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Linguistic Traits of Hebrew Relator Nouns and Their Implications for Translating Genesis 1:1

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Linguistic Traits of Hebrew Relator Nouns and Their Implications for Translating Genesis 1:1 Answers Research Journal 11 (2018):1–21. www.answersingenesis.org/arj/v11/hebrew_relator_nouns Linguistic Traits of Hebrew Relator Nouns and Their Implications for Translating Genesis 1:1 Dr. Josh Wilson, Senior Pastor, First Baptist Church, Park Hills, Missouri and Professor of Bible at Missouri Baptist University. Abstract In the debate over the proper translation of Genesis 1:1, one of the key issues is whether the first word of the is in the construct state, then it is in construct with בְּ רֵ א שִׁ י ת is in the absolute or construct state. If , בְּ רֵ א שִׁ י ת ,verse and the ensuing clause of Genesis 1:1, and the verse should be rendered with a dependent בָּ רָ א the verb clause. This rendering is known as the dependent-clause translation of Genesis 1:1 found in such versions as and the ensuing בָּ רָ א is in the absolute state, then it is not in construct with בְּ רֵ א שִׁ י ת the NRSV, NJV, and NAB. If clause, and the verse should be rendered with an independent main clause. This rendering is known as the traditional translation of Genesis 1:1 found in such versions as the KJV, NAS, NIV, and ESV. In this article, the properly understood, is a , בְּ רֵ א שִׁ י ת author defends the traditional translation of Genesis 1:1 by arguing that is a Hebrew relator noun, it will have a בְּ רֵ א שִׁ י ת Hebrew relator noun. According to the author, since relative meaning at the lexical level, but will still function as a noun in the absolute state at the grammatical level. This trait of being lexically relative yet grammatically absolute, which is possible with is not pointed with a definite article in Hebrew even בְּ רֵ א שִׁ י ת Hebrew relator nouns, also explains why though it is rendered with one in the traditional translation. Keywords: absolute, construct, relative meaning, absolute meaning, relator noun, lexically relative, grammatically relative, grammatically absolute, nomen regens, nomen rectum, definite, definite article, anarthrous Introduction should be rendered with a dependent clause and For many centuries and almost a couple millennia, should be subordinate to either Genesis 1:2a or a traditional translation and interpretation of Genesis 1:3.4 Furthermore, within this last century, Genesis 1:1 have led Christian and Jewish scholars to this dependent-clause translation of Genesis 1:1 has conclude that God created the world out of nothing.1 gained a larger following, and some translational According to this tradition, Genesis 1:1 introduces traditions have even updated older versions to reflect God’s first creative act with an independent main it. Consider the following examples: clause. Genesis 1:2 then describes this first creative act as being in an incomplete state. The rest of the Protestant Translational Tradition Genesis narrative then describes how God shaped, 1In the beginning God created the heavens and the filled, and added to that initial creation. Since Genesis earth. 2The earth was without form and void, and 1:1 does not describe anything as being in existence darkness was upon the face of the deep; and the before the initial creation other than God, many Spirit of God was moving over the face of the waters. interpreters have logically concluded that God created 3And God said, “Let there be light” (RSV, 1952) the world from nothing. Although it is not explicitly 1In the beginning when God created the heavens stated, the doctrine of creatio ex nihilo is a logical and and the earth, 2the earth was a formless void and theological conclusion of the traditional translation darkness covered the face of the deep, while a wind and interpretation of Genesis 1:1 (Matthews 1996, from God swept over the face of the waters. 3Then 141; Sarna 1989, 5; Skinner 1951, 13; Waltke 1975, God said, “Let there be light” (NRSV, 1989) 217).2 Again, the translation renders Genesis 1:1 as an independent main clause, and the interpretation Jewish Translational Tradition makes Genesis 1:1 the first creative act. This 1IN THE beginning God created the heaven and the traditional translation, however, is not always utilized. earth. 2Now the earth was unformed and void, and For nearly a thousand years a small group of darkness was upon the face of the deep; and the spirit proponents have argued for a different translation of God hovered over the face of the waters. 3And God of Genesis 1:1.3 According to this view, Genesis 1:1 said: ‘Let there be light.’ (JPS, 1917) 1 All biblical citations from the original languages, including the passages from the Apocrypha and Pseudepigripha, are provided by BibleWorks 6.0. [CD ROM] (2003). 2 Many scholars of varying positions refer to this reading of the passage as the traditional translation and interpretation. Westermann, however, contends that this interpretation is not traditional. See Westermann (1990, 95). 3 The Medieval Jewish scholars Rashi (d. 1105) and Ibn Ezra (d. 1164) are the first known proponents of this alternate translation. 4 If the dependent clause of Genesis 1:1 is subordinate to Genesis 1:3, then Genesis 1:2 is usually treated parenthetically. Cf. the NJV. ISSN: 1937-9056 Copyright © 2018 Answers in Genesis, Inc. All content is owned by Answers in Genesis (“AiG”) unless otherwise indicated. AiG consents to unlimited copying and distribution of print copies of Answers Research Journal articles for non-commercial, non-sale purposes only, provided the following conditions are met: the author of the article is clearly identified; Answers in Genesis is acknowledged as the copyright owner; Answers Research Journal and its website, www.answersresearchjournal.org, are acknowledged as the publication source; and the integrity of the work is not compromised in any way. For website and other electronic distribution and publication, AiG consents to republication of article abstracts with direct links to the full papers on the ARJ website. All rights reserved. For more information write to: Answers in Genesis, PO Box 510, Hebron, KY 41048, Attn: Editor, Answers Research Journal. The views expressed are those of the writer(s) and not necessarily those of the Answers Research Journal Editor or of Answers in Genesis. 2 J. Wilson 1When God began to create heaven and earth—2the ‘Let there be light’; and there was light.” In other earth being unformed and void, with darkness over words, the first thing God did when he created the the surface of the deep and a wind from God sweeping world was to create light. Naturally, there are over the water—3God said, “Let there be light” (NJV, those who are upset by this old-new interpretation. 1985) “When did time begin?” they ask. “What existed in the beginning? Who created the darkness and the Catholic Translational Tradition water and the deep? And is there no longer any 1In the beginning God created heaven, and earth. beginning? And what happens to the theological 2And the earth was void and empty, and darkness concept of creatio ex nihilo?” And so on. Now every was upon the face of the deep; and the spirit of God scholar or committee of scholars that assumes moved over the waters. 3And God said: Be light the responsibility of producing an authorized made. (DRA, 1899)5 translation of the Bible for members of a religious 1In the beginning, when God created the heavens group is aware of the difficulties that may arise and the earth, 2the earth was a formless wasteland, as a consequence of the translation achieved for and darkness covered the abyss, while a mighty such “delicate” passages as Genesis 1:1–3. But the wind swept over the waters. 3Then God said, “Let reply by the biblical scholar to such questions can there be light,” (NAB, 1970) only be: We know only what the Hebrew text of This change in translation produces a change the Bible tells us. If the ancient Hebrew writer did in interpretation. No longer is Genesis 1:1 the first not think about these things, or if he did, did not act of creation. Rather, Genesis 1:1, along with 1:2, care to bother his readers with them, it is not for describe the context in which the first act of creation us to read into his text what he did not put into takes place: the creation of light in Genesis 1:3.6 it; and anyone who does this is simply not being According to this interpretation then, the elements of faithful to his biblical Hebraic source. (Orlinsky Genesis 1:2 were already present before God began 1966, xv) creating. Thus, one can logically conclude that since As is clear in the case of Genesis 1:1, translation these elements, which God utilized in his later work affects interpretation, and interpretation affects of creation, were in existence before God’s first act theology; yet, what is the reasoning for this alternate of creation, the doctrine of creatio ex nihilo is not translation? implicit in the text. Orlinsky, a proponent of the dependent-clause translation and a translator of the Thesis NJV, states, In the debate over the proper translation of Genesis is in בְּ רֵ א שִׁ י ת The implications of the new, correct rendering [of 1:1, the major issue is whether the word is a בְּ רֵ א שִׁ י ת Genesis 1:1 as a dependent clause] are clear. The the absolute or construct state. If בָּ רָ א Hebrew text tells us nothing about “creation out of construct, then it is in construct with the verb nothing” (creatio ex nihilo), or about the beginning and the ensuing clause of Genesis 1:1,7 and the verse of time; it has nothing to say about the order of should be rendered with a dependent clause.
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