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Coppa A. • Cucina A. • Lucci M. • Luna Calderón F. Tavárez C. • Vargiu R

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Coppa A. • Cucina A. • Lucci M. • Luna Calderón F. Tavárez C. • Vargiu R Coppa A. • Cucina A. • Lucci M. • Luna Calderón F. Tavárez C. • Vargiu R. El Poblamiento Del Área Circum-Caribeña: Afinidades Biológicas Y Patrón De Migración Desde El Tercer Milenio A.C. Hasta La Conquista Resumen El presente estudio discute en términos migratorios y de filiación biológica el patrón de afinidad poblacional entre los antiguos habitantes del área caribeña antes de la llegada de los españoles en el siglo XV. El análisis se enfoca en los rasgos morfológicos dentales cuales indicadores de la distancia poblacional, con el objetivo de inferir si las diferencias en el registro material se correlacionan con diferencias biológicas independientemente de la pertenencia cronológica, y analizar el papel que tuvieron Florida y Venezuela en el proceso migratorio. Con este fin, se estudiaron numerosas poblaciones arqueológicas humanas procedentes de las Antillas mayores y menores, así como del área continental de Venezuela y Florida y que abarcan diferentes culturas y un periodo muy amplio comprendido entre el 4500 a.C. y el 1400 d.C. Los resultados indican que las diferencias en la cultura material se relacionan también con diferencias 494 en el subestado biológico de los grupos analizados; por lo tanto los grupos se originaron de diferentes olas migratorias y se mantuvieron diferentes a pesar de su contemporaneidad. Florida no participó activamente en el desarrollo poblacional del Caribe, mientras que para Venezuela, cuya evidencia arqueológica indica que tuvo un papel en este proceso, los datos dentales no son suficientes para evidenciar esta participación ni para rechazarla. Abstract The present study analyzes from the perspective of dental morphology the biological relationships among the human groups that settled the Caribbean area before the European conquest and discusses it in terms of migratory patterns and biological affinities. It aims to assess the extent of biological divergence between groups marked out buy different material culture regardless of chronology, and infer on the role played by Florida and Venezuela in the migratory pattern. To accomplish this goal, we analyzed many culturally different human archaeological samples from the circum-caribbean area, spanning between the fifth millennium b.C. and the very precontact time. Results indicate that material cultures are linked to biological background, regardless of chronology, which supports the hypothesis that they originated from different migratory waves and preserved their biological integrity through time. Last, Florida apparently did not heavily contribute to the development of the Caribbean populations, while for Venezuela, whose archaeological evidence indicates its involvement in the process, dental data are not sufficient either to support or to reject this hypothesis. Introducción El presente estudio discute el poblamiento del área caribeña antes de la llegada de los españoles, desde una perspectiva de los rasgos morfológicos dentales. La evidencia arqueológica revela que se encuentra presencia humana en esta área, que llegó de diferentes partes del continente durante los siglos, ya 6000 años antes del presente. El proceso migratorio fue bastante complejo, caracterizado por movimientos de ida y llegada, migración de nuevos grupos e integración de los ya establecidos. Desde antes de la llegad de los españoles, los primeros colonizadores y sus sucesores tuvieron que adaptarse a distintas condiciones de vida debido a que el cambio desde el continente a las islas implicó diferentes procesos de abastecimiento de alimentos, las nuevas generaciones desarrollaron un sistema agrícola, y en los últimos siglos antes de la conquista complejos sistemas políticos (Wilson, 1997). El área circum-caribeña está formada por la parte sureste del continente mesoamericano, la parte norte de Suramérica, las Bahamas, Florida, y las Antillas mayores y menores. Las Indias occidentales (Figura 1) están formadas por un complejo de islas pequeñas que empiezan con Trinidad y Tobago, las Antillas menores y las mayores hasta el archipiélago de las Bahamas. Estas últimas son las islas más oceánicas. Las Antillas menores están compuestas por volcanes casi completamente sumergidos XXe CONGRÈS INTERNATIONAL D'ARCHÉOLOGIE DE LA CARAÏBE y se dividen en Islas de sotovento al sur y barloventos más al norte. Más allá de las Antillas menores se encuentran las Islas Vírgenes y atrás de estas las Antillas mayores que están formadas por cuatro islas grandes: Puerto Rico, Española, Jamaica y Cuba. Las Bahamas son las islas más al norte de todas y son de origen coralina, con muy pocos recursos naturales que no sean los del mar. La cercanía entre todas estas islas probablemente permitió la interacción entre sus pobladores. El océano que las circunda representaba entonces una vía de comunicación entre las islas y sus culturas, más que una barrera (Watters y Rouse, 1989; Watters, 1997), así que se puede considerar que el complejo de islas como un único y grande archipiélago. Las migraciones iniciales están fechadas al cuarto milenio a.C. y salieron con mucha probabilidad desde Mesoamerica. La evidencia disponible indica que las primeras migraciones desde el continente suraméricano empezaron durante el segundo y primer milenio a.C. (Veloz Maggiolo y Ortega, 1976), y fueron seguidas por olas migratorias de poblaciones de cultura Saladóide en la segunda mitad del 495 primer milenio a.C. (Siegel, 1989). Las poblaciones En la época del contacto, el Caribe estaba densamente poblado por grupos autóctonos. Los reportes de los conquistadores describen tres culturas definidas Ciboney, Arawak (Tainos) y Caribes (Rouse, 1948) mejor conocidos en la prehistoria como los “pacíficos Arawak”, los “caníbales Caribes” y los pobladores de cuevas Ciboney (Keegan, 1992). La distribución geográfica de las culturas ve las Bahamas, las Antillas mayores y la parte norte de las Antillas menores pobladas por los Tainos, descendientes de los Saladoides, mientras que en el oeste de Cuba se encontraban los Ciboneyes, también conocidos como Guanahatabeyes, que descendían de las migraciones anteriores a las de los Saladoides. Por últimos, los “Island Caribes” ocuparon el sur de las Antillas menores y se interponían entre los Tainos y el continente suraméricano. Los testigos etnográficos indican que en la época del contacto, la mayoría de los indígenas en las Indias Occidentales estaban representados por los Tainos. Las crónicas no indican quien ocupaba el norte de las Antillas Mayores, sin embargo la evidencia arqueológica indica que eran grupos tainos (Figura 1). Rouse (1992) utiliza el termino de Tainos Occidentales para los grupos de Jamaica, los Tainos de Cuba y de las Bahamas, mientras que los Tainos orientales eran los que habitaban las pequeñas islas al este y al sur, incluyendo las Islas Vírgenes y de sotovento. Por último, el se refiere a los Tainos de la Española y Puerto Rico con el nombre de Tainos Clásicos (Rouse, 1992). Diego Velazques y Bartolomè de Las Casas cuentan que los Guanahatabeyes o Ciboneyes del oeste de Cuba eran una población diferente de los otros grupos caribeños. Narran que ellos eran salvajes que no practicaban la agricultura y cuya economía de subsistencia consistía en la caza y pesca, no tenían casa y vivían en las cuevas. Esta población remonta en Cuba hasta el 3190 a.C. y en Española al 2600 a.C. Fechamientos de artefactos comparativos con los de Belice oscilan entre el 3630 y el 2390 a.C. (Veloz Maggiolo, 1980), y según Veloz Maggiolo y Ortega (1976) estos productos habrían llegado de procesos migratorios desde el área mesoamericana alrededor del cuarto milenio a.C. Lovén (1935) identifica los restos pre-cerámicos del oeste de Cuba encontrados por Harrington (1921) y Cosculuella (1946) como perteneciente a la cultura Guanahatabeyes y concluye que estas poblaciones llegaron anteriormente a los Tainos. Fundamentándose en fuentes históricas, supuso que los Guanahatabeyes migraron de Florida y que sus migraciones fueron seguidas por los “Island Arawaks” y los “Island Caribes” desde Suramérica. Conforme a cuanto reportado por Rouse (1948), los Ciboneyes procedentes de Florida eran los pobladores originales de las Indias Occidentales, y su cultura era diferente a la de los Tainos. Estos antiguos pobladores eran cazadores recolectores distribuidos en pequeños grupos sociales, y su religión no era la de los Tainos. La mayoría de ellos sobrevivieron en el oeste de Cuba hasta el contacto (Harrington, 1921; Osgood, 1942; Rouse, 1948, 1986; Tabio e Rey, 1979) mientras que grupos aislados se encontraron en la península de Guacayarima XXe CONGRÈS INTERNATIONAL D'ARCHÉOLOGIE DE LA CARAÏBE en el sur de Haití (Rouse, 1948). Quienes fueron exactamente los “Island Caribes” se queda todavía sin respuesta completa. En los estudios arqueológicos fueron asociados en principio con la cerámica Suazoide (Bullen, 1964), y considerados el producto de la evolución local, en las Islas de sotovento, de esta población. Al contrario, Allaire, (1984; 1997a) reporta que los productores de la cerámica Suazoide no eran los Caribes, si bien un grupo Taino de diferentes condiciones económicas y sociales que, por error, fue identificado por los europeos como perteneciente a otra cultura (Allaire, 1997a). Aparentemente, la cultura de los “Island Caribes”, incluyendo cerámica e idioma, pertenece a una cultura característica de las Guyanas (Rouse, 1950). L’Arqueología La prehistoria y la historia de los indios del Caribe ha sido repartida en cinco periodos principales (Rouse, 1992; Rouse y Allaire, 1978). El primero es el Lítico (4000-2000 a.C.) y el segundo, que en 496 algunas áreas duró más tiempo, es el Arcaico (2000-500 a.C.). Ambos son pre-cerámicos y pre- agrícolas y se puede reunir bajo el termino de “precerámicos”. Grupos humanos estaban asentados en las Antilla mayores y el las Islas de sotovento, antes del 2000 a.C. (Rouse, 1992; Rouse y Allaire, 1978). Las fechas de las primeras evidencias de ocupación corresponden al 3600 a.C. en Haití (sitio Viginier) y al 3100 en Cuba (sitio Levisa), y se reconducen a la serie Casimiroides, poblaciones que vivían de caza, pesca y recolección sin evidencia de agricultura, y caracterizadas por instrumentos de silex trabajada cuya origen está estimada en el 7500 a.C.
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