14 (Optional) Credit 3 Semester 3 AM3C14AYbN / AAH2305 / AAH2305C14-b Hours 45 Bio-anthropology

Objectives This course aims at introducing the bioanthroplogical background of Human evolution based on fossil records. This provides the appropriate biological background of prehistoric cultural evolution. After a brief introduction of the fundamental methods and models of bio- anthropology it discusses the biological evolution and fossil records of anatomically modern humans from their primate ancestors. Competing theories of modern human origin and migration are presented for critical appreciation. It discusses human variation and the fallacy of race concept and introduces students to the study of human skeletons from Indian sub- continent belonging to the Mesolithic through the Early Historic period COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS UNIT-I 8 hrs 1) Introduction to Biological Anthropology - Methods and Paradigms, Subjects of Study (Human Variation, Population Adaptation, Origins, Role of Molecular Biology, Behavior); - Language of Biological Anthropology (Taxonomy and Systematics, Species, Subspecies, Phylogenetic Systematics/Cladistics, Ecology and Evolution) - Development of evolutionary ideas and different theories of Evolution, Contributions of Linnaeus, Buffon, E. Darwin, Lamark, De Vries and C. Darwin 1) Primates: Origins and Evolution - Definition and Classification - Living Primates - Fossil Primates (Paleocene to Miocene) - Adaptive Radiation of Primates preceding the emergence of hominids 2) Plio-Pliestocene hominins - Pre-Australopithecines - Australopithecines -Paranthropines UNIT-II 10 hrs 1) Early Homo - Homo habilis - Phylogeny of Australopithecines and early Homo 1) Later Homo of the Early to mid-Quaternary - Homo erectus - Early "archaic" Homo sapiens - Early hominid behavior 2) Late Quaternary Humans - Classic Neanderthals and their Origin - The contemporaries of the classic Neanderthals - Neanderthal Behaviour: Cultural variability, economy, technology, and society -Fate of the Neanderthals UNIT-III 9 hrs 1) Anatomically Modern Humans - Origins of Modern Humans: fossil and archaeological evidence - Late Pleistocene cultural variability, economy, technology, society, and - population spread 2) Molecular Evidence - Mitrochondrial, Nuclear, and other DNA and Human Evolution - "Out of Africa" or "Eve" hypothesis versus multi-regional model 3) Human Biology and Variation - Nature of human genetic variation - The "Race " concept and classification - The fallacy of "Race" and the inadequacy of traditional racial classifications - Relationship between Biological evolution and Cultural change UNIT-IV 8 hrs 1) Skeletal evidence from Indian Sub-continent from the Mesolithic to Early Historic period Adoption to local environment - The skeletal changes from hunting-gathering to pastor-agricultural subsistence - Palaeopathology and Palaeodemography. Model for interpretation of physiological stress indicators in past population - Migration verses invention (Aryan Invention? Theory) UNIT -V Practical 10 hrs 1) Introduction to human skeleton, identification of bones from archaeological excavation, side identification of bones, dentition - Age and sex determination - Measurements and morphological observation on human bones - Identification of dentition - Morphometric analysis of dentition 2) Identification of pathologies from skeletal and dental remains 3) The excavation methods of human remains; Treatment of human bones in field; methods of cleaning and reconstruction of post excavation stage in the lab. REFERENCES 1 Relethford, J.H. 1997 The Human Species. An Introduction to Biological Anthropology. Mayfield Publishing Company. 2 Boaz, N.T. and A.J. Almquist 1997 Biological Anthropology: A Synthetic Approach to Human Evolution, Prentice Hall. 3 Klien, R. C. 1989The Human Career. The University of Chicago Press. 4 Jones, S., R. Martin and D. Pilbeam 1992 The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, edited book, Cambridge University Press. 5 Nitecki, M.H and D.V. Nitecki 1994 Origins of Anatomically Modern Humans, edited book, Plenum Press. 6 Lewontin, R. 1995 Human Diversity. Scientific American Library. 7 Montagu, A. 1997 Man's Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race, AltaMira Press. Additional relevant articles from edited volumes and journals will be given as teaching progresses. Texts and required readings will be made available for students in the Zooarchaeology cum Anthropology Laboratory

The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, India 390002

Master of Arts: Regular YEAR 2 Core – 14 (Optional) Credit 3 Semester 3 AM3C14AYcN / AAH2306 / AAH2306C14-c Hours 45 Exploration of Human Diversity - I

Objectives The overall objective of this course is to provide a broad perspective of Anthropology with focus on the human diversity in distinctive cross-cultural perspective. In the third semester we will be examining field methods of anthropology and understand the anthropological perceptive of culture that will be followed by development of early hominid and emergence of modern humans and their culture. The last unit in the third semester we also examine the cultural evolution, adaptive strategies and origin of food production. In the fourth semester we will examine the economic and social stratification, political organization and structure of band, tribe, chiefdom and non industrial state, followed by anthropological view of marriage and religion. COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS UNIT-I Introduction 11 hrs • Scope of Anthropology, -General Anthropology, -The sub- disciplines of Anthropology -Anthropology and other human sciences

• Field Methods -Ethnography: Anthropology’s distinctive strategy; -Difference between Survey Research and Ethnography; -Ethnographic techniques: Observation, Participant observation, Conversation, interviewing and -interview schedules, life histories

• What is Culture -Culture is all encompassing, -Culture is learned, -Culture is symbolic, -Culture is shared -Culture is general and specific, - Levels of culture; -Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism -Levels of culture

• Introduction to biological evolution -Creationism, catastrophism and evolution; -The Theory of Natural Selection -Hereditar; -Sources of variability; -The Origin of Species; -Natural Selection and Behavioral traits; -The Evolution of culture UNIT-II Evolution 15 hrs • Form Early Primates to Hominids -Taxonomy and Primate Order , - Primate Traits, - Common human traits - The emergence of Primates, - The Emergence of Anthropoids

• Introduction Early hominids and their culture -Trends in hominids evolution, -Australopithecines: The Earliest definite hominid -Early Species of Homo, -Early Hominid culture, -Homo erectus, -Homo erectus culture

• Introduction to the emergence of Homo sapiens and their culture -The transition between Homo erectus to Homo sapiens,-Neanderthal and other definite Homo sapiens, -Middle Paleolithic culture -The emergence of modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) -Upper Paleolithic culture - The earliest humans and their culture in the New World UNIT-III Cultural Evolution and adaptive Strategies 9 hrs • Evolution -the main trends of general evolution; - Leslie White and evolution of culture - Unilinear evolution, Specific, multilineal and convergent evolution

Strategies of adaption- Forging: Correlates of forging - Cultivation: horticulture, agriculture, and the cultivation continuum, intensive agriculture - Pastoralim UNIT-IV The Origin of food production 10 hrs • The origin of food production in Middle East • Genetic changes and human selection • Adaptive eras in the transition of food production

• The emergence of food production in other old world areas, • The First American Farmers -Americas first immigration, -Early food production in Mexican highlands -The early village forming communities, - From early farming to civilization Activities Tutorial assignments and presentations (This will run concurrent with the preceding units) REFERENCES 1 Ember, C. R and Melvin Ember 1992: Anthropology; A Brief Introduction, Prentice Hall, Englewood cliffs, New Jersey. 2 Ferraro Gary, Wenda Trevatham and Janet Levy 1992: Anthropology: An Applied Perspective, West Publishing company, New York. 3 Kottak, C. P. 2008: Cultural Anthropology, McGraw Hill, New York 4 Kottak, C. P. 1991: Anthroplogy: The Exploration of Human Diversity McGraw Hill, New York 5 Lewin R., 1982:Thread of Life: The Smithsonian Looks at Evolution, Smithsonian Books, Washington DC 6 Lewis Barry, Robert Jurmain and Lynn Kilgore 2007: Understanding physical Anthropology andArchaeology, Thomson Wadsworth 7 Price Douglas T. & Gary M. Feinman 2008: Images of the Past. McGraw Hill, New York 8 Scarre Chris (ed.) 2005: The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies Thames and Hudson Ltd. London 9 Relethford John, H., 2006: The Human Species: an introduction to Biological Anthropology, McGraw Hill, New York The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, India 390002

Master of Arts: Regular YEAR 2 Core – 15 (Optional) Credit 3 Semester 3 AM3C15AYaN / AAH2307 / AAH2307C15-a Hours 45 Bronze Age: Mesopotamia, Egypt and China -I

Objectives The Overall objective of this course is to apprise students of the development of early Bronze Age Civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia and China.In the 1st part, after a brief introduction to the concepts and nature of the Bronze Age civilizations the course discusses in detail developments of various political institutions and their structure in all the three centres. Students are expected to critically evaluate the developmental course and comparative features for understanding the process of development of public institutions COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS UNIT-I Understanding Early Civilizations 10 hrs Concepts of Civilization, Bronze Age and Urbanism Archaeological and Textual sources Origin and Chronology, Geographical setting, regions and physical features, soil and fertility, raw material sources UNIT-II Political Structures and Institutions of Egypt 12 hrs Political History of Egypt - Pre-dynastic Egypt, Unification of Egypt, Early Dynastic times to Old Kingdom. Intermediate periods, Pharaos Nomarchs and Necropolis, Political relations and administration, rules and laws Literacy- Evidence of writing, Rosetta stone, development of writing and its use, recording system etc. Temples (mortuary and ritual temples) and Pyramids Royal Tombs and Palace – their origins, development, plans, organization etc Giza Pyramid complex, Valley of Kings, Karnak Temple complex etc UNIT-III Political Structures and Institutions of Mesopotamia 12 hrs Political History of Mesopotamia – Ubaid to Uruk Period – regional cultures of Hasunna, Halaf etc. emergence of cities and city states, unification of city states - Sumerian and Akkadian Civilizations, Political relations and administration, rules and laws Literacy- Evidence of writing, development of writing and its use, recording system – Cuneiform tablets, envelops, Cylindrical seals. Ziggurats and Palace as socio-political institutions – their origins, development plans, organization etc. Temples of City Gods, White Temple at Uruk, Eye temple at Tell Brak, Temple at Khafaje and others. Palce E and D from Uruk. UNIT-IV Socio-Political Structures and Institutions of China 11 hrs Political History of China – regional cultures of yellow river valley – Yangzhou, Longshan etc. Bronze Age China and Shang Dynasty, Political relations and administration, rules and laws Literacy- Evidence of writing, development of writing and its use- Inscribed shells and oracle bones. Shang Oracle script. Temples, Palace and stamped massive earthen mud walls– their origins, development,…Templesans,oforgAnanizationya etc., Activity Tutorial presentations, discussions and Orientation for Term paper , etc. (this will run concurrently with the preceding units) REFERENCES 1 1. Childe, V.G. 1942. What Happened in History. Harmondsworth 2 Childe, V.G. 1957.The Bronze Age. Past and Present 12 3 Adams, R.M. 1966. The Evolution of Urban Society, London. 4 Adams, R.M. 1981. Heartland of Cities. University of Chicago Press, London, Chicago 5 Butzer,H.1976. Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 6 Chang,K.C.1968. The Archaeology of Ancient China. Yale University Press. 7 Trigger, B.G. 2003. Understanding Early Civilizations – A Comparative Study. Cambridge University Press.UK 8 Ellis,M.deJ 1983.Correlation of Archaeological and Written evidence for the study ofMesopotamian institutions and Chronology. American Journal of Archaeology 87. 9 Brewer Douglas, J, and T, Emily, 1999: Egypt and Egyptian, Cambridge University Press , London 10 Bierbrier, M.1982. The Tomb-Builders of the Pharaohs. London. British Museum Publications 11 Nissen,H.J., 1988 : The Early History of Ancient Near East, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 12 Lloyd,S. 1984: The Archaeology of Mesopotamia: From the Stone Age to Persian Conquest, Thames & Hudson Ltd. London The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, India 390002

Master of Arts: Regular YEAR 2 Core -15 (Optional) Credit 3 Semester 3 AM3C15AYbN / AAH2308 / AAH2308C15-b Hours 45 Environmental Archaeology- I

Objectives The course aims at introducing the environmental changes that took place on earth from the Pleistocene epoch onwards. The idea of teaching this paper is to make the students understand (1) how human species have adopted to different environmental conditions in the past (2) how to reconstruct palaeoenvironmental conditions and (2) how the bio-cultural evolution can be related with environmental changes. The paper also introduces various methods of artefact analysis using scientific methods COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS UNIT-I Introduction to Environmental Archaeology 8 hrs Nature and scope Development of Environmental Archaeology as an interdisciplinary field for the study of man-land relationships UNIT-II Introduction to Quaternary Period 9 hrs Geological Time Scale Quaternary Period Zonal Concept of Environment UNIT-III Distinctive features of Quaternary Period and their methods of their Study 10 hrs Glacial Fluvial Aeolian Marine Lacustrine UNIT-IV Quaternary Stratigraphy of Western India: Case Studies 8 hrs Western Indian Rivers Western Indian Aeolian Stratigraphy Sea Level Fluctuations in Western India UNIT -V Practical and Field studies 10 hrs The practical and field studies and a report of the same will be evaluated as per the University Examination System REFERENCES 1 Agrawal D.P. 1992 Man and Environment in India through Ages. New Delhi : Books and Books. 2 Brothwell D. & E.S. Higgs 1970 Science in Archaeology. London : Thames and Hudson 3 Butzer K.W.1971 Environmental Archaeology: An Ecological Approach to Prehistory. Chicago: Aldine 4 Butzer K.W.1982 Archaeology as Human Ecology: Method and Theory for a Contextual Approach. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press 5 Charlsworth J.K.1966 Quaternary Era Vol I & II . London. 6 Dimbleby G.W. Plants and Archaeology (2nd ed.). London: John Baker 7 Allchin B. , Goudie A. & K.T.M. Hegde 1978 Prehistory and Palaeogeoraphy of Great Indian Desert.London : Academic Press 8 Evans J. 1978 An Introduction to Environmental Archaeology. New York.: Cornell University Press. 9 Faegri K.& J. Iversen 1975 Text book of Pollen Analysis (3rd ed.) New York: Hafner 10 George Rapp Jr. and John A. Gifford. 1985. Archaeological Geology. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 11 Hamilton E.I. & L.H. Ahrens 1965 Applied Geochronology. London Academic Press. 12 Henderson – Sellers A. & P.J. Robinson 1986 Contemporary Climatology.Essex:Longman. 13 Imbrie J. & N. Newell (ed.) 1964 Approches to Palaeoecology. New York. 14 Wadia, S., R. Korisettar and V.S. Kale (Eds.) (1995) Quaternary Environments and Geoarchaeology of India. Essays in honour of Professor S.N. Rajaguru. Memoir No: 32, Geological Society of India, Bangalore. The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, India 390002

Master of Arts: Regular YEAR 2 Core – 15 (Optional) Credit 3 Semester 3 AM3C15AYcN / AAH2309 / AAH2309C15-c Hours 45 Archaeology of South Asian Urbanism - I

Objectives The overall objective of this course is to provide a detailed understanding of the development of urbanism and early urban centres in South Asia. The 1st part of the course, after providing brief ideas on the concept of urbanism, introduces students to the geographical and anthropological background of South Asian urbanism. It then traces the roots of urbanism in the prehistoric cultural developments in the subcontinent and presents the first appearance of urban centres in the Indus valley as a cultural continuum. It examines multiple technological and social factors responsible for the Indus urbanism and encourages students to evaluate them critically. COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS UNIT-I Background of South Asian Urbanism. 5 hrs Geographical and environmental features; Environmental setting and archaeological background, Geographical regions and cultural regions. Anthropological background of cultural diversity. UNIT-II Roots of Urbanism 10 hrs Prehistoric cultures and their environmental setting Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic cultural developments. Formative stages of regional variability and Mesolithic cultures Neolithic cultural regions and apparent regional variability Issues of Neolithic beginning UNIT-III Beginning of urbanism in the Indus valley. 10 hrs Introduction to the concept of urbanism Chalcolithic beginnings and Pre/Early-Harappan settlements in the North Western and adjoining regions in the Indian subcontinent. Pre-Urban and proto-Urban settlements. UNIT-IV Indus valley civilization and urban settlements 10 hrs The Harappa culture: Urban characteristics, Settlements, civic amenities, Economic set up; Craft &art, trade and exchange, Agriculture and pastoralism Politico-religious set up, Urban rural dichotomy UNIT -V Practical (this will run concurrent to the preceding units). 10 hrs Identification and description of various antiquities belonging to Prehistoric and Proto-historic period of South Asia REFERENCES 1 Adams, R. M. 1966 The Evolution of Urban Society. Aldine Press, Chicago 2 Ajithprasad P. 2002 The Pre-Harappan Cultures of Gujarat by Ajithprasad.P. In S. Settar and Ravi Korisettar (eds.) Indian Archaeology in Retrospect Vol.IIProtohistory: Archaeology of the Harappan Civilization ICHR ManoharNew Delhi. pp.129-158 3 Ajithprasad P. 2004 Holocene Adaptation of the Mesolithic and Chalcolithic Settlements in North Gujarat by Ajithprasad. P. In Yasuda, Y and Vasant Shinde (Eds.) “Monsoon and Civilizations” Roli Books Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. pp115-132. 4 Allchin F.R. 1995 The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States. Cambridge University Press, London. 5 Allchin, F. R. and B. Allchin 1982 The raise of civilization in India and Pakistan. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 6 Bhan, K. K., M. Vidale and J.M. Kenoyer 1994 Harappan Technology: Theoretical and Methodological Issues. InMan and Environment XIX (1-2) 7 Chakrabarti, D. K. 1984 Origins of the Indus Civilization: Theories and Problems. In Lal, B.B and S. P. Gupta, (Eds.) Frontiers of the Indus Civilization. Books and Books, New Delhi 8 Child, V. G. 1950 The Urban Revolution. Town Planning Review Vol. 21(1). 9 Fairservis, W. A. 1975 The Roots of Ancient India. Chicago Uni. Press 10 Jacobson, Jerome (Eds.) 1987 Studies in Archaeology of India and Pakistan. 11 Jaya Menon 1995 Craft Production in the Harappan Culture. Man and Environment XX(1):37-57 12 Kennedy K. A. R and G. L. Possehl, (Eds.) 1984 Studies in Archaeology and Anthropology of South Asia. Oxford andIHB, New Delhi. 13 Kenoyer, J. M. (Ed.) 1989 Old Problems and New Perspectives in Archaeology of South Asia. Wisconsin, Archaeological Report Vol.2 14 Lennoy, Rechard 1971 The Speaking Tree: A study of Indian Culture and Society. Oxford University Press, New York. 15 Lal, B.B. and S.P. Gupta, (Eds.)1984 Frontiers of the Indus Civilization Books and Books, New Delhi 16 Lal, B. B. 1997 The Earliest Civilization of South Asia. Aryan Book International\, New Delhi 17 Lucas, J. R. (Ed.) 1984 The People of South Asia. Plenum, New York 18 Mughal, M. R. 1990 Further Evidence of the Early Harappa Culture in the Greater Indus Valley, South Asian Studies 6:175-199 19 Possehl, G. L. (Ed.) 1982 Harappan Civilization: Contemporary perspective. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi 20 Possehl, G. L. and M. H. Raval, 1989 Harappan Civilization and Rojadi. Oxford and IHB, New Delhi. 21 Ratnagar, Shereen 1994 Harappan Trade in Its’ “World” Context. Man and Environment XIX (1-2): 115-129 22 Redman, Charles 1978 The raise of Civilization. W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco 23 Sonawane, V. H. and P. Ajithprasad, 1994 Harappan Culture and Gujarat. Man and Environment XIX(1-2): 129-139 24 Sonawane, V.H., P. Ajithprasad. K.K. Bhan, K. Krishnan, S. Pratapachandran, Abhijit Majumdar, 25 Ajita K. Patel and Jaya Menon 2004. Excavations at Bagasra 1996-2003: A preliminary Report. Man and Environment XXVIII (2) 2003: pp.21-50 26 Spate, O.H.K. 1954 India and Pakistan: A general and Regional Geography. Methuen London 27 Subbarao, B. 1958 The Personality of India. The M. S. University Archaeology Series 3 28 Ucko, P.J., R. Tringham and G.W. Dimbleby, (Eds.)1972 Man, Settlement and Urbanism Duckworth and Co., Cambridge 29 Wheeler, R. E. M.1968 The Indus Civilization Oxford Uni. Press. London The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, India 390002

Master of Arts: Regular YEAR 2 Interdisciplinary Elective – 03 Credit 3 Semester 3 AM3I02AY0N / AAH2311 / AAH2311E03 Hours 45 Archaeology of India

Objectives The paper provides a synoptic view of the cultural developments from the prehistoric times to the beginning of historic period. Material evidence for reconstructing the past life ways during the prehistoric periods and the emergence of civilization based on urban growth are discussed in the archaeological background COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS UNIT-I India and her Prehistoric past 15 hrs • Introduction to Indian prehistory and its scope • Hunter-gatherer origins/beginnings and Palaeolithic culture • Hunter-gatherer transition and Neolithic origins The Mesolithic and the Neolithic farming UNIT-II Indus Civilization and the Copper-bronze Age 15 hrs • Chalcolithic period and the emergence of Urban centres • Indus civilization and its legacy • Contemporary Chalcolithic regional cultures Regional interactions UNIT-III Archaeology of the Iron Age 15 hrs • Antiquity of Iron. Iron technology and urban growth • Early Iron Age settlements and emergence of the second urbanization Megalithic culture and spread of Iron technology. REFERENCES 1 Agrawal, D. P. The Archaeology of India, Curzon Press, London. 1982 2 Allchin, B. and R. Allchin- The Rise of Civilisation in India and Pakistan, Cambridge 3 Allchin, B.R.and D.K.Chakrabarti- A Source Book on Indian Archaeology, Archaeology, Academic pres, New York: 767-78 4 Banerjee, N. R.- The Iron Age in India, M.M. publications, New Delhi, 1965. 5 Dhavalikar, M.K.- Cultural Imperialism: Indus Civilization in Western India, Books and Books, New Delhi, 1995 6 Fairservis, W.A.- The Roots of Ancient India, The University of Chicago press, Chicago, 7 Fuller, D. Q- 2007 Neolithic Cultures in Pearsall, D.M., (Ed) Encyclopedia of Archaeology 8 Lal, B.B.- The Earliest Civilization of South Asia, Aryan Books International, New Delhi, 1979. M.M Publishers Pvt. limited, New Delhi , 1979 9 Misra, V. N. Indian Prehistory, Ecological perspective, Man and Environment 10 Paddayya, K 2007 The Palaeolithic cultures; in Pearsall, D.M., (Ed) Encyclopedia of World Prehistroy 11 Petraglia, D. M., and Ravi Korisettar, 1998. Early Human Behavour in Global Context Pune, 1974 12 Sankalia, H.D.- Prehistory and Protohistory of India and Pakistan, Deccan college, 13 Sankalia, H.D.- Stone Age Tools: Their Techniques, Names and Probable Function 14 Subbarao, B.- Personality of India, Baroda, 1958 15 Thapar,B. K.- Recent Archaeological Discoveries in India, UNESCO Publication, 1985 University Press, London, 1983 16 Wheeler, R E M- Early India and Pakistan, Thames and Hudson, London,, 1959 14 Wheeler, R.E.M - The Indus Civilization, University Press, London, 1968 The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, India 390002

Master of Arts: Regular YEAR 2 Core -16 Credit 3 Semester 4 AM4C16AY2N / AAH 2401 / AAH2401C16 Hours 45 Compulsory Course World Prehistory - II

Objectives Continuing from the 1st part, the 2nd part of the course deals with the Mesolithic hunter- gatherers and the beginning of food production in different parts of the world. It encourages students to examine events leading towards domestication and agriculture at multiple centres in the world and critically evaluate archaeological evidence for appreciating competing ideas of food production. Evidence form West Asia, China, Africa and the Americas are examined in detail. Post-Acheulian cultural developments in Africa and West Asia are also included in the 2nd part of the course for providing an appropriate background for the Epi-Palaeolithic/Mesolithic developments in those regions COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS UNIT-I Post Acheulian developments in Africa and West Asia. 12 hrs Middle and Late Stone Age cultural developments in sub-Saharan Africa. Middle and Upper Palaeolithic cultural developments in North Africa Stratigraphy and chronology. Hominid fossil records. Evidence of behavioral modernity and early forms of Art. UNIT-II Mesolithic culture and environmental Background 12 hrs Mesolithic culture of Europe and changing resource management strategies. Mesolithic/Epi-palaeolithic developments in West Asia. Neolithic culture and the beginning of domestication of plants and animals, Development of Neolithic culture in West Asia. UNIT-III Early domestication in other parts of the world. 8 hrs China, Europe, Africa, North and Meso-American centres UNIT-IV Prehistory of the Americas and Australia 3 hrs Antiquity of Prehistoric Americas, Prehistoric remains and Palaeo-Indians. Prehistoric remains in Sahul and their Antiquity UNIT -V 10 hrs Practical training in identification and description of Prehistoric tools and implements, familiarization of faunal remains as well as seeds and other plant remains. (This will run concurrent to the preceding units) REFERENCES 1 Aldine Wendorf, Fred and R. Schild 1981. The Earliest Food Producers. Archaeology 34 (5):30-36 2 Braidwood. R. J. (ed) 1968. Courses towards Urban Life 3 Clark, J. G. D 1977. World Prehistory: New Perspective, Cambridge 4 ---- 1935 The Mesolithic Settlement of Northern Europe, Cambridge 5 Flannery, K.V. 1973. The Origins of agriculture. Annual Review of Anthropology 2: 217-310 6 Hoffecker J.F et al. 1993. The colonization of Beringia and the Peopling of the New World. Science 259: 46-53 7 Klein, R. G 1999. The Human Career, Human Biological and Cultural Origins, The University of Chicago press, Chicago 8 Lewis Barry, Robert Jurmain and Lynn Kilgore 2010. Understanding physical Anthropology andArchaeology, Wadsworth Cengage Learning 9 Petrecia Philip 1980 Prehistoric Europe Allen Lane, London 10 Philipson , D.W 1988African Archaeology Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 11 Price Douglas T. & Gary M. Feinman 2008: Images of the Past. McGraw Hill, Boston 12 Reed, Charles.A (ed.) 1977.Origin of Agriculture. The Hague Mouton Publishers 13 Ucko, P. J and G.W. Dimbleby 1969. The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals. Chicago. 14 Wenke, R. J and Deborah I. O. 2006Patterns in Prehistory: Humankind’s First Three Million Years: Oxford University Press 15 Wenke, R. J 1987Patterns in Prehistory Chicago, University of Chicago Press

16 White, P. J and Connell, J.F . 1982. A Prehistory of Australia, New Guinea and Saul.New York, Academic Press 17 Wilkinson, Paul F. 1972. “Oomingmak: A Model for Man-Animal Relationship in Prehistory”,Current Anthropology 13 (1): 23-44 18 Wright. G. A. 1972“Origins of Food Production in Southwestern Asia: A summary of Ideas” Current Anthropology 12 (4&5): 447-77 The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, India 390002

Master of Arts: Regular YEAR 2 Core -17 Credit 3 Semester 4 AM4C17AY2N / AAH2402 / AAH 2402C17 Hours 45 Compulsory paper Ethno and Experimental Archaeology - II

Objectives The overall objective of this course is to provide an opportunity to learn constructively and access reading material on the subject. After basic introduction to the history and development of the subject, various technologies will be constructively and critically examined. While discussing ancient technologies students would be encouraged to express their ideas about specific topics and get constructive feedback. This course will also briefly introduce students with general and specific scientific principles of artifact examinations- with emphasis on their interpretive limitations and use. After introductory classes students would be asked critically examine and review various ethnoarchaeological and experimental studies carried out in India and Pakistan COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS UNIT-I Copper Metallurgy 8 hrs Ores, Mining, Preparation of ore, Roasting and smelting, Furnaces Alloys Casting Working: Annealing, hammering, sinking, raising, spinning, drawing and joining Harappan Copper Metallurgy UNIT-II Iron, steel & Zinc 8 hrs Ores, Mining, Preparation of ore, Smelting Iron Working: Annealing, Quenching, forging and joining Examination of Metal Objects UNIT-III organic Material 13 hrs Woodworking Leather, bone, horn, shell, Ivory and adhesives Fuels Textile UNIT-IV Evaluation of following ethnographic works 8 hrs Ethnoarchaeological studies of Stone bead making in Khambhat Harappan ceramic technology Copper, zinc and Iron technology as reconstructed by Prof. K. T. M. Hegde Ethnoarchaeological of Shell working in India UNIT -V Practical 8 hrs Students will be given practical training in artifact examination and identification of important indicators associated with the above mentioned craft REFERENCES 1 Agrawal, D. P 2009: Harappan Technology and Its Legacy. Rupa and Infinity Foundation series. New Delhi 2 Bhan, K. K. and D. Gowda 2003: Shell Working at Nagwda (North Gujarat) with Special Reference toShell Industries of the Harappan Tradition in Gujarat.Man and EnvironmentXXVIII (2): 51-80. 3 Bhan K. K., M. Vidale and. J. M. Kenoyer 1994: Harappan Technology: Theoretical andMethodological Issues,Man and EnvironmentXIX (1-2): 141-157 4 Charlton, T. H. 1981: Archaeology, Ethnohistory and Ethnology: Interpretive Interface, in Advancein Archaeological Methods and Theory, Vol. 4 (ed.) M. B. Schiffer, pp. 129-159. Academic Press 5 Hodges, H. 1971: Artifacts. Academic Press 6 Hegde, K. T. M. 1991: An introduction to Ancient Indian Metallurgy, Geological Survey of India. 7 Inizan M.-L H. Roche and J. Tixier 1992: Technology of Knapped Stone. Meudon: CREP 8 Kenoyer, J. M. 1983: Shell Working Industries of the Indus Civilization: An Archaeological andEthnographic Perspective.Doctoral Dissertation, Department of South and Southeast Asian studies,University of California. Barkley 9 Kenoyer, J. M. 1994: Faience from the Indus Valley Civilizations. Ornament 17(1-2): 39-54 10 Kenoyer, J. M 1994: Experimental Studies on Indus Valley Technology at Harappa, in South AsianArchaeology 1993, Vol. I. (ed.) A. Parpola and P. Koskikallio. Helsinki. 11 Kenoyer, J. M., M. Vidale and K. K. Bhan 1991: Contemporary Stone Bead Making in Khambhat, India: patterns of craft specialization and organization of production as reflected in archaeological record. World Archaeology23 (1): 44-63. 12 Kenoyer, J.M., M. Vidale and K. K. Bhan 1994: Carnelian Bead Production in Khambhat India: AnEthnoarchaeological Study, inLiving Traditions: Studies in Ethnoarchaeology of South Asia, (ed.) B.Allchin, pp. 281-306. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi 13 Kenoyer, J. M. and H. M.-L Miller 1999: Metal Technology of the Indus Valley Tradition, in The AncientMetallurgy of the Asian Old world, University Museum Monograph no. 89 (ed.) V. Pigott. The University ofPhiladelphia 14 Krishnan, K. and K. T. M. Hegde 1987: Chemical and Petrographic Studies in pottery HarappanCulture in Gujarat.Journal of M. S. University of Baroda(Humanities) 35-36, 1 (1986-87) 27-56 15 Krishnan, K. 1992: An analysis of Decorative Pigment on Harappan Pottery of Gujarat. South Asian Archaeology 8: 125- 16 Mehta Nikita 1997: Preliminary Ethnoarchaeological Studies of Traditional Copper/Bass casting inWestern India.M. A. Dissertation. Department of Archaeology, M. S. University of Baroda 17 MillerRice Prudnce M 1994: The Archaeology Study of specialized Pottery production: Some aspects ofMethods and Theory, inPots and Potters(ed.) P. Rice. Monograph XXIV, pp. 45-54. Los Angeles:Institute of Archaeology. 18 Shepard, A. D: 1956: Ceramics for Archaeologists, Washington 19 Vidale, M. 2000: The Archaeology of Indus Craft: Indus Craftspeople and Why We Study Them, IsIAO – Rome The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, India 390002

Master of Arts: Regular YEAR 2 Core – 18 Credit 3 Semester 4 AM4C18AY0N / AAH2403 / AAH2403C18 Hours 45 Compulsory Course Dissertation

Dissertation work on a topic selected and researched by individual students with the help of a supervising teacher.

(Each student shall select a topic for dissertation in the 3rd Semester, write a proposal and make a presentation of the proposal before the end of the same semester. The dissertation work completed and submitted in the 4th semester will be assessed in the Semester end examination). The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, India 390002

Master of Arts: Regular YEAR 2 Core – 19 (Optional) Credit 3 Semester 4 AM4C19AYdN / AAH2404 / AAH2404C19-a Hours 45 Arts and Crafts of Ancient India - II

Objectives The overall objective of this course is to emphasis the importance of arts and craft objects in the archaeological context and to highlight the technology and social context of their production. The 2nd part of the course deals with examination of several art and craft objects of metal, stone, bone, horn, Ivory and shell and technologies of their production. Social contexts of craft production and the emergence of specialized craftsman in centers of production are discussed in the course. It also presents prehistoric rock-art and development of art through different cultural periods up to the Classical Gupta period. COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS UNIT-I Introduction to Archaeology 10 hrs (i) Metal objects: Metals, Processing ores, Manufacture of Artefacts. (ii) Stone objects: Flaking methods, Manufacture of Artefacts. UNIT-II 6 hrs (i) Bead Industry (ii) Terracotta objects UNIT-III 6 hrs (i) Bone and Ivory objects (ii) Shell Industry UNIT-IV 5 hrs (i) Prehistoric Art (ii) Protohistoric Art UNIT -V 8 hrs (i) Mauryan Art (ii) Kushana Art (iii) Gupta Art Practical Identification of beads, bangles, terracotta objects and other 10 hrs artefacts, their drawing and documentation. REFERENCES 1 Agrawal, D.P. 1971. The Copper Bronze Age in India. Delhi. 2 Bharadwaj, H.C. 1979. Aspects of Ancient Indian Technology. Delhi. 3 Census Report. 1967. Ivory Works in India through the Ages. Delhi. 4 Childe, V.G. 1954. Rotary Motion. In C. Singer, E.J. Holmyard & A.R. Hall (eds.) A History of Technology, pp. 187-215. Oxford. 5 Clarke, D.L. 1978. Analytical Archaeology. New York. 6 Dikshit, M.G. 1949. Etched Carnelian Beads. Poona. 7 Dwivedi, V.P. 1976. Indian Ivories. Delhi. 8 Hegde, K.T.M. 1991. An Introduction to Ancient Indian Metallurgy. Bangalore 9 Hegde, K.T.M., R.V. Karanth & S.P. Sychanthavong. 1982. On the Composition and Technology of Harappan Microbeads. In G.L. Possehl (ed.) Harappan Civilization. A Contemporary Perspective, pp. 239-44. Delhi 10 Hodges, H. 1964. Artifacts. An Introduction to Early Materials and Technology. London 11 Jayaswal, V. & K. Krishna. 1986. An Ethno-archaeological View of Indian Terracottas. Delhi. 12 Kenoyer, J.M. 1984a. Shell Working Industries of the Indus Civilization: An Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspective. Ann Arbor 13 Kenoyer, J.M. 1984b. Shell Industries at Mohenjodaro, Pakistan, in M. Jansen and G. Urban (eds.) Reports on Field Work at Mohenjodaro: Interim Reports, Vol 1, pp. 99-115. Aachen & Rome. 14 Kenoyer, J.M., M. Vidale & K.K. Bhan. 1991. Contemporary Stone Beadmaking in Khambhat, India: Patterns of Craft Specialization and Organization of Production as Reflected in the Archaeological Record. World Archaeology 23,1: 44-63. 15 Lorblanchet, M. (ed.) 1992. Rock Art in the Old World. Delhi. 16 Mackay, E.J.H. 1937. Bead making in Ancient Sind. Journal of the American Oriental Society 57: 1-15. 17 Mitterwallner, G.v. 1989. Yaksas of Ancient Mathura. In D. Srinivasan (ed.) Mathura: The Cultural Heritage, pp. 368-82. Delhi. 18 Neumayer, E. 1993. Lines on Stone. Delhi. 19 Pandey, S.K. 1993. Indian Rock Art. Delhi. 20 Possehl, G.L. 1981. Cambay Beadmaking. Expedition 23,4: 39-47. 21 Ray, N.R. 1975. Maurya and Post-Maurya Art. A Study in Social and Formal Contrasts. Delhi. 22 Singer, C, E.J. Holmyard & A.R. Hall (eds.) A History of Technology. 2 volumes. Oxford 23 Tripathi,V. & A.K. Srivastava. 1994. The Indus Terracottas. Delhi. 24 Whallon, R. & J.A. Brown (ed.) 1982. Essays on Archaeological Typology. Evanston 25 Williams, J. 1982. The Art of Gupta India, Empire and Province. Princeton 26 Williams, J. 1989. The Case of the Omitted Hundreds: Stylistic Development in Mathura Sculpture of the Kusana Period. In D. Srinivasan (ed.) Mathura: The Cultural Heritage, pp. 325-31. Delhi The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, India 390002

Master of Arts: Regular YEAR 2 Core – 19 (Optional) Credit 3 Semester 4 AM4C19AYeN / AAH2405 / AAH2405C19-b Hours 45 Bio-archaeology

Objectives The overall objective of this course is to introduce principals of bio-archaeology and primary methods of bio-archaeological studies. It introduces students to the methods of zoo-archaeology and arcaheo-botany that includes study of phytoliths, pollen, charcoal etc. The processes and markers of domestication in different parts of the world are presented in detail for a broader understanding of the application of bioarchaeology and its significance. Special emphasis is given in the paper for integrated and critical understanding of the issues involved in the origin and spread of agriculture and pastoral- way of life in South Asia. COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS UNIT-I 6 hrs 1) Bioarchaeology - Introduction to the bioarchaeology - Zooarchaeology, Palaeoethnobotany, Palynology, Phytolith studies - Methods (recovery procedures, identification, modern comparative zoological and botanical collections) 1) Bioarchaeological Interpretations and Implications - reconstructing past environments - subsistence studies of hunter-gatherers - origins of agriculture - origins of pastoralism UNIT-II 8 hrs 1) Markers of Domestication for plants

for animals 2) Transitions to Agriculture in Western Asia The late epipalaeolithic Natufian (dog, cereal gathering and cultivation) Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (domestication of plants: wheat, barley, oats, and legumes) Pre-pottery Neolithic B (domestication of bovids and pigs) UNIT-III 10 hrs 1) Independent centers of agricultural and pastoral origin (with focus on plants and animals well known in South Asia today) - China (millets and rice) - Africa (sorghum and millets) - New World (maize, tomatoes, potatoes, beans, squash, chilies, chocolate) - The steppes (horse and Bactrian camel) and deserts (dromedary and donkey) 2) Origins of agriculture in South Asia (another center?) - and early rabi crop agriculture (wheat, barley, jujube, grapes) The beginnings and development of kharif crop agriculture (rice, mallets, sorghum, and dates – local versus imports) UNIT-IV 10 hrs 1) Origins of pastoralism in South Asia (another center) - Mehrgarh and sheep/goat husbandry - Zebu domestication (including DNA/ chromosome evidence) - Other animals (water buffalo, dogs, horses, etc.) 1) Spread of plants and animals and local adaptations in South Asia - Are origins important? - textual versus archaeological versus Bioarchaeological evidence - First, Second, and Third agricultural and pastoral "revolutions" and their impact on economy and society UNIT -V Practical Identification of animals, Skeletal anatomy of selected domestic animals like cattle, horse, sheep, goat, pig and dog (cranial and post cranial elements) REFERENCES 1 Relethford, J.H. 1997The Human Species. An Introductionto BiologicalAnthropology.MayfieldPublishing Company. 2 Boaz, N.T. and A.J. Almquist1997 Biological Anthropology: A Synthetic Approach to Human Evolution, Prentice Hall. 3 Klien, R. C.1989 The Human Career. The University of Chicago Press. 4 Jones, S., R. Martin and D. Pilbeam1992 TheCambridge Encyclopediaof Human Evolution, edited book, Cambridge University Press. 5 Nitecki, M.H and D.V. Nitecki1994 Origins of Anatomically Modern Humans, edited book, PlenumPress. 6 Lewontin, R.1995 Human Diversity. Scientific American Library. 7 Davis, S.M.J.1987 The Archaeology of Animals, B.T. Batsford Ltd. 8 Smith, B.D.1995The Emergence of Agriculture. Scientific American Library. 9 Price, T. D. and A.B. Gebauer1995 LastHunters, First Farmers. Santa Fe: School of AmericanResearch Press. 10 Harris, D.R.1996 The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia. London: UCL Press/Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. 11 Cowan, C.W. and P.J. Watson1992 The Origins of Agriculture: an International Perspective.Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press 12 Price, T. D. and A.B. Gebauer1992 Transitions to Agriculture in Prehistory. Madison, WI: PrehistoryPress. The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, India 390002

Master of Arts: Regular YEAR 2 Core – 19 (Optional) Credit 3 Semester 4 AM3C19AYfN / AAH2406 / AAH2406C19-c Hours 45 Exploration of Human Diversity -II

Objectives The overall objective of this course is to provide a broad perspective of Anthropology with focus on the human diversity in distinctive cross-cultural perspective. In the fourth semester the course examines the economic and social stratification, political organization and structure of band, tribe, chiefdom and non industrial state, followed by anthropological view of marriage and religion. COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS UNIT-I Economics and social stratification 8 hrs • Allocation of resources -Natural resources, land & technology • The conservation of resources -Incentives of labor, forced labor, division of labor, decision making • The distribution of goods and work -Reciprocity, redistribution, market and commercial exchange • Social stratification, rank and society, class society, class system The emergence of stratification UNIT-II Political and social Organization 8 hrs • Band and Tribes - Politics, types and trends, Tribal Cultivators, Pastoralism • Chiefdom - Political and economic system, social system, status • State - Population control, judiciary, enforcement, hydraulic system, ecological diversity, long distance trade routes UNIT-III Religion and Magic 8 hrs  Origin, function and expression of religion  Variation in religious beliefs  Variation in religious practices  Religion and adoption UNIT-IV Sex and Marriage 9 hrs Sex -sex differences -sexuality Marriage - Anthropological perceptive of marriage and family. UNIT -V Term Paper 12 hrs Students are expected to carry out Ethnographic fieldwork and write a short term paper on it REFERENCES 1 Ember, C. R and Melvin Ember 1992: Anthropology; A Brief Introduction, Prentice Hall, Englewood cliffs, New Jersey. 2 Ferraro Gary, Wenda Trevatham and Janet Levy 1992: Anthropology: An Applied Perspective, West Publishing company, New York. 3 Kottak, C. P. 2008: Cultural Anthropology, McGraw Hill, New York 4 Kottak, C. P. 1991: Anthroplogy: The Exploration of Human Diversity McGraw Hill, New York 5 Lewin R., 1982: Thread of Life: The Smithsonian Looks at Evolution, Smithsonian Books, Washington DC 6 Lewis Barry, Robert Jurmain and Lynn Kilgore 2007: Understanding physical Anthropology andArchaeology, Thomson Wadsworth. 7 Price Douglas T. & Gary M. Feinman 2008: Images of the Past. McGraw Hill, New York 8 Scarre Chris (ed.) 2005: The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of HumanSocieties, Thames and Hudson Ltd. London 9 Relethford John, H., 2006: The Human Species: an introduction to Biological Anthropology, McGraw Hill, New York The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, India 390002

Master of Arts: Regular YEAR 2 Core – 20 (Optional) Credit 3 Semester 4 AM4C20AYdN / AAH2407 / AAH2407C20-a Hours 45 Bronze Age: Mesopotamia, Egypt and China -II

Objectives The primary objective of this course is to apprise students of the development of early Bronze Age civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia and China. The second part of the course on Ancient Cities deals with social and economic order dominant in the three centres. It provides details of craft production and trade that supported the prevailing economic setup in all the three centres of civilization. A study of monumental architecture is also part of this course as it helps to appreciate the role of economic investment in social sectors in the urban growth. COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS UNIT-I Society 5 hrs Social Structures - kinship, social hierarchy, social classes, urban relations UNIT-II Subsistence Economy – State and non state Sectors 7 hrs Land ownership, Food Production, productivity and maximization strategies, Irrigation pattern and techniques Institutional arrangements for production and distribution UNIT-III Trade – State and non-state sectors 7 hrs Mechanisms for exchange: royal expeditions, merchant endeavors Internal exchanges and long distance network UNIT-IV Craft Specialization 8 hrs General understanding of craft specialization, Craftsmen, Organization of work, Technological developments, workshops, tools Composite objects of Pre Sargonic Mesopotamia, Egyptian stone working, relief works, Shang bronzes etc. UNIT -V Religion and social life 8 hrs mythology, cosmology, Priests, Polities of supernatural, Temple cults, rituals, sacrifices, festivals, Shamanism, Oracles UNIT - VI Term Paper project 10 hrs Each student has to submit a term paper based on chosen topic of study for evaluation at the semester end examination. REFERENCES 1 Adams, R.M. 1965. Land behind Baghdad. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 2 Algaze,G.1993. The Uruk World System. University of Chicago Press, London, Chicago 3 Butzer,H.1976. Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 4 Carter,E & M.Stolper 1984 Elam: Surveys of Political History and Archaeology. University of California Publications 5 Chang,K.C.1968. The Archaeology of Ancient China. Yale University Press 6 Chang,K.C. 1980. Shang Civilization. Yale University Press 7 Chang,K.C. 1983. Art, Myth and Ritual. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. 8 Childe V.G.1934. New Light on the Most Ancient East. London 9 Ehrich,R.H. 1965. Chronologies in Old world Archaeology. Chicago Press 10 Ellis,M.deJ 1983.Correlation of Archaeological and Written evidence for the study ofMesopotamian institutions and Chronology. American Journal of Archaeology 87. 11 Downing, T.E&Mc.G.Gibson(eds.) 1974. Irrigation’s Impact on Society. Anthropological papers of the University of Arizona, No.25.Arizona. 12 Brumfiel,E.M., and T.K.Earle,eds.1987. Specialization, Exchange and ComplexSocieties. Cambridge University Press.Cambridge The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, India 390002

Master of Arts: Regular YEAR 2 Core - 20 (Optional) Credit 3 Semester 4 AM4C20AYeN / AAH2408 / AAH2408C20-b Hours 45 Environmental Archaeology- II

Objectives The course aims at introducing the environmental changes that took place on earth from the Pleistocene epoch onwards. The idea of teaching this paper is to make the students understand (1) how human species have adopted to different environmental conditions in the past (2) how to reconstruct palaeoenvironmental conditions and (2) how the bio-cultural evolution can be related with environmental changes. The paper also introduces various methods of artefact analysis using scientific methods COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS UNIT-I 10 hrs Soils of Archaeological Significance (Anthrosols) : Factors contributing to the formation of soils Types of soils Laboratory methods for studying the soils UNIT-II Dating methods 6 hrs OSL Dating Potassium Argon Dating Electorn Spin Resonance Spectroscopy Fission Track method Amino Acid Recimisation UNIT-III Palaeoenvironmental reconstructions 10 hrs Parameters for Palaeoenvironmental reconstructions Reconstructing Ancient Vegetation Reconstructing Ancient Fauna Reconstructing Climatic Variations from Sediments Correlation of various stages of Quaternary Period with bio-cultural evolution of man UNIT-IV 9 hrs Introduction to Artefact Analyses using Chemical and Geological Methods Introduction to Compositional Analyses Provenance Studies UNIT -V Practicals 10 hrs

REFERENCES Study of Ancient technology 1 Agrawal D.P. 1992 Man and Environment in India through Ages. New Delhi : Books and Books. 2 Agrawal D.P.& M.G. Yadava (1995) Dating the Human Past. Pune: ISPQUS 3 Aitken M.J. (1990) Science based Dating in Archaeology. London: Longman. 4 Aitken M.J. 1962 Physics in Archaeology. London. 5 Brothwell D. & E.S. Higgs 1970 Science in Archaeology. London : Thames and Hudson. 6 Bullock P. , N. Fedoroff , A.Jogerius , G. Stoops , Tusina & Babel 1985 Hand book for Soil thin section Description. Woverhampton: Wain Research Publican. 7 Butzer K.W.1971 Environmental Archaeology : An Ecological Approach to Prehistory. Chicago: Aldine 8 Butzer K.W.1982 Archaeology as Human Ecology: Method and Theory for a Contextual Approach. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press 9 Carddock P.T.1995 Early Metal Mining and Production. Edinburgh: University Press Ltd. 10 Charlsworth J.K.1966 Quaternary Era Vol I & II . London 11 Cornwall I.W.1958 Soils for the Archaeologist. London: Phonix House. 12 Dimbleby G.W. Plants and Archaeology (2nd ed.). London: John Baker. 13 Faegri K.& J. Iversen 1975 Text book of Pollen Analysis (3rd ed.) New York: Hafner. 14 Fitzpatrick E.A. 1984 Micromorphology of soils. London:Champman & Hall. 15 Fleming S.(1976) Dating in Archaeology: A Guide to Scientific Techniques. London: J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd. 16 George Rapp Jr. and John A. Gifford. 1985. Archaeological Geology. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 17 Hamilton E.I. & L.H. Ahrens 1965 Applied Geochronology. London Academic Press. 18 Hegde K.T.M. 1991 An Introduction to Ancient Indian Metallurgy. Banglore : GSI 19 Henderson – Sellers A. & P.J. Robinson 1986 Contemporary Climatology.Essex:Longman. Imbrie J. & N. Newell (ed.) 1964 Approches to Palaeoecology. New York. 20 Kompe D.R.C. & A.P. Harvey 1983 The Petrology of Archaeological Artefacts Oxford: Clarendon Press. 21 Leute U. (1987) Archaeometry: An Introduction to Physical Methods in Archaeology and the History of Art. New York: VCH 22 Libby W.F.(1955) Radiocarbon Dating. London 23 Michaels W.J.(1973) Dating Methods In Archaeology. London. 24 Wadia, S., R. Korisettar and V.S. Kale (Eds.) (1995) Quaternary Environments and Geoarchaeology of India. Essays in honour of Professor S.N. Rajaguru. Memoir No: 32, Geological Society of India, Bangalore The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, India 390002

Master of Arts: Regular YEAR 2 Core – 20 (Optional) Credit 3 Semester 4 AM4C20AYfN / AAH2409 / AAH2409C20-c Hours 45 Archaeology of South Asian Urbanism - II

Objectives In continuation of the 1st part of this course, the 2nd part presents a critical view of the factors responsible for the decline of Indus Civilization and its legacy in the growth of urban centers in the Gangetic valley. The role of iron technology in the new urban development and the emergence of new schools of socio- philosophical thoughts are emphasized in the course so that students are in a position to appreciate the processes of cultural development COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS UNIT-I 8 hrs Factors of Urban growth and decline in the Harappan perspective Decline of Indus Urbanism and the Post-Urban Phase. Post-urban Phase in the Indus valley, Rajasthan, Hariyana and Gujarat. UNIT-II 5 hrs Growth of urbanism in the Gangetic valley The role and legacy of Indus urbanism and the development of Urban centers in the Gangetic valley. The and the Aryan legacy. UNIT-III 12 hrs PGW and the roots of urban life in the Gangetic valley. Urban growth and the role of iron and the NBPW in north India. Mauriyan empire and the culmination of urbanization. Early Historic Urban centers and Economic production. Consolidation of Political and cultural landscape UNIT-IV 10 hrs Spread of Ancient Indian Philosophy and thought. The Kushan times The Guptas and the subsequent urban decay Emergence of Classical age The urban decay and coping up the poor bench marks UNIT -V Practical training (this will run concurrent to the preceding units) 10 hrs Identification and description of various antiquities belonging to Proto-historic to the early Historic period of South Asia REFERENCES 1 Adams, R. M. 1966 The Evolution of Urban Society. Aldine Press, Chicago 2 Allchin F.R. 1995 The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities andStates. Cambridge University Press, London. 3 Allchin, F. R. and B. Allchin 1982 The raise of civilization in India and Pakistan. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 4 Bhan, K.K. 1992 Late Harappan Gujarat. Eastern Anthropologist 45(1-2):173-192 5 Chakraborti, D. K.1984-85Iron and Urbanization: an Examination of the Indian Context.Puratattva No. 15:68-74 Lal, B.B. and S.P.Gupta, (Eds.) 1984Frontiers of the Indus Civilization Books and Books, New Delhi 6 Child, V. G. 1950The Urban Revolution. Town Planning Review Vol. 21(1). 7 Dikshit, K. N. 1984Late Harappan in Northern India. In Frontiers of the Indus CivilizationLal, B.B. and S. P. Gupta (Eds.) Books and Books, New Delhi. 8 Fairservis, W. A. 1975The Roots of Ancient India. Chicago Uni. Press 9 Jacobson, Jerome (Eds.) 1987 Studies in Archaeology of India and Pakistan 10 Jaya Menon 1995Craft Production in the Harappan Culture. Man and Environment XX(1):37-57 11 Kennedy K. A. R and G. L. Possehl, (Eds.) 1984 Studies in Archaeology and Anthropology of South Asia.Oxford and IHB, New Delhi 12 Kenoyer, J. M. (Ed.) 1989Old Problems and New Perspectives in Archaeology of South Asia.Wisconsin, Archaeological Report Vol.2 13 Lennoy, Richard 1971The Speaking Tree: A study of Indian Culture and Society. Oxford UniversityPress, New York. 14 Lal, B. B. 1981The Two Indian Epics vis-à-vis Archaeology. Antiquity VI 27-34 15 Lal, B. B. 1997The Earliest Civilization of South Asia. Aryan Book International\, New Delhi 16 Majumdar, R. C. et al. (Eds.) 1961 An Advanced History of India 17 Possehl, G. L. and M. H. Raval, 1989Harappan Civilization and Rojadi. Oxford and IHB, New Delhi. 18 Prasad, Kameshwar 1984Cities, Crafts and Commerce Under the Kushanas. Agam KalaPrakashan, New Delhi. 19 Redman, Charles 1978 The raise of Civilization. W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco 20 Roy, T.N. 1986A Study of Northern Black Polished Ware Culture. Ramanand Vidhya Bhavan,New Delhi. 21 Sonawane, V. H. and P. Ajithprasad,1994Harappan Culture and Gujarat. Man and EnvironmentXIX(1-2): 129-139 22 Subbarao, B. 1958The Personality of India. The M. S. University Archaeology Series 3