DOCSLIB.ORG

The Afro-Cuban Challenge to Black and Latino Struggles for American Identity

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Afro-Cuban Challenge to Black and Latino Struggles for American Identity UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO (Re) Framing the Nation: The Afro-Cuban Challenge to Black and Latino Struggles for American Identity A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnic Studies by Monika Gosin Committee in charge: Professor Ana Celia Zentella, Chair Professor Charles Briggs Professor Raúl Fernández Professor Daniel Hallin Professor Sara Johnson Professor Jane Rhodes 2009 Copyright Monika Gosin, 2009 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Monika Gosin is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2009 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page………………………………………………………………………....…iii Table of Contents………….…………………………………………………....………...iv List of Graphs and Tables….……………………………………………...………….…...v Acknowledgements………………………………………………………...……..………vi Abstract of the Dissertation….…………………………………………………..…...….vii Vita…..…………………………………………………………………………..….......viii Introduction…………………………..……………………….………………..………….1 Chapter I Blackness and Constructions of Proper Citizenship: The 1980 Mariel Exodus in El Herald ……………………………………………………………………...48 Chapter II And Justice for All? Miami’s Leading African American Press on the 1980 Mariel Exodus…………………………………………………………………………………..112 Chapter III The Worthy Suffering versus Unworthy Immigrant: Framing the Balsero Crisis in El Nuevo Herald and the Miami Times ………………………………………………152 Chapter IV Black and “Other”: Afro-Cubans Negotiating Identity in the United States.…………..211 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………...267 Appendix………………………………………………………………...……...….…...294 Bibliography…………………………………….………………………...……………296 iv LIST OF GRAPHS AND TABLES Graph 1.1: El Herald , Prominent Themes ……………………………………...………68 Graph 1.2: El Herald , Criminality Theme ……………………………………..………79 Graph 2.1: Population of the Miami metropolitan area, 1980…………………………122 Table 3.1: Educational attainment of Cuban immigrants………………...……...…….178 Table 4.1: Miami Participants…………………………..………………...……...…….294 Table 4.2: Los Angeles Participants……………………………………...……...…….295 v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation was indeed a collective effort, though all errors herein are mine. The research was supported by grants and fellowships from the UC-CUBA Academic Initiative; California Cultures in Comparative Perspective, (UCSD); the UCSD Center for the Study of Race and Ethnicity (CSRE); and a dissertation-year fellowship awarded by the Center for Citizenship, Race and Ethnicity Studies (CREST), at the College of Saint Rose in Albany, New York. So many people generously supported me in this journey; I can only name a few here. Without the encouragement of Dr. Arturo Aldama, I may never have taken this path to pursue a PhD in Ethnic Studies, and I am forever indebted. It was an honor to work with the esteemed scholars on my committee. I thank Charles Briggs and Daniel Hallin for their scholarly expertise and patient guidance. Sara Johnson’s wisdom and skillful direction regarding the practical aspects of writing was immensely valuable. I am obliged to Raúl Fernández for his constructive advice regarding interview methodology and I value his infectious enthusiasm for my success. Jane Rhodes has seen me through all the various phases of my PhD career, and I am grateful for her continued support. I owe the utmost respect and gratitude to my chair, Ana Celia Zentella, who was truly a committed teacher and guided me through the murky waters to hone my ideas. By observing her dedication to her many students and to the community at large, I have learned so much about the type of scholar that many of us could only hope to become. I am humbled by the generosity of the anonymous interviewees who befriended me, shared their lives, and allowed me to hear their stories, and I appreciate the kindness of those who helped put me in touch with them. I offer thanks to Mama and Bayunga Kialueka for taking me in whenever I needed to be in Miami, and Cousin Michelle Archie in Los Angeles. It is always wonderful to be with family and to know I have a true home when I am away from home. I could not have finished the writing for this project without the support of my friends and colleagues. Through their careful eyes, Joseph Jimenez, Tere Ceseña, Susan Silver, and my vi wonderfully intelligent sister Nirojah Gosin, came in and saved the day. On the off days, I was inspired to keep going by the success and example of my friends May Fu and Perlita Dicochea, who finished their own journeys to the doctorate a few years before me and have gone on to do great things. I cherish our many years of fun and friendship. To my cohort members Faye Caronan Chen, Tere Ceseña, Ashley Lucas, Theo Verinakis, Thuy Vo Dang, and extended cohort members, Cecilia Rivas, and Gina Opinaldo, it has been great knowing we can still depend on each other to share laughter and encouragement. I am especially grateful to Myrna García for being my phone buddy/ writing partner during my year on fellowship on the east coast and during her first year back home. Edwina Welch and the UCSD Cross Cultural Center provided me an invaluable and much needed sense of community. The graduate student life would have been dull without Erin Malone and Jennifer Dabu; I appreciate always having friends with whom I could go out salsa dancing! Special thanks is reserved for Tere Ceseña, who I met as we both began our doctorates in Ethnic Studies at UCSD and is not only a dedicated friend, but has truly become a sister. I could not have chosen a better traveling buddy for this journey. I treasure the love, care, and patience of Scott Wisniewski who, since I began this project, has always been there. Finally, I dedicate this dissertation to my family: to my wonderful parents who have fought and continue to fight the good fight, and who inspire me through their love to keep the faith. I give thanks to them, and to the One who makes all things possible. All my love to my younger brother and sister, who were my first (perhaps reluctant!) students, but have become two of my greatest teachers. vii VITA EDUCATION 2009 Doctor of Philosophy, Ethnic Studies University of California, San Diego 2004 Master of Arts, Ethnic Studies University of California, San Diego 1998 Master of Arts, Sociology Arizona State University 1995 Bachelor of Arts, Social Science and Spanish Literature University of California, Irvine RESEARCH POSITIONS 2002 Graduate Student Researcher for Dr. Jane Rhodes. Department of Ethnic Studies, University of California, San Diego. 1998-2000 Keepin’ it REAL Curriculum Coordinator and Researcher for the Drug Resistance Strategies Project, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. 1996-1997 Graduate Student Researcher for Dr. Richard Nagasawa. Arizona State University, Department of Sociology, Tempe, Arizona. TEACHING POSITIONS 2009 Lecturer Department of Ethnic Studies, University of California, San Diego. 2008 Associate-In Department of Ethnic Studies, University of California, San Diego. 2007-2008 Adjunct Department of American Studies, The College of Saint Rose, Albany NY. 2006 Associate-In Department of Ethnic Studies, University of California, San Diego. viii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION (Re) Framing the Nation: The Afro-Cuban Challenge to Black and Latino Struggles for American Identity by Monika Gosin Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnic Studies University of California, San Diego, 2009 Professor Ana Celia Zentella, Chair This dissertation interrogates the complexity of late 20 th and early 21 st century racial projects, focusing on conflict and convergence among African Americans, Cuban exiles, and Afro-Cubans in the United States. A textual analysis of the African American Miami Times and the Spanish language El Herald/El Nuevo Herald during the 1980 Mariel exodus and 1994 Balsero crisis, reveals the concerns of Miami African Americans ix and Cubans related to issues of race, immigration, and national belonging. The dissertation argues that the racializing discourses found in the Miami Times , which painted Cuban immigrants as an economic threat, and discourses in the Herald, which affirmed the presumed inferiority of blackness and superiority of whiteness, reproduce the centrality of ideologies of exclusivity and white supremacy in the construction of the U.S. nation. These discourses rely on three principle racializing frames: the black/white frame, the morality framing of good and bad citizens, and the native/foreigner dichotomy. Despite often antagonistic attitudes between African Americans, exile Cubans, and newer Cuban immigrants, however, the findings expose a shared underlying critique of the continued disenfranchisement of people of color. The analysis of newspaper text is supplemented by an analysis of talk, i.e., in-depth interviews conducted with black Cubans from Miami and Los Angeles, in order to understand their negotiations of the U.S. racial structure. The experiences that Afro-Cubans recount contradict the tenets of exclusivity upon which definitions of “authentic” U.S. citizenship rests, and their positioning as blacks and as Cubans challenges the notion that African American and Cuban American communities are bounded, racially distinct groups. The dissertation makes
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Some Observations on Lewis Mumford's “The City in History”
    Washington University Law Review Volume 1962 Issue 3 Symposium: The City in History by Lewis Mumford January 1962 Some Observations on Lewis Mumford’s “The City in History” David Riesman Harvard University Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview Part of the Land Use Law Commons Recommended Citation David Riesman, Some Observations on Lewis Mumford’s “The City in History”, 1962 WASH. U. L. Q. 288 (1962). Available at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview/vol1962/iss3/2 This Symposium is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington University Law Review by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SOME OBSERVATIONS ON LEWIS MUMFORD'S 'THE CITY IN HISTORY' DAVID RIESMAN* For a number of years I have not had any time to undertake book reviews but I feel so keenly the importance and excitement of Mum- ford's work, and my own personal debt to that work, that I wanted to contribute to this symposium even if I could not begin to do justice to the task. What follows are my only slightly modified notes made on reading selected chapters of the book-notes which I had hoped to have time to sift and revise for a review. I hope I can give some flavor of the book and of its author and invite readers into the corpus of Mumford's work on their own. 1. Lewis Mumford correctly says in the book that he is a generalist, not a specialist; indeed until recently he has not had (or perhaps wanted to have) a full-time academic position.
    [Show full text]
  • Race, Ethnicity, and Place in a Changing America: a Perspective
    Chapter 1 Race, Ethnicity, and Place in a Changing America: A Perspective JOHN W. FRAZIER PERSISTENCE AND CHANGE IN AMERICAN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY Culture, and the human geography it produces, persists over a long time period. However, culture changes slowly, as does the visible landscape it produces and the ethnic meanings imbued by the group that shapes it. That many examples of persistent and new cultural landscapes exist in the United States is not surpris- ing given the major technological, demographic, and economic changes in American society since World War II (WWII). America emerged from WWII as one of two superpowers, developed and embraced technology that took Americans to the moon, created an electronics revolution that greatly modified the ways that Americans work and live, and built a globally unique interstate highway system, new housing stock, millions of additional automobiles, and otherwise increased its production to meet the challenge of nearly doubling its population be- tween 1950 and 2000. The post-WWII baby boom and massive immigration fueled population growth and modified American society in important ways, creating different needs and growing aspirations. A larger Afri- can American middle class also emerged during this post-war period. Leadership in a growing global economy enabled unprecedented economic growth that supported these changes. Some less positive changes occurred during this period as America repositioned itself in global affairs, while experiencing great domestic and global economic, social and political challenges. America fought and lost a war in Vietnam, experienced an energy crisis, and suffered through double-digit inflation and severe economic recession, which contributed to a more conservative mood in Washington, D.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Landscape and Urban Planning Xxx (2016) Xxx–Xxx
    G Model LAND-2947; No. of Pages 11 ARTICLE IN PRESS Landscape and Urban Planning xxx (2016) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Landscape and Urban Planning j ournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/landurbplan Thinking organic, acting civic: The paradox of planning for Cities in Evolution a,∗ b Michael Batty , Stephen Marshall a Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis (CASA), UCL, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4TJ, UK b Bartlett School of Planning, UCL, Central House, 14 Upper Woburn Place, London WC1H 0NN, UK h i g h l i g h t s • Patrick Geddes introduced the theory of evolution to city planning over 100 years ago. • His evolutionary theory departed from Darwin in linking collaboration to competition. • He wrestled with the tension between bottom-up and top-down action. • He never produced his magnum opus due the inherent contradictions in his philosophy. • His approach resonates with contemporary approaches to cities as complex systems. a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Patrick Geddes articulated the growth and design of cities in the early years of the town planning move- Received 18 July 2015 ment in Britain using biological principles of which Darwin’s (1859) theory of evolution was central. His Received in revised form 20 April 2016 ideas about social evolution, the design of local communities, and his repeated calls for comprehensive Accepted 4 June 2016 understanding through regional survey and plan laid the groundwork for much practical planning in the Available online xxx mid 20th century, both with respect to an embryonic theory of cities and the practice of planning.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from MPIB 2002)
    EU RESEARCH ON SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES Changequal: Economic Change, Unequal Life Chances and Quality of Life CHANGEQUAL THE ART STATE OF EUR 21325 European Commission EUR 21325 — EU research on social sciences and humanities – Psychological Contracting across Employment Situations Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 2004 — 243 pp. —21.0 x 29.7 cm Economic Change, Unequal Life Chances and Quality of Life CHANGEQUAL State of the Art Project HPSE-CT2002-50028 Funded under the Key Action "Improving the Socio-Economic Knowledge Base" of FP5 DG Research Report issued in March 2005 Coordinator of project : The Economic and Social Research Institute Dublin, Ireland Christopher T. Whelan Partners : Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, FR Roxanne Silberman Universitaet Mannheim, Mannheim, DE Walter Mueller The Warden and Fellows of Nuffield College, Oxford, UK Duncan Gallie Stockholms Universitet, Stockholm, SE Jan O. Jonsson Directorate-General for Research 2004 Citizen and governance in a Knowledge-based society EUR 213 25 EN EUROPEAN COMMISSION RESEARCH Directorate-General for Research Director General: Achilleas Mitsos The Directorate-General for Research is responsible for implementing EU level policies and activities in view of the development of the European Research Area. It initiates and implements the necessary Community actions, in particular the RTD Framework Programmes in terms of research and technological development. It also contributes to the implementation of the “Lisbon Strategy” regarding employment, competitiveness at international level, economic reform and social cohesion within the European Union. The Directorate " Social Sciences and Humanities; Foresight" Directorate K, addresses key societal, economic and S&T challenges for Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview Print Page Close Window
    World Directory of Minorities Americas MRG Directory –> Cuba –> Cuba Overview Print Page Close Window Cuba Overview Environment Peoples History Governance Current state of minorities and indigenous peoples Environment Cuba is the largest island in the Caribbean. It is located 150 kilometres south of the tip of the US state of Florida and east of the Yucatán Peninsula. On the east, Cuba is separated by the Windward Passage from Hispaniola, the island shared by Haiti and Dominican Republic. The total land area is 114,524 sq km, which includes the Isla de la Juventud (formerly called Isle of Pines) and other small adjacent islands. Peoples Main languages: Spanish Main religions: Christianity (Roman Catholic, Protestant), syncretic African religions The majority of the population of Cuba is 51% mulatto (mixed white and black), 37% white, 11% black and 1% Chinese (CIA, 2001). However, according to the Official 2002 Cuba Census, 65% of the population is white, 10% black and 25% mulatto. Although there are no distinct indigenous communities still in existence, some mixed but recognizably indigenous Ciboney-Taino-Arawak-descended populations are still considered to have survived in parts of rural Cuba. Furthermore the indigenous element is still in evidence, interwoven as part of the overall population's cultural and genetic heritage. There is no expatriate immigrant population. More than 75 per cent of the population is classified as urban. The revolutionary government, installed in 1959, has generally destroyed the rigid social stratification inherited from Spanish colonial rule. During Spanish colonial rule (and later under US influence) Cuba was a major sugar-producing territory.
    [Show full text]
  • Areas and Periods of Culture in the Greater Antilles Irving Rouse
    AREAS AND PERIODS OF CULTURE IN THE GREATER ANTILLES IRVING ROUSE IN PREHISTORIC TIME, the Greater Antilles were culturally distinct, differingnot only from Florida to the north and Yucatan to the west but also, less markedly,from the Lesser Antilles to the east and south (Fig. 1).1 Within this major provinceof culture,it has been customaryto treat each island or group FIG.1. Map of the Caribbeanarea. of islands as a separatearchaeological area, on the assumptionthat each contains its own variant of the Greater Antillean pattern of culture. J. Walter Fewkes proposedsuch an approachin 19152 and worked it out seven years later.3 It has since been adopted, in the case of specific islands, by Harrington,4Rainey,5 and the writer.6 1 Fewkes, 1922, p. 59. 2 Fewkes, 1915, pp. 442-443. 3 Fewkes, 1922, pp. 166-258. 4 Harrington, 1921. 5 Rainey, 1940. 6 Rouse, 1939, 1941. 248 VOL. 7, 1951 CULTURE IN THE GREATERANTILLES 249 Recent work in connectionwith the CaribbeanAnthropological Program of Yale University indicates that this approach is too limited. As the distinction between the two major groups of Indians in the Greater Antilles-the Ciboney and Arawak-has sharpened, it has become apparent that the areas of their respectivecultures differ fundamentally,with only the Ciboney areas correspond- ing to Fewkes'conception of distributionby islands.The Arawak areascut across the islands instead of enclosing them and, moreover,are sharply distinct during only the second of the three periods of Arawak occupation.It is the purpose of the presentarticle to illustratethese points and to suggest explanationsfor them.
    [Show full text]
  • Drug Prohibition and Developing Countries: Uncertain Benefi Ts, Certain Costs 9 Philip Keefer, Norman Loayza, and Rodrigo R
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized INNOCENT BYSTANDERS INNOCENT Philip Keefer and Norman Loayza, Editors andNormanLoayza, Philip Keefer Developing Countries and the War onDrugs War Countriesandthe Developing INNOCENT BYSTANDERS INNOCENT BYSTANDERS Developing Countries and the War on Drugs PHILIP KEEFER AND NORMAN LOAYZA Editors A COPUBLICATION OF PALGRAVE MACMILLAN AND THE WORLD BANK © 2010 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 13 12 11 10 A copublication of The World Bank and Palgrave Macmillan. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the United Kingdom is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the United States is a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe, and other countries. This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The fi ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not nec- essarily refl ect World Bank policy or the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The publication of this volume should not be construed as an endorse- ment by The World Bank of any arguments, either for or against, the legalization of drugs.
    [Show full text]
  • Cuban Antifascism and the Spanish Civil War: Transnational Activism, Networks, and Solidarity in the 1930S
    Cuban Antifascism and the Spanish Civil War: Transnational Activism, Networks, and Solidarity in the 1930s Ariel Mae Lambe Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2014 © 2014 Ariel Mae Lambe All rights reserved ABSTRACT Cuban Antifascism and the Spanish Civil War: Transnational Activism, Networks, and Solidarity in the 1930s Ariel Mae Lambe This dissertation shows that during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) diverse Cubans organized to support the Spanish Second Republic, overcoming differences to coalesce around a movement they defined as antifascism. Hundreds of Cuban volunteers—more than from any other Latin American country—traveled to Spain to fight for the Republic in both the International Brigades and the regular Republican forces, to provide medical care, and to serve in other support roles; children, women, and men back home worked together to raise substantial monetary and material aid for Spanish children during the war; and longstanding groups on the island including black associations, Freemasons, anarchists, and the Communist Party leveraged organizational and publishing resources to raise awareness, garner support, fund, and otherwise assist the cause. The dissertation studies Cuban antifascist individuals, campaigns, organizations, and networks operating transnationally to help the Spanish Republic, contextualizing these efforts in Cuba’s internal struggles of the 1930s. It argues that both transnational solidarity and domestic concerns defined Cuban antifascism. First, Cubans confronting crises of democracy at home and in Spain believed fascism threatened them directly. Citing examples in Ethiopia, China, Europe, and Latin America, Cuban antifascists—like many others—feared a worldwide menace posed by fascism’s spread.
    [Show full text]
  • Ernesto 'Che' Guevara: the Existing Literature
    Ernesto ‘Che’ Guevara: socialist political economy and economic management in Cuba, 1959-1965 Helen Yaffe London School of Economics and Political Science Doctor of Philosophy 1 UMI Number: U615258 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615258 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 I, Helen Yaffe, assert that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Helen Yaffe Date: 2 Iritish Library of Political nrjPr v . # ^pc £ i ! Abstract The problem facing the Cuban Revolution after 1959 was how to increase productive capacity and labour productivity, in conditions of underdevelopment and in transition to socialism, without relying on capitalist mechanisms that would undermine the formation of new consciousness and social relations integral to communism. Locating Guevara’s economic analysis at the heart of the research, the thesis examines policies and development strategies formulated to meet this challenge, thereby refuting the mainstream view that his emphasis on consciousness was idealist. Rather, it was intrinsic and instrumental to the economic philosophy and strategy for social change advocated.
    [Show full text]
  • 1921 Tulsa Race Riot Reconnaissance Survey
    1921 Tulsa Race Riot Reconnaissance Survey Final November 2005 National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 Summary Statement 1 Bac.ground and Purpose 1 HISTORIC CONTEXT 5 National Persp4l<live 5 1'k"Y v. f~u,on' World War I: 1896-1917 5 World W~r I and Postw~r ( r.: 1!1t7' EarIV 1920,; 8 Tulsa RaCR Riot 14 IIa<kground 14 TI\oe R~~ Riot 18 AIt. rmath 29 Socilot Political, lind Economic Impa<tsJRamlt;catlon, 32 INVENTORY 39 Survey Arf!a 39 Historic Greenwood Area 39 Anla Oubi" of HiOlorK G_nwood 40 The Tulsa Race Riot Maps 43 Slirvey Area Historic Resources 43 HI STORIC GREENWOOD AREA RESOURCeS 7J EVALUATION Of NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE 91 Criteria for National Significance 91 Nalional Signifiunce EV;1lu;1tio.n 92 NMiol\ill Sionlflcao<e An.aIYS;s 92 Inl~ri ly E~alualion AnalY'is 95 {"",Iu,ion 98 Potenl l~1 M~na~menl Strategies for Resource Prote<tion 99 PREPARERS AND CONSULTANTS 103 BIBUOGRAPHY 105 APPENDIX A, Inventory of Elltant Cultural Resoun:es Associated with 1921 Tulsa Race Riot That Are Located Outside of Historic Greenwood Area 109 Maps 49 The African American S«tion. 1921 51 TI\oe Seed. of c..taotrophe 53 T.... Riot Erupt! SS ~I,.,t Blood 57 NiOhl Fiohlino 59 rM Inva.ion 01 iliad. TIll ... 61 TM fighl for Standp''''' Hill 63 W.II of fire 65 Arri~.. , of the Statl! Troop< 6 7 Fil'lal FiOlrtino ~nd M~,,;~I I.IIw 69 jii INTRODUCTION Summary Statement n~sed in its history.
    [Show full text]
  • Lincoln Diaz-Balart 1954–
    H former members 1977–2012 H Lincoln Diaz-Balart 1954– UNITED STATES REPRESENTATIVE 1993–2011 REPUBLICAN FROM FLORIDA refugee of the 1959 Cuban Revolution with deep he began to identify with the Republican Party during family ties to the island’s politics in the era before the Ronald W. Reagan administration, co-chairing the Fidel Castro, Lincoln Diaz-Balart was a leading Democrats for Reagan Campaign in 1984. He formally congressionalA voice for reform in the Cuban government switched his party allegiance in 1985, citing what he and for immigrants’ rights. Beginning with his election to described as Democrats’ lenient policy toward communism the U.S. House of Representatives in 1992, he advocated in Nicaragua and El Salvador. He was elected to the state for the fair treatment of legal immigrants and refugees and house of representatives in 1986, and three years later for the maintenance of vigorous economic sanctions against he won a special election for a seat in the state senate.4 Cuba. “I’m friends with anyone who’s fighting Castro While in the Florida legislature, Diaz-Balart sponsored because that’s the supreme cause,” Diaz-Balart once said.1 laws strengthening sentences for crimes against law Lincoln Diaz-Balart was born in Havana, Cuba, on enforcement officers, increasing penalties for drug-related August 13, 1954, to Rafael Lincoln and Hilda Caballero money laundering, providing low-interest loans for home Diaz-Balart. He and his brothers, Rafael, Jose, and Mario, construction, creating a statewide program to combat were born into a family that had long been involved in substance abuse, and establishing disclosure rules for Cuba’s government.
    [Show full text]
  • Pitbull FAN TV
    Presents PITTBULL Armando Christian Pérez (born January 15, 1981 in Miami, Florida), better known by the stage name Pitbull, is a Cuban-American rapper signed to his own label, Mr 305 Inc. His first recorded performance was on Lil Jon & The East Side Boyz album Kings of Crunk in 2002, after which he released his debut album, M.I.A.M.I., in 2004. He has since released 2006’s El Mariel, 2007’s The Boatlift and 2009’s Rebelution, which debuted at #8 on the Billboard 200. Pitbull’s breakout hit was the Lil Jon collabo “Culo” produced by Lil Jon & The Diaz Brothers. In addition, Pitbull has also released several mixtapes, the most recent being Unleashed Volume 6, which are mostly composed of freestyles and remixes of popular rap music. Both thematically and musically, the 25-year-old is seen as a modern-day equivalent of earlier Miami rappers such as the 2 Live Crew and Afro- Rican. It was in fact former 2 Live Crew leader Luther Campbell who gave the up and coming rapper his first chance to shine. Apart from Crunk, his album shows clear influences from both Miami bass and freestyle. In addition to his musical work, Pitbull has also been featured in The Source expressing his stance on Dictator Fidel Castro and he was also part of their Unsigned Hype Section. He contributed to an essay published in the New York Post that criticized Che Guevara’s iconization in clothing and other areas. In video games, Pitbull’s hit single “Dammit Man” produced by Jim Jonsin is featured in Midnight Club 3: DUB Edition, and he also plays himself in the upcoming video game based on the 1980’s Scarface.
    [Show full text]