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Ācārya Samantabhadra’s Ratnakaraõçaka-śrāvakācāra – The Jewel-casket of Householder’s Conduct vkpk;Z leUrHkæ fojfpr jRudj.MdJkodkpkj Divine Blessings: Ācārya 108 Vidyānanda Muni VIJAY K. JAIN Ācārya Samantabhadra’s Ratnakaraõçaka-śrāvakācāra – The Jewel-casket of Householder’s Conduct vkpk;Z leUrHkæ fojfpr jRudj.MdJkodkpkj Ācārya Samantabhadra’s Ratnakaraõçaka-śrāvakācāra – The Jewel-casket of Householder’s Conduct vkpk;Z leUrHkæ fojfpr jRudj.MdJkodkpkj Divine Blessings: Ācārya 108 Vidyānanda Muni Vijay K. Jain fodYi Front cover: Depiction of the Holy Feet of the twenty-fourth Tīrthaôkara, Lord Mahāvīra, at the sacred hills of Shri Sammed Shikharji, the holiest of Jaina pilgrimages, situated in Jharkhand, India. Pic by Vijay K. Jain (2016) Ācārya Samantabhadra’s Ratnakaraõçaka-śrāvakācāra – The Jewel-casket of Householder’s Conduct Vijay K. Jain Non-Copyright This work may be reproduced, translated and published in any language without any special permission provided that it is true to the original and that a mention is made of the source. ISBN 81-903639-9-9 Rs. 500/- Published, in the year 2016, by: Vikalp Printers Anekant Palace, 29 Rajpur Road Dehradun-248001 (Uttarakhand) India www.vikalpprinters.com E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: (0135) 2658971 Printed at: Vikalp Printers, Dehradun (iv) eaxy vk'khokZn & ijeiwT; fl¼kUrpØorhZ 'osrfiPNkpk;Z Jh fo|kuUn th eqfujkt milxsZ nq£Hk{ks tjfl #tk;ka p fu%izfrdkjs A /ekZ; ruqfoekspuekgq% lYys[kukek;kZ% AA 122 AA & vkpk;Z leUrHkæ] jRudj.MdJkodkpkj vFkZ & tc dksbZ fu"izfrdkj milxZ] nq£Hk{k] tjk] jksx vkfn dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks tk, rc /eZè;ku djrs gq, 'kjhj dk lgt R;kx dj nsuk lYys[kuk gS] ,slk x.k/j dgrs gSaA (v) Ratnakaraõçaka-śrāvakācāra vkpk;Z leUrHkæ }kjk jfpr jRudj.MdJkodkpkj ,d vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ xzUFk gSA bldh vusdkusd fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA lYys[kuk ;k lekf/ej.k dk oSKkfud foospu Hkh bl xzUFk dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk gSSA bl xzUFk esa lYys[kuk ij ,d Lora=k vf/dkj gh fy[kk x;k gS] ftlesa lYys[kuk ds Lo:i] fof/ ,oa egÙo ij fo'kn izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA bl vf/dkj dk gesa fo'ks"k :i ls igyk 'yksd cM+h gh lko/kuh ls le>uk pkfg,A blesa Li"V fy[kk gS fd x.k/j nsoksa us lYys[kuk /kj.k djus dk mfpr le; rc dgk gS tc milxZ] nq£Hk{k] tjk] jksx vkfn fdlh Hkh dkj.k ls dksbZ fu"izfrdkj ,slh fLFkfr mRiUu gks tk, ftldk izfrdkj] mipkj O;oLFkk u gks lds vkSj e`R;q vo';aHkkoh cu xbZ gksA bldk vfHkizk; gS fd tc rd e`R;q vo';aHkkoh u gks] vk, gq, ladV dk izfrdkj (fuokj.k) laHko gks] rc rd ;e lYys[kuk ugha ysuh pkfg,A 'kjhj Hkh bldk ladsr nsrk jgrk gSA ;fn 'kjhj vHkh ,d pEep Hkh ikuh xzg.k dj jgk gks rks leLr vUu&ty dk R;kx djus okyh ;e lYys[kuk ugha ysuh pkfg,A fu;e lYys[kuk ysdj vkRek&ijekRek dk è;ku vo'; djrs jguk pkfg,A ;e lYys[kuk ds fy, bl izdkj dh fu;e lYys[kuk dk vH;kl cgqr mi;ksxh gksrk gSA /ekZuqjkxh Jh fot; dqekj th tSu] nsgjknwu] us jRudj.MdJkodkpkj dk vaxzsth laLdj.k rS;kj djds ftuok.kh dh egrh lsok dh gSA mUgsa esjk eaxy vk'khokZn gSA ebZ 2016 vkpk;Z fo|kuUn eqfu dqUndqUn Hkkjrh] ubZ fnYyh (vi) C O N T E N T S eaxy vk'khokZn & vkpk;ZJh fo|kuUn th eqfujkt ----- (v) PREFACE ----- (viii) ACKNOWLEDGMENT ----- (xxi) VIJAY K. JAIN – BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE ----- (xxiv) Section 1 Right Faith ----- 3 Section 2 Right Knowledge ----- 65 Section 3 Right Conduct – Small Vows (aõuvrata) ----- 79 Section 4 Right Conduct – Subsidiary Vows (guõavrata) ----- 113 Section 5 Right Conduct – Instructional Vows (śikÈāvrata) ----- 143 Section 6 On sallekhanā – Embracing Voluntary, Passionless Death ----- 191 Section 7 Eleven Stages (pratimā) of the Householder’s Conduct ----- 221 GENERAL INDEX ----- 251 GUIDE TO TRANSLITERATION ----- 264 (vii) P R E FA C E The Glory of Ācārya Samantabhadra cārya Samantabhadra was a great Digambara ascetic endowed Āwith exceptional knowledge of the Jaina doctrine. He preached and propagated, far and wide, core principles of the doctrine by visiting many places in India. His literary and philosophical talents are not open to dispute; many inscriptions and works by subsequent Jaina Ācāryas have extolled his virtues as well as his works in superlative terms. A case in point is the assertion by Ācārya Jinasena in Ādipurāõa1: ue% leUrHkæk; egrs dfoos/ls A ;}pksotzikrsu fu£HkUuk% dqerkæ;% AA 43 AA I bow to Ācārya Samantrabhadra, the ultimate creator (Brahmā) among all poets, whose words are like a stroke of lightning which tears apart mountains of misconceptions. dohuka xedkuka p okfnuka okfXeukefi A ;'k% lkeUrHkæh;a ew£èu pwMke.kh;rs AA 44 AA Ācārya Samantrabhadra’s glory reigned supreme among all poets, scholars, disputants, and preachers; he was like a jewel on their heads. Four exceptional qualities of Ācārya Samantabhadra have been mentioned: 1) poetic skill (kavitva) which made his compositions excellent in terms of profoundness of content and grandiosity of expression; 2) intellectual authority (gamakatva) because of which he was able to explore and expound deep meanings of profound religious texts; 3) debating skill (vāditva) which made him capable of reasoning out the most difficult philosophical disputes; and 4) charming (viii) Preface eloquence (vāgmitva) that engendered admiration for his truthfulness and straightforwardness even in the minds of his adversaries. Ācārya Narendrasena in SiddhāntasārasaÉgraha2, a widely read Sanskrit text dealing with the seven substances (tattvas), avers that only the most fortunate human beings get access to the words of Ācārya Samantabhadra: JheRleUrHkæL; nsoL;kfi opks¿u?ke~ A izkf.kuka nqyZHka ;}Uekuq"kRoa rFkk iqu% AA 11 AA Just as the attainment of human birth is difficult, it is extremely rare to get access to the incontrovertible words of the Most Learned Ācārya Samantrabhadra. lqnqyZHkefi izkIra rRdeZiz'kekfng A u ;s /eZjrk eksgk¼k grk gUr rs ujk% AA 12 AA Only when the inauspicious (aśubha) karmas of a man get to quiescence is he able to come face-to-face with the holy words of Ācārya Samantrabhadra. Those who fail to adopt the path of piety even after exposure to his words can only be said to have been overwhelmed by delusion. Ācārya Samantabhadra has not only been termed a brilliant grammarian, logician and philosopher, he has been recognized as an unmatched disputant, and a great preacher of the Jaina doctrine. Ācārya Śubhacandra in JðānārõavaÍ3 has likened the poetic compositions of Svāmi Samantabhadra to the bright rays of the sun. Ācārya Jinasena, author of Harivaôśapurāõa4, has likened the expositions of Ācārya Samantabhadra to the words of Lord Mahāvīra: thoflf¼fo/k;hg Ñr;qDR;uq'kklue~ A op% leUrHkæL; ohjL;so fot`EHkrs AA 29 AA The words of Ācārya Samantabhadra, the composer of Jīvasiddhi (ix) Ratnakaraõçaka-śrāvakācāra (discourse on the path to liberation) and Yuktyanuśāsana (discourse on the merits and demerits of different standpoints), carry the same glory as the words of Lord Mahāvīra. It is mentioned in Jaina literature5 that Ācārya Samantabhadra once introduced himself to the king of Vārāõasī as: vkpk;ksZ¿ga dfojgega okfnjkV~ if.Mrks¿ge~] nSoKks¿ga fHk"kxgega ekfU=kdLrkfU=kdkss¿ge~ A jktUuL;ka tyf/oy;kes[kyk;kfeyk;k& ekKkfl¼% fdfefr cgquk fl¼lkjLorkss¿ge~ AA O king ! I am a preceptor (ācārya), a poet (kavi), foremost among the interpreters of the sacred scriptures (vādī), a scholar (paõçita), an astrologer (jyotiÈī), a practitioner of medicine (vaidya), a reciter of spells (māntrika), and skilled in mystical incantations (tāntrika). Do I need say more? My utterances become inviolable commands (ājðāsiddha), and I have subjugated the goddess of learning Sarasvatī (sārasvatasiddha). The personality of Ācārya Samantabhadra was a rare combination of the Three Jewels (ratnatraya) of Jainism – pristine faith, knowledge, and conduct – that are empirically considered essential to the attainment of liberation. He was one of the most impelling proponents of the Jaina doctrine of anekāntavāda – a philosophical system which maintains that reality has multifarious aspects and that a complete apprehension of it must necessarily take into account all these aspects. Non-appreciation of this doctrine has caused the other philosophical systems fall into the trap of one-sided, incomplete, and unsustainable dogmas that fail to explain the Truth. The words of Ācārya Samantabhadra are incontrovertible as these are guarded by the Jaina doctrine of conditional predications (syādvāda) – a system of scientific safeguards that aims at maintaining proper consistency in metaphysical thought. (x) Preface Several Jaina holy texts6 have mentioned that Ācārya Samantabhadra was destined to attain the highest and supreme status of a Tīrthaôkara (a ford-maker for the others to cross the ocean of worldly cycle of births and deaths – saÉsāra). As a Tīrthaôkara he will propagate Truth for the welfare of all living beings and will be worshipped by the lords of the devas and the men during the five most auspicious events (paðca kalyāõaka)* that must take place in the life of a Tīrthaôkara. HIS TIME The time when Ācārya Samantabhadra flourished cannot be ascertained with great precision. Jugalkishore Mukhtar, after due research and detailed analysis as presented in his Preface to Ratnakaraõçaka-śrāvakācāra7, has arrived at the conclusion that Ācārya Samantabhadra must have lived after Ācārya Kundakunda and Ācārya Umāsvāmi but before Ācārya Pūjyapāda. Broadly, he has fixed Ācārya Samantabhadra’s time as the second or the third century, Vikram SaÚvata (VS). As Gregorian Year 2000 CE corresponds to Year 2057 in the VS calendar, Ācārya Samantabhadra’s time can be fixed around the second century CE.
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    BHOGA-BHAAGYA-YOGYATA LAKSHMI ( FULFILLMENT AS ONE DESERVES) Edited, compiled, and translated by VDN Rao, Retd. General Manager, India Trade Promotion Organization, Ministry of Commerce, Govt. of India, Pragati Maidan, New Delhi, currently at Chennai 1 Other Scripts by the same Author: Essence of Puranas:-Maha Bhagavata, Vishnu Purana, Matsya Purana, Varaha Purana, Kurma Purana, Vamana Purana, Narada Purana, Padma Purana; Shiva Purana, Linga Purana, Skanda Purana, Markandeya Purana, Devi Bhagavata;Brahma Purana, Brahma Vaivarta Purana, Agni Purana, Bhavishya Purana, Nilamata Purana; Shri Kamakshi Vilasa Dwadasha Divya Sahasranaama: a) Devi Chaturvidha Sahasra naama: Lakshmi, Lalitha, Saraswati, Gayatri; b) Chaturvidha Shiva Sahasra naama-Linga-Shiva-Brahma Puranas and Maha Bhagavata; c) Trividha Vishnu and Yugala Radha-Krishna Sahasra naama-Padma-Skanda-Maha Bharata and Narada Purana. Stotra Kavacha- A Shield of Prayers Purana Saaraamsha; Select Stories from Puranas Essence of Dharma Sindhu Essence of Shiva Sahasra Lingarchana Essence of Paraashara Smtiti Essence of Pradhana Tirtha Mahima Dharma Bindu Essence of Upanishads : Brihadaranyaka , Katha, Tittiriya, Isha, Svetashwara of Yajur Veda- Chhandogya and Kena of Saama Veda-Atreya and Kausheetaki of Rig Veda-Mundaka, Mandukya and Prashna of Atharva Veda ; Also ‘Upanishad Saaraamsa’ (Quintessence of Upanishads) Essence of Virat Parva of Maha Bharata Essence of Bharat Yatra Smriti Essence of Brahma Sutras Essence of Sankhya Parijnaana- Also Essence of Knowledge of Numbers Essence of Narada Charitra; Essence Neeti Chandrika-Essence of Hindu Festivals and Austerities- Essence of Manu Smriti*- Quintessence of Manu Smriti* - *Essence of Pratyaksha Bhaskara- Essence of Maha Narayanopanishad*-Essence of Vidya-Vigjnaana-Vaak Devi* Note: All the above Scriptures already released on www.
  • Buddhism As a Pragmatic Religious Tradition

    Buddhism As a Pragmatic Religious Tradition

    CHAPTER 1 Introduction: Buddhism as a Pragmatic Religious Tradition Our approach to Religion can be called “vernacular” . [It is] concerned with the kinds of data that may, even- tually, be able to give us some substantial insight into how religions have played their part in history, affect- ing people’s ability to respond to environmental crises; to earthquakes, floods, famines, pandemics; as well as to social ills and civil wars. Besides these evils, there are the everyday difficulties and personal disasters we all face from time to time. Religions have played their part in keeping people sane and stable....We thus see religions as an integral part of vernacular history, as a strand woven into lives of individuals, families, social groups, and whole societies. Religions are like technol- ogy in that respect: ever present and influential to peo- ple’s ability to solve life’s problems day by day. Vernon Reynolds and Ralph Tanner, The Social Ecology of Religion The Buddhist faith expresses itself most authentically in the processions of statues through towns, the noc- turnal illuminations in the streets and countryside. It is on such occasions that communion between the reli- gious and laity takes place . without which the religion could be no more than an exercise of recluse monks. Jacques Gernet, Buddhism in Chinese Society: An Economic History from the Fifth to the Tenth Centuries 1 2 Popular Buddhist Texts from Nepal Whosoever maintains that it is karma that injures beings, and besides it there is no other reason for pain, his proposition is false.... Milindapañha IV.I.62 Health, good luck, peace, and progeny have been the near- universal wishes of humanity.
  • Secondary Indian Culture and Heritage

    Secondary Indian Culture and Heritage

    Culture: An Introduction MODULE - I Understanding Culture Notes 1 CULTURE: AN INTRODUCTION he English word ‘Culture’ is derived from the Latin term ‘cult or cultus’ meaning tilling, or cultivating or refining and worship. In sum it means cultivating and refining Ta thing to such an extent that its end product evokes our admiration and respect. This is practically the same as ‘Sanskriti’ of the Sanskrit language. The term ‘Sanskriti’ has been derived from the root ‘Kri (to do) of Sanskrit language. Three words came from this root ‘Kri; prakriti’ (basic matter or condition), ‘Sanskriti’ (refined matter or condition) and ‘vikriti’ (modified or decayed matter or condition) when ‘prakriti’ or a raw material is refined it becomes ‘Sanskriti’ and when broken or damaged it becomes ‘vikriti’. OBJECTIVES After studying this lesson you will be able to: understand the concept and meaning of culture; establish the relationship between culture and civilization; Establish the link between culture and heritage; discuss the role and impact of culture in human life. 1.1 CONCEPT OF CULTURE Culture is a way of life. The food you eat, the clothes you wear, the language you speak in and the God you worship all are aspects of culture. In very simple terms, we can say that culture is the embodiment of the way in which we think and do things. It is also the things Indian Culture and Heritage Secondary Course 1 MODULE - I Culture: An Introduction Understanding Culture that we have inherited as members of society. All the achievements of human beings as members of social groups can be called culture.
  • JAINISM Early History

    JAINISM Early History

    111111xxx00010.1177/1111111111111111 Copyright © 2012 SAGE Publications. Not for sale, reproduction, or distribution. J Early History JAINISM The origins of the doctrine of the Jinas are obscure. Jainism (Jinism), one of the oldest surviving reli- According to tradition, the religion has no founder. gious traditions of the world, with a focus on It is taught by 24 omniscient prophets, in every asceticism and salvation for the few, was confined half-cycle of the eternal wheel of time. Around the to the Indian subcontinent until the 19th century. fourth century BCE, according to modern research, It now projects itself globally as a solution to the last prophet of our epoch in world his- world problems for all. The main offering to mod- tory, Prince Vardhamāna—known by his epithets ern global society is a refashioned form of the Jain mahāvīra (“great hero”), tīrthaṅkāra (“builder of ethics of nonviolence (ahiṃsā) and nonpossession a ford” [across the ocean of suffering]), or jina (aparigraha) promoted by a philosophy of non- (spiritual “victor” [over attachment and karmic one-sidedness (anekāntavāda). bondage])—renounced the world, gained enlight- The recent transformation of Jainism from an enment (kevala-jñāna), and henceforth propagated ideology of world renunciation into an ideology a universal doctrine of individual salvation (mokṣa) for world transformation is not unprecedented. It of the soul (ātman or jīva) from the karmic cycles belongs to the global movement of religious mod- of rebirth and redeath (saṃsāra). In contrast ernism, a 19th-century theological response to the to the dominant sacrificial practices of Vedic ideas of the European Enlightenment, which West- Brahmanism, his method of salvation was based on ernized elites in South Asia embraced under the the practice of nonviolence (ahiṃsā) and asceticism influence of colonialism, global industrial capital- (tapas).