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From Biography to Theory: the Role of Anna Freud in the Emergence of The www.symbiosisonline.org Symbiosis www.symbiosisonlinepublishing.com Research Article SOJ Neurology Open Access From Biography to Theory: the role of Anna Freud in the emergence of the “adolescent process” Florian Houssier Psychologist, Psychoanalyst, President of the Collège International de L’Adolescence (CILA), Professor of Clinical Psychology and Psychopathology at the University of Paris-North: Transversal Research Unit Psychogenesis and Psychopathology (UTRPP), Villetaneuse, Sorbonne Paris Cité (SPC). Received: September 22, 2016; Accepted: October 18, 2016; Published: October 24, 2016 *Corresponding author: Florian Houssier, Psychologist, Psychoanalyst, President of the Collège International de L’Adolescence (CILA), Professor of Clinical Psychology and Psychopathology at the University of Paris-North: Transversal Research Unit Psychogenesis and Psychopathology (UTRPP), Villetaneuse, Sorbonne Paris Cité (SPC). E-mail: [email protected] Abstract too often exclusively centred on the infantile. Our main source Some aspects of Anna Freud’s life reveal the existence of onelaboration, Anna Freud’s while lifeavoiding is Elisabeth the pitfalls Young-Bruehl’s of psychobiography, biography Young-Bruehl considers that Anna Freud theorised on the basis psychoanalysis.specifically adolescent Her historical conflicts, input which in the can gradual be tied construction to some of (1988), which provides an acute insight into her adolescence. aher theoretical theoretical corpus and onclinical adolescence discoveries has oftenin the been field ignored. of adolescent These links between biography and theory gave rise to a movement of of her own understanding of herself. Indeed, her self-analysis conceptualisation making it possible to develop a psychoanalytic disordersyielded several in the important context of clinical the struggle notions: against altruistic genitalisation surrender, duringasceticism, adolescence. intellectualisation, daydreaming and anorectic strugglemetapsychology against theof genitalisationadolescence: indeed,of the adolescent emerged body.such notions as asceticism, intellectualisation in relationship with anorexia and the main source of investigation and theoretical transmission of what is In order to begin our approach to this difficult context linking nowToday, called thethe adolescent Annafreudian process. school of thought has remained the points:personal 1. Thelife, developmentpsychoanalysis, of the and psychoanalysis theoretical elaborations of adolescence in Key words: Anna Freud; Biography; Masculinity complex; begana complex with web Freud’s of ramifications, founding work we onwill the consider “Transformations the following of Adolescence; Beating fantasies; Transmission Puberty” (1905). 2. Freud began to analyse his daughter at a time Introduction thesewhen issues.she was The still paper working was through directly herlinked adolescent to her analysis conflicts; and 3. dealtAnna Freud’swith personal first paper issues (1922), raised based by adolescence. on her own 4.case, In herreflected most frequently in the context of her rivalry with Melanie Klein. This Anna Freud is most often associated with child analysis, untouched by the battle between their opposing views. Our important work of the Viennese period (Freud, A. 1936), one case article addresses a different issue, that of adolescence, a field perspective is the following: certain aspects of Anna Freud’s life can be considered autobiographical, a self-analysis of the woman she had then become, in other words a woman who found a can be related to some of her clinical and theoretical discoveries reveal the existence of specifically adolescent conflicts, which way of sublimating her infantile and adolescent conflicts. A long chapter of the work is devoted to adolescence, probably the most in the field of adolescent psychoanalysis. Adolescence is one complete essay on the topic at that time: it is the first clinical and theoretical study of what was later called, particularly in France aboutof the herthreads close discreetlyties with herlinking father her and life, the beginning contradictions with her of own analysis, and later work. Much has been said and written and in Anglo-Saxon countries, the ‘adolescent process’, a generic term whose relevance is still questioned today (André, J. Chabert Annafreudian theory, but her historical input in the construction C,From 2010). the “black devil” to Antigone: a troubled of a theoretical corpus on adolescence, once the “Cinderella of adolescent Let us be clear: our aim is not to retrace Anna Freud’s life psychoanalysis” [15], has largely been forgotten. Between jealousy and identification elaborationin detail or ofreview a metapsychology her theories, of but adolescence. to suggest We a linkwish between to study thebiography very close and relationshiptheory, a link between that laid private the foundationslife and theoretical for the Anna was born in 1895, the third daughter and youngest of Sigmund and Martha’s six children. She was an unwanted child, and to make matters worse, Freud wrote to Fliess, anticipating Symbiosis Group *Corresponding author email: [email protected] From Biography to Theory: the role of Anna Freud in the emergence of the “adolescent Copyright: process” © 2016 Houssier his daughter’s future masculinity complex: “You will not have any she would like him to continue calling her his “black devil”. In his obje ctions to my calling my next son ‘Wilhelm’! If he turns out answers, Freud tried to reason with her, criticizing her tendency to be a girl, she will be called ‘Anna’ [44]. Anna Freud’s internal to be too passionate and obstinate. In one letter, he told her conflicts touched upon two realms, one more discreet and tied that she need not write every day, and asked her to take care of loveto her for rebellion her father. against her mother, whom she felt to be either herself, because she was “still quite young” [44]. intrusive or neglectful, while the other concerned her passionate In 1913, after her sister Sophie’s wedding – among the becausesiblings, [sheSophie has] was run her away main like rival a child for fromtheir manyfather’s things love of – whichFreud fatherShe would felt rejectedsometimes by comforther older her siblings, and congratulate who considered her for wrote to Anna that she was “overzealous, restless and unsatisfied her asundemanding “one too many”, attitude. and Thehad pleasuretrouble assertingshe felt atherself. receiving Her her father’s approval was so great that nothing else was of any withdrawa grown-up from girl thewould pleasures not be of afraid” your age(ibid., but p. gladly 59). In enjoy the samewhat importance to her. otherletter, girlsFreud enjoy” added: thus “We noting will notice that she a change was “removed when you from no longer [her] own life” (ibid.). Anna criticized her own tendency to daydream, ownAnna childhood was brought one of upher by central her governess themes –Josefine, the fear for of whombeing she was a sort of favourite and only child, and found in her during which she would withdraw into intense erotic fantasies, “normalinstead offemininity” looking for (ibid.). an object in reality, outside the family. Freud then voiced his and Martha’s hopes for their daughter, i.e. onlyabandoned, metaphorically– expressed with in terms the ambiguity of a fear of of “losing her parents’ and being feelings lost” (Freud, A, 1967). She associated the feeling of being lost – not little Anna reproachfully to her mother upon reuniting with her. In 1915, as she was preparing for the schoolteacher’s for her, her mother’s distracted attention: “You lost me!” cried examination, Freud expressed the wish to keep his daughter near him. He found her to be “a charmer, more delightful than any of older sister and ideal child of the Freud family. The tensions Despite her jealousy, she identified with Mathilde, her their other children” (letter to Ferenczi, quoted by Young-Bruehl, hisop.cit, daughters p.72); in Sophie another and letter Anna to “thoroughly Ferenczi, he satiate[d] admitted his being libido”. “in need of signs of youthfulness and vigor”, adding, with insight, that especiallyin her relationship as Sophie with was Sophie,devoted whom to their she mother. called “theWhat family’s Freud “The little one is also an extraordinarily dear and interesting little angel”, and whose beauty she envied, were quite strong, admired in Anna, however, was not the feminine charm he found sister-in-lawcreature”, he wrote,(ibid.). aFreud’s consolation ambivalence for the thought lasted untilthat, heas hefell put ill “blackin her devil”sisters, with but whomher spunky he exchanged and cheeky grunts character, as he entered and even the it, that “now [he has] left only [his] two old ones”, i.e. his wife and dining-roomher meanness. to Beforelunch aftershe becamethe morning’s his Antigone, work. From Anna her was early his like her to “exchange her attachment to her old father for some morewith cancer. lasting Inone”. 1921, (ibid. he wrotep.111). to Max Eitingon that he would also atadolescence being considered on, she toosat youngin on tothe accompany debates of her the father Wednesday to the society, listening with fascination; in 1909, she was very unhappy United States. According to Young-Bruehl, Martha Freud’s lack of support Anna was quite annoyed by mother’s “secretiveness” – a daughterfor her husband’sto adopt the profession, role of companion not to inmention her father’s her worknegative and opinion of psychoanalysis, made it possible
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