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Permission to use Heritage History documents or images for commercial purposes, or more information about our collection of traditional history resources can be obtained by contacting us at [email protected] Original Copyright 1920 by H. E. Marshall 2 Distributed by Heritage History 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS GERMANY: CONTINUED STRUGGLES WITH THE POPE............ 72 FRANCE: THE REIGN OF LOUIS XI ......................................... 75 THE MOORS DRIVEN OUT OF SPAIN ...................................... 77 BARBARIANS INVADE THE ROMAN EMPIRE ............................ 4 EUROPE AFTER DISCOVERY OF THE NEW WORLD ................ 80 THE RISE OF THE FRANKS ....................................................... 6 THE PROGRESS OF RUSSIA .................................................... 82 THE BARBARIANS RULE IN ROME........................................... 8 THE RISE OF SWITZERLAND .................................................. 84 RISE AND FALL OF JUSTINIAN'S EMPIRE ............................... 10 THE BEGINNING OF ITALIAN UNITY SHATTERED .................. 88 GREGORY LAYS THE FOUNDATION OF PAPAL POWER .......... 11 THE STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY IN ITALY ........................... 91 THE RISE OF MOHAMMEDANISM .......................................... 13 THE RENAISSANCE ................................................................ 93 THE CONQUEST OF SPAIN BY THE ARABS ............................. 15 THE NEW ASTRONOMY ......................................................... 95 DEFEAT OF SARACENS AND RISE OF CAROLINGIANS ............ 17 THE BEGINNING OF THE REFORMATION ................................ 96 BEGINNING OF THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE ........................... 20 REFORMATION PERIOD—GERMANY ..................................... 98 THE BEGINNING OF FRANCE, ITALY, AND GERMANY ........... 23 REFORMATION PERIOD—SWITZERLAND AND FRANCE ....... 101 THE COMING OF THE NORTHMEN ......................................... 26 REFORMATION PERIOD—ENGLAND AND SCANDINAVIA ..... 103 THE NORTHMEN IN FRANCE AND ENGLAND ......................... 28 REFORMATION PERIOD—SPAIN, PORTUGAL ....................... 106 THE BEGINNING OF RUSSIA .................................................. 30 THE EFFECT OF AMERICAN CONQUESTS ON SPAIN ............. 107 THE NORMAN KINGDOM OF SICILY ...................................... 33 SCANDINAVIA—DENMARK AND SWEDEN ............................ 34 SCANDINAVIA—NORWAY .................................................... 38 THE FEUDAL SYSTEM ........................................................... 40 TOURNAMENT AND FEUDAL WARFARE ................................ 43 THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE—SAXON EMPERORS ................. 45 THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN POPE AND EMPEROR ................... 46 THE PROGRESS OF FRANCE TOWARDS NATIONALITY ........... 49 KNIGHTHOOD ....................................................................... 52 THE BEGINNING OF THE CRUSADES ...................................... 55 THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM ........................... 58 THE LATIN EMPIRE OF CONSTANTINOPLE............................. 60 THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE ........................................... 62 STRIFE WITH THE POPES ....................................................... 64 FRANCE: THE CAPTIVITY OF THE POPES ............................... 66 FRANCE: THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR ................................. 70 Original Copyright 1920 by H. E. Marshall 3 Distributed by Heritage History 2009 CHAPTER I "Rome was not built in a day," neither did Rome fall in a day. The fall was gradual, and came both from without and from within. BARBARIANS INVADE THE ROMAN EMPIRE It came because there was tyranny in Rome, and no state In the first centuries of our era the one great power of the can long be held by tyranny and the power of the sword alone. world was Rome. All southern Europe bowed beneath the The high officials and tax collectors cared nothing for the conquering sword of the Romans. Africa and Asia, too, owned people's good, they cared only for gold. They laid heavy and their sway. For the Mediterranean, the great trade route of the unjust taxes upon the middle classes. These classes must always then known world, was theirs, and the countries bordering upon be the backbone and support of a nation, but in Rome's last days it became mere provinces of Rome. Even the uttermost islands they were so oppressed that they ceased to exist. The backbone felt their might, and sailing beyond the "narrow seas," Cæsar set of the nation was gone. So when wild barbarian hordes poured his hand upon the island of Britain. From the Rhine and the over the borders of the empire Rome fell. Danube in the north, to the desert of Sahara in the south, from When the Emperor Theodosius died, about sixty years the borders of Wales in the west, to the Euphrates and the Tigris after the founding of Constantinople, he left two sons, both mere in the east, the empire stretched. boys. They divided the empire between them, Arcadius, the Of this wide empire Rome was the capital. Secure upon elder, taking Constantinople for his capital, ruled over the her seven hills she sat, mistress of the world, a city without rival, Eastern Empire, and Honorius, a child of eleven, became ruler of the Western Empire, with Rome as his capital. It was upon until in A.D. 330 the Christian emperor Constantine the Great resolved to build a new Rome upon the shores of the Bosphorus. Rome and the Western Empire that the full force of the barbarian Constantine called his new city New Rome. But men did not onslaught fell. take readily to the name, and the capital upon the Bosphorus First came the Goths. These were Teutons or Germans, became known as Constantinople, or the city of Constantine. It and were divided into two tribes, the Visigoths or west Goths, is difficult to-day to remember that Constantinople was founded and the Ostrogoths or east Goths. They were tall and strong, by a Christian, and was at one time the bulwark of Christianity their eyes were blue, their hair long and fair.

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