Morphology and Behavior of Phausis Reticulata (Blue Ghost Firefly)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Morphology and Behavior of Phausis Reticulata (Blue Ghost Firefly) Journal of the North Carolina Academy of Science, 124(4), 2008, pp. 139–147 MORPHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR OF PHAUSIS RETICULATA (BLUE GHOST FIREFLY) JENNIFER E. FRICK-RUPPERT* and JOSHUA J. ROSEN Department of Science and Math, Brevard College, Brevard, NC 28712 Abstract: Phausis reticulata, the Blue Ghost Firefly, is a lampyrid beetle found in the southern Appalachians, observed primarily in May and June. Its luminescence is characterized by a steady glow, in contrast to a species-specific pattern of flashes. It is also characterized by a large degree of sexual dimorphism, with a winged male and paedomorphic, apterous female. Both sexes have light organs. Behavior and habitat of P. reticulata were observed at several locations in the southern Appalachians from 1997 through 2008, most intensively in 2006 and 2007. Information was also gathered from preserved specimens in insect collections. Female anatomy is reported for the first time, and male anatomy is further clarified. Key Words: firefly; lampyrid; Phausis; Appalachians. INTRODUCTION emission varied between individuals, from ‘‘a few The southeastern United States is widely known for seconds to a minute or more.’’ He described the its diversity of lampyrid species (Lloyd 2004); however, paedomorphic female’s green-white glow as originating many of these species are incompletely known and have from four spots on the abdomen in some individuals, not been subject to extensive study. One of these lesser- but six spots in others. The two additional organs known species is Phausis reticulata, the Blue Ghost Firefly. observed in some females are located in the posterior end and are smaller than the other four; Lloyd suggested P. reticulata was first described by Thomas Say in that these may be larval lights temporarily retained into 1825 as Lampyris reticulata (Say 1825). The type adulthood (Lloyd 1965; McDermott 1948). specimen was given to Say by botanist Thomas Nuttall Phausis is one of several genera termed ‘‘glowworm after a trip to the Arkansas Territory. J.L. LeConte fireflies,’’ which are characterized by a burrowing, created the genus Phausis in 1851, with P. reticulata as paedomorphic female who emits light to attract the its first member (LeConte 1851). The genus was last flying male (Lloyd 1971, 1983, 2004; Branham 2003). revised by K.M. Fender in 1966. There are no records in Males of P. reticulata, unlike those of most other the literature of any observation of the eggs, larvae or glowworm fireflies, are luminous. pupae of P. reticulata. P. reticulata is also unusual in that it does not fit In addition to the type locality in Arkansas, P. neatly into the ‘‘signal system’’ classification devised by reticulata was later found in Georgia, Tennessee and Lloyd (1971) to describe communication in fireflies. In Texas (LeConte 1881). K.M. Fender’s specimens were Lloyd’s Signal System I, a stationary female produces a from western North Carolina (Avery County; Cherokee species-specific photic signal to attract the flying male. County), eastern Tennessee (Morgan County), and In Signal System II, the flying male emits a photic signal central Tennessee (Smith County); he reports that the to which the female responds after a brief delay; photic distribution of P. reticulata is centered in the Black signals and delay length are species-specific (Lloyd 1971; Mountains of western North Carolina (Fender 1966). Branham et al. 2003). Lloyd suggested a ‘‘transitional’’ J.E. Lloyd (1965) also found P. reticulata in both system for P. reticulata because females glow to attract western North Carolina (Mt. Pisgah, Buncombe Coun- males (Signal System I) and also illuminate their lights ty) and in eastern Tennessee (Great Smoky Mountains when a male passes overhead (Signal System II) (Lloyd National Park, Sevier County). Lloyd later wrote the 1965, 1966, 1971). Lloyd later replaced the signal system species could be found in ‘‘scattered localities across paradigm with a broader concept that focused on photic North America to Oklahoma, but can be seen in signals, habitat, mating season and other factors (Lloyd abundance in the Appalachian Mountains’’ (Lloyd 2004). 1983; Branham et al. 2003), and his hypothesis that J.E. Lloyd (1965), in the only record of field research signal system II originated from signal system I has not involving P. reticulata, reported that males flew ‘‘in a been supported (Branham et al. 2003). variety of fashions’’; some rapidly, others more slowly. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the Males emitted a bright green glow; the period of light structure of both males and females of Phausis reticulata and to study their behavior. While it was known that the * e-mail: [email protected] females were larviform, their specific anatomy was 139 140 JOURNAL OF THE NORTH CAROLINA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 124(4) unreported. We compared preferred habitat, seasonal- proximity of water bodies. Precipitation and moonlight ity, nightly activity levels, and density of both males and levels were recorded during site visits in 2006 and 2007. females and hypothesized that since luminescence is Air temperature, soil temperature, relative humidity, air used in sexual signaling, males and females would pressure, rainfall, wind speed, and wind direction were respond to each other and to other light sources prior to recorded in 2006 in DuPont State Forest on two days mating. with different weather conditions to evaluate their effect on P. reticulata behavior. Air and ground temperatures were recorded in 2008 in Balsam Grove. METHODS Behavioral observations of P. reticulata males includ- Several field sites in four states (North Carolina, ed flight speed and height from the ground, density and Tennessee, Georgia and South Carolina) across the pattern of distribution, time of emergence and peak southern Appalachians were utilized. Four sites in NC activity. Observations of the non-flighted females included DuPont State Forest, a 4,200-hectare tract of concentrated on distribution, reaction to stimulus and preserved forest in southeastern Transylvania County intensity/duration of light emission. Collected specimens and southwestern Henderson County at an elevation of were restrained in transparent plastic containers. Reac- 730 m (at the study site); Pink Beds Picnic Area in tions of both males and females to bursts of white, red, Pisgah National Forest, a popular recreational area of and blue light and physical disturbance were recorded. about 400 hectares at 1,000 m elevation in northeastern Two females (2006, DuPont State Forest) were placed Transylvania County; Sherwood Forest, a private 400- separately in small, shallow, transparent containers hectare community in Cedar Mountain, southeastern nestled into the leaf litter to experimentally observe Transylvania County, 880 m elevation; and a private, male/female interaction. These females were later placed 32-hectare tract in Balsam Grove in northern Transyl- directly into the leaf litter. Mating under natural vania County at 915 m. conditions was also observed (DuPont State Forest Two sites in TN were located in Great Smoky and Balsam Grove). Four males (2006, DuPont State Mountains National Park (GSMNP) and both were at Forest) were placed into small plastic containers and 580 m elevation: Porters Creek Trail (Sevier County), kept in the dark at constant temperature overnight in located in the Greenbrier area of the park, and Middle order to evaluate circadian rhythms. They were ob- Prong Trail (Blount County) in the Tremont area of the served every few hours. park. Warwoman Dell Recreation Area in GA falls In addition to specimens collected at the different field within the Chattahoochee National Forest in central sites, we also examined those in the insect collections of Rabun County near Clayton at 500 m elevation. Asbury Brevard College, Clemson University, University of Hills in SC, examined in 2007, is a 730-hetare camp and Georgia, and North Carolina State University. We retreat center at 365 m elevation located in northwestern accessed the database of the All Taxa Biodiversity Greenville County near Cleveland. Cleveland is host to Inventory for the Great Smoky Mountains National an annual viewing event of the Blue Ghosts on Park and downloaded its information on collection 50 hectares of private land owned by Mr. Don Lewis locations, but were not shipped specimens. The insect and is located at 307 m elevation. Lloyd’s collection site collections of Virginia Tech, Virginia Museum of at the base of Mt. Pisgah in Buncombe County, NC, Natural History and University of Tennessee-Knoxville specifically the trailhead at the parking area, was visited did not have any specimens of P. reticulata. on 8 June 2008. Microscopic examination of specimens was per- Initial observations and identification of P. reticulata formed using a Wild-M5 microscope and drawings were began in May and June of 1997 in Balsam Grove, NC. completed with the aid of a camera lucida. A Sony One of us (J. Frick-Ruppert) collected and observed High-Definition-Video HCR-HC3 Handycam Cam- males and females, recording information on their corder mounted on a Motic SMZ-168 or a Nikon habitat preferences, seasonality, nightly activity levels, Coolpix 5,000 digital camera provided photographic and density each year between 1997 and 2008. In 2006, documentation. when J. Rosen joined the study, we added the new field sites, and in 2007, concentrated in DuPont State Forest RESULTS where P. reticulata had been observed in abundance during 2006: a small enclave opposite the Triple Falls Morphology Trailhead, the forest surrounding the Buck Forest Fender (1966) is the basis for our identification of Parking Area, and Buck Forest Road. Phausis reticulata males. Males range from 5.0–8.5 mm Observations of habitat at each field site included total body length (Table 1) and are approximately 1 mm dominant plant species, amount of vegetative cover, leaf in width. The ratio of length to width of the thorax is litter levels, prominent topographical features and the 2.0:1.5 (Fig.
Recommended publications
  • By Joseph Michael Cicero a Thesis Submitted to the F
    Evolution of the glow-signal system in Microphotus (Coleoptera, Lampyridae) Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Cicero, Joseph Michael Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 01/10/2021 11:55:43 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/557669 EVOLUTION OF THE GLOW-SIGNAL SYSTEM IN MICROPHOTUS (COLEOPTERA, LAMPYRIDAE) by Joseph Michael Cicero A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 8 1 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved.on the date shown below: so, z//y F(LbYD G.
    [Show full text]
  • Field Guide to Western North American Fireflies
    Field Guide to Western North American Fireflies By Larry Buschman (May 2015 Draft) Fireflies are also known as lightning bugs or glowworms. They are popular insects because they produce their own light (bioluminescence). They are not “flies” or “bugs” but beetles (order Coleoptera) with leathery first wings. Fireflies belong to the family “Lampyridae”. Identify members of this family as follows: a. They have an elongated body. b. The head telescopes in and out under the pronotum (the thoracic shield). c. The pronotum is usually large and shield- like. d. The pronotum often has colorful markings with yellow, tan, red, or orange pigment. Fig. 1. Photinus firefly e. Most species are 5-20 mm long. This Field Guide is intended for those who would like to identify the different fireflies in their environment. This guide covers the most common firefly species, but is not intended to be comprehensive. North America is blessed with several hundred species of Lampyrids—the firefly family. Many of them fly around flashing and are called “Fireflies” or “Lightning Bugs”. This Field Guide will focus on these fireflies. However, there are also some “Glowwarms” (Lampyrids that glow from the ground) and the “Dark Fireflies” (non-glowing Lampyrids). For research I am obliged to take voucher specimens. However, many populations are so small, especially in the west, that loosing even a few specimens can be expected to have negative effects on their populations. I would encourage most firefliers not to take specimens (practice catch and release) unless they will be preserved for science. Fireflies should not be collected by children to decorate their bodies etc—not in the west! How to Identify Fireflies Many fireflies can be identified by their flash patterns, but this is not as easy as it would seem.
    [Show full text]
  • The Biodiversity of Flying Coleoptera Associated With
    THE BIODIVERSITY OF FLYING COLEOPTERA ASSOCIATED WITH INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT OF THE DOUGLAS-FIR BEETLE (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins) IN INTERIOR DOUGLAS-FIR (Pseudotsuga menziesii Franco). By Susanna Lynn Carson B. Sc., The University of Victoria, 1994 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Zoology) We accept this thesis as conforming To t(p^-feguired standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 2002 © Susanna Lynn Carson, 2002 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. 1 further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada DE-6 (2/88) Abstract Increasing forest management resulting from bark beetle attack in British Columbia's forests has created a need to assess the impact of single species management on local insect biodiversity. In the Fort St James Forest District, in central British Columbia, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Franco) (Fd) grows at the northern limit of its North American range. At the district level the species is rare (representing 1% of timber stands), and in the early 1990's growing populations of the Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsuage Hopkins) threatened the loss of all mature Douglas-fir habitat in the district.
    [Show full text]
  • Bioluminescence in Insect
    Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(3): 187-193 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 03 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.703.022 Bioluminescence in Insect I. Yimjenjang Longkumer and Ram Kumar* Department of Entomology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar-848125, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Bioluminescence is defined as the emission of light from a living organism K e yw or ds that performs some biological function. Bioluminescence is one of the Fireflies, oldest fields of scientific study almost dating from the first written records Bioluminescence , of the ancient Greeks. This article describes the investigations of insect Luciferin luminescence and the crucial role imparted in the activities of insect. Many Article Info facets of this field are easily accessible for investigation without need for Accepted: advanced technology and so, within the History of Science, investigations 04 February 2018 of bioluminescence played a significant role in the establishment of the Available Online: scientific method, and also were among the many visual phenomena to be 10 March 2018 accounted for in developing a theory of light. Introduction Bioluminescence (BL) serves various purposes, including sexual attraction and When a living organism produces and emits courtship, predation and defense (Hastings and light as a result of a chemical reaction, the Wilson, 1976). This process is suggested to process is known as Bioluminescence - bio have arisen after O2 appearance on Earth at means 'living' in Greek while `lumen means least 30 different times during evolution, as 'light' in Latin.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Consequences Artificial Night Lighting
    Rich Longcore ECOLOGY Advance praise for Ecological Consequences of Artificial Night Lighting E c Ecological Consequences “As a kid, I spent many a night under streetlamps looking for toads and bugs, or o l simply watching the bats. The two dozen experts who wrote this text still do. This o of isis aa definitive,definitive, readable,readable, comprehensivecomprehensive reviewreview ofof howhow artificialartificial nightnight lightinglighting affectsaffects g animals and plants. The reader learns about possible and definite effects of i animals and plants. The reader learns about possible and definite effects of c Artificial Night Lighting photopollution, illustrated with important examples of how to mitigate these effects a on species ranging from sea turtles to moths. Each section is introduced by a l delightful vignette that sends you rushing back to your own nighttime adventures, C be they chasing fireflies or grabbing frogs.” o n —JOHN M. MARZLUFF,, DenmanDenman ProfessorProfessor ofof SustainableSustainable ResourceResource Sciences,Sciences, s College of Forest Resources, University of Washington e q “This book is that rare phenomenon, one that provides us with a unique, relevant, and u seminal contribution to our knowledge, examining the physiological, behavioral, e n reproductive, community,community, and other ecological effectseffects of light pollution. It will c enhance our ability to mitigate this ominous envirenvironmentalonmental alteration thrthroughough mormoree e conscious and effective design of the built environment.”
    [Show full text]
  • Coleoptera: Lampyridae)
    Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2020-03-23 Advances in the Systematics and Evolutionary Understanding of Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) Gavin Jon Martin Brigham Young University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Life Sciences Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Martin, Gavin Jon, "Advances in the Systematics and Evolutionary Understanding of Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)" (2020). Theses and Dissertations. 8895. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8895 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Advances in the Systematics and Evolutionary Understanding of Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) Gavin Jon Martin A dissertation submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Seth M. Bybee, Chair Marc A. Branham Jamie L. Jensen Kathrin F. Stanger-Hall Michael F. Whiting Department of Biology Brigham Young University Copyright © 2020 Gavin Jon Martin All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Advances in the Systematics and Evolutionary Understanding of Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) Gavin Jon Martin Department of Biology, BYU Doctor of Philosophy Fireflies are a cosmopolitan group of bioluminescent beetles classified in the family Lampyridae. The first catalogue of Lampyridae was published in 1907 and since that time, the classification and systematics of fireflies have been in flux. Several more recent catalogues and classification schemes have been published, but rarely have they taken phylogenetic history into account. Here I infer the first large scale anchored hybrid enrichment phylogeny for the fireflies and use this phylogeny as a backbone to inform classification.
    [Show full text]
  • Tve429 Archangelsky.Qxp
    MIGUEL ARCHANGELSKY Universidad Nacional de La Patagonia, CONICET, Esquel, Chubut, Argentina DESCRIPTION OF THE LAST LARVAL INSTAR AND PUPA OF ASPISOMA FENESTRATA BLANCHARD, 1837 (COLEOPTERA: LAMPYRIDAE) WITH BRIEF NOTES ON ITS BIOLOGY Archangelsky, M., 2004. Description of the last larval instar and pupa of Aspisoma fenestrata Blanchard, 1839 (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) with brief notes on its biology. – Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 147: 49-56, figs. 1-8, tables 1-2. [ISSN 0040-7496]. Published 1 June 2004. The last instar larva and pupa of Aspisoma fenestrata are described and figured for the first time. Notes for comparison with two other unidentified Aspisoma larvae are provided, as well as brief notes on the biology of A. fenestrata. Comparison of Aspisoma larvae with other known Crato- morphini larvae places Aspisoma closer to Pyractomena than to Cratomorphus. Correspondence: M. Archangelsky, Laboratorio de Ecología Acuática (LEA-CONICET); Univer- sidad Nacional de La Patagonia; Sarmiento 849; 9200 Esquel, Chubut; Argentina. E-mail: hy- [email protected]. Key words. – Lampyridae; fireflies; Aspisoma; larvae; Neotropical. There are over 40 genera of fireflies in the Neotrop- MATERIAL AND METHODS ical region, most of which are present in South Amer- ica. Surprisingly, this contrasts with the very few de- Two larvae were collected from inside a rotting log scriptions of South American lampyrid larvae and partially immersed in a pool of saline temporary water pupae. Up to now the only published descriptions are gathered at the sides of a dirt road connecting the lo- those by Costa et al. (1988) and Viviani (1989). In cality of Totoralejos with Rd. 60. This locality is with- their book, Costa et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Firefly Translocation: a Case Study of Genetic and Behavioral Evaluation in Thailand Anchana Thancharoen
    Chapter Firefly Translocation: A Case Study of Genetic and Behavioral Evaluation in Thailand Anchana Thancharoen Abstract Conservation translocation is frequently used to conserve the threatened fauna by releasing individuals from the wild or captive populations into a particular area. This approach, however, is not successful in many cases because the translocated populations could not self-sustain in the new habitats. In this chapter, I reviewed the concept of translocation for conservation and the factors associated with the success rate. I used example problems from several cases involving different insect taxa. With its often high potential to mass rear in captivity, captive breeding can be a powerful tool by assuring large population size for insect translocation, which can result in a high success rate. However, genetic consequences from inbreeding and genetic adaptation to captivity can reduce the fitness of the captive popula- tion to establish successfully in the wild. Additionally, as the evidence in Japanese fireflies shows, the genetic differences between the translocated and local popula- tions should be considered for a sustainable translocation program. A case study involved genetic and behavioral evaluation of S. aquatilis populations to assess the possibility of including the species for the firefly translocation program in Thailand. Although the results revealed no genetic variation among populations, examina- tion of the variation in flash signals showed that the long-distance population had a longer courtship flash pulse than other populations in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region. With no geographical barrier, the light pollution and urbanization are probably important fragmented barriers causing adaptation of flash communica- tion to increase the fitness.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of the First Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Cyphonocerinae (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) with Implications for Phylogeny and Evolution of Fireflies
    insects Article Characterization of the First Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Cyphonocerinae (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) with Implications for Phylogeny and Evolution of Fireflies Xueying Ge 1, Lilan Yuan 1,2, Ya Kang 1, Tong Liu 1, Haoyu Liu 1,* and Yuxia Yang 1,* 1 The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, School of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; [email protected] (X.G.); [email protected] (L.Y.); [email protected] (Y.K.); [email protected] (T.L.) 2 College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (H.L.); [email protected] (Y.Y.) Simple Summary: The classification of Lampyridae has been extensively debated. Although some recent efforts have provided deeper insight into it, few genes have been analyzed for Cyphonocerinae in the molecular phylogenies, which undoubtedly influence elucidating the relationships of fireflies. In this study, we generated the first complete mitochondrial genome for Cyphonocerinae, with Cyphonocerus sanguineus klapperichi as the representative species. The comparative analyses of the mitogenomes were made between C. sanguineus klapperichi and that of well-characterized species. The results showed that the mitogenome of Cyphonocerinae was conservative in the organization and characters, compared with all other fireflies. Like most other insects, the cox1 gene was most converse, Citation: Ge, X.; Yuan, L.; Kang, Y.; and the third codon positions of the protein-coding genes were more rate-heterogeneous than the Liu, T.; Liu, H.; Yang, Y. first and second ones in the fireflies. The phylogenetic analyses suggested that Cyphonocerinae as an Characterization of the First independent lineage was more closely related to Drilaster (Ototretinae).
    [Show full text]
  • Consequences of Insect Flight Loss for Molecular Evolutionary Rates and Diversification
    Consequences of Insect Flight Loss for Molecular Evolutionary Rates and Diversification by T. Fatima Mitterboeck A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Integrative Biology Guelph, Ontario, Canada © T. Fatima Mitterboeck, May 2012 ABSTRACT CONSEQUENCES OF INSECT FLIGHT LOSS FOR MOLECULAR EVOLUTIONARY RATES AND DIVERSIFICATION T. Fatima Mitterboeck Advisor: University of Guelph, 2012 Dr. Sarah J. Adamowicz Advisory committee members: Dr. Teresa Crease Dr. Jinzhong Fu Dr. Ryan Gregory This thesis investigates the molecular evolutionary and macroevolutionary consequences of flight loss in insects. Chapter 2 tests the hypothesis that flightless groups have smaller effective population sizes than related flighted groups, expected to result in a consistent pattern of increased non-synonymous to synonymous ratios in flightless lineages due to the greater effect of genetic drift in smaller populations. Chapter 3 tests the hypothesis that reduced dispersal and species-level traits such as range size associated with flightlessness increase extinction rates, which over the long term will counteract increased speciation rates in flightless lineages, leading to lower net diversification. The wide-spread loss of flight in insects has led to increased molecular evolutionary rates and is associated with decreased long-term net diversification. I demonstrate that the fundamental trait of dispersal ability has shaped two forms of diversity—molecular and species—in the largest group of animals, and that microevolutionary and macroevolutionary patterns do not necessarily mirror each other. Acknowledgements This research was supported by an NSERC Canada Graduate Scholarship and an Ontario Graduate Scholarship to T. Fatima Mitterboeck and by an NSERC Discovery Grant to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Firefly Genomes Illuminate Parallel Origins of Bioluminescence in Beetles
    Firefly genomes illuminate parallel origins of bioluminescence in beetles The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Fallon, Timothy R. et al. "Firefly genomes illuminate parallel origins of bioluminescence in beetles." eLife 7 (2018): e36495 © 2019 The Author(s) As Published 10.7554/elife.36495 Publisher eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd Version Final published version Citable link https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/124645 Terms of Use Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license Detailed Terms https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ RESEARCH ARTICLE Firefly genomes illuminate parallel origins of bioluminescence in beetles Timothy R Fallon1,2†, Sarah E Lower3,4†, Ching-Ho Chang5, Manabu Bessho-Uehara6,7,8, Gavin J Martin9, Adam J Bewick10, Megan Behringer11, Humberto J Debat12, Isaac Wong5, John C Day13, Anton Suvorov9, Christian J Silva5,14, Kathrin F Stanger-Hall15, David W Hall10, Robert J Schmitz10, David R Nelson16, Sara M Lewis17, Shuji Shigenobu18, Seth M Bybee9, Amanda M Larracuente5, Yuichi Oba6, Jing-Ke Weng1,2* 1Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, United States; 2Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States; 3Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States; 4Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, United States; 5Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, United States; 6Department of Environmental Biology,
    [Show full text]
  • Arthropods Associated with Above-Ground Portions of the Invasive Tree, Melaleuca Quinquenervia, in South Florida, Usa
    300 Florida Entomologist 86(3) September 2003 ARTHROPODS ASSOCIATED WITH ABOVE-GROUND PORTIONS OF THE INVASIVE TREE, MELALEUCA QUINQUENERVIA, IN SOUTH FLORIDA, USA SHERYL L. COSTELLO, PAUL D. PRATT, MIN B. RAYAMAJHI AND TED D. CENTER USDA-ARS, Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, 3205 College Ave., Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314 ABSTRACT Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S. T. Blake, the broad-leaved paperbark tree, has invaded ca. 202,000 ha in Florida, including portions of the Everglades National Park. We performed prerelease surveys in south Florida to determine if native or accidentally introduced arthro- pods exploit this invasive plant species and assess the potential for higher trophic levels to interfere with the establishment and success of future biological control agents. Herein we quantify the abundance of arthropods present on the above-ground portions of saplings and small M. quinquenervia trees at four sites. Only eight of the 328 arthropods collected were observed feeding on M. quinquenervia. Among the arthropods collected in the plants adven- tive range, 19 species are agricultural or horticultural pests. The high percentage of rare species (72.0%), presumed to be transient or merely resting on the foliage, and the paucity of species observed feeding on the weed, suggests that future biological control agents will face little if any competition from pre-existing plant-feeding arthropods. Key Words: Paperbark tree, arthropod abundance, Oxyops vitiosa, weed biological control RESUMEN Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S. T. Blake ha invadido ca. 202,000 ha en la Florida, inclu- yendo unas porciones del Parque Nacional de los Everglades. Nosotros realizamos sondeos preliminares en el sur de la Florida para determinar si los artópodos nativos o accidental- mente introducidos explotan esta especie de planta invasora y evaluar el potencial de los ni- veles tróficos superiores para interferir con el establecimento y éxito de futuros agentes de control biológico.
    [Show full text]