Volume 17, December 2008 International PSYCHOANALYSIS News Magazine of the International Psychoanalytical Association

International Converging on Chicago Psychoanalytical Abel Fainstein previews the IPA Association Congress 2009 Association Love and Hate in Clinical Practice Psychanalytique Eight analysts give their views Internationale The Latin American Psychoanalytic Internationale Institute two years on Psychoanalytische Vereinigung W. Ernest Freud: A tribute Asociación Psicoanalítica Internacional International PSYCHOANALYSIS

International PSYCHOANALYSIS 02 International Psychoanalytical Association Broomhills, Woodside Lane, London N12 8UD UK Tel: +44 20 8446 8324 Fax: +44 20 8445 4729 INTERNATIONAL PSYCHOANALYSIS THE NEWS MAGAZINE OF THE IPA. Email: [email protected] ISSN 1564-0361 www.ipa.org.uk

Editor Latin America Silvia Flechner Wilson Amendoeira, Rolando de Leon Luevano, Plinio Montagna, Adriana Contents Previous Editors Ethel Person, Leopold Nosek, Prengler de Benveniste, Virginia Ungar, Alex Holder, Doris K. Silverman Clara Uriarte, Fernando Weissmann Editorial Regional Editors North America New Editor Silvia Flechner on ‘helping us to overcome our Europe: Harriet Basseches, Peter Blos Jr, Fred geographical separation and cultural differences’ 03 Giovanni Foresti Busch, Arthur Leonoff, Nadine Levinson, Gérard Lucas Beth Seelig, Sharon Zalusky Symposium Tamara Stajner-Popovic Honorary President Love and Hate in Clinical Practice Frans W. Schalkwijk Leo Rangell International Psychoanalysis invited eight analysts Latin America: Honorary Vice-President from around the world to contribute their views Rómulo Lander Robert S. Wallerstein Leila Tannous Guimarães Corporate Officer Cláudio Laks Eizirik 04 North America: David Coe (Director General) Joseph L. Fernando NOTES FOR CONTRIBUTORS TO Guillermo Bodner 06 Language Editors INTERNATIONAL PSYCHOANALYSIS Glen Gabbard 06 English News Magazine: 1 Contribution Policy and Languages Robert Stein This News Magazine appears once a Fred Busch 07 French News Magazine: year normally in December – and Colette Scherer focuses largely on features concerning Claudio Rossi 08 German News Magazine: issues of interest to IPA Members. Ursula Engel Members who wish to suggest an Stefano Bolognini 09 Spanish News Magazine: article for a future issue should in Patricia Alkolombre the first instance write to the Editor Olga Varela Tello 10 (contact details below) with a Production Manager Leonardo Peskin 11 Robert Stein brief proposal. Sub-Editor Letters and other comments on articles Converging on Chicago Sophie Richmond that have appeared are also welcomed by the Editor. The deadline for The 46th IPA Congress takes place in the USA’s Midwest for Translation Team submissions (in electronic copy only) the first time. What can delegates expect? Abel Fainstein, English: Alan Nance, is the end of August each year. Chair of the Programme Committee, gives a preview 12 Philip Slotkin, Andrew Weller Please note that contributions may French: Marie-Elizabeth Bell, be edited for length or style. Promoting the Congress Beverley Bie Brahic, Danielle Goldstein, Announcements about events, Sergio Nick, Chair of the Public Information Committee, Colette Gutman, Anne-Lise Hacker, prizes and awards, publications, explains how you can help 13 Marianne Robert, Catherine Roux, fellowships and other news items are Claudine Tourniaire normally considered for publication in A Spectacular Setting for the Congress Dinner German: Katrin Grünepütt, the IPA's Electronic Newsletter rather Tempted by the Gala Dinner? David Terman gives you Michael Mertl, Joachim Roether, than the News Magazine. the background to Chicago’s famous Navy Pier Susanne Vogl, Elisabeth Vorspohl Announcements should be sent to the 13 Spanish: Dana Caceres-Pawlikowski, relevant Regional Editor – e-mail Creativity and Flexibility in Transmitting Psychoanalysis Irene Cusien, Magdalena Padrón addresses above. What has the Latin American Psychoanalytic Institute Araújo, Pilar Rodas Riley, Contributions may be submitted in any María Julia Sainz Bello of the four working languages of the (ILAP) achieved in its first two years, and what lessons Design and Production IPA: English, French, German or are there for promoting psychoanalysis in countries Bobbett Spanish. E-mail address for without IPA Societies? 14 Print contributions to International NewNorth Print Psychoanalysis and the Envy, Gratitude, Genocide and Religion Electronic Newsletter: THE INTERNATIONAL New and forthcoming titles from the IPA 14 The Editor: Silvia Flechner PSYCHOANALYTICAL ASSOCIATION E-mail: [email protected] W. Ernest Freud (1914–2008): A Tribute Board of Representatives 2 Advertisements Daniel Benveniste, Ernest Freud’s biographer, on President Cláudio Laks Eizirik For rates and other details, Freud’s only grandchild to become a psychoanalyst 16 Secretary General Mónica please contact the Siedmann de Armesto Production Manager Ballots 2009 17 Treasurer Henk Jan Dalewijk Robert Stein: [email protected] Representatives Letter from the Secretary General Europe Mónica Siedmann de Armesto 18 Madeleine Bachner, Jorge Canestri, Paul Denis, Yolanda Gampel, The IPA in China Anna Potamianou, David Tuckett, Peter J. Loewenberg, Chair of the China Committee, Manuela Utrilla Robles witnesses the formal beginning of analytic training 18 Treasurer's Report Henk Jan Dalewijk 19 Cover Image Chicago at night by Tali Kimelman (talikimelman.com). All other images of Chicago are © Chicago Convention and Tourism Bureau, except page 11 © Bobbett Image Library

DISCLAIMER The contents of this News Magazine are copyright © the International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA) 2008. All rights reserved. Reproduction of part or all of the contents in any form is prohibited unless for personal, non-commercial use. None of the content of this News Magazine may be copied or otherwise incorporated into or stored in any other website, electronic retrieval system, publication or other work in any form (whether hard copy, electronic, or other) without express written permission from the IPA. Whilst the IPA endeavours to ensure the accuracy of all information, it makes no representations or warranty, either express or implied, as to the accuracy of information published. Opinions expressed by contributors are their own and do not necessarily represent the view of the IPA, the Editor or the Board of Representatives.

Contents Volume 17 December 2008 Overcoming Our 03 Geographical Separation

Dear colleagues and friends It is a pleasure to write to you once again, this time in a new issue of the IPA News Magazine. In it you will find full details of the preparations and proposed activities for our next International Congress, to be held in Chicago in 2009 on the subject of ‘Psychoanalytic Practice: Convergences and Divergences’.

am particularly pleased to mainly to this topic, whether in the analysand of hostile feelings From the Editor publish a report from Javier the form of comments on existing towards the analyst reminds us of Silvia Flechner IGarcía, Director of the Latin articles or of new articles. We their counterpart – namely, love. American Psychoanalytic Institute therefore invite you to send in your The reactivation of psychic pain (ILAP), where he writes about contributions, with an approximate and of the conflict of ambivalence what ILAP has done in the face length of 700 words, in English, is responsible for the conscious of a situation where ‘despite the French, Spanish or German, by and unconscious expression of presence of around thirty societies the end of January 2009. hate towards the analyst as the and 3,000 members, over half the representative of the loved and countries of Latin America have It would, we believe, be most interesting to learn what analysts hated object. Is this perhaps a no IPA institutions!’ I would be today think about this subject, trial for ourselves as analysts pleased if the News Magazine which Freud himself discussed at throughout the difficult process could act as a useful place for the various points in his career. One of that often confronts us with our exchange of ideas across regions the relevant works is ‘Instincts and patients? Is it a matter of the twin and I invite colleagues to let me their vicissitudes’ (1915), in which concepts of transference and know what steps they have taken he writes that objects that cause countertransference, or is there to promote psychoanalysis in their unpleasure give rise to hate, so perhaps something else too? We country or region. that the good is taken in and the leave these and other questions Such exchanges I see as helping hated expelled; this means that open, as an invitation for further us to overcome our geographical hate as an object relationship is reflection on love and hate in separation and cultural differences, older than love, because it stems clinical practice. which, rather than keeping us from the narcissistic ego’s primal Both personally and on behalf of apart, can act as a spur to the rejection of the external world my Committee, let me once again sharing and exchange of ideas, with its stimuli. Freud was later thank the authors who have sent and thus encourage debate for to explain that it is with the us their articles, and invite them the benefit of us all. This is because establishment of the genital to stay in touch with us with the exchanges and the differences organization that love comes suggestions and contributions, in alike represent a form of dialogue, to be the opposite of hate. a space that is open for exchanges permitting comparison and We find in our clinical work that among all our members. learning in such a way as to invite hostile feelings, together with the ongoing reflection both on our accompanying death anxiety, may practice and on our training. be projected on to the analyst or With kindest regards. As noted in Electronic Newsletter turned back on the analysand No. 6, this time round our News himself in the form of self-directed Silvia Flechner Magazine includes articles on aggression; this calls for a firm Editor the subject of ‘Love and hate in capacity on the part of the analyst psychoanalytic practice’. Many of to receive and contain the negative our friends and colleagues have aspects, thus allowing them to be been kind enough to send us their interpreted. The predominance in contributions, which are presented in this issue. Our intention was to cover the regions making up our Association, but given the I would be pleased if the enormous scope of the subject- News Magazine could matter, as well as the number act as a useful place for of contributions received, we the exchange of ideas felt it appropriate for Electronic across regions… Newsletter No. 7 too to be devoted

Editorial Love & Hate International PSYCHOANALYSIS 04 Love and Hate in Institutions

I would like to take this opportunity to reflect briefly on one aspect of the theme in this issue, instead of reporting on the several dimensions of the IPA activities, as is usual in this space. By doing so, I hope to share with our members some of my observations and personal experiences of the last years on the challenging issues of love and hate in psychoanalytic institutions.

and the possibility of developing group felt their solution independent and critical thinking in represented a loving identification each analyst’s career will possibly with the discipline and its be connected to the analytic development, and also felt experiences and the kind of training that those with another view that was received in the Institute. represented a solution that would ultimately destroy the From the President What else makes psychoanalytic loved institution. Eventually, over Cláudio Laks Eizirik institutions unique and different many years of hard work and joint from other institutions? In my working through, a compromise view, we have to deal with was found for both views. I took fter Freud´s seminal paper different levels of anxieties, part in many other controversies, on Group Psychology and fantasies, ideals, cultural trends, at a local, national, regional or A the Analysis of the Ego conflicts, traditions and, last international level, and the same (1921), a growing literature was but not least, with a personal feeling seems to be present almost published on the many dimensions relationship with Freud and the regularly. What would be the role of the psychoanalytic understanding pioneers of each Society. How to of transference in these exchanges of group dynamics, and the balance love and hate under these or controversies? interface of unconscious and complex circumstances? interpersonal relations. Our current I have come to understand understanding of this subject owes As we all know, love and hate that, most likely, each side had a lot to the work of Bion, Foulkes, are a natural component of any developed his/her own version of Anzieu, Jaques, McDougall, Pichon- human relation, as well as of psychoanalysis and of what was Riviere, Kernberg, Berenstein and any analytic field (Baranger learned from the ‘family’ (Institute) in which the training took part. Puget, to mention just some of the and Baranger, 1961–62). In our This is the specific situation that most quoted in papers in the field. institutions, love and hate live together. But perhaps our analysis tries to resolve, but often There are of course several continuous efforts to regulate, stirs up, if identifications are not papers dealing with psychoanalytic organize, specify rules and worked through. There can be institutions, and perhaps one of the procedures, in addition to being some special loyalty or opposition regional and international most impressive is ‘The secret ring’ relevant for our survival as an to a training system, a training institutions. This participation (Grosskurth, 1991), for its accurate association, may also be viewed analyst, a training model or an can function as a social network and open report on the difficult ideology. Any change to the as powerful tools to control and of support that may produce beginnings of psychoanalysis and system can be felt as an act of master the erruption of primitive feelings of belonging, sharing of our association, the IPA. faith or of treason. forms of love and hate. values and procedures, and pride Since its beginning, Recently, I witnessed and We all would like to feel that for joint achievements of more psychoanalysis, as a movement participated in many delicate that our positions and ideas are than a century. Beyond rivalries, and as an institution has had to organizational situations where rooted in solid tradition and derive resentment, competition, gossiping confront the effects of what makes change was required. For instance, from a theoretical system that and the whole set of bad feelings it so unique and special: the while discussing IPA training we share with our colleagues. so well described by Schafer (2003), transference. These transferences models, there were several Unfortunately, human affairs are there is a set of good feelings. The much more complicated. We are often resulted in the unavoidable moments where the presence of good feelings could be regarded often immersed in conflictual as being obvious or ridiculous or repetition of the experiences of some of the basic assumptions situations that can owe more naïve, or they could be ignored each analysis being enacted in the described by Bion (1961) was to our own history of past altogether, just as we would analytic group. This specific group palpable. Now, at the distance of transference feelings than we neglect the expressions of positive approximated a type of analytic a few years, it seems to me that often perceive at the time. transference if we could not rely family that may differ according to in these discussions, some fierce on the work of Winnicott. each Society’s circumstances, but exchanges were due not only to Among the factors that allow us to can be found and identified in real or concrete differences of remain analysts, despite so many I think that love relations, in different latitudes. I believe that opinion, but because the issue challenges, there is the paramount their institutional expressions, the degree of freedom of thinking stirred up conflict wherein each importance of taking part in local, constitute one of the most Volume 17 December 2008 Love & Hate Psychoanalytic 05

Below Reflecting the city, Chicago

powerful forces that allow us Melanie Klein, constitutes one of References to remain analysts, despite the the most stimulating signs of the difficult circumstances of our work, strength of our joint enterprise. Baranger, W. and Baranger, M. (1961–62) La situación analítica as well as the many challenges como campo dinámico. psychoanalysis faces in the current Having had the opportunity of Revista Uruguaya de Psicoanálisis state of liquid modernity. taking part in so many new 4(1): 3–54. initiatives and creative moments of Looking back at so many Bion, W.R. (1961) the IPA in these last few years, I controversial situations and Experiences in Groups. feel grateful to all its Members, to discussions in which I had the London: Tavistock. the members of the Board, the chance to take part, it seems Executive Committee and its many Freud, S. (1921) almost unbelievable how often committees, to the Broomhills Group Psychology and the Analysis the group of colleagues involved staff and to my dedicated assistant of the Ego. Standard Edition was eventually able to reach 18: 69–143. London: Hogarth Petra Hasse, and especially to reasonable or even wise decisions, Press, 1955. those dear friends and colleagues despite what seemed to be at the with whom I worked particularly Grosskurth, P. (1991) outset an unsolvable situation. closely in these rewarding years, The Secret Ring. As we all know, love Reading, MA: Addison Wesley. and hate are a natural In these moments, we can feel the Mónica Siedmann de Armesto, rewarding experience of being a Nadine Levinson and Henk Jan Schafer, R. (2003) component of any member of an association in which Dalewijk, whose support, warmth Bad Feelings: Selected human relation, as well love prevails over hate and the and full commitment to Psychoanalytic Essays. as of any analytic field. feeling of gratitude to our psychoanalysis and the IPA made New York: Other Press. forebears, so well described by me feel at home at all times.

Love and Hate in Psychoanalytic Institutions Love & Hate International PSYCHOANALYSIS 06 Love and Hate in Clinical Practice

In his writings on technique Freud discussed the problems that arose in treatment when patients showed their feelings of love towards the analyst. He suggested that such feelings must be allowed provided they are treated as unreal: ‘[the analyst] must keep firm hold of the transference-love, but treat it as something unreal’ (Freud, 1915). I believe this is an important point as it indicates directly an essential feature of psychoanalysis: the transformation of reality as lived by patients in their communications, symptoms and dreams into a different reality, one which gives new meaning to the reality which the patient brings spontaneously.

Guillermo Bodner This new aspect has to do with that adds new meaning, Analysis itself provides the what Freud pointed out, in the something which is an essential opportunity to experience how Spain sense that the task of the analyst is feature of every analysis, then this attitude helps overcome to treat the real love (or hate) of s/he will be making use of his/her pathological defences or paralysing eelings of love and hate are the patient as if it were unreal. psychoanalytic function; this identifications. The consistent present from the beginning This shift from one field of reality function, in light of what has been attitude of the analyst, who F of the psychoanalytic to another represents, for patients, said above, appears as an object abstains from gratifying the relationship. Expectation, mistrust a disconcerting moment in which that frustrates. The analyst takes impulses demanded by the patient and uncertainty are all charged they usually feel unattended to, care not to gratify directly the in going about his work, awakens with affect and may come humiliated, uncared for or not patient’s loving or hostile love and gratitude toward this bursting in from the outset, taken into consideration. Their impulses, and as such s/he usually function that makes psychoanalysis whether directly or under cover account of themselves, their arouses hate, with patients at a unique experience. of defences and rationalizations. desires, their expectations are not times launching desperate attacks responded to on the same level, against this function which seems Reference But it is worth asking who the to ignore the reality of their but rather on another which leaves Freud, S. (1915) recipient of these feelings of love communications so as to ‘impose’ them disconcerted. The analyst Observations on transference-love and hate is. We can relate it to new another version. In fact, this is the offers interpretations about (Further recommendations on the versions of feelings and impulses aspects of childhood, in terms of essence of analytic work and technique of psycho-analysis, III). towards significant primary objects an inner world, or even in the patients may not comprehend Standard Edition 12. in the patient’s emotional life, as context of the always-unsettling how their communications of love London: Hogarth Press. well as to the affective shifts that present moment in which the or gratitude can be met with an take place in sessions as a result of attitude that consistently regards session is unfolding between gratifications and frustrations, them time and again as ‘unreal’. analyst and analysand. whether real or phantasized. But Likewise, they may feel humiliated there is also something new in the If the analyst has managed to or infantilized if their hateful analytic experience that produces understand the meaning of the attacks are not received as such, an intense mobilization of the patient’s communication so as to or fail to harm an analyst who analysand’s emotions. be able to shift it to another plane may appear to be unreachable.

‘... the cure is effected by love’

We have long known that passionate feelings of love and hate are stirred in psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. Paradoxically, these passions may either undermine the therapist catastrophically or serve as the crucible in which profound understanding is forged. Transferences and countertransferences of love and Glen Gabbard hate occur in a spectrum that includes unobjectionable negative and positive feelings, relatively benign forms USA of love and hate, and more malignant intractable versions of love and hate that present formidable challenges to the therapist.

hen Freud said in a patients there appears to be relationship. It is not always clear hate. Therefore, we must not be 1906 letter to Jung, neither love nor hate, nor any even whether this mode of object phenomenological in our approach W ‘Essentially, one might any attachment at all. In our relations is predominantly hateful, and only refer to the surface of say, the cure is effected by love,’ contemporary understanding, we predominantly loving, or some the transference. he unequivocally placed love at the would view the apparent absence mixture of both. We must always heart of the therapeutic action in of transference as the transference. be cautious in that we know from psychoanalysis. We now know that In other words, transference is Freud that the opposite of love is this view is too narrow. Some essentially the patient’s tendency not hate, but indifference. In other patients attach to their therapists to continue his habitual mode of words, every transference is multi- through hate. In some narcissistic object relations in the therapeutic layered and contains both love and

Love and Hate in Clinical Practice Volume 17 December 2008 Love & Hate Witnessing: 07 A Particular Form of Main Image Navy Pier (West), the Analyst’s Love Chicago

Love takes multiple forms. I would like to address a particular form of love in psychoanalysis that I would characterize as the analyst’s capability to ‘witness’ (Poland, 2000) a change in the patient’s capacity to take on one form or another of the analytic task. What I’m describing as the change for the patient is a development in using the psychoanalytic method, which is different from a patient claiming they ‘feel better’ or have gained ‘new insights’, and similar remarks which, standing alone, often have important defensive components. It is also different from the gains our patients make in their external world, which may or may not have anything to do with the work of analysis (e.g. transference cure). What I’m describing is a moment Fred Busch when a patient spontaneously demonstrates his or her capacity for engagement with the analytic process. It can take the form of increased free association (Kris, 1982), the capacity for self-reflection (Busch, 2007), the USA ability for playful use of analytic feelings, and other possibilities.

he analyst’s capacity to occurs at every level of development. witness the patient’s analytic For example, Munder Ross (1994) T growth involves the action of has suggested that, ‘in fact or the analyst as ‘one who recognizes fantasy, fathers may be guilty and grasps the emotional import of some variant of psychic of the patient’s self-exploration in infanticide’ (p. 95) and uses Laius the immediacy of the moment’ as the prototype for these feelings. (Poland, 2000, p. 7). This ‘action’ In short, I am suggesting that we of witnessing does not require an analysts potentially go through actual ‘action’ on the part of the similar ambivalences with regard analyst. Rather it is more like a to the growth of our patients, and silent internal feeling of that it takes a capacity for deeply recognition and appreciation for experiencing a wide range of the analysand’s accomplishment. emotions necessary for a particular To love the patient means to give form of love so that we don’t him or her the space to move on interfere with the patient’s analytic and move away from us. development. One would wish that we were so attuned to our A supervisee reported the patients that we would be right following. A patient who came to with them for every bit of growth treatment full of self-hatred, yet in their development of an analytic feeling that she had an exemplary capacity. However, in my childhood, eventually began to was to regress, becoming once As I have frequently enough seen experience we are often a little bit talk freely about her parents’ again masochistic. What was so this type of regressive pull from behind these developments. I have problems in raising her. The intriguing about the analyst’s the analyst in my own and others’ found that many of our patients, patient was talking in a statement was that much of the work, I would like to offer some as with our children, are forgiving spontaneous, open, non-defensive work up to this point revolved hypotheses about a working of our lapses if we eventually catch manner and, most importantly, did around the dangers the patient through of a particular form of the up and witness these important not go into a regressive retreat of felt at exploring her relationship to analyst’s love that is required for developmental steps in analysis. self-hatred as had been her the parents, and this very work our patients to benefit from our custom. Further, this wasn’t was what allowed the patient to analytic work. First, I would like to References reported in a masochistic, blaming reach this point of freedom to relate to something all parents go fashion, but rather as a reflective associate about her parents. The through with their children. The Busch, F. (2007) statement as to how things were. analyst was also quite puzzled as good-enough parent has to I noticed: the emergence of Previously unspoken memories to why she made this remark. continually deal with their self-observation in relation to were revealed, mixed together ambivalence towards the growth pathological attractor sites. with events from her current life. of their children. With every Int J Psychoanal 88: 423–41. In short, it was an example par developmental step there is feeling Kris, A.O. (1982) excellence, of the patient’s use of of pleasure, and a sense of loss. Free Association: Method the method of free association. It The feeling of pleasure is and Process. was through the analyst’s excellent understandable, the feeling of loss New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. work that the patient was able to can be surprising. All of this is best Munder Ross, J. (1994) reach this point, both in terms of exemplified in the toddler’s first What Men Want. the use of the method and the steps. As parents we are thrilled Cambridge, MA: Harvard accompanying content. It was a with the child reaching this University Press. moment for witnessing. What milestone, and look after her with To love the patient Poland, W.S. (2000) occurred, instead, was that the beaming eyes. However, we soon The analyst’s witnessing analyst raised the issue of how means to give him or her realize that each step the child and otherness. they still needed to figure out why the space to move on takes will lead her further away J Am Psychoanal Assoc 48: 17–34. all this had remained a secret for and move away from us. from us, so there is inevitably the so long. The patient’s response feeling of loss. This ambivalence

Love and Hate in Clinical Practice Love & Hate International PSYCHOANALYSIS 08 Some Ideas About Love and Hate

Hate is the son of a human being’s love for an idea: a jealous and possessive kind of love for that idea. It might not necessarily be an exclusive love but it will feel stronger for ideas than for any living creature. The bigger a man’s capacity to feel passion for a value, for an ethical standard, the bigger will be his capacity for hating.

Injustice promotes hatred. It asks for justice. Love is not just a feeling. Love is a principle Claudio Rossi However, all justice is a kind of dominance, of nature and it is also a feeling. Many times Brazil it is keen to vengeance. The act of revenge a pleasant feeling. Love is an emotional diminishes the amount of hate inside the experience that helps life to become worthy. ate is a feeling, not an act. It is a feeling person who perpetrates it and causes hate Life without experiencing love makes no that results from the impossibility of to grow in the one who suffers it. Justice sense. It is empty, cold and sad. To feel in love, Han act and it demands an act. When transfers hatred from one carrier into another however, may be dangerous: love includes imprisoned inside oneself, hate circulates in but cannot eliminate it. Justice asks for more new things and persons and causes changes. justice, just as revenge asks for more revenge. the body like a humor, like a poison and it Love moves and breaks the peace of sameness. Justice is always a possession of the powerful. brings about pain and self-destruction. Love destroys hierarchy, love puts enemies Love promotes bonding. Love unites words together and menaces the establishment. Hate results from a word that couldn’t be said, into phrases, phrases into texts and texts into a movement that was stopped, a desire that Love bears lovers and lovers are subversive. systems of ideas. fell into emptiness. Hate appears when a Lovers open their minds and hearts to the dream is lost, when an ideal is frustrated, Systematized ideas may lead to construction or beloved ones and thus are prone to acquire when a belief is quenched. destruction. Therefore, prior to any destruction new ideas and habits. Love is a key that opens of places, whole peoples, whole races, there is up the inner system of values and thinking. Hate is neither violence nor destructiveness. always a system construed by love. For this reason love is controlled, severely Hate precedes violence and is the residue that controlled, for the survival of institutions. Love unites bodies, souls and spirits. When follows an unsatisfactory act of destruction. Love, in spite of that, continues to exert its it bonds bodies and souls it certainly causes effects and the flow of life goes on. Hate is a feeling – most often a disturbingly pleasure, sadism, friction, irritation and pleasant one. It is the fruit of a dedicated and violence. Not hate. For hate to be born, In the analyst’s work with his patients, persistent cultivation. it is necessary that love unites ideas. many ideas, thoughts, beliefs, theories and knowledge are in action, organizing Hatred is not a child of nature. It is the heir A great amount of love is required in order his perception and structuring his of culture. In nature one finds aggressiveness, to teach somebody something. To effectively interpretations and attitudes. In the present violence, death but never hatred. Hatred is teach hatred a great deal of love and care is human, essentially human. A man can hate necessary: love for a religion, for a country, article, disregarding any attempt to create an animal but an animal cannot hate a man. for a concept of freedom. A lot of love to a coherent and cohesive theory, I tried to concoct a good war. describe some ideas about love and When well cared for, hate is transmitted from hatred which, together with well-known one generation to the next. This occurs because Love is an essential ingredient to any civilizing psychoanalytical theories, inhabit my hate is based on a system of ideas which, being enterprise. It is deeply embedded in any preconscious and sustain my clinical activity. ideas, are easily transmissible. cultural construction.

It is possible to feel hatred for a fellow creature Every time there is a change of beliefs, creed, but it will be more easily felt towards someone ideology or group structure, hatred emerges or something defined as different or alien. and one has to confront it. Hate of a new To invent or create differences facilitates the reality is caused by the faithful love for the development of hate. old one. Resistance to change walks hand in hand with hatred. The one who feels inferior may envy another he considers his superior; the superior one Hate does not exist without love. Life without may hate the inferior one because he should love and hate is tedious. do better. The pure may hate the impure and the perfect may hate the imperfect. That is the reason why hell was created. Omnipotent goodness created hell because it hated sin. Hate does not exist To characterize somebody or something without love. Life without as being evil provides an easy target for love and hate is tedious. hatred to aim at.

Love and Hate in Clinical Practice Volume 17 December 2008 Love & Hate Love and Hate in the 09

Below Erotized Transference Chicago skyline

Love and hate are dramatically present on the analytic stage – as they are in life – in the situation that we call the erotized transference. These situations almost inevitably give rise to a corresponding countertransference, which in fact hardly ever involves genuine love. Instead, if anything it mostly tends towards rejection, regardless of the conscious technical, ethical and ‘aesthetic’ ideals of the analyst, who would in most cases prefer to see and present himself as fundamentally accepting.

Any attempt at rational explanation (if you Stefano Bolognini will, on the level of an ‘ego-to-ego’ dialogue Italy – i.e. between the analyst’s ego and that of the patient) usually proves to have little or no his countertransference actually repeats effect. It falls to the analyst, cast in the role the experience of a rejecting mother of a ‘prisoner-cum-lover’, to bear the full T seeking to turn her back on a son or weight of an ancient deficiency; and into the daughter who is all the more clinging and bargain there is the patient’s recourse to a greedy precisely because he or she was rejected disguise in the form of adult love – perhaps at a deep level from the beginning; the result presented as genital – which is, however, is a tragic vicious circle of unhappiness that a sham. After all, infantile dependence is feeds on itself. so all-embracing that having to recognize it for what it is would wound the subject’s Love seems to be love, but is not so; hate narcissism (or amour propre). Hence, seems to be hate, and indeed sometimes whatever the actual sex of the analyst, becomes hate, but is in reality rooted in despair. the expected intrinsic ‘gift’ will at root be rejection she had suffered, while hopelessly maternal, the context being principally going round in circles. Analysts who work with psychotic patients – that of the primary dyad. real psychotics! – are well aware that, in It was eventually to emerge in the assuming the task of associating with them I once had occasion to observe, as it were subsequent course of the analysis that the year after year, they will together have to from afar, a paradigm delusional situation. whole situation afforded an occasion for the negotiate long periods of viscous, symbiotic A patient of mine, a good-looking public representation of a split-off and as yet attachment, quasi-puerperal possession, figure, was the victim of prolonged unexpressed part of the self of the patient narcissistic needs of mind-boggling intensity persecution by an unknown woman who himself, then personified by his unhappy and wearisome greed. inundated him for months on end with e-mails spurned lover. expressing the unwavering conviction that Behind the seeming demands for love Oddly enough, the difficult, genuine intimacy he loved her, despite all his denials. Before and the desperate explosions of hate in the possible in erotized situations has to do with enlisting the aid of the police, the patient transference, what is at stake in such cases is primary caregiving, once the analyst has repeatedly tried to disabuse his stalker of the the patient’s basic assent to life, which can be succeeded in overcoming the inevitable idea that he loved her – he did not even know supplied at libidinal level by the symbolic instinctive reaction of trying to ‘wriggle free’ her – and to dissuade her from molesting him equivalents of contact, care and feeding – as occurring in the intake phase. For at this electronically, but he in fact found that his well as the sense of value and dignity which stage it is not unusual for the analyst to communications of ‘non-love’ had the can, in the subjective experience of someone experience intolerance, or even hate, when opposite effect, merely reinforcing her deprived of primary narcissistic cathexis, be faced with such a clinging, grasping and delusional conviction that he loved her. provided only by experiencing the object’s needy patient. profound devotion. Some time later I was struck by a detail The pseudo-genitalization of the relational contained in a letter from the stalker, context gives rise to mistakes that may on reported to me by the patient in a session, occasion be serious and stand in the way of on which we reflected: among a motley real intimacy; but the restoration of contact collection of confused and unsolicited with the patient’s authentic deep-seated autobiographical information, the writer needs can sometimes lead to the progressive indicated that her mother, who had died many achievement of a shared sense of the years previously, had confessed to her that she possibility of affection. had unsuccessfully tried to have an abortion while pregnant with her. So the entire present situation appeared as a repetition, of which Oddly enough, the difficult, the stalker was unaware but which was in its genuine intimacy possible in way ‘necessary’, of that primal drama, with my erotized situations has to do patient standing for the rejecting mother and with primary caregiving… the poor soul herself unwavering in her intent to deny and at the same time to confirm the

Love and Hate in Clinical Practice Love & Hate International PSYCHOANALYSIS 10 Passion in the Analyst: Love and Hate

Juan David Nasio (2001: 123) writes: ‘Reading Freud is, for me, a permanent discovery heightened by real pleasure, the pleasure of resonating with the words of the text.… The complicity between a Freud who discovers and a reader who recognizes himself is a unique experience. It is here that Freud is our contemporary, because he resonates and strikes a chord within us.’ This is the vitality that Freud generates in us. But do we go on generating such vitality in our practice with patients, students and supervisees? Might we call this passion? If so, then we must be able to feel and transmit this passion that Freud passed on to us.

These passionate feelings of love It is difficult to understand why Of course, this was not possible in Olga Varela Tello and hate run throughout the the analyst might remain beyond just three months and what had Mexico history of psychoanalysis, and their the reach of passion. Why would developed was a highly intense origin should perhaps be sought an analyst, under the pretext of and passionate falling in love. She he birth of psychoanalysis in the relationship which Freud being properly analysed, become explained to me that she had met was already marked by himself maintained with his own insensitive? Lacan argues that the a new beau who she thought was T emotion and turbulence. As discovery. For it is the passion that better the analyst is analysed, the incredible, and she looked at me Josef Breuer wrote at the end of develops from the ego-ideal which more likely that he will be frankly with a fascinated expression that the nineteenth century: ‘The girl provides the strength to achieve in love or in a state of aversion and reminded me of the mystics about senses in Eros the terrible power that same ideal as a goal in life, repulsion, or of hate, under the whom Lacan wrote so much. She which governs and decides her and which differs from the passion most elemental forms of the had found her mirror image via destiny and she is frightened by it.’ achieved by the movements of the relationship with his the transference relationship. I The fear of the other’s passion ego in pursuit of the ideal ego, psychoanalytic partner. felt paralysed, as if I had to be which in reality is the search for this mirror that she needed, so wreaks havoc and distances Breuer The person of the analyst is the desire to satisfy lost narcissism. that the images did not move. I from the psychoanalysis which committed to an experience from Lacan locates the ideal ego within remembered Freud, who said that Freud would go on to invent. which, at the same time, it must the framework of the imaginary during these moments of passion remain abstracted. He must both Thus we are faced with two relationship and the ego-ideal in the patient only wishes to speak of offer and refuse to give himself, different attitudes toward the the domain of the symbolic bond, her love. Little by little, and with that is, he enters this game of encounter with passion: that and thus we encounter the power the help of interpretations, we human passions and faces them, of Sigmund Freud, who through given to us by Eros; the power of were able to leave behind this while simultaneously declining his writings passed on to us his Eros which may also be called deadly and dangerous fascination. to participate in any way in the strength and willingness to passion, in the sense of strength, raptures of love and hate. struggle, and who left us a theory of life, of creation. From this Reference for which he fought and worked perspective there are two ways I once saw a borderline patient Nasio, J.D. (2001) until the end of his life; and that of understanding passion: the who was depressed and had just Un psicoanalista en el diván of Josef Breuer, who upon passion that arises to deny what ended a relationship with a lover. (A psychoanalyst on the couch). encountering transference, is lacking (hate) and that from the Without analysing the symptoms Buenos Aires: Editorial Paidós. passion, and the love and hate of ego-ideal which appears once this in themselves I would like to his patient, decided to withdraw. lack has been accepted (love) and describe a situation that emerged desire is displaced onto other three months after the start of But what do we understand by substitute objects. It is this latter treatment. At this point the passion? In everyday language, passion which psychoanalysts patient began to say how grateful passion is a feeling that implies a require in their practice, for it is she was to me for how well she strong commitment, the struggle love of the task at hand. felt and all that I had done for her. for an idea or a desire. The most fertile moment of analysis is the passionate one, not only in the sense of love but also those moments involving violence, aggressiveness and hate. It is in the transference that these passionate moments of love and hate arise and reveal to both The most fertile moment of analysis patient and analyst that which is the passionate one… is most painful.

Love and Hate in Clinical Practice Volume 17 December 2008 Love & Hate Love /Hate 11

Love/hate is an indissoluble, antithetical duality that feeds on the drive, that which moves every passionate dynamic. In logical terms, hate precedes love. Love seeks to attenuate the ‘igneous’ core that is hate as an expression of the drive in its ‘pure’ state. Love takes different forms (from falling in love to the universe of loves) when the psychic authorities – the ideal ego and the ego-ideal – open up an initial narcissistic path for passion; later it is the psychic apparatus as a whole that regulates the deployment of these Below Navy Pier, Chicago tendencies in reality.

ove/hate is revealed through symptoms, transference, dreams, acting out and L acts in general, including both worthy feats and crimes, all of which require a foundation of unconscious desire and the law. The latter govern by giving a certain constancy over time to the tendencies that Leonardo Peskin originate in the set of fixations which maintain repression. Reaction formations, Argentina negation, denial and other mechanisms determine how the drive may go from the sublime to the disastrous, and they end up giving a subtle singularity to the object that is so precisely chosen and constructed in order to satisfy. Yet it would be better to invert the duality into hate/love in order to describe the modulation that goes from more successful forms to the immoderate outpouring of hate that follows the failure of the attenuating authorities. Through the specific features of the parental environment, culture provides the subject with the categories through which to consider others as fellow human beings to be desired and loved, or to treat them as unknowable objects against which hate should rightly be directed. Thus the subject’s behaviour ranges from love of others and the ability to live harmoniously together to paranoia and indiscriminate slaughter. One essential distinction of relevance to clinical practice involves not confusing aggressiveness with hate, since the former is the fruit of ego-narcissistic frustration. Hate, on the other hand, is linked to Thanatos. Likewise, the ‘well-being’ associated with the imaginary completion of falling of love is not a fully formed love, since it originates in the illusion of undifferentiated union that is called for by narcissism. In sum, love/hate is a continuum that is consonant with another, namely Eros/Thanatos. They are indissoluble because they are modulated one by the other and fuelled by a single term that emanates from a sexed body which seeks to satisfy its impulses. The more direct and unrestricted this satisfaction is, the closer we will be to hate. Love requires us to postpone and … love/hate is a continuum renounce the temptation that each culture that is consonant with another, defines as incestuous. I might even go as far namely Eros/Thanatos. as to say that every expression of extreme hate is parricide and incestuous.

Love and Hate in Clinical Practice International PSYCHOANALYSIS 12 Converging on Chicago

We are pleased to inform you that we have now completed the selection of proposals (excluding individual Abel Fainstein papers) from those submitted by Members. We have added these to the ‘Meet the Analyst’ dialogues and the Chair of the Programme keynote and major lectures which, as you will recall, were announced towards the end of last year. Committee introduces the IPA’s 46th Congress, The 42 individual papers – to be selected by the Programme Committee (PC) on the basis of readers’ assessments – will be announced in January 2009 and will be added in due course. ‘Psychoanalytic Practice: Convergences and Congress by submitting the several organizing the Working Party beautiful city of Chicago, with its Divergences’ hundred proposals received by meetings to be held on the days architecture, streetscapes, street the PC. It was unfortunately not immediately preceding the official sculptures, museums, beaches, possible to include all of them opening of the Congress on universities, parks, orchestras ecause comparative owing to limitations of time and Wednesday 29 July at 2 p.m. and theatres. You can find more approaches to clinical space. We have given priority to Having proved successful in information on these programmes Bcases are central to our intercultural and inter-regional Europe and at the Congresses and view a gallery of fine Congress planning, we thought it debates on convergences and of the European Psychoanalytical photographs by visiting appropriate to open the Congress divergences in relation to a Federation, Working Parties www.ipa.org.uk/congress and not with the usual speeches, number of themes connected have also been introduced in clicking on ‘About Chicago’. but with a panel comprising the with psychoanalytic practice. North America and will follow You will also be able to take a virtual presentation and discussion of a Other accepted proposals concern in Latin America. tour of the splendid, comfortable clinical case. The presentation will research results, cinema and These are meetings lasting venue chosen for the Congress, the be given by Cecilio Paniagua and further general-interest topics several hours with an analyst who Hyatt Regency McCormick Place the discussants will be Marilia such as psychoanalysis and art, demonstrates his or her practice Hotel. This is located just a few Aisenstein, Arnold Goldberg and society and culture. for discussion by a small group of minutes away by taxi from the city’s Leonardo Peskin. The Moderator To mention just a few examples, colleagues from different parts of business centre, in the spacious, will be Cláudio Laks Eizirik. we can inform you as of now the world. A pre-established and modern McCormick Place We are delighted that some of that there will be activities centred agreed dynamic is used, permitting Convention Centre. Preferential the most interesting thinkers in on hysteria, borderline states, comparison with similar experiences rates have been negotiated for psychoanalysis have agreed to psychosis, depression, perversion in other groups. We are confident those choosing a room in the hotel. give keynote lectures. The 2009 and psychosomatics, as well as that, as was already the case in As before, we intend to keep you keynote lecturers are Antonino contributions on subjects such as Berlin, this new activity will prove informed through the Congress Ferro (Italy) ‘Transformations en dream interpretation, transference to be one more attractive option Bulletins which you will receive rêve et personnages dans le champ and countertransference, the at the Chicago pre-Congress. The periodically by e-mail. But do not psychanalytique’ [‘Transformations analyst’s subjective objectivity, opportunity to engage in a dialogue hesitate to consult us if you have any in dreaming and characters in the enactment, the analytic process, and discussion with colleagues from concerns: [email protected] analytic field’], Juan Pablo Jiménez working through, the setting, different parts of the world on the (Chile) ‘Aprehender la práctica de termination, telephone analysis, presentation of a clinical case, with We look forward to meeting you los psicoanalistas en sus propios structural change, adoption, ample time allowed, will be yet in Chicago next July. méritos’ [‘An approach to lesbian/gay parenthood, and another opportunity available to psychoanalysts’ practice based virtual reality in analysis; there those attending the pre-Congress. on its own merits’] and Warren are many other topics, too Details of registration for these Poland (USA) ‘Problems of collegial numerous to include here. groups will be announced in due learning in psychoanalysis: course; numbers will be limited for narcissism and curiosity’. With a view to avoiding repetition organizational reasons. in both subject-matter and the The three major lecturers will be persons involved, we have opted In addition to this attractive Ron Britton (UK), Leopold Nosek for complementary approaches on scientific programme, the Local (Brazil) and Robert Paul (USA). each topic, and each participant Arrangements Committee will give delegates every opportunity to The analysts invited to take part will be limited to a single activity, get to know, or rediscover, the in the ‘Meet the Analyst’ dialogues although participants may also act are: César Garza Guerrero, Ilse as chair for a second activity. Grubrich-Simitis, Arnold Modell, Further, we have appointed a Chicago Congress Programme Commitee Anna Ornstein, Janine Puget and subcommittee coordinated by Elias Abel Fainstein, Chair of the Programme Committee and Co-Chair, Latin America Jean-Claude Rolland. da Rocha Barros, with Stefano Liliane Abensour, Co-Chair Europe Mónica Siedmann de Armesto, ex offico as Secretary General We should like once again to Bolognini, Evelyne Sechaud and Glen Gabbard, Co-Chair, North America thank all colleagues who have Abbot Bronstein as its members, Kate Schechter, (IPSO Executive Committee), IPSO Representative demonstrated their interest in the which will be responsible for

Converging on Chicago Volume 17 December 2008 13

Michigan Avenue Bridge, Chicago Navy Pier, Chicago

How You Can Help to Promote Welcome to the Congress Gala Dinner at Wonderful the Chicago Congress Navy Pier

find appropriate. You will need only a laptop Sergio Nick David Terman and – for larger meetings – a projector. The Chair of the Public presentation, available in English and Spanish, Member of the Local Information Committee is available by e-mail from Broomhills by Arrangements Committee writing to [email protected] Registration for the IPA Congress in Chicago Congress participants will have the opportunity opens this month and we would like to have your 5 If you would like to distribute more Congress to conclude the meeting at the Gala Dinner help to promote it vigorously to your Society Registration leaflets, and make them available planned at Navy Pier in Chicago, just 10 minutes colleagues and any other potential participants to potential registrants unable to use the drive from the Hyatt McCormick Place, on in this important event for psychoanalysis. internet, Broomhills may be able to help you Saturday 1 August 2009. This is an extraordinary or by sending you some, or a file which you venue to enjoy the company of colleagues and he Public Information Committee (PIC) has can print from yourself. to appreciate the attractions of Chicago. developed some promotional ideas to be 6 Put a link to the IPA Congress web-page used at scientific events and other meetings. uilt in 1916, Navy Pier was one of two piers T www.ipa.org.uk/congress on your own If you – or those responsible for publicity at your to extend into Lake Michigan that Daniel website, and that of your Society, as well Society – are able to implement some of the BBurnham had envisioned in his overall plan as others where you feel it’s appropriate. following, we are sure the next IPA congress will for the City of Chicago in 1909. It was the only be a success! If you have contacts with journalists and editors, one actually constructed; and at the time it was it might be interesting to send to them the press built, it was the longest pier in the world – 3,000 ft Promotional checklist long and 292 ft wide (914m x 89m). It was meant releases that will be prepared about specific to serve shipping and entertainment functions, 1 Display some of the Congress posters Congress themes. They will be placed on the and has since had many uses and a varied history. (one will be sent to each Society) in the IPA Congress website as they are written, or Following extensive renovations in the early 1990s, locations usually frequented by potential you can ask me to send them directly to you. registrants. Don’t forget that Candidates and it is now a major entertainment site housing such university students are also potential targets). The IPA biennial Congress is our association’s diverse attractions as the Shakespeare Repertory More posters – available in English and Spanish major scientific event and, therefore, a wonderful Theater, a very large ferris wheel and a Stained Glass Museum. Unchanged from the original – can be ordered from [email protected] opportunity to promote psychoanalysis, our membership and the work that we do. construction is the hall, the site of our dinner. 2 Mail out to your e-mail list the Chicago Please feel encouraged to contact me This is an elegant building on the eastern end Congress Bulletins, E-Newsletters and [email protected] with any publicity of the pier that houses a grand ballroom with a other material related to the forthcoming suggestions or to ask for any help or clarification 100 ft (30 m) half-domed ceiling. The interior has been restored and remains the same Arts Congress, or include extracts from them in you need about promoting the Congress. Our and Crafts space that was first created by its your own communications. efforts can make the difference between a large architect, Charles Summer Frost. Surrounded by and a small attendance and I hope you will join 3 Suggest that your Society organize some the lake and wide promenades, it will allow us my committee’s efforts to make the event a pre-Congress scientific events related to the to mingle amidst lake breezes and dramatic success for the benefit of our science and Congress programme themes. See the main views of the Chicago skyline against a backdrop our profession. article in this News Magazine for a list of of a setting sun. key themes. This is a wonderful chance to experience a part of 4 The PIC has developed a three-minute Chicago that will help make your visit to the city presentation (using Adobe Flash) which can memorable. You can book your Gala Dinner ticket be freely used at Society meetings, scientific on the IPA website when registering for the events and at any other opportunities you Congress. Hope to see you there!

Promote the Chicago Congress l Congress Gala Dinner International PSYCHOANALYSIS

Creativity and Flexibility in Transmitting Psychoanalysis: 14 The Activities of the Latin American Psychoanalytic Institute (ILAP)

It is only two years, two long and intense years, since the Latin American Psychoanalytic Institute (ILAP)1 came into operation. As with the Psychoanalytic Institute for Eastern Europe (PIEE) our aim is to train analysts to the standards of IPA membership and to promote and develop psychoanalysis in those Latin American countries which currently have no IPA institute or society. For despite the presence of around thirty societies and 3,000 members, over half the countries of Latin America have no IPA institutions!

Javier García ILAP has run three schools of our Latin American countries due opportunity, and these events make psychoanalysis: one in La Paz, to the difficulties and cost of travel; a notable social and cultural impact Uruguay another in Tegucigalpa, and a third, thus, the ILAP organizes schools in through local media. The strong dedicated to child and adolescent all the countries where it works. commitment of local groups in the psychoanalysis, in Panama. The three countries has enabled sponsors hen, in 2000, a number The ILAP has also run seminars from schools have the dual role of both and backers to be obtained for the of interested groups from its training syllabus in each of these training professionals and promoting events, and this, together with W Costa Rica, Panama and countries, sending teaching staff for and developing psychoanalysis. They enrolment fees, allows us to cover Ecuador asked for our support in each semester and providing online include activities based in – and in costs through equal contributions training as analysts, neither the IPA seminars via the Virtual Campus on conjunction with – local universities, from three sources: own income, nor the Federation of Psychoanalytic its website www.ilap.org.uy. The idea clinical discussion forums or the IPA and FEPAL. Societies of Latin America (FEPAL) of running virtual seminars was partly supervision of professionals working had existing projects aimed at such to overcome travel difficulties, but, The experience of training analysts in a variety of settings, and open a purpose. When our work began in given that the teaching staff could who are at the foundational stage theoretical activities and seminars for 2006 most of these groups had only offer intensive seminars over a is a genuine challenge, one that ILAP pre-candidates and candidates. organized themselves around other few days, they were also designed requires hard and pioneering These take place over an intense four- frameworks, with fewer curricular to provide an ongoing seminar work and which seems to link the day programme in which priority is demands and greater institutional experience on a weekly basis. experience of our origins with given to the presentation of clinical flexibility. The challenge was building the future. It also poses material by an invited analyst from During these two years of therefore to offer local groups an a challenge as regards our creativity a different country and/or region; work, training groups have been intense and responsible training that and flexibility in transmitting this material is then discussed in was, at the same time, flexible; in consolidated in the three above- psychoanalysis. It questions the small groups and, finally, with other words, a training that would mentioned countries, with between ritual forms and rules that were the presenting analyst. Thus, the be feasible given the social and ten and twenty people expressing a being acquired by our institutions, emphasis is on the transmission of economic conditions and transport firm interest in each place; there are and, by recreating them within new theoretical and clinical knowledge by networks of the countries in which currently four candidates with socio-cultural contexts and groups, experienced analysts, accompanied our first groups were based (Bolivia, equivalence status and around fifteen it places greater emphasis on the by small-group discussion. Honduras and Panama). pre-candidates who have begun, or essential features of psychoanalysis. are about to begin, their training The first step involved making study The experience of the schools is based analysis and start seminars, all of visits to these groups and their on the work done in Eastern Europe 1 Javier García is the director of ILAP; which will count towards their contexts, and from then on we by the PIEE, which has shown good members of the ILAP Council are: training if they are subsequently began to organize the groups and results in terms of both training and Telma de Barros Calvancanti admitted as candidates. their activities. During 2007 we the promotion of psychoanalysis. (Recife), Pedro Boschan (Buenos Aires), Alicia Leisse (Caracas), Juan visited and ran the first School of However, whereas the PIEE brings University-based activities attract Vives (Mexico). Psychoanalysis in Panama, where together all its candidates in an between 100 and 200 participants, seminars also commenced. This year annual school this is not possible in depending on the location and

Envy, Gratitude, Genocide and Religion New IPA titles tackle the largest themes

The Publications Committee of the IPA has continued this year to produce texts which highlight the ever-shifting landscape of psychoanalytical theory and research. Embracing ideas and from a geographically and theoretically diverse range of contributors, the titles maintain the IPA’s high standard of literature, while offering fresh insight into the development of contemporary psychoanalysis.

work, in which she introduced the factors over external ones, contrasting Envy and Gratitude Revisited revolutionary concept of primary envy, with many in their support for the edited by Priscilla Roth and Alessandra Lemma a notion which has since then been idea of constitutionality. Michael the subject of a great deal of study Feldman and John Steiner also agree and discussion. While psychoanalytic with the concept of the death instinct; alf a century after the publication theories on envy were not new, Klein Feldman in particular sees envy not of Melanie Klein’s seminal text, insisted on the ubiquitous nature, oral as an expression of the death instinct Envy and Gratitude, the influence H origins and even constitutionality of but as a provoker of its sadistic of her writings on psychoanalytic theory envy and its relation to the death impulses. Both Robert Caper and and technique are palpable in this instinct, a notion which the Henry Smith are uncomfortable collection of valuable essays from an contributors to this current volume with what they see as the moralistic array of key psychoanalysts. explore from a variety of angles. Peter duality of Klein’s emphasis on Klein’s short volume was the Fonagy and Shmuel Erlich applaud opposing instincts. culmination of almost forty years of Klein for developing internal innate continued

Creativity and Flexibility in Transmitting Psychoanalysis l Envy, Gratitude, Genocide and Religion Volume 17 December 2008

‘These stimulating essays are evidence Children in Genocide: Extreme that fifty years after its publication Melanie Traumatization and Affect Regulation Klein’s Envy and Gratitude is still a rich source 15 Suzanne Kaplan of psychoanalytic inspiration. Sixteen highly regarded analysts, representing a wide range aplan’s work as a child and youth of psychoanalytic thinking, provide new psychoanalyst created the platform insights and highlight current developments for this in-depth study into the immense without avoiding the controversies that K trauma of children who have suffered through surround the original publication. The reader genocide, with a particular focus on the will find support for the death instinct, Holocaust and the atrocities of Rwanda in redefinition of it, and rejection of it. Advocates 1994. She presents her unique theory of of the innate nature of envy are represented ‘invading affects’, which serves as an analytic along with those who view envy as reactive. tool to provide a foundation for an increased Some contributors view envy as destructive, understanding of young people who have been while others believe that it is not envy, but the affected by extreme traumatizing processes. defences against it, which are pernicious. Klein’s reference to envy as a two-person The interviewees clearly illustrate the life-long experience is challenged by some authors who psychological scars left by extreme childhood argue that it is triangularity – the presence of trauma, which Kaplan skilfully presents with both J. Anderson Thomson, a Darwinian the third – that arouses an envious attack on professional sensitivity and exemplary theoretical fundamentalist and supporter of Freud’s anti- linking. Reflections on gratitude are particularly analysis. The work provides an informative religion stance, argues for rationality based on welcome because it is often more difficult to comparison between the immediate effect of evolutionary data and psychological discuss than envy. The clinical and literary genocidal trauma and the experiences provided investigation to replace religion. In contrast the material is engaging and illustrates the effect by the child survivors of the Holocaust. late Mortimer Ostow in his chapter on ‘Awe, of theory on practice and the influence of ‘Kaplan listens with her psychoanalytic “third” Mysticism and Apocalypse’, does not agree practice on the evolution of theory. I strongly ear but, remarkably, also gives scientific recommend Envy and Gratitude Revisited, with or challenge Freud’s views, but rather consideration to what she is hearing and follows which, I believe, will make an important expands understanding of psychoanalysis and through her sophisticated theoretical analysis contribution in its own right to the religion drawn from within his rich Jewish with a grounded theory-based qualitative study. advancement of psychoanalytic theory and religious tradition. She explores the psyche of two different practice.’ (Donald Campbell) ‘Just as Freud approached this conundrum populations of youngsters separated from within his time and place so too do these ‘The genius of Melanie Klein’s Envy and geographically and in time but firmly joined by a psychoanalyst writers approach Freud’s paper Gratitude is felt everywhere in these pages. shared experience of being victims of mindless A nourishing and invigorating presence, it has racial hatred… She takes us on a journey, both from within their contemporary world view inspired a group of outstanding contemporary horrific and heroic, through her systematically and circumstances... psychoanalysts have analysts to share with us their insights into collected interviews, with signposts provided by grown from adherence to Freud’s dogmatic envy and gratitude, and their expertise in psychoanalysts who had explored this terrain in stricture, that theism and psychoanalysis are confronting and working through the complex the past but ultimately providing her own map incompatible, to the open-minded view that it technical problems to which these basic human to help us understand better what we hear when is possible for psychoanalysis and religious reactions give rise within the psychoanalytical listening to the stories of our traumatized belief to coexist in a state of creative process. Their essays throw light on so many patients. This is an eminently readable account of ambivalence.’ (Mary Kay O’Neil) varieties of human entanglement and a very sophisticated exploration of the experience Forthcoming in 2009… of children confronted by inexplicable cruelty.’ subjective experience that they should reward Transvestism, Transsexualism in the (Peter Fonagy) repeated study by analytic therapists at all Psychoanalytical Dimension levels of experience. Highlighting the interplay On Freud’s ‘The Future of an Illusion’ Edited by Giovanna Ambrosio of transference and countertransference, the Edited by Mary Kay O’Neil and Salman Akhtar Presented at COWAP’s European conference in many illustrative case studies included here can Following the successful re-launch of the IPA’s 2006, this collection of papers offers a only deepen our understanding of love, hate, Contemporary Freud series last year, early 2009 multifaceted view of this intricate and subtle dependence, omnipotence, sadomasochistic sees the publication of its latest addition, On topic. Contributors include Simona Argentieri, excitement, cruelty, guilt, jealousy, gender Freud’s ‘The Future of an Illusion’. Freud’s Colette Chiland, Domenico di Ceglie, and identity, separation, loss and creativity. A most original paper from 1927 dared to address the Estella Welldon, with counterpoints by welcome contribution to the vitality of tension between religion and psychoanalysis, Jacqueline Amati Mehler. psychoanalysis!’ (Roy Schafer) and the contributors to this volume, a The Work of Confluence: Listening and distinguished gathering of both believers and Interpreting in the Psychoanalytic Field non-believers, tackle the controversial theme Edited by Leticia Glocer Fiorini from their varied perspectives. This collection of papers by Madeleine and Ethel Spector Person provides the reader with a Willy Baranger, many translated into English for useful summary of Freud’s eight main the first time, represent a pioneering and arguments, defects and all, while Jonathan Lear, anticipatory work of great interest to the questions the validity of Freud’s strong claim, psychoanalytical world, approaching concepts ‘that no one who properly understood such as the spiral process, bastion and insight, psychoanalytic insights could legitimately find a and the ego and the function of ideology. way to embrace religious belief’. Taking to task Freud’s view of religion as the neurosis of society, To see the full range of IPA publications – and the contributors examine the various uses to buy at Member’s discount – go to The genius of Melanie Klein’s which a belief in God can be put: literal and www.ipa.org.uk/books Envy and Gratitude is felt metaphorical, conscious and unconscious, everywhere in these pages. adaptive and maladaptive, self-soothing and masochistic, generous and sadistic.

Envy, Gratitude, Genocide and Religion International PSYCHOANALYSIS 16 Obituary: W. Ernest Freud (1914–2008)

W. Ernest Freud is best known as the 18-month-old child that Sigmund Freud observed playing ‘fort, da’ and described in Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920). What is less known is that he was also Freud’s only grandchild to become a psychoanalyst. Once, when asked when his psychoanalytic training began, W. Ernest Freud replied, ‘In my mother’s belly.’ Ernest was the son of Freud’s second daughter, Sophie Freud, and Max Halberstadt, a portrait photographer. He was born Ernst Wolfgang Halberstadt on 11 March 1914 in Hamburg, Germany, but changed his name to W. Ernest Freud after the Second World War, partly because he felt his German sounding name would be a liability in post-war England and partly because he always felt closer to the Freud side of his family. When Ernest was born, Freud sent a note to Sandor Ferenczi: ‘Dear friend, Tonight (10th/11th) at 3 o’clock a little boy, my first grandchild! Very strange! An oldish feeling, respect for the wonders of sexuality!’ (Brabant, 1993, p. 545)

Above rnest’s life was full of tragedy Leopold Bellak. Ernest didn’t know psychology. He graduated in 1949 W. Ernest Freud and courage, love and work. He what he wanted to do so he toured and entered the London Institute for Main image Eenjoyed a blissful infancy with Palestine for six months and stayed Psychoanalysis for his analytic Sigmund Freud his mother, while his father for a time with Max Eitingon. He training in adult (1949–53) and child with his grandsons was at war; and when his father then toured Moscow. But it was at (1954–58) analysis. He was analysed (left: Heinerle, who is Ernest's younger returned, Ernest experienced him as the time of Stalin’s purges, so he by Willi Hoffer, had his adult brother), Sigmund an unwelcome intruder. When Ernest only stayed a week. He apprenticed supervision with Hedwig Hoffer and (centre) and (right) was four, his brother, Heinerle, was as a portrait photographer with John Pratt, and his child supervision W. Ernest Freud. born and he too was experienced Trude Fleischmann for a year and with Ilse Hellman and Hedi Schwartz. as an intruder. After the war, was her assistant for an additional He attended seminars led by his Aunt Sophie became pregnant again but year. But on 11 March 1938 the Anna, Melanie Klein, Donald contracted the Spanish Flu and Nazis marched into Vienna. On 14 Winnicott and others. From 1950 to died, with her third baby in her March Hitler arrived and the next 1953 he worked as a psychosocial womb. Ernest lost his mother and day the Gestapo raided the Freud nurse at Cassel Hospital under the his unborn sibling when he was home. On 22 March the Gestapo direction of Dr Tom Main. His wife, five and three-quarters years old. interrogated Anna Freud and on 28 Irene, also went to school and then His brother, Heinerle, died three March Ernest left Vienna for Paris en took the child analytic training at the and a half years later of miliary route to London. He arrived safely in Hampstead Clinic. In 1953 Ernest tuberculosis. Ernest didn’t get along London on 1 April and Sigmund, opened his private practice in with his father or stepmother, and Martha and Anna Freud arrived there psychoanalysis. On 26 July 1956 their was not close to his much younger on 6 June 1938. Sigmund Freud was son, Colin Peter Freud, was born. half-sister, Eva. old and frail but happy to be in Ernest worked as an adult England with friends and family, analyst in private practice and at What was kept a secret, until now and with the prospect of dying in the Hampstead Clinic with his and is now divulged, with Ernest’s freedom. On 23 September 1939, permission, is that Ernest, at the age Sigmund Freud died in London, Aunt Anna, doing research on of seven, was Anna Freud’s first just as the Second World War infant observation and the analytic patient. His analysis was was beginning. metapsychological personality fundamental in the establishment profiles. He was closely associated of Anna Freud’s child analysis theory In July 1940, a month after the with Humberto Nagera, Gabriel and technique. Ernest also spent battle at Dunkirk and the invasion Casuso and James Robertson. He was vacations with his Grandfather of the Channel Islands, Ernest, along a training analyst at the Hampstead Freud, during which they would with all other A-Class aliens (German Clinic and at the London Institute take walks together and collect citizens living in England), was of Psychoanalysis at the British mushrooms and fossils. When he interned on the Isle of Man where Psychoanalytical Society. He taught was 14, Ernest moved to Vienna, he remained for 14 months, and mother–infant observation for several to live in the home of Eva Rosenfeld became a close friend of Hanns W. years at both institutions and was and attend the Hietzing School, Lange. During the war, Anna Freud Chairman of the Well-baby Research started by Dorothy Burlingham, and Dorothy Burlingham, established Group at the Hampstead Clinic. In under the educational guidance of ‘war nurseries’, where they provided 1967 he defined his area of expertise Anna Freud and with Peter Blos and care to ‘bombed out’ children and and for the next 30 years did Erik Erikson as teachers. In Vienna, also conducted child observations research, lectured internationally he returned to analysis with Aunt and research. After internment, and wrote numerous articles on Anna, but this time, was on her occasionally Ernest worked at the infant observation, mother–baby couch. In 1931, Ernest went to ‘war nurseries’ as a ‘firewatcher’, bonding and the psychological ... he discovered, in self- standing look-out for incoming school in Berlin, but in April 1933, aspects of neonatal intensive care. analysis, that his research German rocket bombs. at the time of the Nazi boycott of In the mid-1980s he discovered, in was, in part, motivated Jewish businesses, Ernest ‘escaped’ On 21 December 1945, Ernest self-analysis, that his research was, by his longing to retrieve Germany with Eva Rosenfeld and her married Irene Chambers. He did in part, motivated by his longing to his baby sibling who died son, Victor. He returned to Vienna clerical work during the day and retrieve his baby sibling who died in the womb … where he finished high school went to Birkbeck College, at the in the womb along with his mother (1935) and met his life-long friend, University of London, to study in 1920. continued

Obituary Volume 17 December 2008

Selected Publications The following are some of 17 W. Ernest Freud’s better-known articles available in English:

Freud, W.E. (1967) Assessment of early infancy: problems and considerations. (Also known as The Baby Profile Part I) Psychoanal Stud Child 22: 216 – 38.

Freud, W.E. (1968) Some general reflections on the metapsychological profile. Int J Psychoanal 49(2–3): 498–501.

Freud, W.E. (1971) The Baby Profile - Part II Psychoanal Stud Child 26: 172–94.

Freud, W.E. (1975) Infant observation: its relevance to psychoanalytic training. Psychoanal Stud Child 30: 75–94.

Freud, W.E. (1989) Notes on some psychological aspects of neonatal intensive care. In The Course of Life: Psychoanalytic In 1982 Anna Freud died. In 1983 of neonatal intensive care, and his psychoanalyst. He was the subject of Contributions Toward Understanding Ernest and Irene were divorced. And experiments with brief classical his grandfather’s child observations, Human Development, Vol. 1 Infancy in 1987 Ernest and Irene’s only son, psychoanalysis. In 1996 Ernest his Aunt Anna’s first analytic patient, and Early Childhood. Ed. S.I. Greenspan and G.H. Pollock. Colin Peter Freud, was killed while moved back to England but stayed a high school student of Peter Blos Madison, CT: International Universities riding a sport tricycle. only two years before returning to and Erik Erikson, and a psychoanalyst, Press, pp. 257–69. researcher and writer fully involved After his divorce, Ernest began a Germany – this time to Heidelberg, with psychoanalysis, in one way Freud, W.E. (1983) relationship with a lady-friend in where he and his friend, Hans von or another, throughout his entire Funeral tribute to Anna Freud. Germany. He moved to Germany, Lüpke, compiled the selected papers lifetime. With the death of W. Ernest Bull Hampstead Clinic resumed his practice and of W. Ernest Freud and translated the Freud, the last thread connecting 6(1): 5–8. intermittently worked at the English ones into German. His book us to the era of Sigmund Freud is University of Cologne conducting is called Remaining in Touch: Zur Freud, W.E. (1989) broken and now that era, and brief classical psychoanalyses with Bedeutung der Kontinuität früher Prenatal attachment and bonding. W. Ernest Freud are ‘fort’ – gone. In The Course of Life: Psychoanalytic students in Wilhelm Salber’s Beziehungserfahrungen (2003) Contributions Toward Understanding Psychology Institute. In 1992 W. (available at www.sigmund-freud- Daniel Benveniste Human Development, Vol. 1 Infancy Ernest Freud received an honorary buchhandlung.de). and Early Childhood. doctorate from the University of Köln W. Ernest Freud died on 30 Ed. S.I. Greenspan and G.H. Pollock. in recognition of his work on the September 2008 at the age of 94. Madison, CT: International metapsychological personality He was Freud’s oldest grandson Universities Press. profiles, on the psychological aspects and the only grandchild to become a

Ballots 2009: Online votes mean fewer resources consumed

During the last IPA elections which alone cost over US $22,000 that they wish to receive ballot Members were given the for the last elections. Therefore this information by e-mail only. opportunity to vote online year we are giving Members the Alternatively Members may simply by accessing the Electoral opportunity to receive the ballot write to us at: [email protected] Reform Services (ERS) website information by e-mail only. The to express a wish to receive ballot and keying in a pass code that more IPA Members who sign up information by e-mail only. had been sent with the ballot to receiving ballot information by Many thanks in advance for helping papers in the post. e-mail, the more money the IPA to save the IPA’s resources. can reallocate to other projects. The IPA is committed to using Mónica Siedmann de Armesto its resources effectively for the Members will have received Secretary General benefit of its Members. To that an e-mail from the ERS end we ultimately want to spend ([email protected]) giving less money on postage and print – them the opportunity to indicate

Obituary l Ballots 2009 International PSYCHOANALYSIS

18 Mónica Siedmann de Armesto The Secretary General Letter from the Secretary General

This is the last time that I will be writing for the News Magazine as Secretary General of the IPA. Although several months of hard work still lie ahead I would like to take this opportunity to thank all those with whom I have had the pleasure of sharing this demanding yet gratifying task: my colleagues on both Executive Committees and those on the Board of Representatives, as well as all the members of the various committees who give up their time and share their knowledge in working for international psychoanalysis.

he experience has been a new parts of the world, and both I would like to give special thanks appreciate his integrity, energy, stimulating and enriching one empirical and conceptual research. to our staff at Broomhills who have availability and particular skill from both the professional T On the institutional level I felt it tirelessly offered their experience when it comes to achieving and personal points of view, was very important to develop and skills, and without whose a consensus, as even the most and it has enabled me to make closer links between the IPA and help this mission would have controversial issues have been contact with colleagues from regional bodies by scheduling been impossible. handled in a creative and different regions of the several meetings of the Executive amicable way. psychoanalytic community, We have also been fortunate to Committees and the Board to with their varied scientific have the invaluable assistance of The transition period toward take place at the same time as and institutional perspectives. two exceptional treasurers, Nadine the next executive administration their own meetings and congresses, Levinson and Henk Jan Dalewijk, is already under way. I would like thus enabling a more fluid exchange. I am pleased to have met several with whom we have developed an to welcome Gunther Perdigao, objectives regarding scientific Similarly, I would like to highlight amiable team spirit ideally suited who will succeed me as Secretary activity, our international the decisions reached as regards to the task at hand. General, and hope that his congresses, the training of a more equitable regional experience proves to be as both general analysts and those representation on our committees, Last but not least, I would like gratifying as my own, which will specializing in work with children the aim being to achieve a balance to express my gratitude to our come to a close next July at and adolescents, the relationship not only between regions but also president, Cláudio Laks Eizirik, our Chicago Congress 2009. with candidates, publications, the among the various societies within for having given me the opportunity development of our discipline in each region. to work alongside him and thus

The IPA in China

Letters of recommendation, dated Hamburg, October 1933, are yellowed and fragile. They speak of my father, a Peter Loewenberg psychiatrist who ‘is a well trained man. He is obliged to quit his position here only due to the new legislation. He Chair is planning to build up a new life in China.’ Another letter explains that Dr Loewenberg ‘intends to leave Germany on account of the political circumstances. He must try to found a new existence abroad to make a living for IPA China Committee himself, his wife, and his little baby,’1 who was me.

t was with a sense of closing psychoanalytic training.’ We were Our committee and the China Eizirik: ‘The Therapeutic an historical circle that I invited to organize a psychoanalytic IPA Allied Centre (called the Action of Psychoanalysis: Iparticipated in the official session of the World Congress of Psychoanalytic Studying Association Recent Developments’ Psychotherapy in Beijing. Alf Gerlach, of China) jointly sponsored a series opening of the IPA China Allied Kernberg: ‘Psychoanalytic Technique Chair of our CC sub-committee on of psychoanalytic seminars for our Centre in Beijing on 9–15 October with Narcissistic Patients’ 2008 and the initiation of formal Curriculum and Arrangements, students, members of the Allied psychoanalytic training in the expeditiously pulled together a Centre, and for those currently Hooke: Case Presentation/ presence of IPA President Cláudio highly successful session on in analysis: Discussion Laks Eizirik and the IPA China ‘Psychoanalysts at Work: How Loewenberg: ‘Psychoanalysis as Plänkers: ‘The Concept of Committee (CC): Alf Gerlach, Psychoanalysts Experience their Work a Creative Therapy’ the Super-ego and its with Patients’, which included Eizirik, Maria Teresa Hooke, Peter Gerlach: ‘Psychoanalysis of Collective Clinical Relevance’ Loewenberg and Sverre Varvin. Varvin, Loewenberg and Dr Wang Qian. Cláudio Eizirik chaired two Phantasies. An Example The President of the China Mental sessions as well as presenting a of the Dialogue between Health Association said to us: ‘We conference paper. Otto Kernberg, Psychoanalysis and Social Sciences’ know our therapists are not well and all the members of the CC Varvin: ‘Trauma and Symbolization enough trained. Please bring us presented papers. in the Psychoanalytic Process’ continued

Secretary General l The IPA in China Volume 17 December 2008

Henk Jan Dalewijk IPA Treasurer 19 Treasurer’s Report

Over the last few years, many improvements have been made to the IPA’s income systems. First, the old tier system for IPA dues was abolished, and replaced with the much fairer and more scientifically based Dues Reduction System. Members may recall that in 2006 the Board agreed two dues increases of $25. The first of these came into effect in January 2007 and the second comes into effect in January 2009. The 2007 increase was the first increase in fifteen years. We offer a discount for Societies paying their dues before 31 March and, in 2008, some 57% of all dues had been received by this date. This is a great help for the IPA’s cashflow, even if it means we receive less dues in total.

ollowing all these programme. This has proved a very these projects can be found on have reviewed all the budget bids improvements to the useful process in evaluating the the research database on the and matched these against F income-side, it is natural huge amount of work undertaken IPA’s website. available funds. But my expectation that we should focus more on by our IPA committees. is that we will be prioritizing We hope to do the same with the funding for Working Parties. These the expenditure-side of IPA We always like to ask the question: Developing Psychoanalytic Training operations. Beyond being a have proved a great success in does the membership receive value and Practice programme (DPPT), Europe where many hundreds of natural follow-on to the income- for money from the committees’ for which the IPA has committed people have participated and side, legislation in the UK where work? We hope that members just over $1m over the years. Working Parties have recently been our main operations are registered follow what the IPA is doing through There is still much that can be done introduced to North America. The requires us to become more their Board representatives but we plans for 2009 include expanding do see room for improvement here. to make our website much more transparent and accountable. user-friendly and this will clearly Working Parties to Latin America More and more, we want to develop and also having an extensive choice We began the process by be a priority over the coming years. our website as the centrepiece of of Working Parties meeting just introducing a new reporting communication back to our In terms of other priorities for next before the IPA Congress in Chicago. system. This uses an evaluation members. To give one example, from year, it is difficult at the point of form and each committee is 1997 the IPA has spent over $3m on writing (end September) to make assessed against a hierarchy various forms of research ranging accurate projections. The 2009 formed of its mandate, its annual from training researchers to funding budget round is starting and the objectives, and its annual work various types of research. Details of picture will not be clear until we

The seminars were and administrative accomplishment. impossible tasks in a distant stimulating, well attended The Chinese group includes highly land on short notice, and selflessly afternoon and evening events, placed academic and mental health giving the IPA time and effort. carrying over psychoanalytic leaders in hospitals and universities, None of this success would have themes and discussion from and directors of clinics. We are been possible without the active day to day. pleased to have this elite group participation of our Chinese of Chinese mental health leaders colleagues and the dedication of The CC accepted nine candidates in training. our IPA China Committee. in psychoanalytic training after vetting and interviewing by the CC Each of our new candidates was € sub-committee on Admission and awarded a 800 grant conferred Progression chaired by Sverre by Alf Gerlach from the Deutsche Varvin. The Admissions Committee Gesellschaft für Psychoanalyse, interviews were conducted in Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Berlin and Beijing by the CC, by und Tiefenpsychologie to aid in Cláudio Eizirik, and by four IPA their training. The CC is willing to Norwegian training analysts who raise funds for a China Student Loan teach in Beijing three times a year Fund which would be administered – Siri Gullestad, Anders Zachrisson, by the IPA Candidate Loan Panel for Sølvi Kristiansen – and Sverre Chinese candidates. If approved, Varvin. We currently have Irmgard donations would be tax deductible Dettbarn serving as an IPA Training through the IPA Fund in the US or Reference Analyst in Beijing. The candidates the IPA Trust in the UK. 1 Georges Schaltenbrand, Hamburg Universitäts-Nervenklinik, to Roger Green, Peiping are an impressive group, marked The planning and execution of the Union Medical College, Peiping, China, 6 October 1933; Alfred Levy, Vorstand der by their appreciation of the value Beijing meetings and training was Deutsch-Israelitischen Gemeinde, Hamburg, 8 October 1933. Both letters in the of psychoanalysis, their relative marked by exceptional CC team possession of the author. youth, and high level of academic work, willingness to undertake

Treasurer’s Report l The IPA in China International PSYCHOANALYSIS International Psychoanalytical Association Broomhills, Woodside Lane, London N12 8UD UK

Tel: +44 20 8446 8324 Fax: +44 20 8445 4729 Email: [email protected] www.ipa.org.uk