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Campaign Notes
The Winter War The Soviet Union’s Invasion of Finland (1939-40) The Second World War was a vast conflict with hard-fought clashes in places such as Stalingrad, Normandy, North Africa, Italy and the Pacific Theater. These operations are discussed in a hundreds of books and can be found on an infinite number of websites. Their names conjure up noble images of heroism and the sacrifice as well as the more sobering imagery of destruction and death. For 105 days, the tiny nation of Finland fought a war that typically merits only a footnote in a history book, or a passing remark in a WWII documentary. Taking on the vast manpower of the Soviet army, the Finns put up a fanatical defense of their homeland, inflicting horrific casualties on the invading Soviet army. Eventually the overwhelming number of Soviet troops and tanks sent into Finland forced the Finns to sue for peace, but they walked away from the conflict with their much bigger neighbor with their independence and national pride intact. Their struggle influenced the landscape and direction of the entire world war that followed, and perhaps the outcome as well. The winds of war were beginning to drift across the world during 1930’s. Japan sought to secure territory to increase its sources of raw materials and expand its empire. Hitler’s power and ambitious plans were ever growing storm clouds on the European horizon, threatening to overtake the entire continent and dragging a very reluctant America into the fray. The Russian Bear in the East also sought to exert its influence, all the while casting a wary eye towards Hitler’s Germany and the conflict Stalin knew would eventually come to pass between them. -
Getting Started, 20 DECEMBER 1939, NEAR
Winter War Operations This document is designed to be used with the Winter War Scenario Location Map.pdf file located in the main game directory, which provides an overview map of the contested area and the general locations of the actions listed here. 001.Getting Started.scn – 10 turns 20 December 1939, near Kollaa River (Hypothetical) The struggle to control the Loimola road and the railroad track raged on from early December to the end of war. Finnish 34th Infantry Regiment used every available reserve squad to counter dozens of Russian probes into the Kollaa defense line; sending fire brigades to counter another crisis against an overhelming enemy. This scenario depicts a situation where a Russian probe manages to capture a forward trench line. Finnish HQ reacts swiftly and sends a company to recapture the trench before Russians find time to consolidate their gains. 002.Terijoki.scn – 16 turns - Winterhorde Onward Ride 30 November 1939, Terijoki, Finland Karelian Isthmus As the Russo-Finnish War launched the Kremlin pompously anticipated a steamroller campaign that would consume tiny Finland within a week. With an air of overconfidence, the RKKA crossed the Finnish border on the morning of 30 November woefully unprepared for the hell on earth that would become known as the Winter War. Knowing that the Russian prediction may not be too far off of the mark due to the fact that Finnish Forces were hopelessly outnumbered and possessed virtually no armor, Finnish High Command organized four "Covering Groups" that would fight a series of stubborn delaying actions back to the Mannerheim Line. -
Exploding Wilderness
FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES 20 EXPLODING WILDERNESS Guerrilla-type activities in the Finnish art of war Marko Palokangas National Defence University 2015 FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES 20 EXPLODING WILDERNESS Guerrilla-type activities in the Finnish art of war Marko Palokangas National Defence University Helsinki 2015 Finnish Defence Studies is published under the auspices of the National Defence University, and the contributions reflect the fields of research and teaching of the University. Finnish Defence Studies will occasionally feature documentation on Finnish Security Policy. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily imply endorsement by the National Defence University of Finland. Editor: Prof. Pekka Sivonen, National Defence University Editorial Assistant: MA Aki Aunala, National Defence University Editorial Board: Chairman, Prof. Hannu Kari, National Defence University Prof. (emeritus) Ohto Manninen Prof. Pekka Appelqvist, Scientific Advisory Board for Defence Director of Research Juha Martelius, Ministry of Defence Prof., Col. (ret.) Pekka Visuri Translation by Semantix Finland Oy Finnish Defence Studies in open access pdf-format: http://bit.ly/1S57Rta ISBN: 978-951-25-2807-3 (Pbk.) ISBN: 978-951-25-2808-0 (PDF) ISSN: 0788-5571 Published by NAT1ONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY PO. Box 7 FI-00861 Helsinki FINLAND www.mpkk.fi Juvenes Print Tampere 2016 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1 1.1. Guerrilla-type activities as an area of study in the history -
FINAL Corridor Manual 2021.Pdf
Lake Saimaa St. Petersburg Travel Corridor One Destination of Two Distinct Experiences Information Manual for Tour Operators & Travel Trade professionals 2021 TESTIMONIAL TABLE of CONTENTS 2 Lake Saimaa St. Petersburg Travel Corridor >> One Destination of Two Distinct Experiences TABLE of CONTENTS p. 04 p. 7 p. 12 Welcome to the Lake Lake Saimaa region Leningrad region Saimaa St. Petersburg & good to know & good to know Travel Corridor The Travel Corridor brings you Lappeenranta, Imatra, Mikkeli The “Corridor” between One Destination of Two Distinct and Savonlinna are located in St. Petersburg and the Experiences the heart of Lakeland Finland Republic of Finland p. 13 p. 14 p. 18 St. Petersburg & Logistics Visa good to know information requirements Russia’s pearl of the Border crossing points, Visa-free tours, Baltic Sea located on means of transport, e-visa, standard visa the Neva River visa-free cruises p. 21 p. 26 p. 33 Roundtrips Main attractions Accommodation & insider tips options Roundtrip examples for summer and winter What to see and Places of where to go accommodation in the area p. 42 p. 46 p. 50 Top things Contact information, Appendix to do product manuals, image banks A list of activity service providers The best activities Useful information for travelers about the area Contact details of DMC´s and Incoming Operators in the area Lake Saimaa St. Petersburg Travel Corridor >> One Destination of Two Distinct Experiences 3 Lake Saimaa St. Petersburg Travel Corridor TERTTI MANOR KARHUNPÄÄNKALLIO LAPPEENRANTA SAVONLINNA IMATRA SPA RESORTS SAIMAA RINGED SEAL VYBORG CASTLE 4 Lake Saimaa St. Petersburg Travel Corridor >> One Destination of Two Distinct Experiences TESTIMONIAL Welcome to the Lake Saimaa St. -
The Soviet Plans for the North Western Theatre of Operations in 1939-1944
FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES THE SOVIET PLANS FOR THE NORTH WESTERN THEATRE OF OPERATIONS IN 1939-1944 Ohto Manninen National Defence College Helsinki 2004 Finnish Defence Studies is published under the auspices of the National Defence College, and the contributions reflect the fields of research and teaching of the College. Finnish Defence Studies will occasionally feature documentation on Finnish Security Policy. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily imply endorsement by the National Defence College. Editor: Pekka Sivonen Editorial Assistant: Harri Valtonen Editorial Board: Chairman Prof. Mikko Viitasalo, National Defence College Prof. Ohto Manninen, National Defence College Col. Erkki Nordberg, Defence Staff Dr. Kalevi Ruhala Dr. Col. (ret.) PekkaVisuri, Finnish Institute of International Affairs Dr. Matti Vuorio, Scientific Committee for National Defence Published by NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE P.O. Box 7 SF-00861 Helsinki FINLAND FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES 16 The Soviet Plans for the North Western Theatre of Operations in 1939-1944 Ohto Manninen National Defence College Helsinki 2004 ISBN 951-25-1476-1 ISSN 0788 5571 Edita Prima Oy Helsinki 2004 FOREWORD In this study my intention has been to analyse the operation plans made by the Red Army for the Finnish theatre of war in the eve of and during the Second World War. During my visits in Russia to research in the former Soviet archives it was not possible to see the origi- nal plans for operations. It was pointed out to me that the "ground level vegetation" is still the same in the border areas of Russia and Finland. This, of course, was a friendly way of saying to me that the legislation still forbids of giving those materials for researchers. -
Itsenäisyydentie Road
Itsenäisyydentie Road Stretching ten kilometres from the corner of Kangas graveyard to near Sarvilahti on the Salpausselkä ridge in Luumäki, there seems to be nothing special about Itsenäisyydentie road. It is just one of the many roads in Finland that have been constructed on a ridge. Rural areas, housing, industrial operations, forests, and waterways can be found nearly everywhere. However, this road is different in that it is linked to several important events in Finnish history. Its name, Itsenäisyydentie road (Independence Road), is no coincidence: it reveals a layered story about the history of the Jurvala area, Luumäki, and the whole of Finland, and about the important events that have affected the development of independent Finland. Over the centuries, the alignment of the road has changed, as it developed from a trail running along the top of the ridge into a winding dirt road, and finally into one of the most important main roads of its time, a historical connection between the east and the west. The nearby railway and waterway add further depth to the story. We all have seen how new roads are made. First, heavy machinery is used to remove the surface layers of the soil in order to reach the subsoil. The various structural layers of the road are then laid on top of this. A distributing layer is made of more coarse soil materials to bear the load of the traffic, while finer soil materials are used to form a bearing layer underneath the surfacing. In a similar manner, history has created various layers on Itsenäisyydentie road. -
Ladattavissa Myös Verkosta Osoitteesta
ShAik_38_001-328.qxp___Aikakauskirja 31.10.2018 16.36 Sivu 1 Sotahistoriallinen aikakauskirja 38 ShAik_38_001-328.qxp___Aikakauskirja 31.10.2018 16.36 Sivu 2 Journal of Military History 38 Published by: The Association for Military History in Finland and the Military Museum of Finland ShAik_38_001-328.qxp___Aikakauskirja 31.10.2018 16.36 Sivu 3 Sotahistoriallinen aikakauskirja 38 Helsinki 2018 Suomen Sotahistoriallinen Seura Sotamuseo ShAik_38_001-328.qxp___Aikakauskirja 31.10.2018 16.36 Sivu 4 TOIMITUSKUNTA Pentti Airio, Riitta Blomgren, Mikko Karjalainen, Tapio Koskimies, Ohto Manninen, Pekka Saloranta, Pasi Tuunainen ENGLISHSUMMARIES Tapio Kakko TAITTO JA TYPOGRAFIA Irmeli Kuhlman ISSN 0357-816X Myynti/Distributor TIEDEKIRJA Snellmaninkatu 13 00170 Helsinki Finland Tel +358 9 635 177 e-mail [email protected] www.tiedekirja.fi Tallinna Raamatutrükikoda OÜ Tallinn 2018 ShAik_38_001-328.qxp___Aikakauskirja 31.10.2018 16.36 Sivu 5 Vuoden 1918 sota – hävisikö tutkimus nimikiistelylle Suomessa vuonna 1918 käydyn sodan luonteesta on tänä vuonna kes - kus teltu 100-vuotismuiston kannustamina. Nimityksillä on oi keu tuk - sensa ja vain yhden termin käyttäminen lohkaisee aina osan totuudesta. Viimeisen neljännesvuosisadan aikana on Neuvostoliiton arkistojen avau dut tua varmistunut, että Venäjä kävi vuonna 1918 sotaa Suomea – sen kan san valtaisesti valittua eduskuntaa ja hallitusta – vastaan. Sota oli siis vapaussotaa itsenäisyyden puolesta, ja se alkoi kansannousulla ve nä - läisten joukkojen saa mi seksi pois maasta, »talonpojat venäläisiä -
Lars Westerlund, the Finnish SS-Volunteers and Atrocities
LARS WESTERLUND The Finnish SS-VOLUNTEERS AND ATROCITIES 1941–1943 SKS The Finnish SS-VOLUNTEERS AND ATROCITIES 1941–1943 LARS WESTERLUND THE FINNISH SS-VOLUNTEERS AND ATROCITIES against Jews, Civilians and Prisoners of War in Ukraine and the Caucasus Region 1941–1943 An Archival Survey Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura – Finnish Literature Society Kansallisarkisto – The National Archives of Finland Helsinki 2019 Steering Group Permanent State Under-Secretary Timo Lankinen, Prime Minister’s Office / Chair Research Director Päivi Happonen, The National Archives of Finland Director General Jussi Nuorteva, The National Archives of Finland Legal Adviser Päivi Pietarinen, Office of the President of the Republic of Finland Production Manager, Tiina-Kaisa Laakso-Liukkonen, Prime Minister’s Office / Secretary Project Group Director General Jussi Nuorteva, The National Archives of Finland / Chair Research Director Päivi Happonen, The National Archives of Finland / Vice-Chair Associate Professor Antero Holmila, University of Jyväskylä Dean of the Faculty of Law, Professor Pia Letto-Vanamo, University of Helsinki Professor Kimmo Rentola, University of Helsinki Academy Research Fellow Oula Silvennoinen, University of Helsinki Docent André Swanström, Åbo Akademi University Professor, Major General Vesa Tynkkynen, The National Defence University Professor Lars Westerlund Researcher Ville-Pekka Kääriäinen, The National Archives of Finland / Secretary Publisher’s Editor Katri Maasalo, Finnish Literature Society (SKS) Proofreading and translations William Moore Maps Spatio Oy Graphic designer Anne Kaikkonen, Timangi Cover: Finnish Waffen-SS troops ready to start the march to the East in May or early June 1941. OW Coll. © 2019 The National Archives of Finland and Finnish Literature Society (SKS) Kirjokansi 222 ISBN 978-951-858-111-9 ISSN 2323-7392 Kansallisarkiston toimituksia 22 ISSN 0355-1768 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International License. -
WINTER WAR: the SOVIET INVASION of FINLAND Belligerents
WINTER WAR: THE SOVIET INVASION OF FINLAND DATE: NOVEMBER 30 1939 – MARCH 13 1940 Belligerents Finland Soviet Union Following the fall of Poland, an amazed world watched tiny Finland, a nation of less than four million people, fight off 26 Russian army divisions. The hugely cynical German-Soviet nonaggression pact, concluded in August 1939, assigned the Baltic region of Eastern Europe to the exclusive sphere of influence of Communist Russia. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin immediately embarked on a program to annex traditionally Russian-dominated territory in the area, including Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, to serve as an obstacle to any potential German invasion of the Soviet Union. With good reason, Stalin did not trust Adolf Hitler to keep his word one second longer than Hitler thought expedient. The Soviet leader feared that his pro-German - or at least anti-Russian - neighbor Finland would join Germany in an assault on Russia. As a result, he demanded that the Russians be allowed to station troops in certain key areas of Finland, and that the Russo-Finnish border on the Karelian Isthmus between the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga be moved 20 miles northwest to create a buffer zone to better protect the Russian city of Leningrad on the extreme eastern edge of the Gulf. In return, the Soviets would give up some worthless wilderness land in eastern Karelia and enter into paperweight trade and defense treaties. The Finns understandably resisted. The consequence of such concessions by the Helsinki government would have forced them to dismantle their defenses in the territory forfeited to the Soviets, leaving them bereft of the ability to defend themselves against future Russian aggression. -
Ulkomaisista Esikuvista Kohti Omaperäisempiä Ratkaisuja
ULKOMAISISTA ESIKUVISTA KOHTI OMAPERÄISEMPIÄ RATKAISUJA ULKOMAISISTA ESIKUVISTA KOHTI alkaväki on maavoimien OMAPERÄISEMPIÄ suurin aselaji, mutta sen J kehittämisen historiasta ei ole aiemmin tehty kokoavaa tutki- RATKAISUJA musta. Tässä teoksessa selvite- tään suomalaisen jalkaväkitaktii- Itsenäisen Suomen jalkaväkitaktiikan kan kehittämistä itsenäisyyden kehittämisen neljä ensimmäistä ensimmäisinä vuosikymmeninä ohjesääntöjen, sodan ajan ko- vuosikymmentä koonpanojen, sotavarustuksen ja koulutuksen kautta. Kirjoittaja, eversti evp. Hannu Liimatta (s. 1957) on yleisesikuntaupseeri, joka on palvellut muun muassa Kymen jääkäripataljoonan ja Kaartin jääkäri- rykmentin komentajana, Pääesikunnan koulutusosaston apulaisosastopääl- likkönä sekä Maanpuolustuskorkea- koulun jatkotutkinto-osaston johtajana. HANNU LIIMATTA ® ISBN 978-951-37-7453-0 • KL 04 HANNU LIIMATTA HANNU LIIMATTA ULKOMAISISTA ESIKUVISTA KOHTI OMAPERÄISEMPIÄ RATKAISUJA Itsenäisen Suomen jalkaväkitaktiikan kehittämisen neljä ensimmäistä vuosikymmentä Akateeminen väitöskirja, joka Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulun tutkimusneuvoston suostumuksella esitetään julkisesti tarkastettavaksi sotatieteiden tohtorin tutkintoa varten Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulun Santahamina-talossa Helsingissä, maanantaina 22. lokakuuta 2018 klo 12. MAANPUOLUSTUSKORKEAKOULU HELSINKI 2018 ULKOMAISISTA ESIKUVISTA KOHTI OMAPERÄISEMPIÄ RATKAISUJA ULKOMAISISTA ESIKUVISTA KOHTI OMAPERÄISEMPIÄ RATKAISUJA Itsenäisen Suomen jalkaväki taktiikan kehittämisen neljä ensimmäistä vuosikymmentä HANNU LIIMATTA MAANPUOLUSTUSKORKEAKOULU -
Lake Saimaa St. Petersburg Travel Corridor >> One Destination of Two Distinct Experiences TABLE of CONTENTS
Lake Saimaa St. Petersburg Travel Corridor One Destination of Two Distinct Experiences Information Manual for Tour Operators & Travel Trade professionals 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS FINLAND SWEDEN Savonlinna Mikkeli Imatra / Svetogorsk Lappeenranta Vyborg ST. PETERSBURG HELSINKI Nuijamaa / Brusnichnoye Vaalimaa / Torfyanovka RUSSIA o STOCKHOLM TALLINN ESTONIA MOSCOW Copenhagen 2 Lake Saimaa St. Petersburg Travel Corridor >> One Destination of Two Distinct Experiences TABLE OF CONTENTS p. 04 p. 7 p. 12 Welcome to the Lake Lake Saimaa region Leningrad region Saimaa St. Petersburg & good to know & good to know Travel Corridor The Travel Corridor brings you Lappeenranta, Imatra, Mikkeli The “Corridor” between One Destination of Two Distinct and Savonlinna are located in St. Petersburg and the Experiences the heart of Lakeland Finland Republic of Finland p. 13 p. 14 p. 18 St. Petersburg & Logistics Visa good to know information requirements Russia’s pearl of the Border crossing points, Visa-free tours, Baltic Sea located on means of transport, e-visa, standard visa the Neva River visa-free cruises p. 21 p. 26 p. 33 Roundtrips Main attractions Accommodation & insider tips options Roundtrip examples for summer and winter What to see and Places of where to go accommodation in the area p. 42 p. 46 p. 50 Top things Contact information, Appendix to do product manuals, image banks A list of activity service providers The best activities Useful information for travelers about the area Contact details of DMC´s and Incoming Operators in the area Lake Saimaa St. Petersburg Travel Corridor >> One Destination of Two Distinct Experiences 3 Lake Saimaa St. Petersburg Travel Corridor TERTTI MANOR ST. -
Ladattavissa
Sotahist34_001-317:__Aikakauskirja 11.11.2014 12:26 Sivu1 Sotahistoriallinen aikakauskirja 34 Sotahist34_001-317:__Aikakauskirja 11.11.2014 12:26 Sivu2 Journal of Military History 34 Published by: The Association for Military History in Finland and the Military Museum of Finland Sotahist34_001-317:__Aikakauskirja 11.11.2014 12:26 Sivu3 Sotahistoriallinen aikakauskirja 34 Helsinki 2014 Suomen Sotahistoriallinen Seura Sotamuseo Sotahist34_001-317:__Aikakauskirja 11.11.2014 12:26 Sivu4 TOIMITUSKUNTA Riitta Blomgren, Mikko Karjalainen, Ohto Manninen, Pekka Saloranta, Pasi Tuunainen ENGLISHSUMMARIES Tapio Kakko TAITTO JA TYPOGRAFIA Irmeli Kuhlman ISSN 0357-816X Myynti / Distributor: TIEDEKIRJA Kirkkokatu 14 00170 Helsinki Finland Tel +358-9-635 177 Fax +358-9-635 017 e-mail [email protected] http://www.tiedekirja.fi Tallinna Raamatutrükikoja OÜ Tallinn 2014 Sotahist34_001-317:__Aikakauskirja 11.11.2014 12:26 Sivu5 Lukijalle Vuosi 2014 on ollut merkkivuosi sekä Suomen Sotahistorialliselle Seu- ralle että Sotamuseolle. Suomen Sotahistoriallinen Seura ry:n 70-vuo- tista olemassaoloa juhlistettiin tammikuussa juhlaseminaarilla Valkoi- sessa salissa ja iltajuhlalla Ostrobotnia-ravintolassa Helsingissä. Sota- museo puolestaan juhli marraskuussa 85-vuotista taivaltaan. Seuran ja museon menneisyys on osin yhteinen. Seura perustettiin tammikuussa 1944 Sotamuistoyhdistys-nimisenä Sotamuseon kanna- tusyhdistykseksi, ja alkuaikoina sen päätehtäviin kuului sotahistoriaa tallettavien yhteisöjen tukeminen. Museokonteksti näkyi myös seuran nimessä – Sotamuseoseura ry. – vuodesta 1949 vuoteen 1957. Sotamuis- toyhdistyksen perustamisen aikoihin Sotamuseo oli ollut olemassa noin viidentoista vuoden ajan. Puolustusministeriö hyväksyi 25.11.1929 esi- tyksen Sotamuseon perustamiseksi Sota-arkiston kellaritiloihin Liisan- katu 1:een Helsingissä. Sotahistoriallisen aikakauskirjan edeltäjä Sotamuseo näki päivän- valon vuonna 1948. Vuodesta 1971 lähtien julkaisu tunnettiin nimellä Sotahistoriallinen seura ja Sotamuseo, mikä sekin kertoo läheisistä kyt- köksistä.