DOCSLIB.ORG

Towards a Holistic Understanding of Rural Livelihood Systems: the Case of the Bine, Western Province, Papua New Guinea

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Towards a Holistic Understanding of Rural Livelihood Systems: the Case of the Bine, Western Province, Papua New Guinea Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Towards a Holistic Understanding of Rural Livelihood Systems: The Case of the Bine, Western Province, Papua New Guinea A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Lincoln University by Modowa Trevor Gumoi Lincoln University 2010 Declaration To the best of my knowledge, this work has not previously been submitted, either in whole or in part for a degree at this or any other university. This thesis is my original work and contains no materials previously published or written by any other persons. All source material used has been explicitly identified and acknowledged. Modowa Trevor Gumoi ii Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Abstract Towards a Holistic Understanding of Rural Livelihood Systems: The Case of the Bine, Western Province, Papua New Guinea by Modowa Trevor Gumoi This exploratory village-level case study sought to gain in-depth insights and a holistic understanding into the livelihood system of the rural Bine community in Papua New Guinea. This involved the identification of the components and mechanics of the livelihood system unique to the case study area, their interconnectedness and the contexts in which they exist, to discover, describe and explain changes to the livelihood system and reasons why, how villagers live, what enables them to survive daily amidst adversity, how they respond to pressures on their livelihoods, and what drives their livelihoods decisions and choices. This study is predominantly qualitative, using primary data collected from three remote villages during two field visits in 2007 and 2008 aimed at capturing diversity. Secondary data sources were also utilized. Whilst the constructivist-interpretivist research paradigm that is amenable to soft systems thinking was the overarching research paradigm, elements of grounded theory and phenomenology formed the methodological basis of this study. A plethora of sustainable livelihoods frameworks and a composite of complementary research frameworks, multi-disciplinary schools of thought, theories, models and an assortment of data collection and analyses methods were employed. The livelihood system of the Bine comprises of livelihood strategies, assets and resources; the decision environment; aspirations; structures, processes, policies, institutions, organizations; and the vulnerability context. Of these, livelihood strategies are the main determinant of Bine survival. Semi-subsistence agriculture, in the form of extensive polycultural forest cultivation iii and intensive savannah monoculture, was and is the dominant livelihood strategy of the Bine. The other livelihood strategies undertaken by the Bine are foraging; hunting; fishing; exploitation of sago and coconuts; mat and basket weaving, broom making, marijuana cultivation, sale of labour, prostitution, marketing activities and trade with Torres Strait Islanders of Australia. The asset and resource base of the Bine livelihood system comprises the natural environment (i.e. land, forests, savannah grasslands, rivers, creeks, swamps, and the sea); physical assets; and human, social, financial, political and cultural assets and resources. The Bine make decisions regarding livelihood strategies in the context of the nuclear household. The primary aim for the Bine engaging in livelihood strategies is survival followed by cash. Both internal and external structures, processes, institutions and organizations influence decisions regarding livelihood strategies. The impact of policies alien to the Bine is also evident. The vulnerability context of the Bine is mainly natural and human. The natural include floods, droughts, change in climate and weather patterns, seasons, the natural resource base, and lack of physical infrastructure while the human include sorcery, acculturation and daily stress situations such as social obligations. The livelihood system of the Bine and the village economy have been in transition. The reasons and factors responsible for the transition and their influences are varied and manifest in various forms. They include the introduction of money and the overarching and dominant external economic, political and social systems, structures, institutions, processes and policies that have been beyond the control of the villagers. Internal systems, structures, institutions, and processes have also induced change. Deliberate and conscious action on the part of villagers in response to challenges, opportunities, changes and necessity have also contributed to changes in the livelihood system. Although in transition, the basis for Bine social existence over generations has been the traditional social structures, processes, relationships, and networks centred on a totemic clan system. The system is bound and cemented by kinship and founded on the principles of trust, reciprocity, distribution and exchange relations within and between families. The livelihood system of the Bine has been a continuous process of adaptation to environmental and material conditions as evidenced by the Bine undertaking a range of livelihood strategies. iv The study findings both confirm and contradict the various schools of thought, theories and models. There is no one school of thought, theory or model that explains all aspects of the livelihood system of the Bine. The Bine, let alone their livelihood system, have never been subject to empirical investigation so this study fills this void. This study is also the first of its kind to conduct a meticulous review of the plethora of sustainable livelihood frameworks. Moreover, this study was also an opportunity to gain in-depth insights and understanding into changes to rural livelihood systems in a specific context to allow spatial comparisons with similar studies elsewhere. Keywords: Livelihood sytems, rural, holistic, Bine community, Western Province, Papua New Guinea v Acknowledgements My academic and research journey sprouted from humble and difficult beginnings given my atypical upbringing and mediocre educational achievements in the earlier years of my schooling life. The journey was one of encountering numerous but varied challenges and opportunities. While the opportunities provided enlightment and direction into the future and were therefore warmly embraced, the completion of this thesis depended largely on overcoming the challenges, which often were in the form of solitude, trials and tribulations. Accordingly, many people and institutions played pivotal roles in assisting me to overcome the challenges and eventually bringing this thesis to the required standards as a piece of scholarly work worthy of examination. My personal satistifaction with the outcome of this thesis cannot be complete without acknowledging and affording, with unreserved sincerity, commendation and appreciation where it is due. This is culturally obligatory and a self conviction. First and foremost, my sincere and heartfelt thanks and gratitude to my learned supervisory team comprising Professor Keith Woodford (Major Supervisor) and Dr. Rupert Tipples (Associate Supervisor). Undoubtedly, this thesis would not have been finalized without your strenuous efforts and guidance, assiduousness, encouragement, colossal contributions (both academic and otherwise) and unreserved impartation of knowledge and wisdom. I will forever be grateful for your personal sacrifices and your time afforded to me. The special bond and relationship created in the course of writing this thesis will remain intact and, in perpetuaty, be cherished my living days. My thanks and appreciation to the numerous colleagues, friends, and family who afforded assistance through a multiplicity of ways. I benefitted tremendously from interactions and friendship with my colleagues at Lincoln University. Thank you to Mariana Aragao Pereira, Sabrina Mohd Rashid, Lise Morton, Gillian Kabwe, Rohitha Rosario, Truong Quan, Mahendra Khanal, Ludia Wambrauw, Dorothy Tavoa, Guy Trafford, Marvin Pangborn, Esther Water, Michael Prince, Sisa Kini, Fred Saeni, Davidson Lloyd and numerous others. My work colleagues in the Economics Department at the University of Papua New Guinea need mentioning also for their inputs. The numerous individuals from the Bine tribe and government officials who provided data and information. To you I say thank you because vi without your crucial inputs this thesis would never have been realized. Special commendation are in order to the Seneka family (Robert, Lisa, Seneka and Janellie) for opening their home and lives and for the love, support and hospitality offered to a stranger during my tenure at Lincoln. I will always cherish you in my heart. I also acknowledge the unreserved love, support, encouragement and prayers of my family who have always been my source of inspiration to reach for the skies. All praise and honour are due to my creator, the source of all knowledge and wisdom and in whom I find
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Submission No. 7 (Pacific Health) If
    Submission No. 7 (Pacific Health) if Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Health and Ageing on Western Province Torres Strait: Cross Border Health Issues PURPOSE To propose a long term systemic approach to addressing health issues in Western province to reduce risks and impacts of cross border health issues on the health and well-being of Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal people of the Torres Strait region. KEY POINTS The major health risks in the border area include: » Tuberculosis, including multi-drug resistant TB; • Sexually transmitted infections and HIV and AIDS; « Vector borne disease including malaria, Japanese Encephalitis and Dengue; • Immunisable diseases; and, • Avian Influenza. There is no short term "quick fix" for the health services in Western Province. A long term perspective must be taken. The level of resources to control the health issues of concern cannot be underestimated and will require a "whole of system" approach. Specifically the major challenges are: • There is no stable well functioning health centre in the Treaty Area and difficulties remain in retaining health staff in these areas; • TB is a growing problem and no major program of activity is schedule till 2010. Multi-drug resistant TB is an emerging problem in this area; « Malaria Bed Net Distribution Programs have stalled; • There are high reported rates of STIs and HIV and limited control programs; • The PNG government drugs and supply program does not ensure deliveries of essential drugs to the province; • There is no
    [Show full text]
  • OK-FLY SOCIAL MONITORING PROJECT REPORT No
    LOWER FLY AREA STUDY “You can’t buy another life from a store” OK-FLY SOCIAL MONITORING PROJECT REPORT No. 9 for Ok Tedi Mining Limited Original publication details: Reprint publication details: David Lawrence David Lawrence North Australia Research Unit Resource Management in Asia-Pacific Program Lot 8688 Ellengowan Drive Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Brinkin NT 0810 Australian National University ACT 0200 Australia John Burton (editor) Pacific Social Mapping John Burton (editor) 49 Wentworth Avenue Resource Management in Asia-Pacific Program CANBERRA ACT 2604 Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australia Australian National University ACT 0200 Australia Unisearch PNG Pty Ltd Box 320 UNIVERSITY NCD Papua New Guinea May 1995 reprinted October 2004 EDITOR’S PREFACE This volume is the ninth in a series of reports for the Ok-Fly Social Monitoring Project. Colin Filer’s Baseline documentation. OFSMP Report No. 1 and my own The Ningerum LGC area. OFSMP Report No. 2, appeared in 1991. My Advance report summary for Ningerum-Awin area study. OFSMP Report No. 3, David King’s Statistical geography of the Fly River Development Trust. OFSMP Report No. 4, and the two major studies from the 1992 fieldwork, Stuart Kirsch’s The Yonggom people of the Ok Tedi and Moian Census Divisions: an area study. OFSMP Report No. 5 and my Development in the North Fly and Ningerum-Awin area study. OFSMP Report No. 6, were completed in 1993. I gave a precis of our findings to 1993 in Social monitoring at the Ok Tedi project. Summary report to mid- 1993.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract of Counting Systems of Papua New Guinea and Oceania
    Abstract of http://www.uog.ac.pg/glec/thesis/ch1web/ABSTRACT.htm Abstract of Counting Systems of Papua New Guinea and Oceania by Glendon A. Lean In modern technological societies we take the existence of numbers and the act of counting for granted: they occur in most everyday activities. They are regarded as being sufficiently important to warrant their occupying a substantial part of the primary school curriculum. Most of us, however, would find it difficult to answer with any authority several basic questions about number and counting. For example, how and when did numbers arise in human cultures: are they relatively recent inventions or are they an ancient feature of language? Is counting an important part of all cultures or only of some? Do all cultures count in essentially the same ways? In English, for example, we use what is known as a base 10 counting system and this is true of other European languages. Indeed our view of counting and number tends to be very much a Eurocentric one and yet the large majority the languages spoken in the world - about 4500 - are not European in nature but are the languages of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific, Africa, and the Americas. If we take these into account we obtain a quite different picture of counting systems from that of the Eurocentric view. This study, which attempts to answer these questions, is the culmination of more than twenty years on the counting systems of the indigenous and largely unwritten languages of the Pacific region and it involved extensive fieldwork as well as the consultation of published and rare unpublished sources.
    [Show full text]
  • RAPID ASSESSMENT of AVOIDABLE BLINDNESS and DIABETIC RETINOPATHY REPORT Papua New Guinea 2017
    RAPID ASSESSMENT OF AVOIDABLE BLINDNESS AND DIABETIC RETINOPATHY REPORT Papua New Guinea 2017 RAPID ASSESSMENT OF AVOIDABLE BLINDNESS AND DIABETIC RETINOPATHY PAPUA NEW GUINEA, 2017 1 Acknowledgements The Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness (RAAB) + Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) was a Brien Holden Vision Institute (the Institute) project, conducted in cooperation with the Institute’s partner in Papua New Guinea (PNG) – PNG Eye Care. We would like to sincerely thank the Fred Hollows Foundation, Australia for providing project funding, PNG Eye Care for managing the field work logistics, Fred Hollows New Zealand for providing expertise to the steering committee, Dr Hans Limburg and Dr Ana Cama for providing the RAAB training. We also wish to acknowledge the National Prevention of Blindness Committee in PNG and the following individuals for their tremendous contributions: Dr Jambi Garap – President of National Prevention of Blindness Committee PNG, Board President of PNG Eye Care Dr Simon Melengas – Chief Ophthalmologist PNG Dr Geoffrey Wabulembo - Paediatric ophthalmologist, University of PNG and CBM Mr Samuel Koim – General Manager, PNG Eye Care Dr Georgia Guldan – Professor of Public Health, Acting Head of Division of Public Health, School of Medical and Health Services, University of PNG Dr Apisai Kerek – Ophthalmologist, Port Moresby General Hospital Dr Robert Ko – Ophthalmologist, Port Moresby General Hospital Dr David Pahau – Ophthalmologist, Boram General Hospital Dr Waimbe Wahamu – Ophthalmologist, Mt Hagen Hospital Ms Theresa Gende
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Australia's Response to PNG El Nino Drought 2015-2017
    Evaluation of Australia’s response to El Niño Drought and Frosts in PNG 2015-17 INL847 Prepared for // IOD PARC is the trading name of International Australian Department of Organisation Development Ltd// Foreign Affairs and Trade Omega Court Dates //Drafted 29 September; 362 Cemetery Road Finalised 15 November 2017 Sheffield By// Bernard Broughton S11 8FT United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 114 267 3620 www.iodparc.com Contents Acknowledgements i Acronyms i Executive Summary iii Introduction iii Responses to El Niño impacts iii Planning and overall efficiency iv Appropriateness and effectiveness iv Contribution to resilience and national and local leadership and capacity v Recommendations to DFAT v Evaluation purpose, scope and methodology 1 Purpose of the evaluation 1 Scope of the evaluation 1 Evaluation questions 1 Methodology 1 The 2015 El Niño and impact assessments 2 El Niño warning 2 Assessments conducted 2 Mortality and child malnutrition 3 All-causes mortality and the impact of El Niño 3 Child malnutrition in PNG and the impact of El Niño 4 Responses to El Niño impacts 4 Government of PNG response 4 International response 5 Australian Government response 5 Evaluation Question 1: Was Australia’s humanitarian assistance well planned and efficient? 6 Contingency planning 6 Efficiency 7 Evaluation Question 2: Was Australia’s humanitarian assistance appropriate, timely and effective? 8 Diplomatic risk perspective 8 Leadership perspective 8 Investment performance perspective 9 Humanitarian advocacy perspective 9 Community perspective 9 Appropriateness
    [Show full text]
  • Wipi Grammar Essentials
    1 Wipi Grammar Essentials Written by Anne Dondorp and Jae-Wook Shim, January 1997 Formatted for online publishing by Ruth Wester, November 2013 2 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 7 1.1 General Information ................................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 Conventions Used ....................................................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................. 8 2. PHONOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................. 10 2.1 Tentative Orthography ............................................................................................................................. 10 2.2 Morphophonemics ................................................................................................................................... 11 2.2.1 Epenthesis ................................................................................................................................................ 11 2.2.2 Deletion .................................................................................................................................................... 11 2.2.3 Assimilation .............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2019/20 a Young Patient from Upper Fly with Dr Shanta Contents Velaiutham, Western Province, October 2019 Partnerships
    Annual Report 2019/20 A young patient from Upper Fly with Dr Shanta Contents Velaiutham, Western Province, October 2019 Partnerships Partnerships 3 Message from our President 4 Message from our CEO 5 Acronyms 6 Five year trends 7 Where we work 8-9 Sustainable Development Goals and PNG Health Key Result Areas 10-11 The Papua New Guinea context 12-13 ADI’s Impact in Papua New Guinea 14-15 Adapting to Change 16-19 Rural Nurses and Midwives Saving Lives 20-29 Healthy Rural Women, Healthy Rural Families 30-37 Improving Health Security through Education 38-45 Reaching the Most Vulnerable 46-53 ADI Volunteers 54-55 Our People 56 Our Supporters 57 Board Members 58-59 Financial Overview 60-70 Governance Statement 71 Endnotes 72 We work closely with our local health service delivery partners; and seek to jointly implement health programs. We ensure there is appropriate governance in place and to this end we have MOUs with: • the PNG National Department of Health, • the New Ireland Provincial Government and New Ireland Provincial Health Authority, • the West New Britain Provincial Government and West New Britain Provincial Health Authority; and • the Diocese of Daru-Kiunga in Western Province We also have a good relationship with North Fly District in Western Province and look forward to the opportunity to partner with the newly emerging Western Province Provincial Health Authority. To support our family planning work we have recently become an implementing partner with United Nations Population Fund Cover picture used with permission by PNG Sustainable Development Program Aerial Health Patrols (AHP) and the (UNFPA); and signed a letter of understanding with Marie Stopes PNG.Through partnerships we are able to leverage additional skills and knowledge under a shared goal of improving the health of rural communities in PNG.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in the Middle Fly
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Middle Fly District of Western Province, Papua New Guinea: microbead-based spoligotyping using DNA from Ziehl-Neelsen-stained microscopy preparations Vanina Guernier-Cambert 1,6*, Tanya Diefenbach-Elstob 1,2, Bernice J. Klotoe3, Graham Burgess2, Daniel Pelowa4, Robert Dowi4, Bisato Gula4, Emma S. McBryde 1,5, Guislaine Refrégier 3, Catherine Rush 1,2, Christophe Sola 3,7 & Jefrey Warner 1,2,7 Tuberculosis remains the world’s leading cause of death from an infectious agent, and is a serious health problem in Papua New Guinea (PNG) with an estimated 36,000 new cases each year. This study describes the genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among tuberculosis patients in the Balimo/Bamu region in the Middle Fly District of Western Province in PNG, and investigates rifampicin resistance-associated mutations. Archived Ziehl-Neelsen-stained sputum smears were used to conduct microbead-based spoligotyping and assess genotypic resistance. Among the 162 samples included, 80 (49.4%) generated spoligotyping patterns (n = 23), belonging predominantly to the L2 Lineage (44%) and the L4 Lineage (30%). This is consistent with what has been found in other PNG regions geographically distant from Middle Fly District of Western Province, but is diferent from neighbouring South-East Asian countries. Rifampicin resistance was identifed in 7.8% of the successfully sequenced samples, with all resistant samples belonging to the L2/Beijing Lineage. A high prevalence of mixed L2/L4 profles was suggestive of polyclonal infection in the region, although this would need to be confrmed. The method described here could be a game-changer in resource-limited countries where large numbers of archived smear slides could be used for retrospective (and prospective) studies of M.
    [Show full text]
  • Papua New Guinea Fly Estuary ^ ^ S O U T H W E S T
    ABORIGINAL HISTORY 1989 13:2 PAPUA NEW GUINEA .STUDY " AREA DIBIRI Domiri AUSTRALIA SUMOGI WABUDA UMUOA ABAURA FLY ESTUARY MIBU ad a w a ^ ^ / j p a r a m a ^,'£_^-/ opDaru Mawatta Tureture Pahoturii J f * 1 BOBO River i ^^SOUTHWEST COAST BOIGU Mabudawan Sigabaduru SAIBAI o UGAR BURU t? ERUB TORRES STRAIT GEBAR MASIG o TUDU MUKUVA8 o 2 E G E Y ' MABUIAG DAUAR WAIER <3 SASI PURUMA 'NARUPAY p MURI MURALAG Cape York PABAJU kilometres Cape York Peninsula^ AUSTRALIA Torres Strait, Southwest coast and Fly Estuary Region. 94 FROM THE OTHER SIDE Recently collected oral evidence of contacts between the Torres Strait Islanders and the Papuan peoples of the southwestern coast David Lawrence Although the folk tales of the Papuan people of the southwestern coast of Papua New Guinea were first collected by Landtman1 and similar collections of tales were made in the Torres Strait by Haddon,2 Laade3 Beckett4 and Lawrie,5 little attempt has been made to collect the oral evidence of the long and continuous history of contact between Islanders and Papuans who collectively share the Torres Strait region. During fieldwork in 1985 in the Western Province of Papua New Guinea, as part of research on the material culture of the Torres Strait and Fly River estuary canoe trade, the author collected a number of oral accounts which specifically document this history of contacts in the daily life of the people of the southwestern coast of Papua New Guinea. The aim of this article is to present, with annotations, a number of these recently collected oral accounts from the Papua New Guinea side of Torres Strait.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomenclature Abbreviations
    Abbreviations * As a prefix, indicates a proto language word /?/ glottal stop 2′ compound for 3 = 2 + 1 or rarely 1 + 1 + 1 but numeral for 4 2″ distinct numeral for 3 but 4 is a compound, usually 2 + 2, rarely 5 - 1 or 2 + 1 + 1 AN Austronesian languages BC or BCE Before Christ, that is before the Current Era taken as before the period of Christ BP Before the present CE or AD In the current era, that is after the year of the Lord (Domino/Dominum) Christ CSQ, MQ Counting System Questionnaire; Measurement Questionnaire d. dialect IMP Indigenous Mathematics Project Manus type Lean used this to refer to counting systems that used subtraction from 10 such as 7=10-3, 8=10-2, 9=10-1, often with the meaning e.g. for 7 as 3 needed to com- plete the group MC Micronesian Motu type Lean used this to refer to counting systems that used pairs such as 6=2x3, 7=2x3+1, 8=2x4, 9=2x4+1 NAN Non-Austronesian (also called Papuan) languages NCQ, CQN Noun, classifier, quantifier; classifier, quantifier, noun NQC, QCN Noun, quantifier, classifier; quantifier, classifier, noun NTM New Tribes Mission, PNG PAN Proto Austronesian PN Polynesian PNG Papua New Guinea POC Proto Oceanic QC, CQ Order of quantifier-classifier; classifier-quantifier respectively SHWNG South Halmahera West New Guinea (AN Non-Oceanic language of the Central- Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, a subgroup of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian) after Tryon (2006) SIL Summer Institute of Linguistics SOV Order of words in a sentence: Subject Object Verb SVO Order of words in a sentence: Subject Verb Object TNG Trans New Guinea Phylum Nomenclature The Australian system of numbering is used.
    [Show full text]
  • Expressing the GIVE Event in Papuan Languages: a Preliminary Survey
    Expressing the GIVE event in Papuan languages: A preliminary survey GER REESINK Abstract The linguistic expression of the give event is investigated in a sample of 72 Papuan languages, 33 belonging to the Trans New Guinea family, 39 of vari- ous non-TNG lineages. Irrespective of the verbal template (prefix, suffix, or no indexation of undergoer), in the majority of languages the recipient is marked as the direct object of a monotransitive verb, which sometimes involves stem suppletion for the recipient. While a few languages allow verbal affixation for all three arguments, a number of languages challenge the universal claim that the ‘give’ verb always has three arguments. Keywords: affix order, alignment, argument structure, cross-reference, ditran- sitive, object, Papua New Guinea, perspective, serial verb, supple- tion, syntax, transitivity, word order 1. Introduction 1.1. Essai sur le don Given the nature of humans as a social species, one of the most basic events in our cultures involves the exchange of goods. This event involves a giver,a gift,andarecipient. Newman (1996) has argued that the verb ‘give’ is there- fore a basic verb, illustrated by a plethora of morphosyntactic constructions that are available crosslinguistically. In Newman (2002) he shows how in some languages a direct link can be drawn between cultural values and practices on the one hand and the linguistic expression of the give event on the other hand. For example, in Dyirbal, position, movement, and kinship obligation are im- portant factors determining lexical stems; in Japanese relative status of giver and recipient determine whether the giving is ‘upwards’ or ‘downwards’; and in Chipewyan, the verbs for ‘take’ and ‘give’ change their morphological prop- erties according to shape and consistency of the thing transferred and the (lack Linguistic Typology 17 (2013), 217–266 1430–0532/2013/017-0217 DOI 10.1515/lingty-2013-0010 ©Walter de Gruyter Brought to you by | MPI fuer Psycholinguistik Authenticated Download Date | 7/29/19 5:16 PM 218 Ger Reesink of) control of the actor.
    [Show full text]
  • Uhm Phd 9532628 R.Pdf
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type ofcomputer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to beremoved, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. MI48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 The Marine Realm and a Sense of Place Among the Papua New Guinean Communities ofthe Torres Strait A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN GEOGRAPHY MAY 1995 By Donald M.
    [Show full text]