DOCSLIB.ORG

Drina River Basin Nexus Assessment - Phase II National Consultation Meeting KTH – Royal Institute of Technology: Emir Fejzić Youssef Almulla Dr

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Drina River Basin Nexus Assessment - Phase II National Consultation Meeting KTH – Royal Institute of Technology: Emir Fejzić Youssef Almulla Dr Drina River Basin nexus assessment - Phase II National Consultation meeting KTH – Royal Institute of Technology: Emir Fejzić Youssef Almulla Dr. Vignesh Sridharan Dr. Francesco Gardumi 28/12/2020 National Consultation meeting 1 Agenda Key questions Scenarios Approach The river basin Preliminary results Hydro power plant cascade 28/12/2020 National Consultation meeting 2 Key questions to be addressed in Phase II • What role can renewables (hydro and non-hydro) in the Drina basin play in achieving the UNFCCC Nationally Determined Contributions? • What benefits does an increased share of non-hydro RES bring in terms of GHG emissions reduction and reduced stress on hydro power especially considering the need for flood containment measures. o To what extent may hydro power plants provide environmental services (e.g. environmental flows and flood control), and what impact does that have on their potential generation? • What are the effects of climate induced variability on hydropower generation? • What role could non-hydro RES play if the proposed plans for HPP development in the DRB are executed? • What effects can the Emission Trading Scheme, as part of the EU integration pathway, have on hydro and non-hydro RES development in the riparian countries? • In which way can hydro and non-hydro RES be impacted by the implementation of energy efficiency measures (demand- and supply-side)? 28/12/2020 National Consultation meeting 3 Scenarios proposed in Phase II • Reference scenario o Current policies, including INDC • Carbon pricing scenario o Effects of the ETS • Energy efficiency scenario o Impact of EE measures • Hydro development scenario o Expanding hydro in the DRB • Environmental services scenario o Dam storage capacity changes • Climate mitigation and adaptation scenario o Changes in RES prices 28/12/2020 National Consultation meeting 4 Approach • Electricity sector expansion model developed with OSeMOSYS (open source framework) from Phase I will be used • The model is a techno/economic least cost optimization model of the power sector • Power sector in all three Drina riparian countries (BA, ME and RS) represented – scenario analysis to obtain insights related to the key questions of the project • Emphasis on the operation of hydropower in cascade as well as the effects of non-hydro RES on hydropower and flood control/environmental flows 28/12/2020 National Consultation meeting 5 Map of the Drina River Basin 28/12/2020 National Consultation meeting 6 Production by technology Bosnia and Herzegovina 2020-2040 [cost-optimized] 23000 18000 13000 8000 Power Power supply [GWh] 3000 -2000 -7000 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 Export Montenegro Export Croatia Export Serbia HPP HPP DRB HPP DRB New HPP New Solar PV New TPP TPP DRB TPP New WPP WPP New Import Croatia Demand 28/12/2020 National Consultation meeting 7 Production by technology Bosnia and Herzegovina 2020-2040 [IPRP 2021-2030 TPP production] 23000 18000 13000 8000 Power Power supply [GWh] 3000 -2000 -7000 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 Export Croatia Export Montenegro Export Serbia HPP HPP DRB HPP DRB New HPP New Solar PV New TPP TPP DRB TPP New WPP WPP New Import Croatia Demand 28/12/2020 National Consultation meeting 8 Production by technology Republic of Serbia 2020-2040 63500 53500 43500 33500 23500 Power Power Supply[GWh] 13500 3500 -6500 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 Import Albania Import Bosnia Import Bulgaria Import Croatia Import Hungary Import Macedonia Import Romania Export Albania Export Bulgaria Export Croatia Export Hungary Export Montenegro Export Macedonia Export Romania HPP HPP DRB HPP DRB New HPP New TPP TPP New WPP 28/12/2020 National Consultation meeting 9 Production by technology Montenegro 2020-2040 6400 5400 4400 3400 2400 Power Power supply [GWh] 1400 400 -600 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 Import Albania Import Bosnia Import Italy Export Albania Export Italy HPP HPP DRB HPP DRB New HPP New Solar PV New TPP DRB TPP DRB New WPP WPP DRB Import Serbia Import Kosovo Demand 28/12/2020 National Consultation meeting 10 Production by technology Montenegro 2020-2040 6500 5500 4500 3500 2500 1500 Power Power supply [GWh] 500 -500 -1500 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 Import Albania Import Bosnia Import Italy Export Albania Export Italy HPP HPP DRB WPP WPP DRB Import Serbia Import Kosovo Demand 28/12/2020 National Consultation meeting 11 Concept of the hydro power plant cascade model • Floods and droughts controlled by River segment 1 upstream river segments and catchments • Considers water availability, HPP operational rules, environmental flows • Discharges [m3/s] for normal years Dam storage Catchment based on monthly multi-year average flows • Inputs: dam storage [MCM], monthly Spillway discharges [m3/s], spillway capacities [m3/s], water needed for power River segment 2 production [m3/kWh] 28/12/2020 National Consultation meeting 12 Methodology • Development of a Drina Hydro-cascade UVAC RIVER LIM RIVER PIVA RIVER representation in the model Uvac Potpeć PIVA • Power production from hydropower plants (213 MCM) (27.5 MCM) (880 MCM) within the Drina River Basin based on: Kokin Brod o Water availability (250 MCM) o Rules of operation Bistrica o Environmental flows (7.6 MCM) o Storage volumes and discharge rates DRINA RIVER Višegrad (161 MCM) Bajina Bašta (218 MCM) Zvornik (89 MCM) 28/12/2020 National Consultation meeting 13 Višegrad dam storage levels - 2020-2040 180 160 140 120 3 100 80 Dam level Dam million level m 60 40 20 0 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 28/12/2020 National Consultation meeting 14 Višegrad dam storage levels - 2020-2040 Obtained calibrations for the period 2020-2040 for HPP Višegrad (yearly averages): • Yearly discharge of water through the turbines (water used for power production): 8886 MCM/year • Discharge of water through the spillways: 2025 MCM/year • Inflow to the dam storage: 10909 MCM/year 180 • Power production: 1010 GWh 160 140 Values regarding environmental 120 flows, operational rules and 100 average flows in the river 80 segments are crucial for the 60 Dam level million m3 million level Dam cascade model 40 20 0 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 28/12/2020 National Consultation meeting 15 Drina River Basin nexus assessment - Phase II National Consultation meeting KTH – Royal Institute of Technology: Emir Fejzić Youssef Almulla Dr. Vignesh Sridharan Dr. Francesco Gardumi 28/12/2020 National Consultation meeting 16.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nature Protection in the Legislative Framework in Montenegro
    13th COUNCIL OF EUROPE MEETING OF THE WORKSHOPS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EUROPEAN LANDSCAPE CONVENTION “Territories of the future, landscape identification and assessment: an exercise in democracy” Nature Protection in the legislative framework in Montenegro Marina Spahic, Directorate of Nature Protection General Directorate for Environmental Protection and Climate Change Legislation • The activity of nature protection in Montenegro is based on the : Law on Nature Protection ("Official Gazette of Montenegro", 51/08) Law on National Parks ("Official Gazette of Montenegro", 56/09). Draft Law on Amendments to the Law on Nature Protection was adopted by the Government on session held on 28 June 2012, which is now in the parliamentary procedure. • Draft Law on National Parks • Institutional framework • Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tourism • Environmental Protection Agency • Public Enterprise National Parks of Montenegro Clasification of protected areas • Special nature reserves • National Parks • Regional Parks⁄Parks of nature • Monuments of nature • Protected habitat • Landscapes of special natural characteristics (article 43) Declaration • Study of protection for the area • Parliament of Montenegro • Goverment of Montenegro • Local goverments • Register of Protected Areas Protected areas National parks – 7,77 % -Skadar lake-40.000 ha -Lovcen-6.400 ha -Durmitor-33.895 ha -Biogradska Gora- 5.400 ha -Prokletije-16.038 ha Monuments of Nature-0.987% Nature reserves- 0.047% Landscapes of special natural characteristic0.025% Territories
    [Show full text]
  • Tara-Drina National Park
    Feasibility study on establishing transboundary cooperation in the potential transboundary protected area: Tara-Drina National Park Prepared within the project “Sustaining Rural Communities and their Traditional Landscapes Through Strengthened Environmental Governance in Transboundary Protected Areas of the Dinaric Arc” ENVIRONMENT FOR PEOPLE A Western Balkans Environment & Development in the Dinaric Arc Cooperation Programme Author: Marijana Josipovic Photographs: Tara National Park archive Proofreading Linda Zanella Design and layout: Imre Sebestyen, jr. / UNITgraphics.com Available from: IUCN Programme Office for South-Eastern Europe Dr Ivana Ribara 91 11070 Belgrade, Serbia [email protected] Tel +381 11 2272 411 Fax +381 11 2272 531 www.iucn.org/publications Acknowledgments: A Special “thank you” goes to: Boris Erg, Veronika Ferdinandova (IUCN SEE), Dr. Deni Porej, (WWF MedPO), Ms. Aleksandra Mladenovic for commenting and editing the assessment text. Zbigniew Niewiadomski, consultant, UNEP Vienna ISCC for providing the study concept. Emira Mesanovic Mandic, WWF MedPO for coordinating the assessment process. 2 The designation of geographical entities in this publication, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN, WWFMedPO and SNV concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN, WWF MedPO and SNV. This publication has been made possible by funding from the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Belgrade, Serbia in collaboration with WWFMedPO and SNV Copyright: © 2011 International Union for Conservation of Nature Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder, provided the source is fully acknowledged.
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping and Assessment Ecosystems and Their Services of Grassland and Forest in Montenegro (Project Title)
    ANNEX 5 TERMS OF REFERENCE Transfer of Czech Knowledge: Mapping and Assessment Ecosystems and their Services of Grassland and Forest in Montenegro (Project Title) Project Objectives: Czech Republic invested significant effort in quantifying what is the contribution of protected areas to national economy. During these processes undertaken by different institutions and organizations, several projects focused on mapping and assessing services provided by grassland and forests where implemented. These initiatives are contributing not only to disseminating the knowledge and understanding of value and importance of services provided by ecosystems but is directly contributing to global processes such as Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, The economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity etc). Taking in consideration that Montenegro is making first steps toward understanding and indorsing these initiatives and practice, through this project we would link these institutions with partner institutions from Montenegro, and establish linkages and partnerships that would be mutually beneficial. The main strength of the project would be focusing on learning by doing approach. Two pilot sites would be used as pilots for joint work of Czech and Montenegro experts in order to obtain detailed assessment of ecosystem services provided by forests and grasslands in these areas. Czech experience will be amended to fit Montenegro legal and development framework, and set of recommendations will be developed, based on experiences gained in PES schemes design in two pilot sites. Sites are predefined as area of Komovi and Piva Mountain massif. In these two areas UNDP CO Montenegro is working on establishment of two new protected areas (level of regional parks, category III as per IUCN categorization).
    [Show full text]
  • Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin
    Confluence of Lim River and Drina River, Republika Srpska, Bosnia & Herzegovina Summary of key facts related to HPPs in country reports Belgrade, January 25, 2016 Outlook on presentation • Electricity generation and consumption structure in Serbia • High voltage grid in Serbia • General situation of hydropower in Drina river basin • Existing hydropower plants in Drina river basin • Conceivable hydropower plants in Drina river basin • Recommendations 2 Production and consumption in Serbia 2010 2030 Production Consumption 3 Production and consumption in Bosnia 2010 2030 Consumption Origin of electricity 4 Production and consumption in Montenegro 2010 2030 Origin of electricity Consumption 5 High voltage grids Serbia Bosnia & Herzegovina Montenegro - Max. 400 kV - Max. 400 kV - Max. 400 kV - Ring structure - No ring structure - No ring structure - 6 links to foreign grids - 30 links to foreign grids - 11 links to foreign grids 6 Existing HPPs in Drina river basin SAVA 9 HPPs existing in Drina river basin DRINA CEHOTINA UVAC TARA PIVA LIM 7 Potential HPPs in Drina river basin 37 HPPs conceivably developable in Drina river basin 8 Existing / potential HPPs in Drina river basin Existing HPPs Conceivable HPPs BiH 1 + 2 BiH 9 + 7 Montenegro 1 Montenegro 17 Serbia 5 + 2 Serbia 4 + 7 Total 9 Total 37 1’964 MW Planned HPPs BiH 9 + 7 Montenegro 6 Serbia 3 + 7 Total 25 1’494 MW +76% power 9 Serbia – Present / conceivable HPPs • 2015: 7 HPPs in operation Total = 1’289 MW - Drina River : 2 HPPs Zvornik (96 MW), Bajina Basta HPP (368 MW) *) - Uvac River : 3 HPPs Radoinja (103 MW), Kokin Brod (21 MW), Uvac (36 MW) - Lim River : 1 HPPPotpeć (51 MW) - Pumped-storage PP Bajina Basta PSPP (614 MW) Environmental flow Up to 60 m3/s • 10 projects of new HPPs Total power 781 MW Total cost Ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Drina Euroregion
    Crossing the borders. Studies on cross-border cooperation within the Danube Region Case Study of cross-border cooperation along the Serbian–Croatian border Drina Euroregion Contents 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 2 2. The development of the cross-border cooperation .............................................................. 7 2.1 Establishment of the Drina Euroregion ......................................................................... 8 3. Determination of geographical confines ............................................................................ 11 3.1 The Serbian–Bosnian border section of the Drina Euroregion .................................. 11 3.2 The Serbian–Croatian border section of the Drina Euroregion ................................. 12 3.3 The Croatian–Bosnian border section of the Drina Euroregion ................................ 12 3.4 The Montenegrin–Bosnian border section of the Drina Euroregion......................... 13 3.5 The Montenegrin–Serbian border section of the Drina Euroregion ......................... 14 3.6 Geographic features of the Drina Euroregion area .................................................... 15 3.7 Administrative units – members ................................................................................. 20 4. Organisational and institutional structure, operation ......................................................... 28 Assembly ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Real-Time Flood Forecasting and Warning System Sava River Basin
    Development of Real-Time Flood Forecasting and Warning System for the Sava River Basin Klaas-Jan van Heeringen1, Hanneke Schuurmans2, Mihailo Anđelić3, Victor Simončić4, Imra Hodzic5, Sabina Hadziahmetovic5 ABSTRACT: Disastrous floods in May 2014 in Sava River basin resulted in 79 casualties and substantial economic damage in Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Serbia. Assessments of the total damage in the area range up to 3.8 billion Euros. Distressing is the fact that besides flooding the Balkan region recently suffered from severe droughts as well. In order to be more resilient to flood and drought events, data and model output sharing is key. Better information will lead to better decisions. The Flood Forecasting and Warning System (Sava-FFWS) in which five countries jointly work together is at the forefront of transboundary cooperation. The FFWS, which is based on the well-known Delft-FEWS software, lends ample data and information enabling ultimately the decision makers to make right management decisions and implement operational measures to prevent and mitigate severe flood and drought situations on the basis of reliable forecasts of flows and discharges with a long lead time. The paper outlines key components of the Sava-FFWS illustrated with concrete application examples. Key words: real-time flood forecasting, Delft-FEWS, Sava river basin, Sava HIS, hydrological models, hydraulic models, numerical weather prediction, water levels, discharges, precipitation, temperature, snow, GIS data, dissemination Razvoj sistema za prognozu i upozorenje na velike vode u realnom vremenu za sliv reke Save APSTRAKT: Katastrofalne majske poplave iz 2014. godine u slivu reke Save pogodile su delove Bosne i Hercegovine, Hrvatske i Srbije i ostavile iza sebe pustoš: 79 osoba je izgubilo život a ogromna materijalna šteta je procenjena na preko 3.8 milijardi evra.
    [Show full text]
  • Capacity Assessment Report with Recommendation For
    List of abbreviations B&H Bosnia and Herzegovina CA Capacity Assessment CB Capacity Building CD Capacity Development IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature LGU Local Governmental Unit MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MSDT Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tourism MTMA Ministry of Transport and Maritime Affairs MNE Montenegro MU Management unit NEPA Nature and Environmental Protection Agency NGO Non Governmental Organization NPD National Park “Durmitor” NPS National Park “Sutjeska” PAs Protected Areas PENP Public Enterprise “National parks of Montenegro” ANNEXES ANNEX I QUESTIONNAIRE 2 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 2.OBJECTIVE AND PLANNED RESULTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 6 3. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 4. ENABLING ENVIRONMENT ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Overview of institutions ..................................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • STREAMS of INCOME and JOBS: the Economic Significance of the Neretva and Trebišnjica River Basins
    STREAMS OF INCOME AND JOBS: The Economic Significance of the Neretva and Trebišnjica River Basins CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 Highlights – The Value of Water for Electricity 5 Highlights – The Value of Water for Agriculture 8 Highlights – The Value of Public Water Supplie 11 Highlights – The Value of Water for Tourism 12 Conclusion: 13 BACKGROUND OF THE BASINS 15 METHODOLOGY 19 LAND USE 21 GENERAL CONTEXT 23 THE VALUE OF WATER FOR ELECTRICITY 29 Background of the Trebišnjica and Neretva hydropower systems 30 Croatia 33 Republika Srpska 35 Federation Bosnia and Herzegovina 37 Montenegro 40 Case study – Calculating electricity or revenue sharing in the Trebišnjica basin 41 Gap Analysis – Water for Electricity 43 THE VALUE OF WATER FOR AGRICULTURE 45 Federation Bosnia and Herzegovina 46 Croatia 51 Case study – Water for Tangerines 55 Case study – Wine in Dubrovnik-Neretva County 56 Case study – Wine in Eastern Herzegovina 57 Republika Srpska 57 Gap Analysis – Water for Agriculture 59 Montenegro 59 THE VALUE OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES 63 Republika Srpska 64 Federation Bosnia and Herzegovina 66 Montenegro 68 Croatia 69 Gap Analysis – Public Water 70 THE VALUE OF WATER FOR TOURISM 71 Croatia 72 CONCLUSION 75 REFERENCES 77 1st edition Author/data analysis: Hilary Drew With contributions from: Zoran Mateljak Data collection, research, and/or translation support: Dr. Nusret Dresković, Nebojša Jerković, Zdravko Mrkonja, Dragutin Sekulović, Petra Remeta, Zoran Šeremet, and Veronika Vlasić Design: Ivan Cigić Published by WWF Adria Supported by the
    [Show full text]
  • F I N a L R E P O R T
    LIPIZZAN INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION F I N A L R E P O R T REALIZATION OF STUD FARM VUČIJAK HELP FUND October, 2018 REALIZATION OF STUD FARM VUČIJAK HELP FUND INTRODUCTION The obligation to take over the realization of LIF Help Fund for Stud Farm Vučijak and all the communication with the management of Stud Farm Vučijak was given to Secretary General during the meeting of the LIF Board (Vienna, 24th Nov 2016). The activities were discussed under the Article 9 of the official Agenda. The separate LIF account nominated for the Help Fund for Stud Farm Vučijak reported at that time the total amount of 3.149,52 eur. COORDINATION AND COMUNICATION WITH THE MANAGEMENT OF THE STUD FARM VUČIJAK Communication and coordination with the management of Stud Farm Vučijak started in December 2016 with the current director, Mr. Ranko Grubešić and with mr. Saša Dragičević form the Ministry of agriculture. Due to changes in the management in stud Farm, during 2017 the whole process of coordination started again with the new director – mr. Milan Milanković. As a first step LIF requested form the responsible Ministry of agriculture, forestry and water management verification that Stud Farm Vučijak is authorized organization in Bosnia, which was delivered to LIF on 17th Jan 2017 (Reg. nr.: 12.03.2-330-112/17, on 17th Jan 2017). After that a contract was made with noted obligations of Stud Farm Vučijak and the procedure to receive the noted amount from the Help Fund. Such contract was signed from both parties on 4th April 2017 (Reg nr.
    [Show full text]
  • October 2019 ENVIRONMENT and CLIMATE CHANGE with SET of RECOMMENDATIONS
    MONITORING REPORT ON CHAPTER 27- October 2019 ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE WITH SET OF RECOMMENDATIONS For period November 2018- October 2019 THIS PROJECT IS FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN UNION The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 GENERAL OVERVIEW AND ASSESMENT ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 HORIZONTAL LEGISLATION ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 10 Overview and the assessment grid................................................................................................................................................................................................10 Rationale ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental and Social Management Framework for Bosnia and Herzegovina
    SAVA AND DRINA RIVERS CORRIDORS INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA February 2020 SAVA AND DRINA RIVERS CORRIDORS INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM ESMF BIH Table of Contents 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................................................1 2 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................5 2.1 Brief Project Description .......................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Objectives ....................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.2 Components .................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.3 Implementation Arrangements ...................................................................................................... 6 2.1.4 Timeline and Budget ....................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Objectives of this Environmental and Social Management Framework .................................................. 7 2.3 Basic Information About the Country ...................................................................................................... 8 3 BASELINE
    [Show full text]
  • Sediment Management in Sava River Basin – Bosnia and Herzegovina –
    Practical training course on sustainable sediment management with the Sava River Basin as a showcase Zagreb, Croatia, 15 – 18 October 2012 Sediment management in Sava river basin – Bosnia and Herzegovina – Presentation prepared by Prof. dr. Tarik Kupusovic, dipl.ing Hydro-Engineering Institute of Civil Engineering Faculty Sarajevo 1 Content 1. General characteristics of BiH 2. General information about sediments 3. Sava river basin characteristics (BiH) 4. Sediment balance i. Sediment production and transport ii. The impact of existing anti erosion barriers on sediment balance 5. Sediment monitoring 6. Sediment quality 2 1. General characteristics of BiH Predominantly hilly and mountainous nature; over 83% of area has a slope of 13% or greater; Total area : percentage 51.129 km 2 lowland area 13,3% (up to 300 masl) hilly-mountainous area 26,3% (300-700 masl) mountainous area 57,2% (above 700 masl) Mediterranean area 5,2% (below 500 masl) 3 2. General information about sediments Sediment in watercourse due to erosion in basins due to rain, snow, frost, change in temperature, wind, waves, current, antropogenic stressors Erosion as a problem of humanity : systematic soil damage, disruption in water regime; 4 2. General information about sediments BH during Austro-Hungarian empire - building of roads and railways; repair of torrential streams and erosion protection (today are remains of torrential partitions and dam sediments) BH during the Kingdom of Yugoslavia - the fight against erosion until 1922. subject to the Ministry of Forests and Mines, later the Ministry of Agriculture and Water; The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina within the SFRY - 1947th Torrent management Department, 1949th Design biro for soil protection; 5 2.
    [Show full text]