INDEX

A Association of Icelandic Nationalists Aðils, Jón Jónsson, 98–9, 112, 114 (Félag íslenskra tjódernissinna) , Aftenposten, 132 110 Åkesson, Jimmie, 173–7, 181, 197, Attack Party, 22 202 Austria, 18, 20, 26, 28, 120, 138 Åland Island, 6, 77, 161, 162 Albin Hansson, Per, 164, 167, 176 Alexander III, 75 B Alexander I, Tsar, 71, 74 Balkans, 19, 50, 64, 191 ALP . See Anders Lange Party for Bawer, Bruce, 148 Strong Reduction in Taxes, Belgium, 19, 63 Duties and Public Intervention Bergman, Ingmar, 166 (ALP) Berlusconi, Silvio, 19 Alternative for Germany (Alternative Best, Werner, 48 für Deutschland) , 24 Billing, Michael, 16 Andersen, Hans Christian, 39 Bismarck, Otto Von, 40–1 Anders Lange Party for Strong Björgólfsson, Björgólfur Thor, 103 Reduction in Taxes, Duties and Björk, 98 Public Intervention (ALP), 17, Björnsson, Páll, 97 139–40, 149, 191 BNP . See British National Party (BNP) Apartheid, 142 Bolshevik revolution, 71, 76 Ármann á Alþingi , 96 Bondeþartie t (Farmers/Peasants Party) , 44

© The Author(s) 2017 205 E. Bergmann, Nordic and Right-Wing Populist Politics, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-56703-1 206 INDEX

Bood&Honor, 111 Danish Association (Den Danske Booth, Michel, 2, 42, 134, 149 Forening–DDF), The , 60 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 13 Danish Hitler Youth, 47 Bossi’s, Umberto, 19 Danish King Christian II, 36 Breivik, Anders Behring, 2, 22, 23, Danish Nazi Party–the National 126, 147–9, 150, 153, 195 Socialist Workers Party of Brest–Litovsk Treaty, 77 (Danmarks Bretton Woods, 15 Nationalsocialistiske Arbejderparti British National Party (BNP), 19, 22 DNSAP), 46 Brundtland, Gro Harlem, 136 Danish Peoples Party (DPP) (Dansk Buhl, Vilhelm, 49 Folkeparti–DF ) , 19, 35, 52, Bulgaria, 22, 24 54–62, 65, 66, 155, 192, 194, 196–201 Danish prince Charles, 130 C Danish Prince Christian Frederick, 128 Camre, Mogens, 56 Danish Unity (Dansk Samling) , 46 Canada, 13 Daun, Ake, 134 Caribbean, 15 De Geer, Louis, 162 Carter, Jimmy 139 the (Demokratene) , 147 Central Party, 120, 171, 192, 200 Denmark, vii, ix, 1–9, 17, 20–4, 26, China, 13 28, 33–67, 72, 75, 84, 91, 93, Chirac, Jacques, 19 95, 98, 99, 101, 108, 125–8, Christianity, 9, 46, 61, 88, 95, 136, 130, 131, 133, 134, 136–42, 186 145, 150, 151, 155, 161, 172, Clausen, Fritz, 47, 48 185–7, 189–93, 196–201 , 8, 16, 50, 72, 79, 89, 106, Diet of Provoo, 74 166, 169, 179, 189, 190 document.no , 148 Congress of Vienna, 38, 41 Durrenberger, Paul, 102 conservative party Høyre., 21 Dutch liberalism, 19 Continuation War, 72, 78, 79, 189 Council of Europe, 108 crash/crisis of 24, 93, 106, 107, E 109–160, 212 Eckbo, Eivind, 140 Cuba, 13 EEA . See European Economic Area cultural racism, 15–17, 51, 58, 59, 64, agreement (EEA) 66 EFTA . See European Free Trade Association (EFTA) Eidsvol, 38 D Einarsson, Baldvin, 96, 116 Dahl, Kristian Thulesen, 57, 62, 65, Eiríksdóttir, Sólrun Rós, ix 197 Eiríksson, Leifur, 103 Dalgas, Enrico, 42 Ekström, Gustaf, 172 INDEX 207

Ekström, Martin, 165, 169 Finnish Rural Party (Suomen Enlightenment, 3, 12, 39, 95, 100, Maaseudun Puolue) , 23 127 Finnish–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, of , 35 79 Erik the Red, 131 First World War, 6, 8, 45, 47 Erlander, Tage, 167, 176, 181 Fjölnir, 96 Espersen, Søren, 63 Fjordman, 148 Estonia, 9, 73 Flemish block (Vlaams Belang) , 19 EU . See European Union , 11, 15, 22, 24, 26, 34, 38, 41, European Court of Human Rights, 52, 60, 63, 82, 140, 166, 174 135 Free Peoples Party (Det Frie European Economic Area agreement Folkeparti), the, 46 (EEA), 8, 9, 107, 108, 138 French Front National, 17, 149, 155 European Free Trade Association French revolution, 3, 13, 39, 64, 127 (EFTA) , 8, 80, 108, 113, 137, Friðriksson, Ásmundur, 118 169 Frikops Denmark , 48 European Union (EU), 8–10, 14, 15, Furugård, Birger, 164–6, 172 19, 24, 27, 55, 56, 58, 61, 72, 81, 82, 87–9, 91, 107–9, 111–15, 117, 119, 137–9, 141, 142, 152, G 169, 171, 172, 179, 190–2, 195, Gad, Ulrik Pram, 6, 20, 61, 66n2 198, 201 Gellner, Ernest, 12 Georg Betz, Hans, 27 Gerhardssen, Einar, 135 F Germany, 2, 6, 8, 11, 13, 15, 18, 20, Fanon, Frantz, 99 24, 33, 34, 36, 41, 45, 47, 48, Faroe Island’s, 4, 6, 33–6, 38, 41, 98 64, 72, 77, 78, 130, 132–5, 165, , fascist 13–16, 18, 24, 25, 28, 166, 170, 186, 189 46, 47, 54, 60, 64, 77, 86, 93, Gíslason, Jón Ingi, 115 114, 119, 131–2, 140, 163–6, Gissurarson, Hannes, 118 179, 188, 193, 202 Glistrup, Mogens, 17, 19, 34, 52–4, Fatherlands League (Fedrelanslaget), 65, 139, 140, 149, 191, 192, 197 The , 18, 132, 140 Gobbels, Joseph, 132 Fidesz , 22 Gothic Society, 163 , Suomi ix, 3–6, 8–10, 12, 13, Great Depression, 7 21, 22, 28, 35, 52, 71–91, 126, Greece, 22, 24, 25, 87, 98 133, 135, 138, 144, 145, 161–3, Greece Golden Dawn, 22 166, 178, 185–92, 197, 201 Greenland, 4, 6, 7, 13, 33–6, 38, 40, Finlandization , 72, 79–81 41, 45, 66n2, 98, 101, 127, 131 Finnbogason, Guðmundur, 99 Grieg, Edvard, 128 Griffi n, Penny , 96 208 INDEX

Grímsson, Ólafur Ragnar, 99, 103, Huyssen, Andreas, 4, 98, 100, 186 105, 112, 115 Grundtvig, N.F.S., 5, 39, 42–4, 49, 63, 65, 163, 194 I Gundelach, Peter, 45 Ibsen, Henrik, 41, 128 Gunnarsson, Gunnar, 5, 105 Iceland, vii, 1, 4–10, 13, 22, 24, 28, Gunnlaugsson, Sigmundur, 94, 33–6, 38, 41, 52, 93–120, 127, 112–17, 119, 120, 197 131, 138, 186–93, 195–8 Gustaf Geijer, Erik, 163, 164 Immonen, Olli, 86 Gustav of the Vasa, 36 InDefence , 112 gypsy , 77, 86, 90, 196 India , 15, 36, 38, 42 international fi nancial crisis, 16, 21, 82, 83, 89, 160, 192, 195 H Inuit, 6, 40, 131 Hagelund, Anniken, 143, 170 Iraq–Iran, 53 Hagen, Carl I., 18, 20, 22, 26, 126, Iraq , 13, 53 128, 140, 141, 143, 145, 149, Islam, 56, 57, 59, 62, 66, 86, 145, 154, 191, 197 146, 148 Haider, Jörg, 18 Islamism, 19 Hálfdanarson, Guðmundur, 97, 100 Israel, 139 Halla–aho, Jussi, 86, 87 Italian Allenza Nazionale, 19 Hamsun, Knut, 132 Italy, 2, 13–15, 18, 19, 130, , 36 166, 186 Hansen, Lene, 10, 36, 37, 39–44, 181 Harðardóttir, Eygló, 113 Hauksdóttir, Vigdís, 115, 117 J Hebdo, Charlie, 111, 118 Jan Mayen, 131 Hedin, Adolph, 162 Jansson, Mikael, 174 Hellström, Anders, 134, 144, 145, Järvelä, Aino Freyja, ix 150, 154, 164, 167, 170, 172–6, Järvelä, Tuomas, ix 178, 181, 199 Jensen, Siv, 18, 22, 23, 126, 140, 142, Hermannsson, Birgir, 100, 101 146, 147, 149–51, 153–5, 196, Hirst, Elin, 101 197 Hitler, Adolf, 14, 47, 48, 132, 133, , 26, 48 166, 172 Jobbik movement, 19, 22 Hobsbawn, Eric, 12 Joenniemi, Pertti, 74, 80–2 Holkeri, Harri, 80 Jóhannesson, Jón Ásgeir, 102 Holm, Georg , 103 Jónsson, Ásgeir, 100, 101 Holstein, 3, 4, 6, 36–8, 40, 41, 44 Jónsson, Bjarni, 104 Holst, Hans Peter, 42, 66 Jospin, Lionel, 19 Hrifl u, Jónas Jónsson frá, 99, 114 Jupskås, A. R., 16, 18, 21, 57, 140–7, Hungary, 19, 22, 24 149, 150, 153–5, 181 Huntington, Samuel, 39 Jyllands–Posten , 20, 59 INDEX 209

K Lenin, Vladimir, 71, 76, 132 Kalevala , 75–6, 88 Le Pen, Marine, 22 Union, 2, 3, 33, 35–6, 161, Le Penn, Jean Marie, 17, 19, 34, 52, 186 150 Karelia, 72–5, 78, 80 Lévi–Stauss, Claude, 99 Karlsdóttir, Arnþrúður, 118 Lewis, Richard, 88 Karlsson, Bert, 171 (Frjálslyndi fl okkurinn) , Keep Swedish party (Bevara 111 Sverige Svenskt— BSS), 172 Lindh, Anna , 168 Kekkonen, Urho, 79, 82 Lindström, Ulf, 14, 46, 132, 165, 166 Khrushchev, Nikita, 80 Lipponen, Paavo, 81 Kierkegaard, Søren, 39 Lithuania, 13, 19 King Charles XIV John’s, 128 Loftsdóttir, Kristín, 97–9, 101, 103 King Christian VIII, 39 Lönnrot, Elias, 75 King Christian X, 45, 48 Lonnum, Arve, 140 King Frederik VIII, 39 Lyngstad, Anni Frid, 134 King Gustav II Adolf, 161 King Gustav IV Adolf, 161 King Haakon VII, 35, 130, 133, 134 M King Harald, 94, 99 Maastricht Treaty, 9, 55 King Karl VII, 174 Magnússon, Guðmundur Oddur, 114 King Oscar, 129 Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf Emil, 77–9 King Valdemar, 35 Marshall, George, 15 Kitschelt, Herbert, 25, 53, 54, 146, Mazzini, Guiseppe, 13 153, 181, 199, 200 Meinecke, Friedrich, 11, 81 Kivi, Alexis, 75 Middle East, vii, 50, 59, 64, 126, 147, Kjærsgaard, Pia, vii, 17, 19, 22, 34, 170, 191 35, 53–7, 62, 63, 65, 66, 142, Milorg resistance militia in , 150, 192, 197 133 Kleppe, Vidar, 147 Molotov–Ribbentrop agreement, 78 Klinge, Matti, 75 Monrad, Ditlev Gothard, 39 Krarup, Soren, 60 Mudde, Cas, 22, 25, 153, 199 Kronenzeitung , 18 Muhammad cartoons crisis, 2, 29, 59 Kulturnaton , 11 Munch, Edvard, 128 Muslims, 20, 26, 51, 54, 56, 58, 59, 63, 66, 116–18, 141, 148, 170, L 173, 177, 200 Lapland , 6 Mussolini, 14 , 23, 71, 76 Lauenborg, 38, 41 Law and Justice, 19 N League of Nations, 162 Nansen, Fridtjof, 132 Lehmann, Orla, 39 Napoleonic war, 3–6, 10, 75, 125 210 INDEX

Napoleon’s, 161 Norden , 10, 37, 126, 136, 169 National Cooperation party (Nationalt Nordic Council, 7, 10, 80 Samvirke) , 46 Nordic Economic Union (NORDEK), National Democrats Party 7 (Nationaldemokratana) , 174 Nordic National Party (Nordiska National Socialist Block Rikspartiet —NRP) , 172 ( Nationalsicialistiska Blocket– Nordic Race (Norrænt mannkyn) , 110 NSB) , 165 Nordism, 5–7, 10, 186 National Socialist Front Norse, 2, 5, 9, 23, 131, 132, 141, ( Nationalsocialistisk Front– NSF), 145, 147, 151, 175, 187 177 Norse mythology, 2, 23, 147 National Socialist Workers Party North Africa, vii, 15, 126, 147 ( Nationalsocialistiska North Atlantic Treaty Organization Arbetarpartiet -NSAP), 165 (NATO), 7–9, 15, 50, 79, NATO . See North Atlantic Treaty 108–10, 135, 137, 138, 143, Organization 169, 189 Nazi , 2, 8, 13, 18, 28, 47, 49, 52, 64, Northern League, 19 93, 95, 108, 110, 125, 131, 132, Norway, ix, 1–9, 13, 17, 18, 20–3, 28, 134–6, 164–7, 174, 175, 188, 33–6, 38, 45, 50, 52, 71, 72, 84, 189 95, 98–100, 112, 125–55, 159, NATO . See North Atlantic Treaty 161–3, 166, 172, 185–93, 195–9, Organization (NATO) 201 NDL . See Norwegian Defence League Norway’s Labor Party, 2 (NDL) Norwegian Communist Party, 131 Nelson, Horatio, 38 Norwegian Defence League (NDL), neo–Nazi, 22, 23, 68, 86, 140, 147, 148 153, 160, 172, 174, 175, 177, Norwegian National Socialist Party 180, 193–5 (National Samling) , 125 Netherlands, 19, 26, 28 (Norgespatriotene) , Neumann, Iver, 127, 129, 130, 137, 148 138, 188 Norwegian , 20, 23, 25, New Democrats in 1991, 160 120, 126, 142, 145, 153, 155, Nicholas II, 76 185, 192, 195, 199, 200 Nielsen Germaud, Ann–Sofi e , 97–9, Nouvell–Droite , 16 102 NSB . See National Socialist Block Níelsson, Gústaf, 119 ( Nationalsicialistiska 9/11 terrorist attack in the US, 144 Blocket– NSB) Nobel, Alfred, 162 NSF . See National Socialist Front Nobel piece prize, 132, 139 ( Nationalsocialistisk Front– NSF) NORDEK . See Nordic Economic Ný félagsrit, 96 Union (NORDEK) Nygaardsvold, Johan, 133–5 INDEX 211

O Q Oddsson, Davíð, 117 Quebec, 13 Old–, 76 Queen Margaret of Denmark, 35 Old Treaty, 95, 98, 112, 131 Quisling, Vidkun, 125, 131–4, 136, Olov Lindholmd’s, Sven, 165, 172 140, 148, 152, 189 OPEC oil crisis, 16, 50, 51, 136 Orbán, Viktor, 22 Order and Justice, 19 R Örne, Anders, 5 racism, 15–17, 26, 51, 55, 58, 59, 61, Orthodox Church, 73, 88, 116, 186 64, 66, 142, 143, 149, 155, 175, 201, 202 Rasmussen, Anders Fogh, 57 P Rasmussen, Lars Løkke, 62 Paasikivi, Juho Kusti, 79 Rasmussen, Poul Nyrup, 55 pagan, 9, 95, 132 , 72, 78, 79 Pähkinäsaari/Nöteborg Peace Treaty, Red Guard, 76 73 Renan, Ernest, 11, 12, 16 Pakistan, 15, 126 River Eider, 40, 41 Palestine, 13, 139 River Elbe, 40, 41 Palestine Liberation Organization Roemer, J. E., 56 (PLO), 139 Roman , 73 Palme, Olaf, 167, 168 romanticism, 4, 12, 39, 64, 96–7, Pálsson, Gísli, 102 100, 127 Panama, 117, 197 Roma people, 26, 149 Party for Progress (Flokkur Runeberg, J. L., 75 framfarasinna) , 111 Ruostetsaari, Ikka, 85 Paxton, Robert, 14 Russia, 2–4, 8, 19, 33, 41, 71–7, 81, PEDIGA , 111 88, 89, 126, 135, 161, 163, 166, The People’s Home (Flokehemmed) , 186, 188 159, 181 Rydgren, Jens, 16, 61, 120, 144, 171, Pim Fortuyn’s List, 19 192, 200 PLO . See Palestine Liberation Rye, Lise, ix Organization (PLO) Poland , 3, 19, 161 Þorgeir Ljósvetningagoði, 95 S ‘Pots–and–Pans revolution,’ 24, 94 Salla, 78 Prince Yuri, 73 Sami people, 6, 71, 144 Progressive Party Sandemose, A., 49 ( Framsóknarfl okkurinn –PP), 24, Scandinavian Defense Alliance, 7 94 Scandinavianism , 5, 6, 10, 39, 41, 64, Prophet Muhammad, 59, 86 151, 186, 187 Prussia, 13, 40, 41, 47 , 3, 4, 33, 36, 161 212 INDEX

Scavenius, Eric, 48 , 9, 72, 77, 78, 80, 89, Schleder, Andreas, 27 190 Schleswig, 4, 6, 36–8, 40–2, 44–7, 50, SP . See Sweden Party 63 ( Sverigepartiet -SP) (Slesvigsk Parti) , 46 Spain, 13, 135 Schlüter, Poul, 53 Sri Lanka, 51 Second World War, 2, 4, 7, 8, 14, 34, Staatsnation , 11, 12, 81, 82 40, 47–9, 52, 72, 77, 78, 106, Stainforth, Thorfi nn, 43–5, 57 110, 125, 133, 135, 137, 142, Stauning, Thorvald, 44–5, 48 152, 159, 166, 167, 172, 189 Steingrímsson, Guðmundur, 115 SFKO . See Sweden’s Fascist Combat Stoltenberg, Jens, 148 Organisation (Sveriges Fascistiska Stoltenberg, Thorvald, 7 Kamporganisation -SFKO) Sub–Saharan Africa, 15 Sharia laws, 146, 173 Suomen , 87, 89 Sibelius, 75 Svalbard, 7, 131 Sigurðardóttir, Jóhanna, 113 Sveinbjörnsdóttir, Sveinbjörg, 116 Sigurðsson, Jón, 96, 97, 115 Svinhufvud, Per, 76, 77 Sigur Ros, 103 Sweden, 1–9, 21–3, 25, 28, 33, 35, Simonsen, Jan, 147 36, 38, 48, 52, 53, 59, 62, 71, skinheads, 2, 18 73–5, 88, 91, 118, 125–30, 134, Slovak National Party, 19 135, 138, 141, 144, 151, 155, Smárason, Hannes, 103 159–81, 185–202 Smith, Anthony, 4, 12 Sneedorff, Fredrik, 5 (Swerigedemocratarna) , 1, 21, 23, Snellman, Johan Vilhelm, 75 91, 155, 160, 171–81, 185, 193, SNSF . See The Swedish National 195–202 Socialist Freedom League Sweden Party (Sverigepartiet -SP) , 174 ( Svenska Nationalocialistiska Sweden’s Fascist Combat Organisation Frihedsörbund - S NSF) ( Sveriges Fascistiska SNSP . See Swedish National Socialist Kamporganisation -SFKO), 167 Party (Svenstka Swedes Party (Svenskarnas parti– SvP) , Nationalsocialistiska 172 Partiet– SNSP) The Swedish National Socialist social democratic, 2, 17, 20, 21, 34, Freedom League (Svenska 44–5, 49, 55, 62, 71, 83, 109, Nationalocialistiska 110, 126, 135, 152, 159, 160, Frihedsörbund - S NSF), 165–6 164, 167, 169–71, 176, 179, Swedish National Socialist Party 187, 190, 194, 202 ( Svenstka Nationalsocialistiska Soini, Timo, 23, 72, 83–5, 90, 91, Partiet– SNSP), 165 195, 201 Swiss Peoples Party, 18 Solberg, Erna, 151 Switzerland, 18, 76, 120, 200 , 87, 89 Syria/Syrian, 20, 62, 63, 87, 118, 170 INDEX 213

Syriza, 24 US Marshall–aid, 89 Utøya Island, 2, 126

T Terboven, Josef, 133 V Thirty Years War, 161 Van der Straeten, K., 56 Thorhallsson, Baldur, 109 Vennamo, Veikko, 83, 85, 90 Trägardh, Lars, 163, 164, 167, 169 Vietnam , 167 Tranquebar, 36 Vigrid , 147 Treaty of Kiel, 38, 127, 128, 131 Vikings , 96, 102, 114 Treaty of Moscow, 78 von Beyme, Klaus, 15 Treholt, Arne, 136 von Herder, Johann Gottfried, 11 Ture Finns/True (Perussomalaiset) , 1, 21, 23, 28, 72, 84–91, 120, 145, 178, 185, W 192, 195–201 Wachmeister, Ian, 171 Tscherning, Anton Frederik, 39 Waffen SS (Ibid), 172 Turkey, 15, 88, 126 West Indies, 36, 38, 42, 45 Westphalia peace agreement, 13 Wetterberg, Gunnar, 5, 6, 8 U White Alliance (Hvit Valgallianse) , United Kingdom (UK), 13, 22, 24, 147 108, 118, 136, 137, 186 White Guards, 76, 77 UK Independence Party (UKIP), 22, Wibe, Elle, 142 25, 115 Wilders, Geert, 19 United Nations (UN), 15, 38, 109, Willoch, Kaare, 143 138, 168 , 72, 78–9, 133, 189 United Sates of America (US), 8, 15, Wirtanen, Atos, 5 45, 49, 64, 89, 108, 127, 139, World Trade Organization, 109 167, 189 Wren, Karen, 16, 43, 51, 54, 58–61