PINE PSYCHOANALYTIC CENTER, INC. Newsletter P.O. Box 920762, Needham, MA 02492 Volume 23, No. 3, Spring 2012

Editor’s Note:

Us, the most transient.

Everyone once, once only. Just once and no more.

– Duino Elegies, Ninth Elegy, Rainer Maria Rilke

How fortunate we are that Ar- thur Valenstein’s “once, and once only,” so intimately intersected with the life of our institute. In 1975, Dr. Valenstein joined his colleagues, M. Robert Gardner, Edward Daniels, Rolf Arvidson, Frances Bonner, Her- bert Goldings, Samuel Silverman, Malvina Stock, and Helen Tartakoff in founding PINE. Over subsequent years, he taught, supervised, ana- lyzed, and mentored many at PINE. In 2000, Dr. Valenstein was awarded the Sigourney Award, honoring his TABLE OF CONTENTS distinguished contributions to the field of . In 2002, PINE Editor’s Note……………………………………………....………….1 celebrated this honor with a memo- My Experience with Arthur F. Valenstein, M.D., our Val rable scientific meeting. Val selected Ana-Maria Rizzuto, M.D…………………………………………...2 three outstanding speakers, Paul Schwaber, Lawrence Friedman, and Val as I Knew Him Linda Mayes; together, they reflected Sanford Gifford, M.D…………...…………………...... …...…3 on the history of psychoanalysis, and Val: A Voyage, Words at Play its future. Later, in 2006 and 2007, Steven Ablon, M.D…………………………………………...... 3 Val shared reflections on his own Walking with Val personal journey in psychoanalysis Alexandra M. Harrison, M.D………………………………...... …4 with our community. This Newsletter is dedicated to remembering Val’s Tribute to Arthur F. Valenstein lasting contributions to PINE, and to Maida Greenberg, Ed.D……………………………………...... …5 psychoanalysis. In these pages, you Dorothy Burlingham’s Twins will find reflections by Sanford Gif- David Greenberg and Maida Greenberg, Ed.D, Slate Magazine . 6 ford, Ana-Maria Rizzuto, Alexandra Harrison, Steven Ablon, and Maida Further Thoughts on Researching Twins Greenberg. Maida Greenberg, Ed.D……………….....……...... ……...... 8 Announcements/News and Notes...... 15 Continued on page 2

1 The remainder of the Newsletter wife was Burlingham’s daughter. We twins, while working with children is not entirely unrelated to honoring are fortunate to be able to include a and families, is evidence of the rich Val’s memory. Last summer, Maida reprint of this article. Further, Maida soil that PINE offers us in furthering Greenberg and her son, David, wrote kindly accepted my invitation to our own intellectual ideals. Our own an article for Slate magazine on the share more about the background of “once only”s are nourished by the subject of twins. This was a topic this article, by reflecting on the nature community that Arthur Valenstein of great interest to Val. The article of her longstanding interest in twin helped to foster at PINE. emphasizes the role of Dorothy Burl- development. The course of Maida’s ingham in the research on twins; Val’s process in researching, and raising,

My Experience with Arthur F. Valenstein, M.D., Our Val I was a candidate at BPSI in 1969 at her house. Our first study book, ably the first in the country. Later on, when I met Val as a member of the Life and Death in Psychoanalysis, by at the time of my applying for certi- Faculty but I had no direct contact the renowned French author, Jean fication by the American Psychoana- with him. I came to know him at Laplanche, led us to intense discus- lytic Association, I went to him for the time of the split from BPSI to sions about some of the foundational some months of supervision on one create PINE. He was then the BPSI concepts in psychoanalysis. Val did of my private cases. We had much President and had to confront the not make us feel that his considerable fun together, not only talking about increasing discomfort among several knowledge of the dynamics of the case but also dis- senior analysts and candidates with gave him special authority over our cussing theoretical and developmen- tal issues concerning the pathology of the changes taking place in the orga- groping efforts to grasp difficult con- my patient. Val’s analytic stance was nization. He publicly and eloquently cepts. He had a way of saying things deeply marked by his relationship presented his disagreement and re- that mixed authority with a light tone with ’s child studies, his signed as president. Together with and several graphic illustrations, own interest in development, as well several other senior and younger thus making it easier for the group to as his commitment to psychoanalytic training analysts he was instrumen- wrestle with difficult concepts. theory. We had a delightful time to- tal in the founding of PINE. He was gether during those few months. He one of our founding fathers and he From that moment on, Val partici- was extremely generous, because he brought with him great excitement pated in numerous PINE meetings in would not accept my paying for the about the new beginnings of an insti- which I was also involved. He had supervision. He modestly said that I tute truly dedicated to the practice of a way of doing things that was his could pay him by giving him a gourd psychoanalysis and to an immersion characteristic style. If he had some- used by people in Argentina to drink in the understanding of its theoretical thing important to say he would say yerba mate. I dutifully fulfilled my and clinical foundations. it clearly and, at times, forcefully modest obligation when I returned and would not mince words. If the from my trip to Argentina after the I became personally acquainted issues were difficult and confusing end of the supervision. with Val soon after I joined the PINE he would listen very attentively to Faculty, a year after my graduation everyone’s position and then, at the All of us at PINE owe Val much from BPSI in 1974. We all participated very end, he would ask to intervene, gratitude, because his actions and as an enthusiastic group, full of the and offer his own view of the problem participation were crucial for the ferment of the new leaven, brought and propose his solution. He almost creation of PINE as it is today. If we enjoy being in our PINE today, we out by the psychoanalytic ideals of always included humorous remarks must remember that, together with the founding group and the brand as his way of helping us all to take the other founders, he made the ex- new faculty. Val and Grete L. Bibring, enough distance from the issue in- istence of our Institution not only M.D. were the most senior but their volved, so that we could see his point possible, but left his imprint in its graceful welcoming of the brand- of view. Frequently, he could be very spirit of collaboration and respect- new generation of young graduates funny and we ended up laughing ful exchanges among its members. I like myself did make us feel that we with him. But he had made his point. have written this note as my modest were all together in this new and ex- contribution to thank him for all the citing adventure. He was very generous with me. years of his life and learning that he When my book, The Birth of the Liv- shared with us. I came to know Val in a more per- ing God, was published in 1979, Val sonal way when he, Grete, and oth- was instrumental in suggesting that I Ana-Maria Rizzuto, M.D. ers created a study group that met present it at a PINE conference, prob- Cambridge, April 3, 2012

2 Val As I Knew Him Recollections of Arthur F. Valenstein to find. She had learned that two Club and sharing cabs to and from at his memorial service on January 26, physicist couples were moving out of the meetings at the Waldorf. 2012, at the Friends’ Meeting House, a two-family house at the same time. Cambridge, MA. We shared two other interests that Val and Adelaide were later di- Val was passionately attached to: ice- Val was my oldest friend. We met vorced, and he married Katrina skating on outdoor ponds and all in 1946-7, when we were both vet- Burlingham, always called Tinkie, the chamber music we could find in erans, recently discharged from the the daughter of Dorothy Burlingham, Cambridge or Boston. He was a bril- Army, and we had both found jobs at Anna Freud’s lifelong companion. liant ice-skater—much better than I the Veterans’ Outpatient Clinic at 17 Tinkie had attended the school, or- was—and we explored all the local Court Street, now a shelter for home- ganized by Anna Freud for analysts’ ponds from Spy Pond and Mystic less vets. Morris Adler was the chief children in the Freuds’ apartment Lake to Walden Pond. He loved the and Val was second in command. at 19 Berggasse in Vienna. Val was same kind of chamber music that In- He also happened to be my clinical later analyzed by Anna Freud, and grid and I did: Schubert, Beethoven, supervisor, invariably kind, warm- through our continuing friendship Brahms, and an occasional Ravel. hearted, and impressively intuitive with Val and Tinkie, we heard a great Val also enjoyed the tender simplic- about our wide variety of patients. deal about Walberswick, the seaside ity of Mendelssohn’s Songs With I recall my only rebuke, in checking town in East Anglia where Anna Words, which he and I had played as my enthusiasm for visiting a patient Freud and Dorothy Burlingham children. We often attended concerts of mine who had been put in jail, as spent their summer vacations. Tinkie here, in the Friends’ Meeting House. unfitting our role as physicians. was not fond of big parties, but we exchanged small suppers and often I will greatly miss Val’s compan- Nevertheless we soon became met at Mrs. Rank’s gala buffets, to ionship, his wisdom, his warm, af- close friends. My wife, Ingrid, and which most of Boston’s analysts and fectionate style, and above all, his I were invited to the lively evening their spouses were invited. irreverent sense of humor and ir- parties that Val and his wife, Ad- repressible wit. I have many happy elaide Ross, gave when they were Val and I attended many meetings memories of our experiences togeth- living on Jersey Street. His cousin of the Boston Psychoanalytic Society er, but very few to share them with. Francis Friedman, a physicist at MIT, together, and shared gossip on the George Patton, a heavy-drinking way home about its controversial (I had planned to read the last stanza surgeon, and an eminent jazz critic personalities, those whom we liked of Matthew Arnold’s “Dover Beach,” but whose name I have forgotten, were and especially those we disliked. We decided at the last minute to skip it, as it among their many guests. It was also went to the annual American is too lugubrious.) Adelaide who found us our house Psychoanalytic Association meetings in Cambridge, when they were hard in New York, staying at the Harvard Sanford Gifford, M.D.

Val: A Voyage, Words at Play I first met Val when I began my which was at least 20 miles away. 30 years. He had a humanistic child psychiatry fellowship at Many security methods were tried and compelling understanding of McLean Hospital. He was one of without success. When I explained the clinical situations I discussed my supervisors for my work with the situation to Val, and we reviewed with him. He always presented his patients on the inpatient unit. I had his history and treatment, Val helped ideas in a collegial manner. When read some of his articles and found me see his desperate attachment to I disagreed or failed to follow his his ideas to be convincing and very his mother and suggested that we ideas, he accepted this with apparent helpful. But I wondered how he as bring his mother on the unit. Sure equanimity. Val was compassionate an analyst would be able to help enough, he stopped running away. about my struggles, and I always felt me with these oppositional, acting he appreciated how taxing analytic out adolescents. I told him about a Val supervised my third adult work could be. He often reflected 12-year-old boy I was treating who analytic patient. After my patient about patients he had treated in the repeatedly escaped from the unit. He completed his analysis we continued would find his way back to his home, to meet in consultation for about Continued on page 4

3 past and talked about mistakes he felt of twins. We recorded our sessions he stopped by on holidays. He had he had made. He described how he and arranged to have them typed an amazing memory for these times now thought he had been too formal, out and distributed. We studied and the people involved. He read rigid, or not forthcoming. He always these transcripts and collaborated my latest book of poetry, which is kept up to date revising his ideas on an article, “Special Solutions to about being a doctor, and offered to and technique. This was very helpful the Phallic-Aggressive Conflicts in write a précis for the book cover. His to me in terms of the importance Male Twins,” for The Psychoanalytic comment again showed a wonderful of these specific issues as well as Study of the Child. Our meetings were perceptiveness and use of language. feeling comfortable recognizing and stimulating and we often invited Val was able to adapt and be flexible learning from my mistakes. interesting guests to join us. in many new situations. At one point, although he was quite reluctant Val was an outstanding mentor. Val knew the importance of a warm, because of the tumult he imagined, He was generous and looked enjoyable collegial atmosphere and my daughter joined me and visited for opportunities to expand my that this was an essential relational him in his office with her large development and experience. Val part of the learning experience. white greyhound and a very active arranged for an invitation for me as During our consultations over one-and-a-half-year-old. Despite a young analyst at the Anna Freud the years, Val would serve strong his earlier skepticism he enjoyed it Center in Hampstead England. espresso in old-fashioned glass immensely. This was a great experience. I had coffee cups. I would pour the milk a chance to work with colleagues and sugar and pass the cookies. I Val loved words and he put them from the and Europe often felt like we were at a coffee to good use in his clinical work, in in interesting clinical contexts. I shop in Vienna a century earlier. his friendships, and for his own went to the yearly colloquium for Unfortunately, as the years passed enjoyment as well as his many over 25 years. My first year at the and people became more weight seminal contributions to scientific Colloquium, Val suggested I go with conscious, we eliminated the cookies. literature. In the last few years, as him for a walk around Hampstead. he became sick, he continued to Wearing his beret, Val led me through Val was always interested in enjoy the pleasure of playing with narrow cobblestone passages where learning new things in all areas words, telling stories and having he showed me the pubs that were the of knowledge as well as in a good laugh. Even at the end, an most authentic and we sampled their psychoanalysis. He studied the new interesting phrase or particular view specialties. It was during these pub- theories of therapeutic action and a of something would strike him. Val crawls that I felt that I was indeed decade ago he gave the introductory would see its humorous aspect and realizing my fantasy of becoming an remarks at the Hampstead laugh in a free and enthusiastic way. international child and adult analyst. Colloquium about changes in views This was one of many ways in which of sexuality in analysis. Val had Val was a terrific teacher in terms of Val was generous and generative. the kind of mind that was curious content but even more in terms of his about everything and remembered openness to learning, generosity, and Val had a high standard for everything. He took an interest in generativity. I treasure our friendship scholarship, study, and learning. For other aspects of my life, such as my and his steady, compassionate, and many years, Val met in a study group family and my writing poetry. He met caring companionship. with Sanford Gifford, Alexandra some of the family when he visited Harrison, and me to study analyses us on the Martha’s Vineyard and Steven Ablon, M.D.

Walking with Val I do not remember the first time I challenging supervisor for me in this alternative intellectual perspectives met Val, but I asked him to be the regard, because his voice was not on therapeutic change, such as open supervisor of my second analytic my voice; in fact, I had not yet found systems theory, Val was eager to join control case. I chose to ask him to be my analytic voice. Yet, his passion me in this exploration. To our discus- my supervisor because of the way he for psychoanalysis and for the sym- sions, he brought his understanding used language. Val’s use of language bolism of the language and imagery of mathematics and physics, and his was erudite, colorful, humorous, of psychoanalysis, was apparent in and playful. I loved to listen to him conversation with Val. Val also loved knowledge of the psychoanalytic talk, because he made what he was ideas. He loved to discuss and de- classics such as Robert Waelder’s talking about come alive. He was a bate ideas. When I began to explore prescient papers.

4 In addition to the meetings of our I had two dogs at the time, and it we had just reached him, Siri would twin study group, my favorite talks was hard for me to walk along the stop abruptly, sit, and wait. When Val with Val were on our walks. The first river and leave them at home, since greeted him, Siri would lean forward of these walks occurred the morning they loved those walks so much. and press his cheek gently against that his beloved wife, Tinky, died. I However, when Val and I walked, Val’s leg. It was a friendship of two was running along the river, and I he would be quite critical of the un- elegant beings. encountered Val. It struck me, be- ruly dogs we would encounter on cause I not infrequently had met Val the sidewalks, and I was hesitant to After Val began to fail, he retained and Tinky walking together along the even ask him if I could take my dog his sense of humor. I would visit him, river. I asked him how he was, and along. One day, I decided to risk he told me that Tinky had just died. I it. I chose my older dog, a reserved and even though his speech would asked him if I could walk with him, and poised standard poodle, named sometimes be incoherent, he would and we began what became a weekly Sirius. Val did not object, but I did often crack a joke. The Val I knew walk, every Sunday morning, that not anticipate the bond that would was always recognizable. As I drive lasted for many, many years. We had grow between them. Val—not ex- down Brattle Street these days, a wonderful talks during these walks. actly the most tolerant and flexible feeling of sadness comes over me as We talked about psychoanalytic of men—would continue to criticize I pass Lowell Street. Val is no longer theory and history. The talks about the other dogs, but he loved “Siri.” there, Siri is also gone, but I catch history were particularly wonderful, Siri, for his part, loved Val. When myself looking for a stooped figure because he knew all the “first genera- Siri and I would walk down Brattle in a black beret crossing the street at tion psychoanalysts” in Cambridge. Street to meet Val, we would see a He knew where they lived—pointed small, stooped figure in a black beret, the crosswalk, with his walking stick, out their houses—and he told me all crossing the Lowell Street crosswalk, and I imagine a stately black dog, the spicy gossip about them, which, and Siri would tense at the leash. He watching for him. of course, I loved to hear. How I wish would begin to strain a little as we I had recorded these conversations. walked towards Val, and then when Alexandra M. Harrison, M.D.

Tribute to Arthur F. Valenstein Several years ago when I was Presi- The first meeting was held at his daily walk to Harvard Square dent of PSNE, I asked Dr. Arthur Va- my home on November 4, 2006. It and seeing the bright faces of young lenstein to meet with members of our was well attended—in fact, we were men and women. He would make Institute and Society to talk about his quite crowded. Although Val had eye contact and exchange smiles with reflections on psychoanalysis at this his prepared text, within a few min- the students walking in his direc- stage in his career. utes of speaking he deviated from it tion. He would always add that he considerably. He sat in the corner of especially enjoyed the young women He first put me off, saying, “I will the living room in a high back chair who smiled back at him. He admitted think about it.” However, seeing my and seemed to be having a most en- with a chuckle, “That would really look of disappointment, he added, joyable time presenting his personal make my day.” experiences to the group. The audi- “…at another time.” Some time ence enjoyed his keen sense of humor, elapsed. I met with him again, fully I recall that Val began his talk with the pleasure he experienced with his prepared for the negative response, the apocryphal tale of Einstein asking own word play, his irreverence, his “I prefer not,” and was surprised the ticket master at the Paddington skepticism, his ramblings, and the that he agreed to meet with Society Station in , “Does Oxford personal anecdotes and intellectual stop here?” Serving as a segue to the members for two meetings. Val had content that he presented. written a paper entitled, “A Journey fact that Val has been traveling on the train of psychoanalysis for many on the Train of Psychoanalysis” and What I recall from the evening was gave it to me to read. I did so. I found years, he commented that the differ- several personal anecdotes that were ent stations along the journey have it a wonderful and compelling over- familiar to me from other presenta- offered him different ideas about view of his views of psychoanalysis. I tions that Val had given at scientific psychoanalysis, making it difficult filed it away. Since Val’s death, I have meetings in the past. He talked about to arrive at a consensus in defining been going through my files, stashed how much he enjoyed living in Cam- psychoanalysis. In an effort to be in various places, trying to retrieve bridge these many years. He would that paper (and only recently did so). derive much pleasure while taking Continued on page 6

5 inclusive of so many theories, Val retical perspectives into a cohesive tersweet pleasure in hearing Val’s suggested that there is the danger understanding. He quoted the father voice, and a yearning to hold on to that one can lose the essence of what of Charles Ives, who said to his mu- the complexity of his ideas, his play- psychoanalysis is about. sically talented children, “It doesn’t fulness, his vitality, his humor, and to matter where you go in developing commit them to memory. Val had a Val shared his personal history, your abilities and talents, but I want remarkable mind, and he continued how he came to study psychoanalysis you to know where you came from,” to delight in learning. He contin- implying that as analysts we need and the evolution of his thinking. He ued to grow and change through a became interested in affect theory— to remain well versed in the basic lifetime. He was a man of letters, a the importance of affect and experi- tenets of psychoanalysis. A lively humanist as well as a scientist. I re- ence in the psychoanalytic process discussion ensued as to how faculty and therapeutic outcome. In review- thought and used theory to under- member him saying and I also read, ing various theoretical approaches stand Axel Hoffer’s patient. that he felt that he had “one foot which he entertained along the way, in hard science and one foot in the Val commented that “clinical theory To our dismay and chagrin, the humanities, and one has to be agile and practice of analysis continues tape recorder that we had set up to enough to balance on one foot as to oscillate within heuristic bounds record these two meetings did not well as the other and hopefully they and that it is important not to be- work, and we were unable to have can come together.”1 Val’s mind was come caught up at one extreme or any documentation of these very agile and his ideas moved quickly, the other.” special meetings. just as his life may have moved too quickly to its end for so many of us. There were many wonderful vi- However, I came across the audio- gnettes presented in the paper, high- tape of a paper with the same title, “A Maida Greenberg, Ed.D. lighting his attempt to hold on to the Journey on the Train of Psychoanaly- sis” that Val gave to the New York essence of what psychoanalysis is 1 Raymond, L. and Rosbrow-Reich, and to convey “the unique kind of Psychoanalytic Institute on April 20, S. (1997). " Interview with Arthur Va- science that psychoanalysis is,” that 1998. He was awarded the Mary S. lenstein," The Inward Eye. Hillsdale, it is both a humanistic and a scientific Sigourney Trust Prize in the Year 2000 NJ and London: The Analytic Press, 2 endeavor. for this contribution. The ideas in the paper were similar to the presenta- During the second meeting, held tion Val gave at the PSNE meetings, The tape of Val’s talk, “A Jour- at the home of Dr. Axel Hoffer in 2007, drawn from the same paper that had ney on The Train of Psycho- Axel presented an analytic case and been hidden in my files. analysis” can be accessed at: Val served as the discussant. Here Val http://internationalpsychoanalysis. once again conveyed the complexity I have been listening to the tape net/2009/07/06/arthur-f-valenstein-a- of integrating so many different theo- over and over again. There is a bit- journey-on-the-train-of-psychoanalysis/

Dorothy Burlingham’s Twins: Remembering the seminal psychological study. Reprint from Slate Magazine By David Greenberg and Maida Greenberg

For a long time, it was common for their uncanny physical similarities— psychologists no longer do. How-to society to treat twins, especially from the Twinsburg, Ohio, festival manuals for raising twins stress the identical twins, not as two separate that encourages participants to dress need to treat them as individuals, people but as a single unit. Literature, alike to the countless movies and TV starting with not giving them rhym- from Shakespeare’s Comedy of Errors shows that have fun with twins’ re- ing names and not dressing them to Thornton Wilder’s Bridge of San semblances. Think Marge Simpson’s in matching outfits. These are basic Luis Rey, imagined twins as seam- indistinguishable sisters, Patty and steps, but important ones, and they lessly interchangeable or as possess- Selma. have not been always widely fol- ing a mysterious preternatural bond. lowed. Indeed, any twin who has Many people, of course, still treat But if laypeople still frequently been spared such embarrassments twins this way. Outsiders delight in perceive twins as carbon copies, probably owes a debt to a psycho-

6 analyst who, writing nearly 60 years as well as in detailed color-coded ingham noted, “is the continuation ago, helped revolutionize the way charts in the back of the book. of their former competition.” society thinks about twins: Dorothy Burlingham. Looked at one way, Twins is an The portrait of twins’ relation- exercise in debunking. Burlingham ships wasn’t all bleak. Burlingham Though little-known outside starts by discussing the widespread also saw that functioning as a unit psychoanalytic circles, Burlingham societal fascination with twins, can be beneficial. When, at 2½ years, authored the seminal Twins: A Study which she suggested may stem from Bessie showed proficiency at making of Three Pairs of Identical Twins. At the a fantasy that people develop when plasticine ducks, Jessie, rather than time of its appearance in 1952, “the they’re young and learning to cope trying to learn the skill herself, was amount of material available on twin- with their separateness from their happy to ask Bessie to make “me ship that can be of practical help to parents. People think it would be ducky too.” Similarly, when one of parents of these double-featurettes,” wonderful to have someone “just the pair was challenged by another reported the New York Times, unable like” themselves—a perfect soul child or reproached by an adult, the to resist the urge to cuteness, was “re- mate capable of deep, intuitive, em- second twin put aside her rivalry to markably skimpy.” Twins was imme- pathetic understanding. But the truth defend her sister. The protected twin, diately hailed by the British psycho- is more prosaic. “In the fantasy,” for her part, was glad to let the other analyst D.W. Winnicott as “probably Burlingham wrote, “the relation- temporarily assume a superior role the most comprehensive work of its ship to the twin is imagined as an in the relationship. At such times, kind in existence.” untroubled and unchanging one.” In feelings of unity overrode feelings reality, twins struggle with their part- of rivalry. ners and often balk at being pigeon- Born in 1890, Burlingham was holed. When at nearly 4 years old Overall, however, Burlingham the daughter of Charles Tiffany, the Mary told Madge, “Madge, you’re a famed jeweler. After a divorce, she saw that it was necessary for a twin twin,” Madge replied: “No I’m not, to carve out some sense of individual moved with her children to Vienna, I’m Madge.” underwent psychoanalysis with Sig- identity. Bessie and Jessie at times mund Freud, and worked with his supported each other and at other daughter Anna to establish a day care Although Burlingham stressed times criticized each other persis- with psychoanalytically informed twins’ need for independence, her tently. Each seemed to seek her part- lectures and seminars for teachers. picture was anything but simple. She ner’s approval as a single child asks Then in 1938 the Nazis annexed Aus- saw, too, that this need coexisted with for praise from a parent; they also tria, and she traveled with the Freuds a fear of separation, and she observed seemed to separate more easily from how the tension between those con- to England. During the Blitz she and each other when they were happy flicting feelings surfaced at various Anna Freud set up the Hampstead and enjoying what they were doing. stages of early life. When very young, Nurseries in a comparatively safe Bert and Bill, by contrast, were so each twin expressed (as all children neighborhood in North London, invested in each other, so engaged in do) a basic wish for self-gratifica- where children stayed during the copying each other, that they didn’t tion—for the mother’s attention, or war, separated from but visited oc- develop appropriate social skills or a particular toy, or a dessert. In the casionally by their mothers. Freud a sense of separateness. Years later, case of twins, this wish for gratifica- psychologists described their fusion and Burlingham observed the chil- tion inevitably came at the expense as a severe maladaptation. dren in their care and collaborated on of the other twin, since they had to two influential works, Young Children compete with each other for maternal in Wartime and Infants Without Families. Despite its subtlety of observa- affection—and just about everything tion, Twins did not go without criti- else. Slowly, however, this basic wish cism. Clearly, children brought up A little while later Burlingham transformed into a desire to share, in a group setting at the Hampstead followed up with Twins. Over sev- and by the age of 2, the twins felt it im- Nurseries—away from their parents eral years, she tracked the develop- portant to have the same thing at the all or most of the time—weren’t being ment of three sets of identical twins same time. And yet this desire didn’t raised under typical circumstances. at Hampstead: Bill and Bert, Jessie erase the earlier competitiveness. A Their mothers’ prolonged absences and Bessie, and Mary and Madge. struggle remained, only now focused may have distorted the twin rela- She carefully documented their on the wish to have equal amounts, tionship. Burlingham’s work also growth—including important mo- not more or less—so that Jessie would focused only on the early years of ments in their relationships with one not have her cocoa with her nurse childhood, paying little attention to another—in spare, lucid, unobtru- until she was assured that Bessie was sive, and highly descriptive writing, having cocoa, too. “Sharing,” Burl- Continued on page 8

7 the stages of development after the studies. We now understand better extremes: Parents shouldn’t break up child begins elementary school. And the particular challenges that twins their twins completely, she said, but then there was the problem that, like face at critical junctures in their de- they shouldn’t let them relate primar- other studies that rely on close obser- velopmental trajectory—and par- ily to each other, either. Instead she vation, Burlingham’s small sample ents, psychologists, and teachers, called for “a normal development of size left her open to the charge that knowing more about how to treat the tie to parents.” That advice may her conclusions could not be gener- twins, can better help them enjoy the seem unremarkable coming from ally applied. pleasures of twinship as well. a Freudian psychoanalyst, but any twin who remembers being gussied Nonetheless, her work encour- Burlingham herself offered only up in matching sailor suits and put on aged others to observe twin devel- two pages of practical advice for par- display probably yearns to have been opment, giving rise to a host of new ents. It amounted to a plea against treated “normally” a little more often.

Further Thoughts on Researching Twins Maida Greenberg, Ed.D.

Maida Greenberg kindly accepted my information to parents of twins, to When I returned home, my hus- invitation to share something of the back help them deal with the issues that band asked how my visit to the doctor story behind the writing of this Slate ar- they experience in trying to meet the had gone. Speechless, I held up two ticle. As you will see, the story emerged individual needs of each child. It was fingers. “Only two more weeks?” he from a long-standing personal and pro- a chance to introduce psychoanalytic asked in puzzlement. "No!” I stam- fessional interest in the psychological thinking to the larger community, mered, “Two babies!” The obstetri- dynamics of twins. which would be good press for psy- cian had requested that my husband choanalysis. and I return to his office on Monday Can you tell me how the project morning; he planned to bring in a of writing an article with your son, Can you tell us how you arrived new machine—a sonogram—so that David, came about? at this interest in twins? we could hear the heartbeats clearly. We returned to his office, and indeed, I want to thank you, Sarah, for My interest in twins began when we did hear two distinct heartbeats! inviting me to expand on this article. I learned that I was pregnant with The subject of twin development is twins during my eighth month of The three weeks until our sons dear to my heart. David is an Asso- pregnancy. My husband, my daugh- were born were intense. We shared ciate Professor of History and Media ter, Judith, and I, had just returned our news with family and friends. Studies and Journalism, and writes a from a lovely vacation at Martha’s We talked about our fantasies of column on history for Slate Magazine. Vineyard. I was exercising and eating caring for two babies who resemble Knowing that David was an identical healthily, but I was mystified by how each other, and are going through twin, one of the editors of Slate asked large I had grown. I saw a covering the same developmental stages at the if he would be interested in writing an article about twins. When David obstetrician on a late Friday after- same time, while also caring for our called and asked me if I would like to noon. He commented on my weight daughter who would need to adjust co-author it, I was delighted. gain, listened to the heartbeat of the not only to one baby, but to two. fetus with a stethoscope, and told me The timing of this invitation fit that he heard two heartbeats. I was I started my research immediately. for me. Although I have given many stunned. I remember saying to him Dorothy Burlingham’s book, Twins: A presentations of my clinical work, for with great certainty, “There are no Study of Three Pairs of Identical Twins, reasons of confidentiality I had not twins in my family.” He answered was gripping. Twins and Super-Twins submitted my clinical cases for pub- in Yiddish, “Gornesht!” “That means was also helpful. Scheinfeld, a genet- lication. Now, I had an opportunity nothing!” He explained that there is icist, provides scientific information to inform a larger audience about a genetic basis for having fraternal about twins, describes the attitudes the challenges that exist for twins in twins, but not for identical twins, that existed in different cultures developing their individuality while which arise in a unique constitutional throughout history towards twins, also maintaining a close relationship condition. I left his office in shock, and offers practical information to with one other. I also could provide trying to absorb this information. mothers on how to care for them.

8 I was joyous that all went smooth- I were both involved in caring for toddlers and young children to see ly with my labor and delivery. I was our children; we spent time not only two children who look alike. How an active participant and was thrilled interacting with them, but we end- does one help a toddler to under- to hold each son when he was born. I lessly discussed the challenges that stand this confusion, this cognitive was pleased that my daughter would we encountered in our daily living. dissonance? Conversely, what is the maintain a special position in the We think of those years with joy experience for a twin to be called by family as our only daughter. I knew and some nostalgia. We realized, his brother’s name? A teacher in their that our lives had taken on a dramatic even then, that we could not have three-year-old nursery school class change that would prove to be an in- had the pleasure and joy without had difficulty telling my sons apart tense and powerful journey. the hard work that was involved. and recommended that they should In retrospect, my motivation to read be separated when they were four. I I tried to keep a journal. I had a the literature on twin development wondered if there were suggestions fleeting fantasy that I, like the pio- during that time was an attempt to that I could offer her so that she could neers in psychoanalysis, could pro- bolster my confidence that I was a note differences between my sons vide rich clinical data regarding my “good enough” mother in meeting and relate to them as individuals. It observations that would contribute each child’s needs. also raised the question as to when to the field. Although I did take notes is it developmentally appropriate for of some of these precious moments, I What stands out for you during twins to be separated in school. realized that I wanted to respect the those early years? privacy of my three children, that Did wonderings such as these in- I did not want them to be “objects I found those early years to be so spire your doctoral dissertation? Can of study.” On a realistic level, my exciting. I enjoyed interacting with you tell me more about that? primary concern was to be a “good each baby, watching them interact enough mom,” and hoped that I with each other, and observing how When my children were in school could meet the needs of my daughter others responded to them. For exam- I was ready to become more involved and my sons. That in itself was all ple, when I took my sons and daugh- in my graduate studies. Len Solo- consuming. ter to the playground, I observed that mon, Ph.D., my mentor in the clini- strangers gravitated to my sons, and cal psychology department at Boston What was it like to be studying asked little about my daughter. I University, encouraged me to pursue twin development while also living often identified with my daughter. I a review of the literature regarding the experience of raising twin boys thought of ways to intervene to rem- twin development. My review was and a daughter? edy this situation. I would introduce comprehensive. I enjoyed reading my daughter to these interlopers and the mythology, folklore, and litera- As most mothers and fathers can try to facilitate a conversation that ture regarding twinship in an effort attest, caring for infants and young included her. I sometimes verbalized to demonstrate how certain psycho- children is an intense, interesting, aloud, “So many people stop us and logical elements found in mythology and gratifying experience, but it is ask us questions when we were go- and literature resembled elements acknowledged that giving birth to ing to the playground!” Sometimes found in present-day research in a new baby is considered a “normal Judith remained quiet, and at other the fields of psychoanalytic and ego developmental crisis.” A young tod- times she would engage with the developmental psychology concern- dler and two infants to care for was stranger saying very animatedly, “I ing twin development. I reviewed an even greater crisis, both pleasur- have two baby brothers, David and the research that evolved from ex- able and exhausting. My husband, Jonathan.” The strangers, in turn, perimental and observational efforts, Robert, an academic, had a schedule would direct their responses to her. from psychoanalytic case studies, that enabled him to spend quality and from studies of psychopathology regarding twins and their implica- time with his children, so we both I observed that the children in tions for personality development of were very involved in their care. We David and Jonathan’s nursery school twins. I tried to highlight the particu- had the good fortune of finding a were often confused when they saw lar problems regarding ego develop- wonderful woman who had cared David and Jonathan together. Even ment in twins that were discussed in for babies her entire adult life, and though I color coded my boys, that the literature to demonstrate the pos- always wanted to take care of twins. is, dressed David in red clothes and sible effects that may be present for Her availability enabled me time to Jonathan in blue, the two boys with twin partners along a developmental interact with each baby in more re- whom they played often called Da- continuum from birth to adulthood. laxed and playful manner. vid, “the other Jonathan” or Jona- than, “the other David.” My sons I was impressed that almost ev- So, during those early years I retaliated by calling these two boys ery article started the same way, was not formally studying twin “the other Jimmy,” or “the other Ste- development. My husband and phen.” I wondered what it means for Continued on page 10

9 claiming that interest in twins as a mother’s attention were noted at ten the twins are a complement of each unique human phenomenon has months of age. This was intensified other, making use of the talents and been widespread at all times as is around motor achievement. Burling- characteristics of the other that they evidenced in the records of history, ham also discussed the concept of find missing in themselves. mythology, literature, and psychol- “emotional contagion” at this time. ogy. In reading about the mythology She meant that when one twin was Other observational studies and folklore, Ortmeyer writes, “the initially upset it was not too long be- showed how parental behavior con- reason for the persistent appearance fore the other twin would experience tributed to twins’ inter-identification. of twins in the evolving record of the upset himself. In some cases of Plank (1958) described how mothers man was the ‘unexplained mystery stress, the twins would turn to each tended to dress their children alike, surrounding their special unity’” other and act as a unit. treated them the same, and gave (1970). The mythology and folklore them twin names. Leonard (1961) expressed two kinds of ambivalence Burlingham suggested that the commented that a variety of factors regarding multiple-birth. One is the issues of competition and resolu- contributed to a “folie-a-deux” be- ambivalence towards the birth itself tion follow an interesting develop- tween the twin partners. and its implications regarding beliefs mental progression. Each twin first about inception and paternity as well expressed a wish for gratification The psychoanalytic case method as social and economic consequences just for himself, which was slowly contributed a great deal to the under- of multiple-birth. The other ambiva- replaced by the wish to share. By standing of the complex dynamics lence is expressed in representing the approximately two years of age, it that are involved in a twin relation- twin relationship as close and inti- became important for the twins to ship. A consensus from eleven of the mate, yet rivalrous and full of hate. have the same thing at the same case studies is that twins had particu- time. They also started copying and lar difficulties in ego development, One can trace the tradition of imitating each other. In addition, superego-development, and object psychological differentiation and twins developed feelings of altruism relationships (Hift, 1980). Joseph and individuation from the Biblical tales that were a defensive reaction forma- Tabor (1971) suggested that a “com- themselves. Themes of good and tion to insure themselves of equality. plementarity” develops between the bad, sibling rivalry, individuation twin partners that leads to a “fusion and differentiation are repeated in Burlingham (1952) writes, of object and self representation” and the Bible. Greek mythology, on the a loss of ego boundaries. He called other hand gives expression to The equal sharing does not help this “the twinning effects.” Ortmeyer themes of harmony and devotion the twins to overcome their ear- (1970) noted that if the similarity be- among twins. Union and fusion are lier competitive feelings but was tween partners is intense, a “we-self” emphasized and the notion of a com- only a continuation of the com- unit develops between the twins. mon soul is stressed. Both traditions petition and struggle in different This “we-self” system enhances a share the mythology that twin birth form. The struggle was centered sense of well-being and security at is a result of divine intervention that around the desire to have equal the expense of recognizing the indi- is therefore a miracle. amounts, not more or less. All vidual “self” of each twin. Orr (1941) the energy went into maintaining referred to this inter-identification as Observational and that balance. This often produces a “joint ego.” Psychoanalytic Case Studies an over-strong bond between the two children to each other with Other research has been devoted As David and I wrote in our Slate an accompanying weakness of the to specific factors affecting twins’ article, Burlingham observed three relationship to the parent (p. 62). proclivity to neurosis, psychosis, sets of identical twins in the Hamp- homosexuality, criminality, narcis- stead nurseries, a residential setting Other observations were gleaned sism, and aggression, etc. Others in England during the war years. from her research. The expression focused on language development, From observations, she noted that of aggression may be problematic recognizing that it often was an indi- the twins were involved in an “inter- for twins. Many factors, however, cator of other aspects of interpersonal identification” process. In the earli- operate to check its open expression relationship and the socialization est stages of development, the twins including the need of one twin for process. showed a growing attachment to the the other, the fear that in hurting his mothering figure, clearly noticing twin, the co-twin is hurting himself. In summary, the literature sug- the mothering figure at four months She also noted that twins were will- gests that because twins must go of age. The twins began focusing ing to recognize a superior skill in a through the same developmental attention on the twin partner at ap- co-twin because to some extent they processes at the same time with each proximately eight months of age. felt that they shared their pooled other, this may promote dysfunction The first signs of competition for the resources. Burlingham claimed that for the twins at certain stages of de-

10 velopment and periods of harmony Finally, the advantages of the this too will enhance their closeness at others. If the dysfunction reaches twinship have not been addressed. to one another. the stage where twins are unable In the society at large, twins are of- to distinguish their own thoughts, ten regarded as a source of pride and It was our notion that these twin- feelings, and wishes from the other achievement, giving parents an add- ing concepts described by Burling- partner, and if they use the part- ed sense of their own worth. Twins ham and others were an excellent ner as an ego ideal rather than as a enjoy popularity in school among starting point to explore aspects of separate individual, it may impede their peers and teachers. The twin- the twin relationship from a develop- development in the realm of ego and ship may also offer the twins a special mental perspective along the devel- superego functioning. If the twin closeness and empathic understand- opmental continuum. I felt that there “projects” his own wishes onto the ing regarding another person’s feel- was a need for research that attempts twin and fails to accept responsibil- ings, point of view, and perspective, to operationalize the aforementioned ity for his own feelings, superego which may be transferable to other concepts, subjecting them to empiri- functioning may not be internalized. relationships. In essence, the twin- cal study along the developmental Practiced habitually, this will inter- ship might foster the capacity for trajectory. These should be studies fere with the socialization process. role taking, empathy, and social in- that will draw on a normal popula- timacy within each partner and an tion, with a more representative sam- We have come full circle. The added understanding in developing ple of twins along the developmental fascination that adults experience meaningful social and interpersonal continuum. when they see identical twins, or relationships. the fantasy of the latency age child, Kathe Hift and I were interested who wishes for an unconditional After completing this literature in learning more about the pre-ado- twin partner to assuage the sense of review, I took a clinical internship in lescent and adolescent stage of twin loneliness and separateness, are only Child Psychiatry at Tufts New Eng- development to determine whether fantasies and unresolved wishes. land Medical Center. There, I met The reality of such a co-partner is not twinship itself has its own unique de- Kathe Hift Stern, also an intern, and always ideal. velopmental structure and process. an identical twin. We shared our in- We also wondered whether there terests in twin development. She was My Approach to the might be certain points along the helpful to me in sharing her experi- Twin Relationship developmental continuum of twins ences of being an identical twin and where the twinship is advantageous informing me of the research that she The clinical insights gained and other critical points where the had done. We came to appreciate all through my literature review were relationship appears more maladap- that has been said by Burlingham and insightful in examining twin dynam- tive, dysfunctional, and limited. I ics; however, it became apparent that others: that twin development com- decided to examine some of the social the material focuses primarily on the plicates the typical relationship that dimensions of the twin relationship dysfunctional, negative aspects of twin children have with their moth- by applying these concepts to a sam- the twin relationship with little at- ers during the formative years; that ple of pre-adolescent and adolescent tention to the positive strengths and twins do need to share the nurtur- youngsters in order to obtain greater advantages of such a relationship. ing figure; and that the mother does understanding regarding the nature Observational studies such as Bur- have the double task of relating to of the twin relationship and the indi- lingham’s classic work were based two infants at the same time, perhaps viduation separation process at this on twins who were separated from complicating each twin’s developing stage of development. their parents. This in itself may have a sense of self. If the twins resemble intensified their dependency needs each other, the mother’s task of re- Doctoral Dissertation: Twins: upon each other. Her work provides lating to each infant as a separate Fusion, Friendship and Individuation little attention to the latency, pre- individual can inhibit natural spon- adolescent, and adolescent stages taneity on her part. And if the twins My research investigation set out of development, which could shed are perceived as different, a certain to examine the nature of the twin some further light on the process of polarization for the two infants may relationship from the perspective of how twinship is maintained or how occur which will also influence their each partner and the capacity of each differentiation develops. relationship. The caring for “two twin to conceptualize and understand babies” may draw excessively on the social relationships. It explored the The family constellation and sys- mother’s time, energies and resourc- relationship between the intensity tem of which the twins are an integral es, negatively influencing the quality of the twinning relationship and the part has also been neglected; other of the mother’s relationship to her ability of each twin to understand the factors such as zygosity, sex of the infants. The mother may treat the conceptualization process involved twin, birth order, and other siblings in children as a unit, feeding or putting the family may affect the relationship. them to sleep at the same time, and Continued on page 12

11 in forming friendships. The popula- development of a program for moth- sional aspirations and other personal tion comprised thirty sets of male and ers of twins and one set of triplets. interests with motherhood. Most of female twins with an equal number This program provided mothers with these mothers had little opportunity of different sub-sets of monozygotic a supportive environment to discuss to talk about these feelings. (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins rang- the challenges they encountered in ing in ages from eleven to eighteen caring for two babies at the same Mothers were concerned with years of age. time. Our work was informed by the forming an attachment to each twin, psychoanalytic, developmental the- and took pride in identifying and The study focused on perceptions ory and the recent current research distinguishing each infant from the of twins themselves as they described on infant and twin development. Its other. Even with infants of different their thoughts, feelings, and ideas objectives were to increase parenting sexes we noted a labeling of each twin about their twin-ships. Responses skills for mothers through provision by comparison with the other. The to a clinical interview revealed each of knowledge of infant and twin emotional demand of feeding two twin’s capacity to perceive himself as development, to provide discussion babies when both were hungry at the psychologically individuated and dif- groups where parent issues could be same time caused the mothers to feel ferentiated from the twin partner. explored with a specialist and other overwhelmed. Many mothers were mothers, to conduct research to fill sleep deprived, physically isolated, The results suggest that a twin a void in our understanding of the and felt emotionally alone with the relationship does not in itself imply special needs and interests of twins, complexities of their feelings during impaired social development. Rather, and to share knowledge with other these first few months at home. The the most important implication of the professionals working with the twin logistics of taking two infants out study seems to be the confirmation population. into the world was difficult, causing that the process of separation and in- many mothers to stay home. Several dividuation for twins follows its own Concerns of Mothers mothers expressed guilt regarding developmental course, which can be of Twins the impact that the twins had on their integrated in a general framework older siblings. that accounts for the development of Although most of the mothers of twins and single children alike. twins expressed a sense of pleasure With locomotion, issues of safety and pride in being a mother of twins, and limit setting were prevalent. Reading the transcripts of the in- they also experienced considerable Keeping an eye on two active ba- terviews that I had with each young- stress in caring for their babies. We bies crawling in different directions ster provided me with a deeper noted, however that the mothers was a demanding task. Mothers re- understanding of the twin’s wish to found it easier to discuss their con- ported confusion over their infants’ separate from his partner at this stage cerns than did mothers of single distress signals; at times they were of development and at the same time children. Their “special” situations not sure when crying was a genuine maintain a friendship with his twin made additional support seem neces- or a contagious response to the other partner. sary and welcome. twin’s distress; they reported rivalry as each twin struggled to establish When did you get involved in your They reviewed the complication a “special” role with the mothers. other research? I think you had writ- sof pregnancy, labor, and delivery. With toddlerhood, issues of explora- ten about this in a PINE newsletter Many of the mothers came with com- tion and rivalry seemed to intensify. years ago. plicated medical histories, infertility, Control and autonomy were of con- reduction of number of fetuses, and cern. Mothers often felt “ganged” up Twins Primary Prevention with often difficult and lengthy labors on by their twins as they attempted Mothers and Their Twins: and deliveries. All expressed wor- to dress, feed, and toilet train their An Educational Program and ries regarding the prenatal health children. Research Study of their babies and a great sense of Interventions Employed relief when the babies were born In 1991, the Parent Child Center healthy. Topics discussed included Most parents were anxious about was founded in Brookline, under the their feelings of responsibility for their parenting abilities and needed directorship of Shera Samaraweera, caring for their twins when they encouragement and support regard- M.D., who was committed to sup- were discharged from the hospital, ing their concerns. We tried to help porting the ongoing growth of the the fantasies of what they imagined mothers find a better way to deal with parenting relationship; its mission their twins to be, and the percep- problems they were encountering was to enhance the cognitive, motor, tions regarding the babies that they before they reached major propor- social, and emotional development actually delivered; the emotional tions. We assessed the problem areas of young children. One component and financial impact of twins on their in the child’s development as soon as of this Parent Child Center was the family life; how to combine profes- possible and discussed our concern

12 with the parents. If needed, referrals the beginning, or is it possible that his twin. By 13 months, the twins ap- were made to helping professionals twin-twin confusion and the twin- pear to seek each other out for reasons so that appropriate treatment could ning effects are a later consequence of safety, interest, and as partners in be obtained. of lack of optimal responsiveness in defiance of parental prohibitions. the maternal infant dyad? Do we see Each mother’s comfort with rivalry Development of a an evolution of twin-twin imitation and aggression seems to influence Research Study and identification along a develop- the degree and mode of expression of mental continuum? Does a “we-self” these feelings and behaviors. On the basis of our clinical experi- exist between twins or is it a concept ence of observations of the twins and first embraced by parents and then From these two sets of twins the mothers at the Parent Child Cen- assigned to twins, thus dictating to and our broader sample at the Par- ter we found empirical support for a greater or lesser degree the form ent Child Center, we saw that the the proposition that being a mother of the twin-twin relationships? Are mother’s personality impacts upon of twins creates greater stress for there points in twin development and interweaves with the needs of the mother than being a mother of where twinship is advantageous and her twins. We presented these a single child, and the demands for functional for one or both of twins? findings at the Vulnerable Child optimal maternal responsiveness are Are there junctures where the rela- Workshop at the American Psycho- more difficult to fulfill. We wondered tionship is maladaptive and limited? analytic Association in the spring of if twinship had it own unique devel- 1994 (Greenberg, Wilson, and Sama- opment and what junctures along We developed a pilot project for raweera, 1999). the developmental continuum are the study of twin development. A critical points of struggle and change. central part of this study was to ob- What was it like to now share So we decided to conduct a longitu- serve how twins together relate to your dissertation research and your dinal study beginning with two sets their mother and to each other. We professional knowledge with your of twins. followed two sets of twins through adult son in writing this article? weekly observations at the Parent Recent Infant Research Child Center and videotaped month- It was an enjoyable experience. I ly home visits. We noted each infant’s found his interest in the Burlingham We realized that knowledge of behavior alone, with his twin, with study gratifying. David knew that I infant development had undergone mother, with a stranger, and with had written my dissertation on twins a dramatic change in the past two peers. During the home visits we and that I was involved in working at decades. The notion of the infants observed the infants in spontane- the Parent Child Center with mothers having been “psychologically born” ous play with mother, twins with of twins. But it did provide us with an- emerging from a state of “un-differ- (ourselves) in the room; the infants’ other opportunity to discuss twinship entiation” or “symbiosis” had been responses to their mirror images, and from his perspective and from mine. challenged by Stern (1985) and oth- the infants’ capacities to separate ers. In light of more recent studies from and reunite with their mother What was it like to write an ar- concepts of early twin–twin fusion in the homes setting. We were inter- ticle on an analytic topic for a gen- and confusion were called into ques- ested not only in the separation and eral audience? tion. We became aware of the rela- reunion reactions per se, but in the tive void in the recent infant research twins’ use of each other during this I enjoyed doing it. There were literature detailing the specific de- particular stress. many responses and comments to velopmental issues for twins during the article that were sent to me, and these early years of life. Our naturalistic observations of although I read them I was not very the two sets of infant twins and their good in responding to them. That is Given the absence of recent infant mothers from 6 to 15 months vali- a skill that I might be willing to learn. research literature of studies detail- dated the hypotheses that for twins, I am comfortable giving workshops, ing specific developmental issues the mother—not the twin partner—is teaching to small and large groups, for twins, especially in the first two the primary person of interest and but I am reluctant to write and/or years of life, we became interested support. We found an incremental give advice to parents, teachers on in early twin relatedness. Are twins progression in each twin’s develop- the web site. I need to explore this from the beginning aware of self- ing attachment to his twin partner. more. twin differences? Does each twin We suggested that each twin moves develop primarily in relation to her with greater or lesser success from a Is there more to say about your own internal capacities and to the position of non-awareness to aware- inclination to share Dorothy Bur- maternal relationship of which she is ness of and aversion to the twin lingham’s story? Is there a special a part? Does the twin partner as “oth- partner, and then pleasure in his own connection for you? er” exist in her environment from competence, to interest/pleasure in Continued on page 14

13 Dorothy Burlingham’s contribu- factors in infant twins development. Ego Development: A dissertation pre- tions remain invaluable. I support Discussion by S. Gifford. Amer. J. Psy- sented to the Faculty of Adelphi Uni- the notion that knowledge of the twin chiatry, 127:33-40. versity, Garden City, NY. relationship still offers a wonderful opportunity and model to under- Burlingham, D. (1947). The re- Joseph, E, D., & Tabor, J.H. (1961). stand and appreciate the process of lationship of twins to each other. The simultaneous analysis of a pair individuation and separation. How- The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, of identical twins and the twinning ever, this model not only applies to 3:57-72. reaction. The Psychoanalytic Study of twins as they attempt to develop a the Child, 16: 275-299. sense of their own personal identities ______(1952), Twins: A and still appreciate and value their Study of Three Pairs of Identical Twins: Leonard, M.R. (1961). Problems in twinship, but it also applies for oth- New York: International Universi- identification and ego development ers such as siblings, couples, mother- ties Press. in twins. The Psychoanalytic Study of daughter, father-son, and various the Child. 16:300-321. other sub-sets of partners in relation Greenberg, M. J., (1983). Twins: to developing one’s own potenti- Fusion, Friendship and Individuation: Orr, D.W. (1941). A psychoanalytic alities, and still be able to share and An Experimental Study of the Twinning study of fraternal twins. Psychoanal. Reaction and Understanding of Social mutually give and take in important Quart., 10:284-296. meaningful relationships. Relationship of 30 sets of Adolescent Twins: A dissertation presented to the Ortmeyer, D.H. (1970). The we self Given that this newsletter is dedi- Faculty of Boston University. of identical twins. Contemp. Psycho- cated to the memory of Dr. Arthur anal., 6:124-142. Valenstein, I would like to add that ______(1984). A Case Dr. Valenstein was most helpful to Study of An Identical Twin with Her me in sharing his knowledge of twin Blind Twin Sister. Paper submitted to Plank, E.N. (1958). Reaction of development and providing me with Advanced Training Program in Psy- mothers of wins in a child study access to an original copy of Dorothy chotherapy of the Boston Psychoana- group. American Journal of Orthopsy- Burlingham’s book, Twins: A Study of lytic Institute and Society. chiatry , 28: 68-78. Three Pairs of Identical Twins. ______Wilson, E. F., and Scheinfeld, A. (1967). Twins and REFERENCES1 Samaraweera, S. (1999). Primary Supertwins. Philadelphia and New Prevention with Mothers and Their York; J.B. Lippincott & Co. Ablon, S., Harrison, A., Valen- Twins: An Educational Program stein, A.F., & Gifford, S. (1986). Spe- and Research Study: In The Vulner- Stern, D.N. (1985). The Interper- cial solutions to phallic aggressive able Child. Eds. by T. Cohen, M.H. sonal of the Human Infant. New York: conflicts in male twins. The Psycho- Etezady, and B.L. Pacella. Volume 3 Basic Books. analytic Study of the Child, 41:239-257. Chapter 10, pp.127-159. 1 A complete bibliography of Dr. Allen, M.G., Pollin, W., & Hoffer, Hift, K. (1980) An Experimental Greenberg's research on this topic A. (1971). Parental, birth and infancy Study of the Twinning Reaction and is available through the PINE office.

NEWS AND NOTES

Rodrigo Barahona, Psya.D. present- “Masculinity, Complex” in New York Howard B. Levine, M.D. was ap- ed an analysis of the film Imperdon- in October of 2011. The paper she pre- pointed to the Education Section edi- nable at the Belmont World Film Fes- sented was entitled “From the Glory torial committee of the International tival at the Studio Cinema in Belmont, of Hera to the Wrath of Achilles: Nar- Journal of Psychoanalysis. Massachsetts, on April 16, 2012. ratives of Second-Wave Masculinity and Beyond.” In September of 2011, Alfred Margulies, M.D. was ap- , Ph.D. presented she was the discussant for a paper pointed to the Editorial Board of the “Towards an American Independent “The Missing Tombstone: Reflections International Journal of Psychoanalysis Tradition” at the Boston Psychoana- on Mourning and Creativity” pre- in 2012. As a Consultant to the Learn- lytic Society and Institute members’ sented by Anna Ornstein, M.D. at Psy- ing Consortium in Columbia, South seminar in November of 2011. She chiatry Grand Rounds at Cambridge Carolina the weekend of April 20-21, was a presenter at the conference titled Health Alliance. 2012, Dr. Margulies gave various talks

14 and conducted seminars. On April Kenneth I. Reich, Ed.D. was ap- AUTHORS 28, 2012, he was the moderator at the pointed co-chair of the International Writing Workshop at the Boston Psy- Relations Committee, Div. 39 of Chodorow, N. (2012). Individualizing choanalytic Society and Institute; the the American Psychological Asso- Gender and Sexuality: Theory and Prac- panelists were Richard Gottlieb, Dan tice. London: Routledge. She did a ciation. He presented a workshop Jacobs, and Ana-Maria Rizzuto. Dr. Meet-the-Author evening in March Margulies will be the discussant for entitled “The Four Horsemen of of 2012 at the Boston Psychoanalytic Jonathan Lear’s paper titled “A Case Change: Therapeutic Action in Cou- Society and Institute. for Irony” at the Annual Meeting of ple Therapy” in Jerusalem, Israel, the American Psychoanalytic Asso- and at Grand Rounds at the Boston Margulies, A. (2011). “In Search of ciation in June of 2012. Institute for Psychoanalysis. French Psychoanalysis.” A review essay of Reading French Psychoanalysis, Martin Miller, M.D. taught Clini- Dr. Birksted-Breen, S. Flanders, and A. cal Child Analysis with Fred Meisel, Evelyne A. Schwaber, M.D. was Gibeault, eds., IJP, 92:1059-1066. M.D. during February, March, and Visiting Lecturer and Faculty at Pitts- April of 2012. This is part of the burgh Psychoanalytic Center, March Schwaber, E.A. (2012). Meine Reise Child Analysis curriculum in the 16-18, 2012. ins Zuhören auf der Suche nach der training program jointly offered by “maßgebenden psychischen Realität” BPSI and PINE. Students from MIP, Stephanie Smith, LICSW was elected {German translation of: My Journey PINE, and BPSI attended the seminar. in Listening: Seeking “Psychic Reality President-elect of The Association for (as) the Decisive Kind,” (Freud, 1917)} Jacqueline Olds, M.D. conducted a Child Psychoanalysis during the an- in: Psychoanalyse in Selbstdarstellungen Longwood seminar on “The Science of nual ACP meetings, Santa Fe, New 9 (Self-portraits in Psychoanalysis); ed. L. Emotion” with Richard Schwartz, M.D. Mexico, in May, 2012. Hermanns; Brandes + Apsel Verlag, Gm. Psychoanalytic Training at PINE Presenting PsychoanalyticPINE offers individualized Training psychoanalyticat PINE thethe PINEPresenting Center’sCenter’s

training for licensed mental health PSYCHOANALYTIC CLINICAL FELLOWSHIP PSYCHOANALYTIC PINE offers individualized psychoanalytic PSYCHOANALYTIC CLINICALthe PINE FELLOWSHIP Center’s professionals and scholars that combines CENTERCENTER CENTER training for licensed mental health PROGRAM intellectual rigor, theoretical breadth, and PSYCHOANALYTIC CLINICAL FELLOWSHIP PSYCHOANALYTIC professionals and scholars that combines Tuesday Evenings 7:30 p.m. – 9:30 p.m. CENTER lively interaction. CENTER Tuesday Evenings 7:30 p.m. – 9:30 p.m. intellectual rigor, theoretical breadth, and SeptemberSeptemberPROGRAM 2012 –– MayMay 2013 2013 lively interaction. Tuesday Evenings 7:30 p.m. – 9:30 p.m. September 2012 – May 2013 � Rigorous study of both traditional and contemporary � Rigorouspsychoanalytic study of theoriesboth traditional and contemporary AA unique unique psychotherapy training training psychoanalytic theories program designed to enhance and � Individualized and fl exible training program designed to enhance and enliven the practice of early-career and � Individualized and fl exible training enliven the practice of early-career and � Intensive exploration of clinical process A unique psychotherapy training seasonedseasoned cliniciansclinicians working with with adults, adults, � Intensive exploration of clinical process programadolescents, designed and/or to children. enhance and � Close and supportive collegial relationships adolescents, and/or children. � Close and supportive collegial relationships enliven the practice of early-career and � A small community by design seasoned clinicians working with adults, � A small community by design � 30 weeks of evening seminars led � An accredited training institute of the � 30 adolescents,weeks of evening and/or seminars children. led � An accredited training institute of the by PINE faculty AmericanAmerican Psychoanalytic Psychoanalytic Association Association by PINE faculty � 30 hours of individual supervision PINE’s institute continues to embody its founding �� 30with hoursweeks PINE of ofFaculty individual evening supervisionseminars led philosophy of “an adventure of ideas.” Classes bywith PINE PINE faculty Faculty bring together a small number of candidates and � Participation in a supportive, � Participation in a supportive, ComeCometeachers and and Meet inMeet the Us Us professionalat at our our Upcoming Upcoming closeness Public Public Conference and Conference lively � 30collegial hours communityof individual supervision withcollegial PINE community Faculty atmosphere ofThe aThe workshop. Annual Annual Candidates Sashin Sashin and teachers � Membership in the PINE Society explore critically the basic observations, methods � Membership in the PINE Society Memorial Scientifi c Meeting �� ParticipationAccess to the PEPin a online supportive, and theoriesMemorial of psychoanalysis. Scientifi Wec Meeting share candidly � collegialAccesspsychoanalytic to communitythe PEP library online WHYdifferences WORDS MATTER already held and differences that arise WHY WORDS MATTER � psychoanalytic library in sustained study and discussion. In short, PINE is � MembershipUp to 60 continuing in the education PINE Society credits DATE: Saturday, March 31, 2012 DATE: be devoted Saturday, to shared March curiosity 31, 2012 and search. � Up to 60 continuing education credits PRESENTER: Fred Busch, Ph.D. Tuition� Access (including to the all PEP supervision): online $2800. PRESENTER: For Fred brochure Busch, andPh.D. application, Limitedpsychoanalytic enrollment. Financiallibrary assistance. DISCUSSANTS:contact Ana-Maria Alice Rapkin Rizzuto, (781) M.D. 449-8365 or DISCUSSANTS: and Ana-Maria Sarah Ackerman, Rizzuto, Ph.D. M.D. ForTuition a brochure (including alland supervision): application, $2800. contact Limited [email protected] �enrollment. Up to 60 Financial continuing assistance. education Early application credits andwww.pineanalysis.org Sarah Ackerman, Ph.D. Alice Rapkin (781) 449-8365. TIME / COST: 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m. / Tuition(by May (including 1st) discount. all supervision): For a brochure $2800. and Limited TIME / COST: Free 1:30 / $30 p.m. for – CE 4:30 credits p.m. for / non-members enrollment.application, Financial contact Alice assistance. Rapkin (781)Early application449-8365. LOCATION: MachtFree Auditorium,/ $30 for CE Cambridge credits for Hospital, non-members (by May 1st) discount. For a brochure and LOCATION: Cambridge Macht Auditorium, Cambridge Hospital, 15 application, contact Alice Rapkin (781) 449-8365. Cambridge Tuition (including all supervision): $2800. Limited enrollment. Financial assistance. Early application (by May 1st) discount. For a brochure and For more information, please contact Alice Rapkin application, contact Alice Rapkin (781) 449-8365. (781) 449-8365 and visit our website at www.pineanalysis.org For more information, please contact Alice Rapkin (781) 449-8365 and visit our website at www.pineanalysis.org