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Guide to Gouges

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Guide to Gouges FEATURE ooking through woodturning catalogs can be overwhelming— L the choices in lathe tools alone are vast! One manufacturer lists over a dozen gouges in various sizes and styles. So, how do you choose? This brief guide will help you understand the basics of gouges and explain how to get the most from these indispensable tools. Spindle-roughing gouge Used for spindle turning only. The large cross-section at the cutting end is effective for roughing down square stock and for removing wood quickly. This tool is commonly sold in 1¼" and ¾" (32 mm and 20 mm). Size is determined by measuring across the flute. The inside profile of the flute is A Guide concentric with the outside of the tool. Wall thickness is consistently about to ¼" (6 mm). The spindle-roughing gouge (SRG) is dangerous to use on Joe Larese bowl blanks because the shank has Gouges a thin cross-section where it enters the handle (see sidebar). (A notable exception is the SRG from P&N, an Spindle-roughing gouge profile Australian manufacturer. The section that enters the handle is much heavier. Despite this, the tool should only be used on spindles.) The SRG works best with a bevel angle of about 45°. A shorter bevel adds unnecessary resistance; a longer bevel creates an edge that is too fragile for roughing out work. The profile of the cutting edge is ground straight across, making sharpening a straight- forward procedure. In use, the flute faces up at 90° for the initial roughing cuts. In this posi- tion, the near vertical wings sever wood fibers as the large curved edge gouges away the bulk of the mate- rial. As the wood becomes a cylinder, the tool can be rolled to use other portions of the cutting edge. With practice, the straight portion of either wing can be presented in a shearing- planing cut similar to the cutting A spindle-roughing gouge (SRG) is used to turn a square spindle into a cylinder. action of a skew chisel. woodturner.org 21 Resistance is diminished while at the Spindle-roughing gouge same time the heavy cross-section Until recently, spindle-roughing gouges were simply supports an acute bevel angle. This called roughing gouges. The name change/clarifica- thin cutting edge can then fit into tion came about because of the increasing number tight intersections. of woodturners who thought that a roughing gouge Most spindle gouges sold today have would be okay to use to rough out a bowl blank. Do- a fingernail or swept-back profile for ing so caused numerous accidents when the the cutting edge. When looking at a small shanks of these large cross-sectioned tools spindle gouge with the flute facing up, snapped from the incredible force exerted by a rotat- the edge is usually shaped with the tip ing bowl blank. rounded and the edges curved toward For safety’s sake, a roughing gouge, more correctly called a spindle-roughing gouge (SRG), is the handle, the resulting profile resem- used only for roughing out between-center spindle work where the grain of the wood runs bling a fingernail. parallel to the bed of the lathe. The radius of the tip can vary; woodturners grind the shape of the tip to fit specific needs. For instance, Spindle gouges profile of the cutting edge as it wraps if you were using the spindle gouge Cutting coves in spindle-turned work around the flute resembles a crescent for cutting coves, a traditional defines what a spindle gouge does moon. The depth that the flute is cut spindle gouge with a gently rounded best; however, these versatile tools are into the rod reaches about midway tip would be efficient. If you tried to also used to rough down stock, make through the rod in a traditional cut deep V cuts with the same tool, V cuts, form beads, and hollow end- spindle gouge. The width of the flute however, the bottom cutting edge grain boxes. Richard Raffan uses a ½" is wider, relative to the rod, than for a could make unwanted contact with spindle gouge for much of his work. bowl gouge. It is this rounded portion the wood at the sharp intersection of He says, “Throughout my 30 years of of the flute that creates the curved a cove and its adjoining element. In teaching I’ve been saying that if you cutting edge that allows the wood to this case, a tip that is more pointed are limited to just one tool, that’s the be gouged or scooped. would work better. Some turners one. You can turn anything with a A subcategory of spindle gouges is grind the profile of their detail half-inch gouge.” the detail gouge. For detail gouges, the gouges almost to a point and use A spindle gouge is measured by the flute is shallower than for a regular diameter of the round rod the tool spindle gouge, making the curve of is manufactured from, which typi- the flute less pronounced. The result In general, spindle gouges are not cally ranges from ¼" to ⅝" (6 mm to is a heavier cross-section of the bevel, meant for use with bowl turning, 15 mm). The shape and depth of which can mean more resistance especially for a beginning turner. the flute, along with how the bevel when cutting wood. On the other The shallow flute of a spindle gouge creates a different shape of the cutting is ground, help delineate the tool’s hand, the thicker tool provides more edge than that of a bowl gouge and cutting properties. Looking directly stability (the tool does not easily flex). the bevels are generally ground at a down the shaft of a spindle gouge, the A solution is to grind a double bevel: steeper angle, making the cutting ac- tion more aggressive. Severe catches can result. Spindle gouge profile A spindle gouge cleanly cuts coves. 22 American Woodturner October 2011 FEATURE Detail gouge profile A detail gouge is primarily used for spindle turning and is ideal for cleanly cutting tight transitions. them in much the same fashion as a skew chisel. Detail gouge The overhang needed for the required depth of some cuts could Q & A with Michael Hosaluk cause the thinner cross-section of a Q: What are the features of a detail gouge that Q: What bevel angle do you usually use? traditional spindle gouge to vibrate make it versatile? A: The long bevel is 30° and the top bevel is and result in chatter. In this case, a A: It is thick in cross-section resulting in less 32° to 34°. The profile is like the fingernail detail gouge, ground with a double vibration, which means that the tool can on my pinky. I try to make the profile identi- bevel and having a smaller-radius tip, hang off the toolrest more so than a tradi- cal on both sides so that when I roll beads tional spindle gouge. This tool is useful for the result is the same. I have, however, seen would be the superior tool. Ground in off-center turning and for cleaning up the them ground in every shape and get re- this manner, the detail gouge is also sides inside deep vessels. sults. In the end, all that matters is what the ideal for turning beads. turning looks like when you are finished. Experienced turners will use spindle Q: How does the shallower flute of a detail gouges on bowls and faceplate work, gouge compare to the deeper flute of a tradi- Q: Does the bevel vary depending on the type of tional spindle gouge? wood? Does it vary for any other reason(s)? specifically for adding details such as A: Thompson Tools makes detail gouges for A: The longer the bevel angle, the sharper the beads and grooves. The flute should me—the flute is slightly shallower than edge and the further it can reach into tight never face up, however. The cutting other designs, which allows me to reach spaces. Mine are factory ground to a specific edge would be unsupported and a into tight areas in a way that is similar to angle that is good for general work, but never severe catch could result. If you keep using a skew chisel. If the flute is too deep, be afraid to change the angle of any gouge the flute facing to the side or angled that will limit this possibility. With the shal- to suit the work at hand, after all they are just slightly, you will limit how much of low flute I get more of a slicing action. tools. When the technical aspects of turning are broken down to the basics, we turners (1) the tool’s edge will engage with the Q: You are well known for using a start with a revolving piece of wood, and (2) wood and a safe cut is possible for double-bevel grind. What is the purpose shape it with a tool. Where the two make con- detailing a bowl. of the double bevel? tact you want the least amount of resistance. For spindle turning, I recommend A: Since the detail gouge is thick in cross-sec- that beginning woodturners purchase a tion and has a shallow flute, if ground with Q: Are their disadvantages to using a detail gouge? ⅜" or ½" (10 mm or 13 mm) traditional one bevel, the bevel is very long from the A: For turning bowls, a detail gouge is not spindle gouge with a fingernail grind heel to the cutting edge. Creating a second- as appropriate as a bowl gouge, but for and a gently rounded profile for the tip.
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