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Mp History, Art & Culture MADHYA PRADESH HISTORY & CULTURE (UPDATED DECEMBER 2020) MPPSC 2020 Web: mppscadda.com Telegram: t.me/mppscadda WhatsApp/Call: 9953733830, 7982862964 MADHYA PRADESH: HISTORY & CULTURE CONTENTS ❖ Chapter 1 MAJOR EVENTS AND DYNASTIES IN THE HISTORY OF MADHYA PRADESH ❖ Chapter 2 CONTRIBUTION OF MADHYA PRADESH IN FREEDOM MOVEMENT ❖ Chapter 3 MAJOR TRIBES OF MADHYA PRADESH ❖ Chapter 4 IMPORTANT TRIBAL PERSONALITIES OF MADHYA PRADESH ❖ Chapter 5 MAJOR FESTIVALS and FAIRS of MADHYA PRADESH ❖ Chapter 6 MAJOR FOLK MUSIC, FOLK ARTS &FOLK THEATRE OF MADHYA PRADESH ❖ Chapter 7 MAJOR DIALECTS OF MADHYA PRADESH ❖ Chapter 8 MAJOR ARTS AND SCULPTURE OF MADHYA PRADESH ❖ Chapter 9 RELIGIOUS AND TOURIST PLACES OF MADHYA PRADESH ❖ Chapter 10 LITERATURE and LITTERATEUR OF MADHYA PRADESH ❖ Chapter 11 FAMOUS MUSICIANS AND PAINTERS OF MADHYA PRADESH ❖ Chapter 12 CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS OF MADHYA PRADESH ❖ Chapter 13 MAJOR AWARDS and HONOURS OF MADHYA PRADESH Web: mppscadda.com Telegram: t.me/mppscadda WhatsApp/Call: 9953733830, 7982862964 MPPSC 2020 PRELIMS NOTES MADHYA PRADESH HISTORY & CULTURE Major Events and Dynasties in the History of Madhya Pradesh MPPSCADDA Web: mppscadda.com Telegram: t.me/mppscadda WhatsApp/Call: 9953733830, 7982862964 1. MAJOR EVENTS AND MAJOR DYNASTIES IN HISTORY OF MADHYA PRADESH ANCIENT HISTORY OF MP MADHYA PRADESH • As its name implies—madhya means "central" and pradesh means "region" or "state"—it is situated in the heart of the country. • This central region belongs to the Gondwana land the southern part of supercontinent pangea. The term Gondwana means the land of the Gonds and even today, MP continues to be inhabited by various tribal groups Prehistoric Period of Madhya Pradesh • The prehistoric settlements in present day MP developed primarily in the valleys of rivers such as Narmada, Chambal and Betwa. • Relics of prehistoric human beings have been found in Bhimbetka, Hoshangabad, Sagar, Bhopal, Raisen, Nemawar, Chhanera, Maheshwar, Pachmarhi, Adamgarh, Mandsaur; • Bhimbetka in MP is the most significant prehistoric site-it not only exhibits earliest traces of human life in MP but also on Indian sub-continent. Here evidences of continuous occupation by man have been found from prehistoric to the historic period. (UNESCO World Heritage Site 2003) Stone Age Era • Indian Stone Age is divided into three stages—Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic. 1. The Paleolithic Age—Hunters And Food Gatherers (2.5 LAKH-10,000 BC) • Main Sites in MP-evidence found from the river valleys of Narmada, Chambal, Sonar, Parvati, Betwa, Hiran and Venganga. 2. The Mesolithic Age—Hunters and Herders (10,000-6,000 BC) • Main sites in MP–Most important site in MP is Adamgarh–Adamgarh Hills (Hoshangabad district) are famous for the pre-historic rock shelters and rock paintings found in the hills. Stone age artefacts (lower palaeolithic and meolithic implements) have been excavated here. Other sites include–east Nimar, Shandol, Mandsaur, Hoshangabad, Rewa, Sehore, Ujjain, Mandla, Chhatarpur, Chhindwara, etc 3. The Neolithic Age—Food Producers (6000 BC-4000 BC) • Agriculture or domestication of plants was the most important feature of Neolithic period (rice, wheat, barley, millets). • Domestication of plants and animals (sheep, goat, cattle) led to emergence of village life, and division of labor based on sex. Web: mppscadda.com Telegram: t.me/mppscadda WhatsApp/Call: 9953733830, 7982862964 • Main evidence has been found from Eran, Jabalpur, Damoh, Sagar, etc. • In Eran, Kundam, Arjuni, Jaykara, Jabalpur, Damoh, Hata Sagar, Hoshangabad regions of Madhya Pradesh, evidence of Stone-Age era have been found. Copper Age 4000 TO 1200 BC • At the end of the Neolithic age, we see the use of metals. • Chalcolithic means stone—copper age. So after stone, metal began to be used for making tools. And copper was the first metal to be used by man. • This civilization existed in Malwa region. • Main sites in MP—Valleys of Narmada, Chambal and Betwa. Jabalpur, Balaghat, etc. • Evidence of chalcolithic culture also found at Kayatha, Besnagar, Eran, Maheshwar, Nagda and Navadatoli. • Kayatha was the first chalcolithic habitation in MP. • Dr Wakankar had discovered Kayatha and Nagda. • Dr Sankalia discovered Maheshwar and Navadatoli. HISTORIC PERIOD • In the early Vedic period (or the Rigvedic period ). • The Vindhyas formed the southern boundary of the Indo-Aryan territory. • Rigveda does not mention the Narmada river Mahajanpadas Period • The Buddhist text Anguttara Nikaya which gives the names of the 16 mahajanapadas, names three from central India—Avanti, Chedi and Vatsa. • The Pali language Buddhist works mention several important cities in central India, including Ujjaini. Vidisha and Mahishmati (Maheshwar). 1. Chedi Mahajanpada • Eastern part of modern Bundelkhand and nearby area comes under Chedi Mahajanpada. • Its capital was Shaktimati. • At Mahabharata period its ruler was Shishupal. • Chetak Jatak contains information about the king. 2. Avanti Mahajanpada • Avanti Mahajanpada falls in modern day Malwa region [near Ujjain] • Vaitravati River divides it in north Avanti and south Avanti. • Ujjani was capital of north Avanti and Mahishmati [maheshwar] was capital of south Avanti. • According to ancient texts, Avanti was ruled successively by the Haihaya dynasty, the Vitihotra dynasty (a branch of the Haihayas) and the Pradyota dynasty. Under the Pradyotas, Avanti became a major power of the Indian subcontinent. • Avanti was later annexed into the Magadha empire by the Shishunag dynasty. The Shishunaga dynasty was overthrown by the Nandas, who were replaced by the Mauryans. Web: mppscadda.com Telegram: t.me/mppscadda WhatsApp/Call: 9953733830, 7982862964 3. The Haihayas of Mahishmati • According to Puranic accounts, the Haihayas were the earliest rulers of Avanti, who captured the region from the Nagas. Initially, they ruled from Mahishmati. • Later, the whole janapada was divided into two parts with their respective capitals. The Haihayas were a confederation of five clans. Later, the Haihayas were better known by their dominant clan, the Vitihotras. Ripunjaya, the last Vitihotra ruler of Ujjayini was overthrown by his a ma tya (minister) Pulika, who placed his son, Pradyota on the throne. 4. Pradyota Dynasty • Pradyota was a contemporary of Gautama Buddha. He was also known as Chandapradyota Mahasena. Most serious rival of Avanti was Magadha. So Chanda Pradyot fought against Bimbisara but later the two became friends. When Pradyot suffered from jaundice, he requested Bimbisara to send his royal physician—Jivaka to Ujjain. • Pradyot was a contemporary of both Mahavira and Buddha. Pradyot patronized Buddhism and as a result, Avanti was a center for Buddhist activates during this time (though both religions claim Pradyot as their supporter and devotee). • The last successor of Pradyot was defeated by Shishunaga, the king of Magadha and Avanti became a part of the Magadhan empire. Nanda and Mauryan Dynasty • Capital of Haihaiyas, Mahishmati had been captured by Mahapadmananda. • Chandragupta Maurya [323 – 298 BC] had defeated Nandas and formed huge Mauryan Empire. Madhya Pradesh had been part of this empire. • During the reign of second ruler of Mauryan Empire, emperor Bindusar [298 – 272 BC], viceroy of Avanti region was Ashok. • Avanti was named by Udayi [Udayan]. 1. Ashoka • Ashoka [273 – 232BC] married daughter of merchant of Vidisha [Bhilsa]. • King Ashoka's wife name was Mahadevi (princess of Vidisha). • Ashoka adopted Buddhism and got several stupas made at Sanchi, Vidisha, Bhojpur, Bharhut, etc. • Ashoka built huge stupa in Ujjain for Vaishyaputri queen. • The Sanchi Stupa is the most magnificient. He built 84000 stupas in Sanchi to spread Buddhism. Stupas were also built in modern Vidisha, Satdhara, Sunami, Andher, Bhojpur, Rupnath [Jabalpur] and Pangudainya [Sehore]. • Ashoka had built a stupa in Bharhut [Satna]. • Mahishmati was among the center to produce cotton clothes. Web: mppscadda.com Telegram: t.me/mppscadda WhatsApp/Call: 9953733830, 7982862964 2. Stone inscriptions of Ashokan Era found in Madhya Pradesh are : • Gurjarra [Datia] (With Ashoka’s Name) • Pangurariya [Sehore]; (With Ashoka’s Name) • Roopnath [Jabalpur, Sehore Tehsil], • Saro Maro [Shahdol], Shunga Dynasty • At the time of Pushyamitra Shunga, his son Agnimitra was the Magadhan viceroy at Vidisha. • Kalidas started his career from the court of Agnimitra where he wrote his first title Malvikagnimitram (a drama on the love story of Agnimitra and Malvika). • It was during Shungas that the Greek ambassador Heliodorus visited the court of Shung King Bhagbhadra. Bactrian, Sakas, and Kushan Era • Bactrian, Saka and Kushan coins have been found at several places in MP • Minander's coins have been found at Balaghat. • Saka ruler Nehpan's coins from Shivpuri • Kujul Kadphises coin was found in Vidisha district of Madhya Pradesh. • Out of 757 coins of Kushan rulers of Shahdol, 44 coins belonged to Vima Kadphises. • The Sakas created a Kshtrap system of governance Gupta Period • It was established by Srigupta. • Chandragupta, a dynamic ruler of Gupta Dynasty, has spread its kingdom till parts of Madhya Pradesh adjoining Allahabad. • Samudragupta extended his empire to all parts of Madhya Pradesh and northern region of Narmada. • Chandragupta II/Vikramaditya defeated the Sakas of Ujjain and conquered Malwa. He made Ujjain his capital where he gave patronage to the navratnas : 1. Kalidas 2. Vetalbhatta, 3. Varahamihir, 4. Dhanvantri, 5. Amarsimha, 6. Vararuchi, 7. Ghatkar, 8. Harisena
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