Selected Articles on the Analysis of Drugs of Abuse in Seized Materials (January-June 2017) Differentiation of Ring-Substituted
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FSI-D-16-00226R1 Title
Elsevier Editorial System(tm) for Forensic Science International Manuscript Draft Manuscript Number: FSI-D-16-00226R1 Title: An overview of Emerging and New Psychoactive Substances in the United Kingdom Article Type: Review Article Keywords: New Psychoactive Substances Psychostimulants Lefetamine Hallucinogens LSD Derivatives Benzodiazepines Corresponding Author: Prof. Simon Gibbons, Corresponding Author's Institution: UCL School of Pharmacy First Author: Simon Gibbons Order of Authors: Simon Gibbons; Shruti Beharry Abstract: The purpose of this review is to identify emerging or new psychoactive substances (NPS) by undertaking an online survey of the UK NPS market and to gather any data from online drug fora and published literature. Drugs from four main classes of NPS were identified: psychostimulants, dissociative anaesthetics, hallucinogens (phenylalkylamine-based and lysergamide-based materials) and finally benzodiazepines. For inclusion in the review the 'user reviews' on drugs fora were selected based on whether or not the particular NPS of interest was used alone or in combination. NPS that were use alone were considered. Each of the classes contained drugs that are modelled on existing illegal materials and are now covered by the UK New Psychoactive Substances Bill in 2016. Suggested Reviewers: Title Page (with authors and addresses) An overview of Emerging and New Psychoactive Substances in the United Kingdom Shruti Beharry and Simon Gibbons1 Research Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry UCL School of Pharmacy -
Development and Validation of an Ultra-Fast and Sensitive Microflow
Drug Testing Research article and Analysis Received: 6 June 2016 Revised: 9 July 2016 Accepted: 10 July 2016 Published online in Wiley Online Library: 10 August 2016 (www.drugtestinganalysis.com) DOI 10.1002/dta.2042 Development and validation of an ultra-fast and sensitive microflow liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry (MFLC-MS/MS) method for quantification of LSD and its metabolites in plasma and application to a controlled LSD administration study in humans Andrea E. Steuer,a* Michael Poetzsch,a Lorena Stock,a Lisa Eisenbeiss,a Yasmin Schmid,b Matthias E. Liechtib and Thomas Kraemera Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a semi-synthetic hallucinogen that has gained popularity as a recreational drug and has been investigated as an adjunct to psychotherapy. Analysis of LSD represents a major challenge in forensic toxicology due to its insta- bility, low drug concentrations, and short detection windows in biological samples. A new, fast, and sensitive microflow liquid chromatography (MFLC) tandem mass spectrometry method for the validated quantification of LSD, iso-LSD, 2-oxo 3-hydroxy- LSD (oxo-HO-LSD), and N-desmethyl-LSD (nor-LSD) was developed in plasma and applied to a controlled pharmacokinetic (PK) study in humans to test whether LSD metabolites would offer for longer detection windows. Five hundred microlitres of plasma were extracted by solid phase extraction. Analysis was performed on a Sciex Eksigent MFLC system coupled to a Sciex 5500 QTrap. The method was validated according to (inter)-national guidelines. MFLC allowed for separation of the mentioned analytes within 3 minutes and limits of quantification of 0.01 ng/mL. -
Acute Toxicity Associated with the Recreational Use of the Novel Dissociative Psychoactive Substance Methoxphenidine
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2014 Acute toxicity associated with the recreational use of the novel dissociative psychoactive substance methoxphenidine Hofer, K E ; Degrandi, C ; Müller, D M ; Zürrer-Härdi, U ; Wahl, S ; Rauber-Lüthy, C ; Ceschi, A Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Methoxphenidine is a novel dissociative designer drug of the diarylethy- lamine class which shares structural features with phencyclidine (PCP), and is not at present subject to restrictive regulations. There is very limited information about the acute toxicity profile of methoxpheni- dine and the only sources are anonymous internet sites and a 1989 patent of the Searle Company. We report a case of analytically confirmed oral methoxphenidine toxicity. CASE DETAILS: A 53-year-old man was found on the street in a somnolent and confusional state. Observed signs and symptoms such as tachycardia (112 bpm), hypertension (220/125 mmHg), echolalia, confusion, agitation, opisthotonus, nys- tagmus and amnesia were consistent with phencyclidine-induced adverse effects. Temperature (99.1°F (37.3°C)) and peripheral oxygen saturation while breathing room air (99%) were normal. Laboratory analysis revealed an increase of creatine kinase (max 865 U/L), alanine aminotransferase (72 U/L) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (123 U/L). Methoxphenidine was identified by a liquid chromatogra- phy tandem mass spectrometry toxicological screening method using turbulent flow online extraction in plasma and urine samples collected on admission. The clinical course was favourable and signs and symptoms resolved with symptomatic treatment. CONCLUSION: Based on this case report and users’ web reports, and compatible with the chemical structure, methoxphenidine produces effects similar to those of the arylcyclohexylamines, as PCP. -
Stability Study of Cannabidiol in the Form of Solid Powder and Sunflower Oil Solution
pharmaceutics Article Stability Study of Cannabidiol in the Form of Solid Powder and Sunflower Oil Solution Ema Kosovi´c 1,2 , David Sýkora 2 and Martin Kuchaˇr 3,* 1 Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of CAS v.v.i., Rozvojová 135, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic; [email protected] 2 Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; [email protected] 3 Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Stability studies represent an essential component of pharmaceutical development, en- abling critical evaluation of the therapeutic potential of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) or a final pharmaceutical product under the influence of various environmental factors. The aim of the present study was to investigate the chemical stability of cannabidiol (CBD) in the form of a solid powder (hereinafter referred to as CBD powder) and also dissolved in sunflower oil. We performed stress studies in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines, where 5 mg of marketed CBD in the form of a solid powder and in form of oil solution were exposed for 7 and 14, 30, 60, 90, 180, 270, and 365 days to precisely defined temperature and humidity conditions, 25 ◦C ± 2 ◦C/60% RH ± 5% and 40 ◦C ± 2 ◦C/75% RH ± 5% in both open and closed vials in the dark. CBD powder was significantly more stable than CBD in oil solution. Such finding is important because CBD is often administered dissolved in oil matrix in practice due to Citation: Kosovi´c,E.; Sýkora, D.; very good bioavailability. -
Endocannabinoid Stimulated Release of Nitric Oxide and Its Mitochondrial
A tica nal eu yt c ic a a m A r a c t Stefano et al., Pharm Anal Acta 2015, 6:6 h a P Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta DOI: 10.4172/2153-2435.1000378 ISSN: 2153-2435 Review Article Open Access Endocannabinoid Stimulated Release of Nitric Oxide and its Mitochondrial Influence Triggering Vascular Pathology George B Stefano*, Erin Quinn and Richard M Kream MitoGenetics LLC, 3 Bioscience Park Drive, Suite 307, Farmingdale, NY 11735, USA Abstract Endocannabinoids, and their respective receptors, are involved in a host of cellular regulatory activities. In part, some of these mediated effects occur by way of stimulating constitutive nitric oxide release. This occurs in endothelia, certain white blood cells, microglia, and in similar invertebrate tissues, demonstrating that this is a conserved chemical messenger system. This endocannabinoid chemical messenger system, coupled to constitutive nitric oxide release, also appears to exert regulatory effects on mitochondrial energy associated processes, further substantiating its primordial history. In this regard, it appears to offer some beneficial actions in the occurrence of reperfusion injury and stroke. The mechanism envisioned is one initiated via a hypoxic event, which does not restore normalcy, then progresses to a pro-inflammatory state, and the resultant chronic condition manifests itself in a specific disorder. This fits nicely into a vascular-associated origin for Alzheimer’s Disease, whereby the pro- inflammatory state encompasses vessels that have endothelial gaps, providing for a compromised blood brain barrier, beta amyloid deposition, and enhanced white blood cell trafficking. In time, due to the physical progression of the events, Alzheimer’s Disease occurs. -
FDA Regulation of Cannabidiol (CBD) Products
June 12, 2019 FDA Regulation of Cannabidiol (CBD) Products Cannabidiol (CBD) is promoted as treatment for a range of and hemp-derived compounds, including CBD. However, conditions, including epileptic seizures, post-traumatic the farm bill explicitly preserved FDA’s authority under the stress disorder, anxiety, and inflammation—despite limited Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA, 21 U.S.C. scientific evidence to substantiate many of these claims. In §§301 et seq.) and Section 351 of the Public Health Service the United States, CBD is marketed in food and beverages, Act (PHSA, 42 U.S.C. §262), including for hemp-derived dietary supplements, and cosmetics—products that are products. According to FDA, “because the 2018 Farm Bill regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). did not change FDA’s authorities, cannabis and cannabis- CBD is also the active ingredient in an FDA-approved pharmaceutical drug, Epidiolex®. CBD is a plant-derived derived products are subject to the same authorities and substance from Cannabis sativa, the species of plant that requirements as FDA-regulated products containing any includes both hemp and marijuana, but from different plant other substance, regardless of whether the products fall varieties or cultivars. CBD is the primary nonpsychoactive within the definition of ‘hemp’ under the 2018 Farm Bill.” compound in cannabis, whereas tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is cannabis’s primary psychoactive compound. FDA Regulation of CBD Products FDA, under the FFDCA, regulates many of the products Regulation of CBD Products marketed as containing cannabis and cannabis-derived Hemp and marijuana have separate definitions in U.S. law compounds, including CBD. -
CREW NPS Booklet
NEW Psychoactive DRUGS V1.7 05/15 Service availability Drop-in: Monday – Wednesday: 1pm – 5pm, Thursday: 3pm – 7pm, Friday – Saturday: 1pm – 5pm, Sunday: Closed Telephone information and support: Monday – Friday: 10am – 5pm Online information and chatroom support: www.mycrew.org.uk Address | 32 Cockburn Street | Edinburgh | EH1 1PB Telephone | 0131 220 3404 Email | [email protected] Main | www.crew2000.org.uk Enterprise | www.mindaltering.co.uk Info and support | www.mycrew.org.uk Facebook | www.facebook.com/Crew2000 Twitter | www.twitter.com/Crew_2000 Instagram | www.instagram.com/Crew_2000 This booklet has been designed to expand worker knowledge and confidence in the area of NPS. It is most useful when discussed as part of Crew’s NPS training. Crew was established in 1992, in response to the rapid expansion of recreational drug use. We provide up-to-date information on the drugs that people are taking so they can make informed decisions about their own health. This is achieved using a stepped care approach and through collaboration with volunteers, service users and professionals. Crew neither condemns nor condones drug use, but we believe there are ways to reduce harm to health. As a national agency, Crew is at the forefront of emerging drug trends and we engage at all levels including service development, practice and policy. Our services include: – Support line: non-judgmental drug and sexual health information and support. – Drop-in: drug and sexual health information, condoms (NHS c:card service) and DJ workshops. – Outreach services: we provide welfare at large events, such as clubs and festivals to educate revellers on partying safely. -
Guidance on the Clinical Management of Acute and Chronic Harms of Club Drugs and Novel Psychoactive Substances NEPTUNE
Novel Psychoactive Treatment UK Network NEPTUNE Guidance on the Clinical Management of Acute and Chronic Harms of Club Drugs and Novel Psychoactive Substances NEPTUNE This publication of the Novel Psychoactive Treatment UK Network (NEPTUNE) is protected by copyright. The reproduction of NEPTUNE guidance is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged. © 2015 NEPTUNE (Novel Psychoactive Treatment UK Network) 2015 Club Drug Clinic/CAPS Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust (CNWL) 69 Warwick Road Earls Court SW5 9HB http://www.Neptune-clinical-guidance.com http://www.Neptune-clinical-guidance.co.uk The guidance is based on a combination of literature review and expert clinical con sensus and is based on information available up to March 2015. We accept no responsi bility or liability for any consequences arising from the use of the information contained in this document. The recommended citation of this document is: Abdulrahim D & Bowden-Jones O, on behalf of the NEPTUNE Expert Group. Guidance on the Management of Acute and Chronic Harms of Club Drugs and Novel Psychoactive Substances. Novel Psychoactive Treatment UK Network (NEPTUNE). London, 2015. NEPTUNE is funded by the Health Foundation, an independent charity working to improve the quality of health care in the UK. Editorial production and page design by Ralph Footring Ltd, http://www.footring.co.uk NEPTUNE NEPTUNE (Novel Psychoactive Treatment UK Network): Expert Group members NEPTUNE Expert Group Dr Owen Bowden-Jones Neptune Chair Clinical and programme lead Consultant -
Newer Unregulated Drugs Look-Up Table
Newer Unregulated Drugs Look-up Table List Name Chemical Name/AKA Type of drug Notes Stimulant Regulation under MDA (Sch. 1 or TCDO) Stimulant/Hallucinogen Regulation under MDA (Sch. 2-5) Hallucinogen Regulated by PSA Depressant Exempt Cannabinoid Uncertain/requires clarification 1P-LSD 1-propionyl-lysergic acid diethylamide Hallucinogen An LSD analogue that side-stepped MDA and was on sale as an NPS; now covered by the PSA. 2-AI 2-Aminoindane Stimulant, amphetamine analogue Reported in the UK in 2011 by the Forensic Early 2-MAI N-methyl-2-Aminoindane Warning System (FEWS). Had been on sale via number MMAI of online stores; covered by PSA. 2-MeO-ketamine Methoxyketamine Related to methoxetamine so a relative Believed to have been made a CD at the same time as Methoxieticyclidine of ketamine – i.e. a dissassociative Methoxetamine anaesthetic hallucinogen 2C-B-BZP (1-(4-bromo-2,5- Piperazine family; stimulant Class B dimethoxybenzyl)piperazine) 2-DPMP Desoxypipadrol stimulant Strong and long acting stimulant; reported duration of 2-diphenylmethylpiperidine effect 24-28hrs or more and effective at very low doses. Had been on sale in the UK and cropped up in branded “Ivory Wave” and in other compounds. Linked to fatalities. Class B, Sch1. 2-NE1 APICA Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist 3rd generation SCRA. Covered by PSA SDB-001 N-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentyl-1H-indole-3- carboxamide 3-FPM Phenzacaine Stimulant, euphoriants Sibling of the controlled drug Phenmetrazine. Emerged PAL-593 2015. Covered by PSA 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-methylmorpholine 3-hydroxyphenazepam Benzo, GABA-nergic PSA 3-MeO-PCE (3-methoxyeticyclidine) Related to methoxetamine so a relative Probably regulated under the same clause that made of ketamine – i.e. -
Appendix-2Final.Pdf 663.7 KB
North West ‘Through the Gate Substance Misuse Services’ Drug Testing Project Appendix 2 – Analytical methodologies Overview Urine samples were analysed using three methodologies. The first methodology (General Screen) was designed to cover a wide range of analytes (drugs) and was used for all analytes other than the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs). The analyte coverage included a broad range of commonly prescribed drugs including over the counter medications, commonly misused drugs and metabolites of many of the compounds too. This approach provided a very powerful drug screening tool to investigate drug use/misuse before and whilst in prison. The second methodology (SCRA Screen) was specifically designed for SCRAs and targets only those compounds. This was a very sensitive methodology with a method capability of sub 100pg/ml for over 600 SCRAs and their metabolites. Both methodologies utilised full scan high resolution accurate mass LCMS technologies that allowed a non-targeted approach to data acquisition and the ability to retrospectively review data. The non-targeted approach to data acquisition effectively means that the analyte coverage of the data acquisition was unlimited. The only limiting factors were related to the chemical nature of the analyte being looked for. The analyte must extract in the sample preparation process; it must chromatograph and it must ionise under the conditions used by the mass spectrometer interface. The final limiting factor was presence in the data processing database. The subsequent study of negative MDT samples across the North West and London and the South East used a GCMS methodology for anabolic steroids in addition to the General and SCRA screens. -
NIDA Drug Supply Program Catalog, 25Th Edition
RESEARCH RESOURCES DRUG SUPPLY PROGRAM CATALOG 25TH EDITION MAY 2016 CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACEUTICS BRANCH DIVISION OF THERAPEUTICS AND MEDICAL CONSEQUENCES NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES 6001 EXECUTIVE BOULEVARD ROCKVILLE, MARYLAND 20852 160524 On the cover: CPK rendering of nalfurafine. TABLE OF CONTENTS A. Introduction ................................................................................................1 B. NIDA Drug Supply Program (DSP) Ordering Guidelines ..........................3 C. Drug Request Checklist .............................................................................8 D. Sample DEA Order Form 222 ....................................................................9 E. Supply & Analysis of Standard Solutions of Δ9-THC ..............................10 F. Alternate Sources for Peptides ...............................................................11 G. Instructions for Analytical Services .........................................................12 H. X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Compounds .............................................13 I. Nicotine Research Cigarettes Drug Supply Program .............................16 J. Ordering Guidelines for Nicotine Research Cigarettes (NRCs)..............18 K. Ordering Guidelines for Marijuana and Marijuana Cigarettes ................21 L. Important Addresses, Telephone & Fax Numbers ..................................24 M. Available Drugs, Compounds, and Dosage Forms ..............................25 -
Schifano, F., Napoletano, F., Chiappini, S., Orsolini, L., Guirguis, A., Corkery, J
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Hertfordshire Research Archive Citation for the published version: Schifano, F., Napoletano, F., Chiappini, S., Orsolini, L., Guirguis, A., Corkery, J. M., ... vento, A. (2019). New psychoactive substances (NPS), psychedelic experiences, and dissociation: clinical and clinical pharmacological issues. Current Addiction Reports, 6(2), 140-152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-019-00249-z Document Version: Accepted Version The final publication is available at Springer Nature via https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-019-00249-z © 2019 Springer Nature Publishing AG General rights Copyright© and Moral Rights for the publications made accessible on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Please check the manuscript for details of any other licences that may have been applied and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. You may not engage in further distribution of the material for any profitmaking activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute both the url (http://uhra.herts.ac.uk/) and the content of this paper for research or private study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, any such items will be temporarily removed from the repository pending investigation.