a dictionary of komnzo

komnzo - english

christian döhler, anu, canberra Friday 8th July, 2016

This is a working document. Please do not quote without permission. For comments please contact the author under: [email protected]

1 Preface

This dictionary should be regarded as work in progress. Data collection was a collaborative effort carried out during several fieldtrips between 2010 and 2015. I would like to thank the people of Rouku village for welcoming me and teaching their language to me. On the day of my arrival in 2010 I had promised to produce a dictionary. In order to guide and supervise my work, the Rouku Language Council was set up including the following members: Kaumb, Daure, Railey, Marua, Se- moi, Kales, Anau, Turaki, Caspar, Mokai, Wermang, Abraham, Albert, Maembu, Steven and Mai.

I would like to express special thanks to Nakre Abia, Abia Bai, Daure Kaumb and Riley Abia for the many hours during which they sat down with me and did not become tired of my questions. I would also like to thank two scholars who have visited to Rouku and thereby contributed specialised knowledge to this dictionary. Kipiro Damas helped in gathering botanical knowledge and Chris Healey in the collection of bird names. 2 The phoneme inventory and graphemes

Table 1 Consonant phoneme inventory

bilabial dental alveolar palato-alveolar palatal velar labio-velar stop & affricate ”t∼t ts k kw

prenasalised stop & mb nd ndz Ng Ngw affricate

fricative F D s

nasal m n N

lateral r∼R

semivowel j w

Table 2 Vowel phonemes front central back unrounded rounded high i ü u mid e ö (é)a o mid-low ä low a

a The short central schwa is the epenthetic vowel. . A 3 a

a also: Na conjunction and. nagayé zbo thgathinzako, madma kafarwä a srak nge katanwä. ‘He left the two children here, the big girl and the small boy.’ mni wthomonwath a zräföfth. ‘They afa sku made the fire and burned it.’ afa kinship noun [masc] father. Note: loanword from Nama. agar noun [masc] roof beam. see: Nafe aiwa interjection This is used like afa kfokfo noun [fem] Hooded Butcher- “oh no” in English as a sign of bird. ⋄ Cracticus cassicus surprise about something that Note: This bird lives on the for- is unpleasant or sad to see. est on the high ground. His akam also: akm property noun cough, call showed the ancestor of the fast breath. muramura yé akamma. Mayawa clan where to settle. ‘This is medicine against short- wind or asthma.’ ake proper noun female personal name. akeake noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Alphitonia incana Note: This tree is used for fire- wood, yamsticks. aki (1) noun [masc] moon. aki kwaya- nen thwanyak. ‘They were com- ing in the moonlight.’ (2) kinship noun [flex] grandfather, afa kfo kfo grandmother, grandchild. nzone ake are rä. ‘She is my grand- mother.’ (3) kinship noun [flexible] father in- law, mother in-law, daughter in- law. nzone aki are rä. ‘She is my mother-in-law.’ ‘She is my afa sku also: afa skru property noun daughter-in-law.’ carry a child with the legs around Note: This word is used recipro- the hip. afa skume wzänzr. ‘She cally between a woman and her carries the girl with her legs around parents in-law instead of their the hip.’ respective names as well as be- 4

tween grandparents and grand- coadunatus children. This is a loanword arer noun [masc] Little Corella. ⋄ Cacatua from Nama. sanguinea see: zath akufari noun [masc] part of the sago palm which is used to hold down the strainer. ama kinship noun [fem] mother. Note: loanword from Nama. see: Name amkf also: abkf noun breath. arer ane anaphoric dem this one, the one that we known about, the one arth mni also: art mni noun [fem] that has been mentioned. Nazi fire which slowly smolders un- tafokarä ane zägarnza. ‘With derneath a big log or covered the dried coconut leaf this one by soil. (this guy) broke off (and fell asar numeral four. down).’ komnzo kwa! ane fof asiga noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Parinari kwa wnrtmakwé. ‘Just wait! I sp will cut this one.’ atätö noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Pouteria anema connective, dem because of sp that, therefore, from that. cell Note: The fruit of this tree is mnzen mane we suthkagrm anema eaten by cassowaries. The empty fof wätrikwr. ‘He was in jail shell is used for decoration. and he tells her about that.’ watik, ausi noun [fem] old woman. anema nimame fof nrä. ‘Okay, aw kot interjection This is used as therefore we are like this.’ nä a sign of sudden surprise, like faf znfo z Nafäniza bänema na- “oh Lord!”. gayé tüfr NoNoyam. wati, anema awawa noun [fem] Black-eared Cat- Nafäniza. ‘He moved to another bird. ⋄ Ailuroedus melanotis place because of children mak- ing too much noise. Therefore he shifted (to another place).’ aneme connective, dem with this, thereby. wämne frsth. aneme thumtriknwrame nima. ‘branches from the tree, with those ones we used to stir it.’ krärme srärirfth. aneme wri kwosi sfthnm. ‘They awawa filled him up with Kava and with this he was laying down dead awow interjection This signals agree- drunk.’ ment, like “okay”.. anzf noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Sarcocephalusayaw also: ayow interjection This is a warning, like “Watch out!”. . B 5 ayo interjection This is used if one badfo berä. ‘That is, when you is sad about something.. see that the yam vines are falling see: aiwa to the ground.’ be bad bra wbthakwr. äft yare noun [fem] type of bag wo- kabrigwro bukarföwä! ‘You are ven out of fresh coconut leaves. finishing the soil. Go back to your own village!’ (2) noun [fem] earth. thwamnzrm zane kafar baden frthzé kabe en- rära. ‘Wherever the people came from they lived there on earth.’ zaföwä bad fthé Nafiyokwa Nafyf fthé bad wäfiyokwa. ‘Long time ago, when he made the earth, when the father created the earth.’ äft yare badabada kinship noun [flex] ancestor, än noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Ficus great-grandfather. chrysantha baf recognitional this one, this thing Note: This tree is used as tim- (who is doing something to some- ber. Its leaves are used like sand- one). baf wkonzr. kabe wrikarä paper. fthé yé. gatha gatha fthé wä- äthgam noun [masc] tree type, nonda fiyokwr. ‘This spoils it when plum, parinari. ⋄ Parinari nonda the man is drunk when he makes Note: This tree is used for fire- it bad.’ baf fthé sräbth nima wood. Its fruit are edible. kabe zan miyof. ‘That thing ätraf noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Gonocaryum takes him (the sorcerer) over that littoralis desire to kill people.’ Note: This tree is used for tim- bafen recognitional in that place, in ber. that time. ausi zwamnzrm mni thaken ... mnzen fof ... zrfön ... nima bafen fobo mane zan- b thora. ‘The old woman sat by the fireplace ... really in the house ... by the door ... at this babai kinship noun [flex] uncle, aunt, place where she had arrived.’ nephew, niece. boba bafen fthé zrarä zöfthamen. Note: This word is used recipro- ‘That is when you will (plant cally between someone and her/his them) for the first time.’ maternal aunts and uncles. This bagu kinship noun [flex] clan name, is possibly a loanword. section name. see: Näwi baik noun [fem] bag. bad Note: This word refers to plas- (1) noun [fem] ground, soil. fthé tic bags (thin plastic bags, rice- thremar nima gbane krätrth nima 6

bags or backpacks). played with a knotty wooden bana adjective poor, pityful, hap- ball made from tree roots. The less, wretched. nafafzenz bana hockey sticks are roughly-made zane zf rä zrä. ‘This is his poor from thick branches. There are wife right here.’ kwrfar näbi no picked sides and no goals. tauri srämg markai nabime. watik kranbrime. tauri bana ane yfrän- zake ykwathake. ‘He shot a big wallby. Then we returned and singed the hair of the hapless wallaby and we cut the meat.’ wthzak kwosi bana kwanr! ‘Bring me my broken, wretched san- bardi borsi dals!’ Note: This word expresses a feel- ing of sadness, empathy or sym- barere noun [masc] type of grasshop- pathy towards someone or some- per. thing. Note: This is a black, dark grasshop- banban locational under. duga taga per that lives in the forest. Its banbanen boba kwatharwrmth fof. name is said to onomatopoetic. ‘They went underneath the taro leaves.’ mnz banbanen ra zane basikol noun [fem] bicycle. erä? ‘What are these things Note: loanword from English. underneath the house?’ bath noun [masc] type of grasshop- banibani noun [masc] Brahminy Kite. per. ⋄ ⋄ Haliastur indus batha noun [fem] concave goby. Glossogobius concavifrons batre wath noun [fem] type of dance (it includes walking sticks and bird feathers). bawai noun [masc] Magpie Goose. ⋄ Anseranas semipalmata

banibani bara noun [masc] paddle. Note: loanword from Motu. bawai see: karaf barau noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Grevellea sp bawar noun [fem] curse. nze bun bardi borsi noun [fem] hockey game. bawar narakthkwé. ‘I put a curse Note: A local game of hockey on you.’ . B 7 bä deictic there (med). wm ane fof you and I know about. kanathren bä mane ythn tnz erästhgr. bänema connective, dem because of ‘There in Kanathr where the stones that, therefore. are they stick out (from the wa- bänemr connective, dem until, for ter) a little.’ fi kafar Natha nä that. frknzo yamrinza bänemr mane erera fi ane bä bkwaruthrmth e masu. ‘He follow the blood büdisnen mnz znen. ‘But as for drips until Masu.’ nimamenzo the big dogs, they were bark- kwa fof rä zena zbär fof bänemr ing there in Mbüntisen by the kayé. ‘It will be like this tonight house.’ wati, nafane gwth ni- until tomorrow.’ mame fof rä zena monme bä wthen bänzü also: benzü noun [masc] tree brä ‘Okay, it’s nest is like this type. ⋄ Planchonia sp how is laying there, right there.’ Note: used for houseposts. bärbär noun [flex] half. nima bä bä pronominal you (2.abs). Okay nzone Nareanema bärbär keke kwa bäi, bä käzkno boba! ‘Okay bäi, thanathé! ‘It is like this: You you move over there.’ bä kma will not eat half (of the food) of kaznobe! nzä fof Nabrigwé mnzfo. my wife!’ sukwathrame katakatanme. ‘You (pl) should drink. I will wozfo ane fof thfthorthrame. bär- go back to the house.’ bär mane kwägathinz gardafo ane bäbä adjective numb. fof swäzine. ‘We cut it in small bäi proper noun male personal name. pieces and put it into the bot- tles. As for the half that was bäiNaf kinship noun [flex] uncle, nephew, left, we always put it into the niece after consummated exchange. canoe.’ Note: loanword from Wära. bäwäk noun [masc] Glossy-mantled see: fäNaf Manucode. ⋄ Manucode Manu- bäiNam kinship noun [flex] aunt, nephew, codia atra niece after consummated exchange. Note: loanword from Wära. see: fäNam bäk locational flat item, back, some- thing that is flat on the outside. Note: This might be a loanword from English (‘back’). It can be used for flat surfaced items like the sole of the foot, back of bäwäk hammer or axe, lid of saucepan. bägwrm noun [masc] butterfly. bäwr noun [masc] long arrow type. bäne bäwzö also: mni bäwzö noun (1) dem that, these. (1) [masc] wall. (2) recognitional that one, the one (2) [masc] tree type. ⋄ Xanthostemon sp 8

Note: The bark of this tree is mon kingfisher?). heated over the fire in order to bibinas noun [fem] large-footed bat. harden. Then it is used for house ⋄ Myotis adversus walls. bbreko also: breko breko noun [masc] earthquake. be pronominal you (2sg.erg). benm pronominal for you (2nsg.dat). benme pronominal your (2nsg.poss). bibinas benme kar ‘your village’ besi wath noun [fem] type of dance. bidakwr adjective soaked, wet. bidakwr Note: This is the dance of the kabe yanyak bänema zithzithkarä people from Safs/Yokwa. It is bramöwä ane yé. ‘There comes similar to the nzürna wath, but the drenched guy, because he is movement is back and forth in- all wet.’ stead of running. bidr noun [fem] flying fox. ⋄ Pteropus bgutham noun [fem] ebony gudgeon. alecto ⋄ Eleotris melanosoma bi noun [masc] sago. bi wothm noun [masc] sago grub.

bi wothm bidr bianzrünzrü noun [fem] White-shouldered ⋄ Fairy Wren. Malurus alboscapu- Note: Women are sometimes (jok- latus ingly) referred to as flying foxes because in the local marriage system women are exchanged between villages “just like the flying foxes go from one tree to the other”. bidr noun [fem] underwear, under- pants. bigogo noun (1) [masc] jew’s harp made from bam- bianzrünzrü boo. (2) Crested Bellbird. ⋄ Oreoica gut- biatoto noun [fem] bird type (com- turalis . B 9

bis bigogo

biskar noun [masc] cassava. (3) insect type. biskar for noun [fem] cassawa river (4) plant type. garden. bikwrtä noun [masc] Treeswifts, swiftlets Note: These are usually made and swifts. along the river at the area which dries up quickest after the rainy season.. bisrüm noun [masc] tree type. bith noun (1) [masc] honey, beehive. (2) [masc] bee. bith fefe noun [plural] part of a bee hive. Note: This is the fourth section bikwrtä of a bee hive. It is regarded as the real honey. People would squeeze this part and drink the bira noun [masc] axe, stone axe. sweet liquid. The wax is used Note: loanword from Motu ira for tuning the kundu drum. ‘adze’ bito noun [flex] mouse. see: fäbü bitobito noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Xanthomyrtus birgu noun [masc] grass type. sp Note: grows in the water, red biwak noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Flindersia roots are used for weaving bags sp biribiri noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Dianella Note: This tree is used for tim- ensifolia ber. It is a sign of good ground, Note: medical use: mixed with as it grows only in dense forests fäbüfäbü and eaten to sooth the which are not flooded during throat; small children eat the the rainy season. small purple fruit to stop uri- bnazsi verb wake up. nze fi sab- nating in their sleep nafé. ‘I started to wake him bis noun [fem] Azure Kingfisher, Com- up.’ be kebnaf! ‘Wake up!’ mon Paradise Kingfisher. ⋄ Ceyx bnä pronominal with you (pl). azureus or Tanysiptera galatea bnbn property noun tight, under ten- 10

sion. bné pronominal you (2nsg.erg). bnrr pronominal with you (du). bob noun [fem] lagoon. boba aki temporal last month, next month. boba ysokwr temporal last year, next year. boba zafat temporal last week, next week. boko bobathm locational at the end (usu- ally at the end of a track, set- tlement, garden). fä fof nzwamnzrm bokuti noun [fem] part of the rips we zba zf zäfänifa kar bobathm. on the side about the height of ‘We lived over there and then the heart. we shifted here to that end of bonar noun [fem] bull shark. ⋄ Carcharhinus the village.’ leucas bobomr connective until. ttfönzo bone pronominal your (2sg.poss). wäbragwa bobomr e kar kwark krbo. ‘I followed the creek until bonz noun [fem] abrasion, injury. the old village Korombo.’ gos- bonzi et noun [masc] shell, small, rinrnzo ane thfnakwrme bobomr dark shell from the river. ane thfthärm march. ‘We store bor also: br noun [masc] rat. them as eating yams. They will borbor noun be there until March.’ (1) [masc] thunderstorm. bod also: bodbod noun [fem] island, (2) [masc] wind from the west. piece of dry land in the swamp Note: The northwest monsoon or highground surrounded by wa- during wet season. ter. borbor wath noun [fem] type of dance. bodkr adjective stench, stinking. with Note: This is the dance of the kwosi bodkr fewa ythorakwr. ‘The people from Wämnefr. Dancers stench of the rotten bananas is stand around a pole/tree with coming up.’ lots of leaves and shake this pole bogu noun [fem] bladder. whilst dancing and singing. boko noun [masc] Slender-billed Cuckoo- borsi middle verb laugh, play. kabe dove. ⋄ Macropygia amboinen- soka Naborwrth moreheaden ‘The sis men are playing soccer in more- head’ fi Naborwr. ‘He laughs or He plays.’ käboth! ‘You laugh!’

botrbotr property noun right angled. botrbotrme sartm! ‘You cut it with a right-angle!’ böbön property noun across. nabi . B 11

NanzNanz böbönme thwanakwrth. hunting in a group. ‘They put the bamboo sticks brazi noun [fem] woman after giv- across (sticks for separating the ing birth, period after giving birth. garden plots).’ Note: This term is used from bök noun [fem] water rat. the birth of the child almost un- til the baby starts to walk. bräknsi verb call out, call name. ni miyamr. kar keke zabräkn. ‘We don’t know. He didn’t say the name of the village.’ kabe yf bök kwa ybräknwr nima “bäi”. ‘He will call out the man’s name böm noun [fem] shoot, little hairs like this: “Bäi”.’ keke nnbräkn- that grow out of a yam. wath. ni bramöwä karfo Nanbrigwake. br also: bor noun [masc] flower or ‘They did not call out our names. stalk of a banana, pineapple or We all returned to the village.’ chestnut. brbr noun [flex] spirit (of a dead bra ideophone empty, finished, done, person). brbrnzo fof n zäthaba over. be bad bra wbthakwr. kabrig- bafen ... ymden fof. ‘Only the wro bukarföwä! ‘you are finish- spirit tried to into this ... into ing the soil. Go back to your the bird.’ brbrf garda bifnza bo own village!’ ane kar mane er- bo bo nagayé fäth mane enrna era zäbthath. bra fefe. ‘This yakäsü. ‘The spirit was hitting village finished completely.’ zä the canoe “bo bo bo”. The chil- zöbthé kwafrmnzrmth bra kwaf- dren that were there took off sinzrmth. ‘They prepared them and ran away.’ (the yams) here first. This was brduyam noun [masc] plant type. done. Then they counted them.’ ⋄ Pseudouvaria sp Note: The bark of this tree used bragsi verb follow. nze fi ybragwé. for making sgeru ‘palmwine’. ‘I follow him.’ sabrm! ‘You bribri znsä noun [fem] weeding. yüsi follow him!’ nafane waga yam fthé thräfifkwr bribri ane fof thräko- yabragwé. ‘I follow his footsteps.’ rth. ‘When the grass has grown that is called weeding.’ bribri bramöwä quantifier every, all. trikasi nima we threthkäfe Nanz rnzam zane bramöwä ätrikwr monme zerä ane krabznwrth kwot e thräbthe. fi safafath ‘He is telling them ‘Then the weeding starts. How the whole story how they had many rows there are (in the gar- caught him.’ kabe matak erä den), they will be cut until we nima z bramöwä kwafarkwrth ‘There have finished them.’ are no people here. They all set brigsi verb return. nzä boba fthé off this way.’ kanthrfa zänbrima. ‘That was bran noun [fem] place where the men when I returned from Kanathr.’ line up with their bows when 12

wati monwé fam zär “nzone bäne put him into the water.’ brigsi tfotfo karfo rä.” ‘Then, he was thinking: “My return to the village is close.”’ naf fam ane thunbrigwrm fobo karen mon bä swamnzrm. ‘He is thinking back to the village there and how he was living there.’ bä m nzäkwrth, zaniyam. ni zf nbrig- wre bobo masu. ‘They might kill you Zaniyam. We will bring kofä non ybrüsthgr. you back here to Masu.’ brm tikf noun [fem] yam type. bth noun [masc] python type. brnze noun [fem] lips. Note: The biggest of all the pythons. bro noun [fem] swampy area with It sometimes lives in bushfowl bumpy ground (not by the river, mounds. but on the flat land). bthaksi verb finish. zimu kwa Note: This might be a loanword Nabthakwr. ‘The runny nose will from Nama. It corresponds to stop.’ ane zwafsinzrm kwot e Komnzo kore. bobowä bäne zefafath. fsisi zäbthath. see: kore ‘He was counting them for her brs adjective creative, open-minded. until this (number) was reached. Then, the counting was finished.’ brsi verb scoop water. fi sabth! ‘You finish him off!’ bru noun [fem] comb-spined catfish. yambärf nima “eh efoth bana kwa ⋄ Cinetodus carinatus samare! frkf ybthakwr.” ‘Yam- brubru noun [masc] kundu drum. bär said: “Look at the poor sun! It is red and goes down.” (lit.: brübrü noun [masc] grass type. the redness is finishing the sun.)’ brüzi noun [masc] soursop. ⋄ Anona nzone miyo kwa wabthakwr. ‘You muricata will do as I say. (lit.: You will brüzi noun [fem] catfish type. finish my wish.)’ brüzsi bthamer noun [fem] fish type, papuan (1) positional verb be submerged. gauvina. ⋄ Oxyleleotris herwer- garda ybrüsthgr. ‘The canoe is denii submerged.’ kofä non ybrüsthgr. bthan noun [fem] magic, sorcery, magic ‘The fish is in the water.’ spell. bada boba mane enrera (2) verb bä kwa Nabrüzr. ‘You will fi bthan miyamr. ‘As for the dive in.’ srak z zäbrüs! ‘The ancestors who came here, they boy drowned already.’ watik, did not know sorcery.’ wati, nzä we kränbrimé Natha ane we bthan tmatmme nafane fam zwar- srenfafa subrüzrm ‘Then I re- mänwrmth. ‘Then they closed turned and grabbed the dog and her mind with that magic spell.’ . D 13 bthan kabe noun [masc] sorcerer. bun pronominal for you (2sg.dat). fthé ‘one week’ srakor fthé fof bun narä. ‘It is for you.’ ane krefar ane bthan kabe bobo. ‘Af- zokwasi kwa natrikwé bun. ‘I ter one has passed, the sorcerer will tell you this story.’ would set off.’ bthan kabeyé bäne buram noun [fem] frill-necked lizard. mitaf wfathwath. ‘The sorcer- ⋄ Chlamydosaurus kingii ers held or stopped that spirit.’ buru also: buru kabe noun [masc] old man. buru zé zäkor. ‘He bthazan noun [fem] magic (for killing). has become an old man already.’ naf bthazan yfnzr. ‘He is killing see: oroman, paitua him with magic.’ bus noun [flex] cat. bthzü noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Ternstroemia Note: loanword from English (‘pussy- cheryii cat’) Note: The bark is used for poi- bübü kwan noun [fem] sound made son fishing. by hitting the ground, hopping bua noun [masc] Magnificent Riflebird. of wallabies, sound made by hunters ⋄ Ptiloris magnificus to attract wallabies. büra also: bürä noun [flex] baby animal. bürg noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Diplanchea sp Note: The shoots of this plant are sometimes eaten with betel- nut. The flowers are eaten by wallabies. büsri noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Acacia bua simsi büt noun [masc] stump. buay also: bway ideophone This Note: Can refer to an ampu- is used when somebody is set- tated limb. ting off or runs away like “Off bwir fisor noun [fem] long neck tur- he goes!”.. nabinzo threrafinzé. tle. bway! krefaré. ‘I shouldered bznsi middle verb the bow and I set off.’ bway! (1) work. äniyak e sazäthi. ‘They set off (2) clear, cut grass, clean. and walked until Sazäthi.’ bzwär proper noun place name. bubukr noun [masc] beetle, cater- pillar. bubumari proper noun [masc] insect type. d Note: big, black insect with a bright yellow part on its back. dabethé adjective thick. bukmu et noun [masc] shell, black dabethkak borsi noun [fem] grass shell from the river. dart game. 14 dagal noun [flex] dugon. is an old garden (left fallow).’ dagon daräbü (1) noun [plural] food. ntagon zerä. (1) noun [fem] plant type. daräbü ‘The food is here.’ sukufa dagon ane no yonasima rä. ‘This daräbü kwa änathr? ‘Will you smoke is for drinking water.’ the tobacco?’ Note: used as water container (2) verb [no infinitive] eat. nze kwr- (2) noun [fem] water container made man yanathé. ‘I eat the kwr- from the plant. man’ wawa thäwob! ‘Eat the darbu noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Anthorhiza yams!’ sp dagu noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Banksia Note: used like grinding stone dentata to remove hard skin (e.g. on dagu noun [masc] python type (beige one’s foot) color, white spots). darwä noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Melaleuca Note: likes to sleep on the banksia sp tree (dagu) dasi noun [masc] lump, pus-filled bulge. dagu zthé noun [masc] banksia in- florescence. dathgir noun [fem] lizard type. see: dagu däfi noun [masc] freshwater anchovy. Note: used to transport fire. it ⋄ Thryssa scratchleyi will be smoldering for several dbän noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Vitex hours. (lit. ‘banksia penis’) quinata daidai noun [plural] grass skirt. Note: This tree is used for tim- Note: This is a woman’s grass ber (especially for paddles), when skirt. It only covers the front the leaves of this tree dry and and back of the body. fall down, it is time for harvest see: nag time yams. dagwas noun [plural] ellbow. dbäzri noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Schizomeria damarki yfö noun [fem] water well, serrota dynamite well. Note: The fruits are brown and Note: loanword from English (dy- taste sour. namite); round, big holes cre- dbirko noun [masc] club (stone disc). ated by Australian workers in the 50’s. dbömsé adjective blunt. damno numeral one thousand two dbrthé noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Melochea hundred nintysix; 6x6x6x6 = 1296. sp Note: This plant is valued for danag noun [masc] weeds eaten by its medical use. The roots will fish. be cooked and eaten (or the liq- dao also: daw noun [fem] garden. uid from the roots). It is a pow- erful medicine against all kinds dao drdr noun [fem] old garden af- of sickness ter the harvest. dao drdr rä. ‘It dd noun [masc] worm. . D 15 ddak noun [masc] plant type, blue dibura noun [flex] prisoner, prison. tongue. ⋄ Melastoma afine wati, Nwä dibura ane fof zfrärm. Note: This is plant is used as ‘This took place instead of prison.’ medicine. Its leafes are chewed zokwasi trikasi ätrikwr mon bä to reduce pain. sfrärm dibura faf znen. ‘He tells ddbr adjective numb feeling. them the story how he was in deinsam proper noun female personal jail. (lit.: the prisoner place)’ name. Note: This is a loanword from deknini noun [fem] praying mantis. Motu digdig noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Timonius deya noun [flex] wallaby (forest). timon dga Note: This plant is used as medicine. (1) noun [masc] bifurcation. wawa Part of its bark are mixed with dga kaf rä ‘the yam is split’ water. Women drink this after (2) plural [masc] gills, fish gills. giving birth. di noun [fem] back of the head. digwä noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Abrus di frnzaksi verb mess up, hit, kill. precatorious di fof safrnza. ‘She hit him on dirdir noun [masc] Greater Streaked the back his head.’ Lory, Rainbow Lorikeet. ⋄ Chalcopsitta dibath noun [masc] hockey stick. scintillata or Trichoglossus haema- dibädibä noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Timonius todus sp Note: This tree bears an edible fruit which is also eaten by cas- sowaries. dibe also: dibö noun [fem] pipe, smoking pipe. Note: This pipe is made from a bamboo tube with two holes. dirdir A rolled tobacco cigarette is in- serted into one and the smoke is sucked into the apparatus to dis noun [fem] dish, plate. be inhaled by another person. Note: loanword from English dmgu noun [fem] waterhole (perma- nent). dmgwr noun [masc] orchid. ⋄ Dentrobium sp dmgwri noun [masc] tree type, melaleuca. ⋄ Melaleuca sp Note: This plant is used as medicine. The steam is from boiled leafes can be inhaled or used to wash oneself. It has high content of dibe essential oil. 16 dmnzü manner adverb silently. dmnzü Note: This container is used to käms. ‘Sit down quietly!’ dmnzü carry water or to make sgeru Narafinzrth. ‘They paddle silently.’ ‘palmwine’. drädrä noun [fem] Masked Lapwing. dmu noun [fem] anus. ⋄ Vanellus miles dobakwr noun [masc] indian short- finned eel. ⋄ Anguilla bicolor

drädrä

drgathé adjective dry. dobakwr drid noun [masc] scales, fish scales. dokre noun [fem] frog. drn noun [fem] Radjah Shelduck. ⋄ Tadorna dowä noun [masc] Wompoo Fruit Dove. radjah ⋄ Ptilinopus magnificus

drn dowä drü noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Melaleuca dö noun [masc] goanna type (grass- sp land). Note: This tree is used for tim- dödö ber (houseposts or canoes). Its (1) noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Melaleuca bark is used for roof (outside) sp or walls (inside). Note: The twigs of this plant dubu noun [fem] church. are used to make a broom. Note: This is a loanword from (2) noun [masc] broom. Motu. dradr noun [masc] taboo, law. duga noun [fem] taro. ⋄ Colocasia Note: loanword from Blafe sp see: thakthak Note: staple food drari noun [fem] container made of dumgsi prefixing verb be close to burst- bamboo. ing, be irate, be angry inside. . E 17

dasi wadumgwr. ‘My buldge is e close to bursting.’ bä rma nad- umgwr? ‘What are you angry about?’ ebar noun [flex] head. dunzi noun [masc] arrow (general ebar nzm noun big toe, thumb. term). eda numeral two. durua noun help. nzä nima “bone efä efä also: yafä yafä noun [fem] zrin rä. bone nagayf ane zrin swathe. zwafiyokwr. keke kwa monme Note: Before a new garden is durua Nafiyokwre.” ‘I said: “This cleared the outer fence lines are is your problem. Your boy caused are laid out by cutting the grass. that problem. We won’t help.”’ Note: This is a loanword from efoth Motu (1) noun [masc] sun. efothf nfariwr dübram noun [fem] cassowary. kwikma. ‘The sun is drying us Note: This term refers to an adult up and we will become sick.’ cassowary (with black feathers efoth minzü Narsir eftharen. ‘The only) sun burns strong in the dry sea- düdü property noun in good condi- son.’ efothen zbo mnzen zarafinz! tion, healthy. ruga düdüthé yé. ‘You have to put it on top of ‘The pig is in good shape.’ kabe the house in the sun!’ ntüntükarä yé. ‘The man is in (2) noun [fem] day. nafä fof zen- good condition.’ farath zizi fefe fthé efoth kwabthak- düfr noun [masc] headdress. wrm. ‘He left with them in the Note: This refers to a headdress afternoon when the day was com- with a little bundle of cassowary ing to an end.’ nä efothen, wawa feathers which is pointing up- tafo yafsinzake babuan. ‘On an- wards from the forehead. other day, we counted the dried see: tarazü yam for Babua.’ dügäm noun [masc] Papuan Horn- efthar noun [fem] dry season. ka- bill. ⋄ Rhyticeros plicatus far efthar rthé sfrärm no keke fthé kwarünzrm. ‘When it was a strong dry season, no rain was falling.’ ymdanme miyosé erä efthar fthé kräkor minzü. ‘The birds like them (the fruit) when it is the height of dry season.’ ekri (1) noun [fem] flesh, body. zi swathizrm ekri zi. ‘He was in pain, body dügäm pain.’ mor thugarwrmth. ekrinzo thugathikwrmth. ‘They broke their necks and left only the flesh dür property noun fat, grease. behind.’ nzmärkarä fthé be sanathé. 18

bone ekrin boba Natharwr. ‘When Naraker. ‘Together they looked you eat it with the grease, it for gardening ground.’ boba kwa will go underneath you flesh.’ niyak eräme kanathrfo. ‘We will (2) noun [masc] meat. tauri ekri go together to Kanathr.’ yé. ‘It is wallaby meat.’ etha ekwar noun [masc] Pied Heron. ⋄ Ardea (1) numeral three. nafane kabe pacifica etha erera. ‘She had three hus- bands.’ (2) quantifier few. tüfrmär kafar kafar nrä komnzo ethanzo. ‘We are not plenty old people, only a few.’ ethf noun [fem] canoe place. see: swäyé et noun [masc] shell. ekwar ekwiya noun bird type (bigger than ekwar, but similar). emoth noun [fem] girl, sister. zane mane yé emoth fäth fam wrär. ‘This one here is thinking of the et small girl.’ nafanme emoth keke kränrit nzedbo. nzenme emoth etfth keke kränrit boba. ‘Their sisters (1) noun sleep. Nabrigwro bobo etfth won’t come over to us and our znfo. ‘He is returning to the sister won’t go there. We don’t sleeping place.’ fi etfth yrugr. exchange sisters.’ ‘He is sleeping.’ emoth fäth proper noun [plural] group (2) prefixing verb [no infinitive] sleep. of blinking stars; probably the see: yrugr Pleaides. etwäsi Nare noun [fem] frogatt’s cat- ⋄ Note: This constellation is of- fish. Cinetodus froggatti ten described as “the washing ezi noun [fem] morning. namä ezi girls” (lit. “the young/small girls”). ‘good morning’ ezi zir noun [fem] morning dew. enat kinship noun [flex] father in- ezi zürn noun [masc] morning mist. law, mother in-law, son-in-law. Note: This word is used recip- rocally between a man and his wife’s parents instead of their f respective names. eräme also: erame manner adverb faf noun [fem] place, yard, house area. together. eräme bad zumarwrmth nä faf znfo zé Nafäniza. ‘He . F 19

moved awaz to anozther place.’ hunting alone.’ farame kwofiyak. nzone fafen namnzr. ‘You are ‘I went hunting alone.’ sitting in my place.’ wati nafane farai noun [fem] canvas. sam mane rä nagusi faf znen Note: possibly a loanword. sazin. ‘Then you put its liquid farasi noun [fem] kind of shield to on the place where you poked defend oneself (it looks like a yourself.’ paddle). fafä dem after this, by this time. fafä farem proper noun name for the Komnzo kwämones! ‘Wait for me! (af- speaking people in and around ter doing sth.)’ Rouku village. faikore noun [masc] Orange-footed farem kar proper noun place name. Scrubfowl. ⋄ Megapodius rein- wardt farfar noun [fem] feast. farka noun [masc] shin. farksi verb lift up bag for someone (to set off). nze yare nafan wä- farkwé. ‘I lift the bag for her (to go).’ farksi middle verb set off. nze nafanema Nafarkwé. ‘I set off because of him.’ faikore farsi verb fell, chop, cut down. be wämne safath! ‘You fell the fakarsok noun [masc] arrow with a tree!’ nafane Nazi yafarwé. ‘I metall blade. cut down his coconut.’ fartfart noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Liliaceae sp Note: used for decoration. fartki noun [masc] sago type. ⋄ Metroxyllon fakarsok sagu farufaru noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Psychotria fakth noun [fem] yam (middle sized sp round yam). faryasi verb dry. nze gwonyame efaryanzé. fagwa property noun wide, width. ‘I dry the clothes.’ bä kärfay- fam noun [plural] thoughts, mind. ofth! ‘You dry yourself!’ fam yirzsi middle verb forget. fam- fasisi middle verb attract attention. mär zärzé ‘I forgot.’ käfasir ‘Bang it!’ naf Nafasinzr. Note: lit. ‘fall without thoughts’. ‘He is attracting attention.’ see: yirzsi faso noun [fem] animal, meat from famfam property noun shallow. animals. far noun [masc] stem, post. see: yase fara fiyaf noun [fem] hunting (go- fath noun [fem] clear place. ing hunting alone and without fath deya noun [flex] bushland tree dogs). farar kwofiyak. ‘I went 20

wallaby (spectacled hare-wallaby). was exchanged, used between ⋄ Lagorchestes conspicillatus the two exchanged women in- see: deya stead of their name. fathasi also: fathsi verb hold. naf fänizsi middle verb move, shift lo- nabi wfathwé. ‘He is holding cation. nze buk wfänizé. ‘I put the bow.’ the book to another place.’ z fathasi middle verb marry, celebrate. kwafänizroth ninzo zä nrugr. ‘They nze Nare Nafathwé. ‘I marry the already moved to another spot, woman.’ only we sleep here.’ fathasi numeral six counted yams fänz proper noun female personal name. (lit. “one holding”). fatam noun [masc] plume, feather. fänzsi wrai fatam wathma yé. ‘the heron (1) verb present. buk wfänzé. ‘I feathers are for the dance.’ present the book.’ fatfat property noun angled. nabi (2) verb show. nze bun nafänzé. ‘I fatfatme sartm! ‘You cut the show (something) to you.’ bamboo angled.’ fäNaf kinship noun [flex] uncle, nephew, fatr noun [masc] tree type, fishtail, niece in a consummated exchange. albert palm. ⋄ Caryota rumphi- Note: This word is used recipro- ana cally between someone and his Note: used for timber. or her maternal uncle (if the faw noun payment. mother is married in a direct fä deictic over there (some distance sister exchange) away; out of sight). see: bäiNaf fäbü noun [masc] axe, stone axe. fäNam kinship noun [flex] aunt, nephew, fäbüfäbü noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Octomyrtus niece in a consummated exchange. sp Note: This word is used recipro- Note: medical use, leafes mixed cally between someone and his with biribiri against sore throat. or her maternal aunt (if the mother is married in a direct sister ex- fäk noun [fem] jaw. change). fäksi middle verb sneak. Nafänknzé. see: bäiNam ‘I am sneaking around.’ nafan färfär noun [masc] bee type, the bee- yafäknzath. ‘They were sneak- hive has a long nozzle-like en- ing up on him.’ trance. fäms kabe kinship noun [masc] exchange fäsi property noun shame, shameful. man. oroman fäsi yé bänema wri no Note: used between two men who kayé kwonathr. ‘The old man have exchanged sisters, instead is ashmed because he drank al- of their personal names. cohol yesterday.’ fäsithé kabe fäms Nare kinship noun [fem] exchange bikogr. ‘The man stands ashamed woman. over there.’ Note: used for the sister that fäskor noun [masc] part of sago palm. . F 21

Note: The part where the sago rial Pigeon. ⋄ Ducula pinon branch or leaf connects to the stem. This is used for beating sago. fäsri also: fäsari noun [masc] Alstonia brassii. Note: good timber, used as glue tree, bark used for sgeru ‘palmwine’. fäth noun [flex] small ones (children, animals). fefe yüzi fäthfäth noun [masc] sticks that hold the bark wall. fät noun [flex] friend, mate. fenz noun [fem] body liquid from a fätfaksi corpse. (1) positional verb be across. wämne fenzil noun [masc] pencil, pen. yfätthgr mothen. ‘The tree lies Note: loanword from English. across the road.’ feNag noun [fem] yam type. (2) verb put across. naf wämne yfät- ferar noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Acacia fakwé. ‘He put the tree across.’ sp nafan wämne yafätfakwé ttfön. Note: used for timber (house- ‘I put the tree across the creek post, fence), bark used for sgeru for him.’ fi mothen Nafätfakwé. ‘palm wine’. ‘I lie down across the road.’ ferfer noun [masc] axe made from a fätr adjective left. wallaby’s shoulder bone. fätü also: fätüfätü noun [masc] plant fersi verb whip. saferf ‘Whip him!’ type (vine). ⋄ Piper sp Note: looks like saka. fethaksi fäw noun [masc] arrow shaft. (1) positional verb be dipped in wa- fäy noun payment. ter. biskar yare yfethgr. ‘The Note: loanword from English. cassawa bag is dipped in the fäyé also: fäyä noun [fem] estuary water.’ stingray or feshwater whipray. (2) verb dip in water, slowly put ⋄ Dasyatis fluviorum ⋄ Himantura into water. chaophraya fetr property noun danger danger- fefe also: ffé ous. fetrthé ruga yé ‘It is a dan- (1) adjective real, very. zokwasi fe- gerous pig.’ fetr yam wäfiyokwr feme Nanafr. ‘He talks with the ‘That is a dangerous thing you local language.’ do.’ (2) noun [feminine] body, flesh, meat. Note: The danger may come from fefe tuofkarä worä. ‘I have a general health issues (urine on fever (lit: I have a hot body.)’ food, or rotten meat) or more fefe yüzi noun [masc] Pinon Impe- from spiritual beliefs (hearing a bird of paradise in the night, 22

walking carelessly along a story place) fewa noun [fem] smell. fewa kafar ‘big stinking smell’ Note: usually an unpleasant smell, but fewa can be modified by namä ‘good’. fifize fezwär proper noun place name. ffrg property noun untidy. fifrsi verb clean. abs fi pronominal he, she, they ( ). fifthaksi fi conjunction but. (1) verb be lying straight. kabe yfifthgr. fiaroro noun ‘The man lies down straight.’ (1) [fem] flute (panpipe). (2) verb lie down straight. käfifth ⋄ (2) [fem] Rainbow Bee-eater. Merops ‘you lie down!’ ornatus figthksi verb lick. fiknsi verb touch. fikum noun [masc] palm type. ⋄ Cycas ciarciarnalis find noun [masc] giant glassfish. ⋄ Parambassis gulliveri

fiaroro find

finzo noun [masc] lorentz’s archer- fish. ⋄ Toxotes lorentzi fid noun [masc] bush cane, whip vine, fira noun [masc] betelnut. false rattan. ⋄ Flagelaria indica firaksi verb take out or pull out of Note: used as rope, fid Nad ‘fid a trap, fishnet, fishhook. nze rope’. kofä zzarfa yfirkwé. ‘I take the fidäth noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Garcinia fish out of the net.’ nze shirt sp Ivann yafirakwé. ‘I take Ivan’s Note: fruit eaten by cassowaries. shirt off him.’ firra proper noun place name. fifiya kwan noun [fem] whistling. firt noun dish, plate. fifize noun [fem] Spotted Whistling Note: possibly a loanword Duck, Pacific Black Duck. ⋄ Dendrocygnafis kinship noun [masc] husband. guttata fisi ftft noun [masc] bee type, long . F 23

nozzle entrance to hive, bees are sp a bit brown. fobäwé also: fobäwä adjective medium fisifr sized. (1) noun [masc] insect type. fofosa noun [fem] heart. Note: green, looks a bit like a fofosa nzigfu noun [masc] magic stone grasshopper. for gardening (especially yams). (2) noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Miliusa sp fofot also: fofot nge [flex] kinship fisor noun [fem] turtle. noun single child, only child. fisor bthan proper noun place name. fodä noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Gnetum Gnemon fisor fefe noun [fem] turtle. see: tuth fithak noun [fem] ashes. fogsi prefixing verb dawn, to get dark, fithwogsi verb take out from under- be out/away. zbär fthé zufog- neath. wrm ‘When the night was break- Note: opposite of tharasi ing (on her).’ fi yfogwr. ‘He fitot noun [masc] yam vine stick (long). is away.’ zbär zwäfonz. ‘night- Note: is planted later when the break caught me.’ zafazafa sticks are not long enough fokam mnz noun [fem] grave house. for the vine. fitwä noun [masc] taro sucker, taro fokufoku noun [fem] small patch of shoot. vegetation or forest. fiyam also: fiyama interjection Get Note: This word implies that it well!. was ‘left behind’. It usually refers Note: This is to be shouted at to a patch of grass which has somebody who is sick (bodily not been burnt or cut, or a small sickness). patch of forest surrounded by fiynsi middle verb line up. parts that have been cut down. fiyoksi verb make. karo wäfiyokwr dbän wthen. ‘She made an oven fokusi prefixing verb miss out. nzä at dbän wth.’ wri trikasi thwafiyokr. nomai wofkunzr. ‘I always miss ‘He made up drunk stories.’ out.’ nzä zwäfkur. ‘I missed fiyor noun bow with a slight curve out.’ only (in opposition to nr). for noun [fem] part of the land close fk noun [fem] buttocks. to the river. Narake for rä. ‘It fkasi is a rivergarden.’ (1) verb peel. ausif duga yfkathr. Note: Area between the swamp ‘The old woman peels the taro.’ and the river which is higher wawa zafkath! ‘You peel the than the swamp area. It dries yam!’ up early after the wet season. (2) middle verb masturbate. käfkath! It is used for planting cassawa, ‘Wank yourself!’ taro and sweet potato fmr noun [masc] grass type. ⋄ Poaceae forak proper noun male personal name. 24

frasif wortmakwr. ‘I am very fortu noun [masc] scar. hungry. (lit.: hunger cuts me.)’ fothabr noun thigh. (2) noun [plural] food of different fothaksi middle verb take off the bag, kinds. put down the bag. yare zäfothé. frathn noun [plural] coconut, the soft ‘I took of the bag.’ fibre the outer skin the coconut fothr noun [masc] eucalyptus type. shell; it is often chewed by chil- ⋄ Xanthostemon suaveolens dren. Note: used for timber (canoe, frazsi transitive verb extinguish. komnzo house). tayo kwofrä mni frazsima. ‘I fothr fr deya noun [flex] brown tree was weak from extinguishing the wallaby (red-legged pademelon). fire.’ krär yarinakwrath noku ⋄ Thylogale stigmatica frazsir. ‘They poured Kava for fothr wokuthé adjective brown. him to stop his anger.’ fowar noun [masc] Papuan Frogmouth. fräsi verb singe, burn hair off, heat ⋄ Podargus papuensis in the flames.

fräsi

frdth noun [masc] tree type, poison tree. ⋄ Derris pinata Note: The roots are heated, smashed with a stick and then washed fowar out in a waterhole in order to stun the fish. fögwath noun [masc] snake type, tree fren noun [masc] airplane. snake, non-poisonous. Note: loanword from English. fönzsi verb burn, burn down. ane frezsi kzi kwa yfönzr mnime fewama. (1) verb pull up, take out of water. ‘He will burn that barktray with kakauna efrezrake gardfo. ‘We fire because of the stench.’ yusi took the things out of the ca- thäfofa. ‘He burned the grass.’ noe.’ frafr noun [flex] corn, clavus (med- (2) middle verb come up from the ical). river. zwarifa Nafrezath thoro. frar noun [fem] fishtrap; small bas- ‘He came up from zwari to thoro.’ ket that is inserted into the larger frfr noun [masc] children’s toy bull- fishtrap. roarer. frasi Note: little toy made entirely (1) property noun hungry, hunger. from the coconut leaf, shaped no frasi nrä. ‘we are thirsty.’ like a bow, string attached to . F 25

one end. Children swing in around and it makes a buzzing noise.

frthar

frtotobe noun [masc] long-jawed river garfish / fly river garfish. ⋄ Yenarchopterus caudovittatus / zenarchopterus novaeguineae frü quantifier alone. frü rä ‘she is frfr alone’ frzfth property noun rushing around, restlessness. frk noun [fem] blood. frzsi middle verb catch fish with a frkat noun [masc] stick (short and net. kabe kafar thwawekwrmth thin). frzsir. ‘They invited the old frksi middle verb brag, boast, to be people for catching fish.’ proud. fi kwafrkwr. ‘I bragged fs noun [fem] greenback gudgeon. ⋄ Bunaka (about himself).’ nze fi yafrkwé. gyrinoides ‘I brag about him.’ fsan proper noun place name. frkthé adjective red. fsgsi verb blow. kufraru zufsgwrm. frme manner adverb straight. ‘He was blowing the bamboo flut.’ frmnzsi füsfüs yfsgwr. ‘the wind is blow- (1) verb prepare, fix. bicycle yafrmnzr. ing.’ ‘He prepares his bicycle.’ fsisi verb count. ane wawa fsisimär (2) verb bless. Nafyf kwa nafrmnzr. ethn. ‘These yam have not been ‘God will bless you.’ counted.’ nafa wawa efsinzrth. frnzaksi verb uproot, pull out. naf ‘They are counting the yams.’ biskar yfrnzakwr. ‘He rips out kar rnzam nNafsinzre? ‘How the cassava.’ many place names did we go frsi verb bite, pinch. kabothf zwäfrnz. through?’ ‘The snake bit me.’ nze fi kwa fsknsi middle verb doze. krüfrma yfrthé. ‘I will pinch him.’ zürnf nzä komnzo kwafsknwé. ‘I was si wafrthé. ‘The smoke is bit- only dozing because of the cold.’ ing my eyes.’ frsth noun [masc] stick (long and fthaksi verb take out of the fire. thin). fthé also: thé - also: frthé con- frthar noun [fem] echidna (short-beaked junction when. echidna). ⋄ Tachyglossus aculea- fthi proper noun place name. tus fthiker proper noun place name. 26 ft noun [masc] tree (dried up and ‘The hightide has flooded the without leafes). houses and therefore they have fta numeral thirty-six, 36, six to the moved to another place.’ yirme power of six. tosayf zwäfuthf. ‘The baby has ftfaksi verb pull off, take off. sgu pissed on me. (lit. ‘flooded me zaftf! ‘Pull the lid off!’ with urine’)’ ftrak noun [masc] banana leaf (green). futhfuth noun [plural] scraps (of food). fuay noun [masc] goanna in the for- füfü noun [masc] sago scraps. est (very big). fümnzaksi verb pull over, pull down Note: there is a gamo ‘spell, magic’ a tree that has been cut. connected with this goanna; one fünz noun [plural] muscles in the up- should not mentioned the name per arms. in the presences of someone who füri proper noun place name. owns this spell. In this case, füsfüs noun [masc] wind, breeze. people use the word fz kabe ‘for- füsri adjective est man’ instead. (1) wet (about ground). fufsi verb reheat. (2) healthy (about plants). biskar fuk noun [plural] group. nabi fukme füsri erfikwr. ‘The cassavas are erfikwr. ‘The bamboos grows growing healthy.’ in a group.’ kabe fuken ykogr. füth noun [fem] yam (the rotten yam ‘The man stands in a group.’ that is left in the ground from fumaksi verb pull out, pull out some- planting). thing that was tightly in a hole, fütha proper noun place name. a thorn in the skin or a cloth füthfüth noun [plural] new born birds in a hole. fakarsok yfumakwa (without feathers). taurifa. ‘He pulled out the ar- füwä noun [fem] lagoon, open large row from the wallaby.’ wagafa inundated plain. safum. ‘He pulled him out by fyüsi verb swallow. the legs.’ fz noun [fem] forest. funu noun [masc] iron sheet. fz deya noun [flex] forrest wallaby Note: from Motu? (dusky pademelon). ⋄ Thylogale furfur noun [plural] babies (humans brunii or animals). fz minz noun [fem] strip of forest. futh noun [masc] greenbrier, red china fz tharthar noun [fem] edge of the wood. ⋄ Smilax lanceolata forest. Note: medical use, liquid from fzasi verb dig out. stem is applied to wounds. fzenz kinship noun [fem] wife. futhfaksi verb flood, inundate, spill fzfz noun [fem] small forest. over. nof zane bad zufuthfakwr. fzü property noun movement of one’s ‘The water was flooding this piece arms. of land.’ no trkrf mnz thäfuthfa Note: This word is used to ex- anema fi Nafänizath nä karfo. press the concept of ‘swim’ . G 27

g Note: fruit is eaten by cassowaries gani zfth proper noun place name. gaba noun [fem] eating yams. gabäm noun [fem] yam type. ganigani noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Endiandra gaberam noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Syzygium sp sp gar noun [masc] waterlily. gabrim property noun milky, dirty gar noun [fem] coconut, coconut with liquid. a new shoot growing out of it, gabrku noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Ficus ready for planting. septica garafü noun [masc] blackboard tree, Note: medical use milkwood pine. ⋄ Alstonia schol- gabuyam noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Syzygium aris furfuraecum Note: used for glue gafar noun [fem] spoon-snouted cat- garamgaram property noun sweet- fish. ⋄ Doiichthys novaeguineaee talk, persuasive, cajoling. nzür- naf garamgaram srethkäf. ‘The gafas noun [masc] kundu drum (medium spirit woman started to be nice sized drum). and friendly towards him.’ garda noun [masc] canoe.

garda

gardagarda noun [masc] tree type. gafas Note: the fruit of this tree has a long shape which splits open gafi noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Syzygium lengthwise and resembles the shape sp of a canoe. Note: edible fruit garsi verb break. mor thugawrmth. gaga noun [plural] hand, finger. ‘They were breaking the necks.’ gaga yam noun [masc] finger print. zeda Nagarwa. ‘He broke his crotch.’ game noun [masc] turner made from garthrothro noun [fem] Green Pygmy- bamboo split bamboo. Goose. gamo noun [masc] magic, spells (only gartan nabi noun [fem] bow type, words). bamboo points are left on the gan gan noun [masc] White-bellied outside, the bowstring stays on Sea Eagle. the the bow. gani noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Endiandra garur also: sibuni garur noun [masc] brassii Australian White Ibis. ⋄ Threskiornis 28

molucca gawad noun [masc] yam, long yam type. Note: inside is white gawe proper noun place name. gäw noun [fem] fish harpoon (arrow to shoot fish). gb noun [fem] palm type. ⋄ Livistona garur sp Note: used for flooring, fruit is gasn mitafo noun [masc] holy spirit. eaten gd noun [fem] mud, clay or soil mixed gaso adjective wrong, not good, false. with water. ges noun [masc] leech (water). gastor noun [fem] striped snakehead. ggarsi znsä noun [fem] garden work, ⋄ Channa striata cutting down small trees and Note: introduced species stick to clear an area for gar- dening. ggarsi znsä noun [fem] clearing the forest, cutting the sticks. gastor ggrb noun [fem] coconut, small and gatha fam mär phrase you’re wel- unripe, sometimes eaten by chil- come !. dren. gatha gatha adjective bad. gib tawasri noun [fem] bow bracer gatha kar noun [fem] rubbish. made from woven cane. gathiksi verb leave, stop. bné fi sagath- gid noun [masc] soft flesh|soft skin ife! ‘You leave him!’ bä zä- at the back of the thigh, under- gathif! ‘You stop it!’ neath the buttocks. gaugau noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Cleisthantosgidum noun [masc] plant type. myrianthus Note: used for grey color Note: leaves used to roll smoke girfurin noun [masc] spoon (old term). gauyé also: gauya adjective young, fresh. Nazi gauyé ‘fresh coconut’ giri noun [fem] knife. gith noun [masc] sago wrapper made gaw noun [masc] Nankeen Night Heron. from leaves. ⋄ Nycticorax caledonicus

gaw gith . G 29 gitawa noun [masc] rattan type. Note: grows along the river gmärbü noun [masc] ant (big black). gmigmi noun [fem] side of the body (at the height of the navel). gnor noun [fem] striped-cheek gud- geon. ⋄ Bostrychus strigongenys gomar gnz noun [masc] fish type, black bass, gon noun [plural] hips. black barramundi. gonz noun [fem] black, drie clay pieces. go noun [masc] grass type, river pan- danus type. ⋄ Cyperus sp gonz proper noun place name. Note: used for weaving and tieing gosrin wawa noun [masc] storing yams (to be eaten during wetseason / gobr noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Garcinia from about march on). sp gr noun [masc] sling knot (pull itself Note: yellow fruit, used in traps tight like a hangman’s knot). ⋄ for cassowaries or bushfowls gra noun [masc] plant type. Cynometra gogath noun [masc] Yellow-faced Myna. sp ⋄ ⋄ Mino dumontii gragr noun [masc] Darter. Anhinga novaehollandiae

gogath gragr

grau also: graw noun [plural] red cloud. gogär noun [masc] bird type (black- grä faced bowerbird?). (1) property noun slow, soft. wäm- gogo zär noun [fem] a shady place neme kwa ynäbüzre kwot e gräthé where the wallabies sleep dur- kräkor. ‘We beat it with a stick ing the heat of the day.. until it becomes soft.’ nzigm gogwrethar noun [masc] tree type. nimame zfrärm gräme zufarwrme. gomar noun [fem] Greater Bird of ‘(The weeds) were sticky, we cut Paradise. ⋄ Paradisaea apoda it slowly.’ 30

(2) property noun simplicity, easy. gw keke thkarthé rä, gräthé znsä rä. ‘It is not hard, it is easy work.’ gräthé adjective soft, easy. gwara noun [masc] goanna type (black gri noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Acacia and white colors). sp gwargwar noun [fem] mud. grigri noun [masc] worms, maggots. gwä noun [masc] mosquito. gwä kwik noun [fem] malaria (lit. grnzri noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Chantium ‘mosquito sickness’). sp gwänm noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Syzygium Note: edible fruit. furfuraceum grri noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Acacia Note: edible fruit. sp gwgarithar also: gugwarithar noun Note: bark used for sgeru ‘palm [masc] tree type. ⋄ Casia sp wine’ gwfiyar also: gufiyar noun [fem] gru noun [masc] shooting star. fishtrap (woven bamboo basket). gthath also: gnas noun [masc] Red- winged Parrot. ⋄ Aprosmictus erythropterus

gwfiyar

gwigwi noun [fem] snake type. Note: non-poisonous snake called ‘pencil snake’ gwodin noun [masc] saw method mak- gthath ing fire.

gthzi noun [masc] armpit. gu kwan noun [fem] barking noise. gunana proper noun place name. rouku gunanan ämnzer. ‘They stay gwodin at Rouku Gunana (old Rouku).’ Note: loanword from Motu (‘old). gwonyame noun [fem] clothes. gwra noun [masc] macculloch’s rain- gursi verb break off (banana or pineap- bowfish. ⋄ Melanotaenia mac- ple). cullochi . I 31 gwre also: gwregwre - also: fath kafar adjective big. gwregwre noun [fem] Yellow- kafara noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Bromeleacea faced Myna. ⋄ Mino dumontii sp Note: used for wrapping food gwth kafusi noun [fem] cup. (1) noun [fem] bird nest. ymd Nafänzr Note: loanword from English gwth znfo ‘The bird flies to the kaimät kinship noun [fem] sister-in- nest.’ law. (2) noun [fem] pocket in one’s shirt Note: This word used recipro- or trousers. cally between a woman and the gww noun bird type. sisters of her husband instead of their name. see: nakimi i kakru Nare also: kru Nare noun [fem] Australian Magpie. ⋄ Gymnorhina tibicen ikan lele also: lele noun [masc] walking catfish. ⋄ Clarias batrachas Note: from Malay

ikan lele

k kakru Nare kabe noun [masc] man. kaksi verb opening by splitting some- kaboth noun [masc] snake (general). thing. yamr kwa nkasinzé ebaren. ‘I will look for lice on your head. kabothkaboth noun [masc] tree type, (lit. ‘split your head/hair for tuckeroo. ⋄ Lepisanthes sp lice’)’ Note: used for timber (house post) kam noun (1) [fem] bone (in the body). kadakada noun [masc] yamcake. (2) [masc] bone (outside of body). Note: This yamcake is made by kamfa locational behind, at the back. cutting yams into thin slices and wämne boba kamfa bikogr. ‘The then mixing it with coconut. It tree stands there at the back.’ is wrapped in banana leaves and kanathr proper noun place name. baked in the oven. kanmotha noun [fem] snake type (river). kadaNar adjective rich, wealthy. kadikafu proper noun male personal kanzkanz noun [masc] plant type. name. ⋄ Clematis novo-guinensis 32

Note: medical use, leaves are put kari draudrau noun [fem] Large-tailed on skin (grille), forehead (headache), Nightjar. ⋄ Caprimulgus macru- nose (running nose) rus kanzkanz property noun crooked, bent. kanzsi middle verb wait for some event to happen. kar noun [fem] place, village. karaf noun [masc] paddle. karesa noun (1) [masc] roof. (2) [masc] tree type, paperbark. ⋄ Melaleuca sp Note: bark used for roofing and kari draudrau as torch karifthe proper noun place name. karksi (1) middle verb pull. ni Nakarkwre. ‘We are pulling.’ (2) verb take away from somebody. sukufa fi sukarkwé. ‘I took the tobacco from him.’ karesa karku noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Pouteria sp karesa kwosi proper noun place name. Note: used for timber Note: story place; near to nt- karo noun mäntr (1) [fem] ground oven. karesa ymd noun [masc] Brown-backed Honeyeater . ⋄ Lichmera indis- tincta

karo

karesa ymd (2) [masc] anthill. karo bith noun [masc] bee type, builds kargu noun [flex] big pig. the hive in anthils. kari also: karikari noun [flex] wounded karo nabi noun [masc] insect type. animal. . K 33 karokaro noun [masc] goanna type (lives in the grassland). karwäsi adjective false. karwäsi trikasi rä. ‘It is a liar story.’ karwäsi nawänzr bun. ‘He creates lies for you.’ kasi noun [fem] side of the body (where the hip bones is). kaubu kasraba also: raba noun [fem] gas lamp. Note: loanword from English (‘gas kaukau noun [masc] mouth almighty lamp’), somewhat archaic or sande’s mouth almighty. ⋄ Glossamia kath noun [masc] ankle. aprion or Glossamia sandei kathrkathr noun [masc] plant type. kaumb proper noun male personal ⋄ Phylanthus philipinenso name. Note: edible fruit, leafes used kaunze proper noun tribe name. for rolling smoke Note: describes some of the peo- kata noun [masc] bamboo knife. ple from Rouku, Mifne and Garaita katakata noun [masc] grass type, sedge. whose ancestors came together ⋄ Carex sp from Komo Note: used for cleaning, mixed kauwira noun [masc] drum, big drum. with ashes and used like a sponge, the grass has sharp edges like kawitha noun [flex] paralysed per- the bamboo knife son. see: kata kay noun [masc] shell, large, white katawiwi noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Magnifera shell from the ocean. sp kayé temporal yesterday, tomorrow. Note: edible fruit (like mango) katan adjective small. käfe noun [masc] Sulfur-crested Cock- katan zafat noun [fem] saturday. atoo. ⋄ Cacatua galerita Note: loanword from Hebrew (’shabát’ = Saturday) katif noun [fem] trout mogurnda. ⋄ Mogurnda mogurnda Note: loanword from Wara see: Narufay katra noun [masc] palm type. ⋄ Hydriastele sp Note: used for flooring käfe kaubu noun [fem] Black Butcherbird. ⋄ Cracticus quoyi kämgsi verb block, close off. käwä noun [fem] curved carving tool. 34 käworkäwor noun [masc] Dollarbird. kafar kerere rä. ‘It is a big prob- ⋄ Eurystomus orientalis lem.’ Note: loanword from Motu kerko noun [fem] headdress with long plaited strings. Note: braided, long streaks made from pandanus

käworkäwor kd noun [masc] star. kdewawa noun [masc] firefly. kebikebi noun [plural] grille, fun- kerko gal disease. keke negator no. kemar noun [masc] yam type. Note: looks like sweet potato kesri noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Melaleuca kemäri noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Xanthostemon sp sp Note: The bark is used for roof- ker noun [masc] tail. ing and as torch keräfi noun kfuthak noun [fem] yam type. (1) [masc] palm type. ⋄ Hydrastele kidara noun [masc] drum, big kundu sp drum. Note: used for flooring, used for kifa noun [masc] woven rattan. kifa arrow tips zurwr. ‘He has woven the kifa.’ (2) [plural] floor.

keräfi kifa keräfi kam noun [fem] coconut, dry coconut with yellow, greenish outer skin (between ngazi gauyé kifikifi noun [masc] whistle, childrens and ngazi tayo). toy. kerere porperty noun trouble. kerere Note: made from a rolled up co- Nafiyokwa. ‘He caused trouble.’ conut leaf . K 35

Note: grows on the high ground; used for weaving mats knamthé noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Tetracera nudiflora knikni noun [fem] work. knzun property noun parallel, straight. kifikifi kofä noun [masc] fish. kiki tabrai noun [masc] evening star kofäkofä noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Acacia in the west, probably Venus. sp kin noun [masc] tree type. komnzo manner adverb only, just, kirakira noun [plural] fence type. still. komnnzo käms! ‘You just Note: vertical sticks with many sit down!’ komnzo zokwasi. ‘only horizontal bamboos tied to it speech, just language’ ‘Komnzo kirg proper noun male personal name. language’ komo proper noun place name. kiri noun [masc] tree type. kondomarin proper noun name for kirikiri noun [masc] club with a stone kanum and marind people. disc attached to the end of a kor dirdir noun [masc] Orange-breasted handle. Fig-parrot. ⋄ Cyclopsitta gulielmiterti Note: the stone disc has a star Note: "kor" doesnt mean any- shape thing kisr noun [masc] lizard type. see: dirdir kithuma noun [plural] sago pulp. kitamin noun [masc] wings of the cassowary. kitr noun [masc] pandanus type. ⋄ Cyperus sp Note: grows along the river; used for weaving mats kiwar also: kiwara interjection Good kor dirdir hunting luck!. Note: This is shouted out after setting a trap, hanging a fish kore noun [fem] area which is bumpy net or even when somebody goes and uneven because of running out hunting. It wishes good hunt- water during the wet seasin. kore ing luck. bad rä. korethé bad rä. ‘It is kma particle should, must. markai swampy ground.’ nabikarä kma sfrärm. ‘He must korifr adjective tall (of a person). have had a shotgun.’ Nafyf kma korsido noun [fem] yam type. kwrakor. ‘Father should have kothabi katr proper noun place name. told me.’ kmsusu noun [masc] pandanus type. kowi noun [flex] chicken (Domestic ⋄ Pandanus sp Fowl). 36

applied to wounds, especially of dogs. krätär noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Oriocalis sp Note: This plant is used for tim- ber (paddles, stairs) krbu noun [masc] swelling. fäk kr- bukarä yé ‘He has got a swollen jaw.’ krgtüri noun [masc] rat type (that lives in the coconut). kowi krgu noun [masc] phallocrypt made from a shell. krgukaränzo bikogr. krara noun [masc] eclectus parrot ‘He stands there only with his (male). ⋄ Eclectus roratus shell (and otherwise naked).’ Note: Shell from the ocean that is used to cover the male pri- vate parts. krkafu noun [masc] Little Pied Cor- morant. ⋄ Microcarbo melanoleu- cos

krara

see: tiNa krkafu kratr also: kkratr locational in be- tween. with kratren wkogr. ‘She krn noun [masc] yamcake. stands between the banana stems.’ Note: This yamcake is made by krär noun [masc] kava. ⋄ Piper methys- scraping yams with a shell. It is ticum then mixed with coconut, wrapped Note: This plant is used for its in banana leaves and baked in narcotic effects. The root is ground the ground oven. and mixed with water. Alter- kromäti noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Amomum natively the root can be chewed. sp Note: The fruit is edible and krärkrär noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Leea tastes like passionfruit. indica krsi verb block off. kafar trkren ttfö Note: The root of this plant has zukrkwrmth. ‘When the flood a medical use. It is cooked and is high the were blocking off the . K 37

creeks.’ srima kabeyé kar zfkrk- People remember those who are wrth. ‘The spies blocked off the away or have died. village.’ krüfr property noun cold, chill. ksi kar noun [fem] bush, wilderness, bushy place. kt noun [masc] grass type. kti tharthar noun [masc] Spangled Drongo. ⋄ Dicrurus bracteatus

kufak

kufraru noun (1) [fem] bamboo pipe.

kti tharthar ktikti noun [masc] Red-cheeked Par- rot. ⋄ Geoffroyus geoffroyi

kufraru

(2) [fem] Black-backed Butcherbird. ⋄ Cracticus mentalis ktikti ktkt property noun crowded, close, in a group. keke kwofiyak. wämne ktktme ekogr. ‘I did not walk (through). The trees stand very close.’ kabe kt kt rä. ‘The peo- ple are crowded.’ kufraru kufak noun [fem] Helmeted Friar- bird. Note: The call of this bird in kuku noun [fem] Barking Owl. ⋄ Ninox the afternoon triggers melancholy. connivens 38 kukufasi noun [fem] Little Shrike- for them.’ ni nafä bad wkur- thrush, Grey Shrike-thrush. ⋄ Colluricincla wre. ‘We are sharing a border megarhyncha or Colluricincla har- with them.’ monica kuruba noun [masc] iron rod. Note: This bird announces the Note: loanword from English ‘crow- death of a person. bar’ kut noun [fem] trap. kut migsir fof zefaré. ‘I set off to hang the trap.’ Note: made out of a bent bam- boo and a loop (string) that is under tension kütü noun [masc] Southern Crowned Pigeon. ⋄ Goura scheepmakeri

kukufasi kukuma proper noun male personal name. kuma noun [flex] yams baked in the oven. kumda noun [fem] basket, bag with a flat bottom. Note: woven from zras kumgsi verb smell. kütü kumter noun [masc] Channel-billed Cuckoo. ⋄ Scythrops novaehol- landiae ky noun [fem] yam type. kyu also: kiyu negator no. Note: used mostly by older speak- ers kzi noun [masc] tray. Note: canoe shaped tray made from bark, that is tied on both sides kumter kursi verb split something length- wise. nabi thrakurwrth. ‘They will split the bamboo.’ fam wkur- nakake fä. zane ruga mane yé nafanm yé. ‘We made up our minds. As for this pig, it is kzi . KW 39

kw kwark adjective late, deceased. nzwamnzrm fof oroman kwarka. ‘We stayed with the late old man.’ subam kwa also: ka kwark fä sfrärm mayawama. ‘There (1) particle future marker. ‘keke was late Subam from the Mayawas.’ kwa Nazime ethafrakwr.’ You will not mix it with coconut. kwarkari proper noun [plural] name (2) interjection wait. naf nagayé for kanum speaking people. thäkor “kwa! komnzo kwa!” ‘She kwarsa noun [fem] Black-billed Brush said to the children “Wait! Just Turkey. ⋄ Talegalla fuscirostris wait!”’ kwafaf property noun flat. wawa kwafafthé rä. ‘The yam tuber is flat.’ kwaikr proper noun place name. kwan (1) noun [fem] voice, shout. katan kwanzo yanor. ‘It only makes a kwarsa small sound.’ amen kwan wänor. ‘She said ‘Amen” kwarthabr noun [masc] bark. (2) prefixing verb [no infinitive] shout, Note: bark from any tree that emit a sound. Narsen yannor sticks tightly and does not come gardar. ‘He shouts out at the off easily river for a canoe.’ fthé sakwr kwath Nare also: koth Nare noun gwonyamen o festhen o wäm- [fem] Torresian Crow. ⋄ Corvus nen keke kwa srannor. ‘If you orru hit it against the clothes or body or a tree, it will not make a sound.’ kwanm particle maybe, expresses un- certainty about sth. in the fu- ture. kabe kwanm yak. ‘Maybe the man will go.’ kwanz ebar noun [fem] bald head. kwarakwara noun [fem] Hooded Pitta. ⋄ Pitta sordida kwath Nare Note: This is a seasonal bird. It is said to announce the time for kwathathr noun [masc] plant type. the yam harvest. ⋄ Tretracera sp kwarikwari ebar noun [fem] top of Note: used for rope the head. kwathkwath noun [masc] tree type, kwarikwari efoth noun [masc] noon, fringetree. ⋄ Chionathus rami- midday. florus 40

Note: The bark of this tree is of this plant to ensure a good used when chewing with betel, catch. if there is no mustard available. kwä adjective good (old term; nowa- days: namä). kwathkwath property noun hope, kwedr proper noun place name. intention, hopeful. bone kwathk- Note: place between Rouku and wath boba gwanthnm. ‘You put Ufarua your hopes towards here.’ kwathk- kwf noun [masc] club (stone disc). wath yé bänmr nge namä zräkor. ‘He hopes that the child will kwfi noun [fem] timespan, period. get well.’ nzone kwathkwath efogwr etha kwfin kramare. ‘We will emothdbo. ‘I am hoping for my see in 3 days.’ rnzam kwfi thfthunzr? sister.’ ‘How many days has he counted/marked? kwayan noun [fem] light, bright. (lit. folded)’ kwayankwayan also: kukwayan noun Note: usually a day, but can be [fem] twilight, little bit of light. more kwik adjective sick. kwayanthé adjective white, bright. kwim noun [masc] tree type, black wattle, mangium. ⋄ Acacia mangium kwazä noun [fem] side of the torso, Note: used for bush rope between armpit and heart. kwisi verb argue, debate, fight. sway kwazür noun [masc] narrow-fronted kwark fä ykwinza. ‘He argued tandan. ⋄ Neosilurus ater kwazür against late sway.’ fäms fäm- kwrman kwa änathé. ‘I will eat snzo fthé krakwinmth. ‘That is the kwazür dish.’ when one exchange man is ar- gueing with the other.’ kwitnz noun [fem] yamhouse (yam are stored on the ground). kwiyakwiya noun [fem] cassowary, young cassowary with brown or striped feathers. ⋄ Casuarius ca- suarius

kwazür kwazürkwazür also: kukwazür noun [masc] plant type (kamraj). ⋄ Helminthostachis zeylanica kwiyakwiya Note: The flowering of this grass signals that the fish is greasy; kwiysi verb leave alone. sakwiyfth! fish hooks and fish nets are painted ‘Leave him alone!’ with the juice from the roots kwodkwod noun [masc] corner, edge, . M 41

side. kwrnar noun [fem] strength. kwonam noun [masc] pandanus type, kwrro noun [fem] Blue-winged Kook- srew pine. ⋄ Pandanus spiralix aburra. ⋄ Dacelo leachii kwosi adjective dead, rotten. kwosi fr noun [flex] corpse. Note: lit. “rotten stem” kwosiya noun [masc] Black-faced Cuckoo- shrike, White-bellied Cuckoo-shrike. ⋄ Coracina novaehollandiae or Coracina papuensis Note: This bird announces the death of a person (kwosi yé means kwrro ‘he is dead.’) kwthenzsi also: kwthesi verb change, turn around. garda kwot ykwthen- zake Narsen. ‘We turned the canoe around in the river.’ nima be zakwther! zenathamane be katrikwé! ‘You change it and tell the story from today’s point of view!’ kwosiya kwthkwth noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Flinderisia sp kwtho noun [fem] handle. kwot manner adverb properly, again. kwthri noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Calophyllum sp kwr noun [masc] lime, calcium ox- Note: used for timber ide. kwrakwr noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Magnifera sp kwras noun [masc] Brolga. m kwrfar noun [masc] wallaby (big wal- laby). madma adjective female. kwrkwr noun [fem] bushfire. madrari noun [masc] collarbone. Note: loanword from Wára maf, mafa interrogative who (erg.sg, kwrman noun [masc] dish, wrapped erg.nsg). sago or cassava with a grease mafane, mafaneme interrogative whose fish, baked in the ground oven. (poss.sg, poss.nsg). mafar noun [masc] fly river anchovy. ⋄ Thryssa rastrosa see: zzuaku mafrr, mafä interrogative with whom bi kwrman (du, pl). 42 mai proper noun male personal name. maikasi (1) middle verb wash. kämayuf! ‘wash yourself!’ (2) verb wash. thrthr thänmayuf nofo. ‘She washed the intestines in the water.’ maiti proper noun male personal name. mare maknsi verb store, keep. makwri borsi noun [fem] hockey game. maremare noun [masc] logs or pieces mamu noun [masc] Torresian Im- of banana stem which are used perial Pigeon. to delimit the edges of a large manada property noun experienced, ground oven. habit, get used to. manada zé markai noun [flex] outsider, white zäkor biskar dagonr. ‘She got person. already used to eating cassawa.’ Note: anyone not from the area could be called markai, also some- manar noun [masc] decoration on one from another part of PNG. the headdress at dances. markai bith noun [masc] bee. Note: sometimes feathers, some- Note: This is the introduced asian times a carved piece of wood or bee. a figure which bounces up and down. mane interrogative which, who (abs). maneme interrogative with what. manziknsi also: monziknsi mid- dle verb prepare, get ready. wati zä wämnzr fof anema fof Nanmonziknwr. ‘Okay, she stays here and there- fore she prepares (herself).’ markai bith mar noun pandanus type. marasi verb see. kabef tauri zé samar. ‘The man saw the wallaby al- ready.’ be kamaranze! ‘Look markai nabi noun shotgun, rifle (lit. out for each other!’ white man’s bow). mare noun [masc] fallen tree, usu- markusi middle verb sneak around. ally across a creek. kemarkufth taurir! ‘Go an stalk the wallaby!’ maru noun [masc] sugar glider. ⋄ Petaurus breviceps . M 43

fthé nzfrärm. afayé fthé nagayé fäth thfrärm katakatan. ‘We were not born when the fathers were small kids.’ zane zöfthé nagayé mane erä matak fefe erä. ‘As for those young boys today, they really have nothing (no yam gar- maru dens).’ matar manner adverb quiet. kar matar marua proper noun male personal wthn. ‘The village lies quietly.’ name. matar komnzo käthfoth! ‘You maski interjection nevermind, leave just walk quietly!’ it, let it be. matuknsi verb wiggle, move. Note: loanword from Tok Pisin. mawan noun [masc] palm type. Note: looks like sago, grows fur- masu proper noun place name. ther downstream along the More- mathkwi proper noun male personal head river. name. mayawa kinship noun [flex] clan name. Note: Mathkwi was the ances- tor of the Mayawa clans in Rouku. mazo noun [fem] ocean, sea. mä interrogative where. mathmath gamo noun [fem] spell, mäbü magic used to distract and con- (1) noun [masc] tree type, eucalyp- fuse followers. tus. ⋄ Eucalyptopsis sp matai noun Note: used for timber and ca- (1) [masc] tree type, cornbeefwood. noes. ⋄ Barringtonia apiculata (2) proper noun place name. Note: used for timber. mägsi distransitive verb lead. ane (2) [masc] freshwater longtom. ⋄ Strongylura Nathayé nzun kwanmägwrmth. krefftii ‘Those dogs were leading me.’ mäm noun [fem] food (taro, yam, long yam, cassawa). mäme noun [fem] breast (male/female).

mänü noun [fem] wave in the ocean.

mänümänü noun [plural] waves, rip- ples. see: thäfäm mänzü noun [fem] initiation (for boys or girls). matai märko noun [masc] stick, short and thick. matak pronominal nothing. ni matak 44 märmär noun [fem] slope, hill. ⋄ Cochlefelis dioctes märmär kabe noun [plural] highlanders. mefamefa noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Semecarpus sp märmära also: märmärane inter- Note: like mefa but the nuts are jection when you are realising smaller. that you have failed about some- mefath noun place name. thing. mämära biskar keke thä- megé also: mege noun [masc] coconut wona. ‘Oh no, I didn’t plant leaf, green leaf without the stalk.. any cassawas.’ Note: This is usually used as märo noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Dillenia decoration one costumes or struc- schlect tures. Note: The bark of this plant put on centipede bites. märo fisor noun [fem] turtle (red bellied). märt adjective tight. mäthzgsi verb spin (vertical axis). mät noun [dual] twin, double. mätraksi verb bring out, exit from a closed container, house. samätr! ‘Bring him out!’ mnzfa Namätrakwa. megé ‘He came out of the house.’ mäyogsi verb repeat. mekai noun [masc] tree type (okari mdmd property noun inner anger, nut). boil inside. mdmdthé wamnzr. menz noun [masc] story man. ‘I am sitting angrily.’ mdmdme merekin noun dish, plate. saré miyogsima. ‘I gave it to Note: loanword from Motu. him angrily because was always mezsi verb bring, pick up. nima begging.’ zamesakoth safsfo. ‘They brought mdriknsi verb shake. her away to Safs.’ meden noun [masc] button, badge. mezü noun [flex] widow, widower. medothr noun [masc] Brush Cuckoo. mfr noun [masc] yam, long yam type. Note: inside is white. mefa noun [masc] australian chashew. mgthksi also: mogthksi ⋄ Semecarpus sp (1) positional verb be in the mouth. Note: nuts are roasted in the nzä kofä wamgthgr. ‘The fish is fire. in my mouth.’ mefa noun [fem] ritual to resolve an (2) verb feed. naf ruga ymgthkwr. argument whereby the culprit ‘He is feeding the pig.’ is hit with a small yam on the mgthksi nge also: magthksi nge head.. noun [flex] adopted child. mefa thwä noun [fem] giant catfish. Note: lit: “feeding child”. Can combine with other kin terms . M 45

like nane “older sibling” misoksi middle verb look up. kämisof mifum noun [masc] nasal septum or- Nazi tayoma! ‘Look up because nament. of dried coconut leafs!’ mifum noun [masc] toothed river her- mith noun [fem] forehead, face. ring. ⋄ Clupeoides papuensis kubuna mitafo also: mitafa noun [flex] spirit. hardyhead. ⋄ Craterocephalus randi Note: mitaf in Wára mitwasi also: mirwasi middle verb migsi swing. nzofatane zane waga Namitwanzath (1) positional verb be hanging. nabi warfo. ‘On top, nzofat’s legs wmithgr. ‘The bow is hanging.’ were moving back and forth.’ yare wmithgr. ‘The bag is hang- miyakin adjective beautiful (person). ing.’ mane zokwasi miyakin fefe wärenzr (2) verb hang. nabi wmigwr faren. budbo? ‘Which is the most beau- ‘He hangs the bow on the post.’ tiful language for you?’ ane miyakin yé. ‘This one is beautiful.’ kwayan woku miyakin thräkorth. ‘They say that white skin is beauti- ful.’ miyamr property noun ignorance, ig- norant. ni miyamr nrä. ‘We don’t know.’ miyanzsi also: miyasi verb fetch, get, pick up. awe! bä nenmiyanzé. yare wmithgr. ‘Come! I am picking you up.’ miyatha property noun knowledge, minmin noun [masc] Emerald Dove, knowledgeable. fi miyatha yé. Purple-tailed Imperial Pigeon. ‘He knows.’ miyathé kma thrarä. ‘They should know.’ minu noun [fem] woman without chil- miyo also: miyö dren. (1) adjective sweet. yawi fthé miyo Note: This word is usually used minzü kräkorth. ‘That is when for a woman that does not have the fruit become very sweet.’ any children or cannot have chil- (2) property noun desire, desirous, dren. want, like. nzä miyo worä bone minzaksi verb paint. Nazime o zarume kofä traksi. ‘I like the way you nzanzama nabi zminsakwé. ‘We catch fish.’ keke zokwasi miyo paint the bow with coconut or nzä worärm. ‘I did not want to candlenut because of this insect.’ talk.’ (3) noun [fem] wish. nzone miyo minzü manner adverb very, too much. wabthakr. ‘You will fulfill my gwth minzü warfo rä. ‘The bird’s wish.’ nest is very high up.’ mkukar noun [masc] sooty grunter. miraksi middle verb wade. nze non ⋄ Hephaestus species Namirakwé ‘I wade in water.’ 46 mni noun (1) wait. (1) [fem] fire. (2) take care of. (2) [masc] firewood. moni noun [plural] necklace (shell (3) [no infinitive] cook. naf bun nas- necklace). inzr. ‘He cooks it for you.’ nafan monme also: mon interrogative how safüs! ‘Cook it for him!’ nafa (ins). wawa Nasinzrth. ‘They cook the monmthé interrogative how much, yams.’ in what way. monomthé no Narünza mni thamin noun [fem] flame (fire boba ysokwren? ‘How much rain tongue). fell in the last year?’ mnz noun [fem] house. monz noun [fem] trench, ditch. mnzärfr proper noun place name. monzé interjection "yes" sign of agree- mnzeraksi middle verb fall asleep. ment. kabe zämnzer mni tak thartharen. monzo noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Maranthes ‘The man fell asleep next to the corymbosa fireplace.’ mor noun mnzmnz noun [fem] trade store, busi- (1) [masc] neck. ness house, smaller house. (2) [masc] planting yams. mor mane mnzoknsi middle verb dance, jump erä worsima ane fof erä. ‘As up and down (to the drumbeat). for those yams, they are for plant- ing.’ moba interrogative where from (abl). moraksi (1) positional verb be leaning. rata mobo interrogative where to (all). ymothgr ‘The ladder is leaning.’ modo noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Maranthis corimbosa Note: Tree is burned to fertilise the ground. mogu property noun concentrated, undisturbed. biskar mnifnzo mogu kofkämgwrm. ‘I was concentrated on cooking the cassawa (lit.: The cassawa cooking closed me.)’ rata ymothgr mokai proper noun male personal name. (2) verb lean. nabi ymorakwr. ‘He mokaumokau noun [masc] vine type. leans the bow.’ ⋄ Solanum sp moramora noun [masc] tree type. Note: very thorny, was used dur- ⋄ Celastraceae sp moramora wämne ing mänzü for beating the ini- ane mane yé fefe zi. woku yfkathrth. tiates. srarwrth. nofo srärsiznwrth ane mon proper noun place name. fof kräznob ‘The moramora tree monegsi verb is the one for body pain. They peel the bark. They will srape . M 47

it. They will squeeze it in the sp water and drink it.’ mrab zifär noun [masc] bamboo cage Note: medical use, bark shav- for roasting fish. ings mixed with water, has a mräsi middle verb stroll, wander around soothing effect. used against aimlessly. tuberculosis. mreznsi verb straighten. mori no noun [masc] downpour, rain. mrimri noun [fem] sweat. mrim- Note: Very strong rain which rinzo worä. ‘I am just sweat- falls during the whole day. ing.’ morthr noun [fem] edge of the for- mrinzsi verb chase, chase out. est, if the forest continues on mrmr locational inside. the other side (maybe intersected mrn kinship noun by creek, road or garden. (1) [plural] family. morumoru noun [fem] yam type, (2) [plural] clan. wild yam. mryoksi verb heat up. Note: the inside is yellow. mrzar proper noun Mayawa clan name mosisi in Rouku. (1) positional verb be gathered, piled. msaksi wawa emosithgr. ‘The yams are (1) prefixing verb sit, dwell, live. bä gathered.’ fi swamnzrm. ‘He was living (2) verb gather. there.’ ni namrn. ‘We two are moth sitting.’ matar komnzo gnamnzé! (1) noun [fem] path, road. ‘You just sit quietly!’ (2) prefixing verb walk, come, go. (2) verb set. nge ymsakwé. ‘I sit moreheadfo yako. ‘He goes to the child down.’ sams! ‘You Morehead.’ sit him down!’ mothknsi verb loosen, unfasten, jig- msar noun [masc] ant (light brown). gle. motkn adjective tight, tightly. moyosi middle verb wrinkle, shrink, grow thin. möf noun [masc] Collared Imperial Pigeon. mr also: mer noun [fem] brain. mr noun [plural] part of a bee hive, third section of a bee hive, for msar some species this is used, for others it is considered to be waste. msar yawi noun rice. Note: lit. ‘ant eggs’. mr dä noun [masc] loop of the trap msarmsar noun [plural] part of a (hold the wallaby by the neck). bee hive, the second section of a bee hive. mrab noun [masc] bamboo type. ⋄ Bambusa Note: the larvae look like this ants 48 mtheksi kwot nafan yarizrm fi Namüngwrm. (1) positional verb be raised. kaboth ‘I didn’t hear him properly, he tkwitkwi karä ythn. ebar yam- was mumbling.’ thethn. ‘The snake lies rolled münzaksi verb allow. nze bä namün- up. The (snake’s) is lifted up.’ zakwé ‘I allow you (to do some- (2) verb lift up. samtheth! ‘Lift thing)’ him up!’ mür noun [masc] grass type. ⋄ Cyprus mthgasi also: mthkasi verb hollow sp out, scrape. brubru ymthkanzr Note: used for weaving. ‘He hollows out the drum.’ müraf noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Dodonia mthi adjective whole. viscosa mthizsi prefixing verb rest. gnämthif! Note: used for arrows, yamsticks, ‘You rest!’ handles. mthnzsi verb cause. ane nof wtwtr müraf noun [masc] insect type. womthnzr. ‘This water is mak- müs noun [fem] underwater hole in ing me itchy.’ be fi nokur samths! the ground. ‘You make him angry!’ nge naf müsara also: müsa property noun sumthnzr frasi etfthar. ‘He caused restless movement. the small boy to sleep hungry.’ Note: especially of a pig’s rest- fiwä rtmaksir kwamthnzr bänema less movement in the cage. keke yarenzrm. ‘He caused him- müsinzsi middle verb glow, of em- self to get cut because he was bers in the fire. mni rnz Namüsinzr. looking.’ ‘The fire embers are glowing.’ mthzagsi verb encircle, walk around müy noun [masc] wallaby (big for- sth. est wallaby). mtök noun [masc] pouteria tree, eggfruit. müz noun [masc] phallocrypt. ⋄ Pouteria firma Note: coconut shell for men to Note: leaves used for rolling cigarettes. cover their private parts. mwmw noun [fem] someone wear- muki noun [masc] sawfish. ⋄ Pritis ing a mourning costume. microdon myogsi transitive verb beg, ask for. munz noun [fem] line. muramura noun [masc] medicine. myuknsi (1) positional verb be twisted. fiyasi muramura zn noun [fem] hospital. ymyuthgr. ‘The (rolled) rope is see: ospitor twisted.’ mus noun [masc] leech. (2) verb twist. thü myuknsikaf ythn muth noun [masc] grub, maggot (lives ‘The rope lays already twisted.’ in the ground. samyukn! ‘You twist it!’ muthrata proper noun place name. mze noun [masc] python type. Note: also the name of a Sagara clan in Rouku. müngsi middle verb mumble. keke . N 49

n Note: This word is used recip- rocally between two men who are married to two sisters. nabi nakumgsi middle verb cool down. (1) noun [masc] bamboo type. ⋄ Bambusa bi kwa Nanakumgwr. ‘The sago vulgaris will cool down.’ kenakumth! ‘You (2) noun [masc] bow. cool down!’ nabi thm noun [masc] Little Black nama temporal day before yesterday, Cormorant. day after tomorrow. nadi noun [masc] stone. namä adjective good. naf, nafa pronominal s/he (3sg.erg), namä efoth greeting good day. they (3nsg.erg). namä ezi greeting good morning. nafan, nafanm pronominal for her/him namä zbär greeting good night. (3sg.dat), for them (3nsg.dat). namä zizi greeting good afternoon. nafane, nafanme pronominal his/her namgsi prefixing verb breath quickly, (3sg.poss), their (3nsg.poss). pant for air. akamf wanamgwr ‘I am out of breath.’ wawa namgsikaf nafr also: näfr noun [fem] sadness. yé ‘the yam has cooled down’ nzä nafrkarä worä. ‘I am sad.’ ni nanamgrn. ‘We (2) are out nafrr, nafä pronominal with her/him, of breath.’ with them (du, pl). nane noun [flex] elder sibling. nag noun [plural] grass skirt. nanzm noun liver. nagayé kinship noun [flex] children. nari property noun greed. greedy. narithé yé tawri yarisin ‘He is nagusi verb stab, poke, pierce. nze greedy in sharing the wallaby tauri ynagunzé ‘I stab the wal- meat.’ kabef dagonma nari Narär. laby’ ‘The man is greedy for food.’ naifa noun [masc] machete. narsi verb press down, step on. ni Note: loanword from English. ane süfi wnarwake. ‘We pushed nainai noun [masc] sweet potatoe. down the floating grass.’ tütü, ⋄ Ipomoea batatas naf ane kidn zunarwrm mni. ‘The nakimi kinship noun brother-in-law tütü was pressing down that fire.’ or sister-in-law. Note: loanword from Motu. nasi noun [masc] yam, long yam. see: kaimät, ngom Note: This is a general term. nakre proper noun female personal Long yam are used for special name. purposes (gifts, feasts, compe- naku kinship noun [masc] cousin. titions). Note: This word is used recip- rocally between the children of thw sister. nakum kinship noun [masc] brother- in-law. 50

nasi yé. nbrok nawan noun [fem] waterhole dug by neba locational opposite. pigs or deer. nema proper noun male personal name. nawin noun [masc] mountain grunter. ⋄ Hephaestus habbemai nezä manner adverb in return. nä indefinite some, another. nfi noun [masc] breadfruit. ⋄ Arthocarpus nä bun pronominal another one, oth- atilis ers (abs). nä buné trtha thwanathrmth Note: edible fruit yase. ‘Others were eating the nfiyam proper noun female personal meat raw.’ nä bun foba thwanorm name. “mon afiyokwrth?” ‘The other ngath kinship noun [masc] mate, close ones shouted from there “what friend. are you doing?”’ Note: Usually two people who nä karen locational somewhere, at were born around the same time. another place. Their parents decide that they nä kayé temporal sometime, another will become close friends. day. nge kinship noun [flex] child. näbi numeral one. ngemäku kinship noun [flex] adopted näbüsi parents. (1) verb hit with a stick. bi Nanäbünzrth Note: This word is used between karese zfthen. ‘They are beat- the biological parents and adopted ing sago at karesa zfth.’ parents. (2) middle verb rot, decompose. rusa ngom kinship noun [masc] brother- fä Nanäbüzr nzmärma. ‘The deer in-law, sister-in-law. is rotting there because of the Note: This word is used between grease.’ a man and his sister’s husband, näbüsi wämne noun [masc] sago beat- his brothers and sisters instead ing stick. of their names. nänzüthzsi verb cover with soil, paint see: nakimi with mud, bury. gwargwarme ngth kinship noun [flex] younger sis- Nanänzüthzrth wathma. ‘They ter or brother. paint themselves with mud for ni pronominal we (1nsg.erg and 1nsg.abs). the dance.’ ‘yfö Natharinzath nima bänemr wth nänzüthzsir.’ They (1) manner demonstrative like this, dug a hole to bury the intestines. in this way. ruga Nankwira nima sankuka bä byé ‘The pig was nbrok noun [masc] mushroom, gen- running towards us like (where) eral term. he was standing there.’ . N 51

(2) quotative naf nima “fzfo kmam ter). ttfö Nanözr ‘The water gniyaké!” ‘He said “You don’t level in the creek is going down.’ go to the forest!”’ nimäwä also: nimamewä manner nr adverb likewise, the same way. (1) noun [fem] belly. ninrr, ninä pronominal with me, with (2) noun [masc] bow with a round us (du, pl). curve (in opposition to fiyor). nmoi particle always, often. no (1) noun [fem] water. nor yak ‘he goes for water’ (2) noun [masc] rain. kafar no kwarünzr ‘It rained a lot.’ nor yé ‘It will rain.’ no kzi noun [fem] tray for rain magic. Note: originally folded from bark and employing bamboo water containers. More modern ver- sions are made from a steel drum and bottles are used.

no kzi model of nr no nzigfu noun [masc] rainmaking stone. see: nzigfu no zr sam noun [plural] bubbles. nokarnokar noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Fagraea racemosa noku property noun anger, angry. nono noun [fem] breast. nr kwothkwoth property noun upset. Note: loanword from Nama. nafanema nr kwothkwoth worä. nono noun [fem] yam type. ‘I am upset because of him.’ nr nömä noun [masc] yamcake made kwothkwothf zwefaf. ‘I am re- from long yams. ally upset.’ nönzsi nümä temporal last week, next week (1) noun [fem] low tide. (more than 3 days). (2) middle verb recede, lower (wa- nümgar noun [masc] crocodile. 52

nzä pronominal I(1sg.abs). nzä wamnzr. ‘I am sitting. / I am staying.’ nzäfö noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Polyosma integrifolia Note: The bark of this tree is used to deter snakes. Bark is chewed and spat at places which snakes should stay away from.

nzäthe kinship noun [flex] namesake.

nzäwi noun [fem] swamp; a large, flat area with shallow muddy water. nümgar nze pronominal I(1nsg.erg). nze nmarwé. ‘I see you.’ nzenm pronominal for us (1nsg.dat). nz nzenme pronominal our (1nsg.poss). nzabu noun [masc] wing. nzga noun [masc] vagina. nzafanzafa noun [fem] baby basket. nzga yawi noun [masc] clitoris, vagina. nzafar noun [plural] nzigfu noun [masc] magic stone for (1) sky. rainmaking. (2) cloud. see: no nzigfu nzagum noun [masc] fly. nzanza noun [masc] insect type that eats into bamboo and wood.. nzarga noun [masc] tree type (car- damom?). ⋄ Amomum aculea- tum nzarm noun [flex] person who is one amongst several spouses. nzigfu Note: describes usually women who are married to one man, nzigm property noun sticky. msar can be used as term of address. yawi nzigmnzo yé. ‘The rice is nzarwan also: nzarwon noun [masc] very sticky.’ nzigmthé wawa rä. barramundi. ⋄ Lates calcarifer ‘The yam is sticky.’ nzigom noun [flex] chain smoker. nzaryé noun [masc] yamcake. nzikaka also: dikaka noun [masc] nzathi noun [fem] small crab (coin Whistling Kite. size). nzinzimam noun [fem] dragonfly. . Ŋ 53

⋄ Elaeocarpus sp nzr noun [fem] dirty rest of liquid (in a water hole, bottle, oil bot- tle, fuel). nzr nzr noun [fem] rest of liquid left nzinzimam in a bottle. nzram noun [masc] flower. nzirt noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Miliusa nzrbu noun [masc] sp (1) knuckle. Note: medical use, leafes are eaten (2) joint of a bamboo stem. against general sores. nzu noun [masc] fibers in the yam nzm noun toe, finger. tubers. nzmär noun [fem] grease. nzun pronominal for me (1sg.dat). nzmü noun [fem] part of the body just below the navel. nzü nznzn property noun smooth. wawa (1) noun [fem] bird type. nznznthé rä ‘the yam is smooth Note: This bird lives by the river (-like).’ wawa nznzn karä rä with white and brown feathers. ‘the yam is (with) smooth (- (2) noun [masc] type of plant. ness).’ komnzo nznznzo fthé fof nzürna Nare also: nzürna noun [fem] kräkor. ‘that is when it would spirit woman, devil woman, witch. become just very smooth.’ Note: These creatures can change nzokta noun [masc] doctor. their appearance and look like Note: loanword from English. ordinary people. They often fea- nzom noun [masc] tree type. ture in local stories. Note: This plant is used to make nzürna wath noun [fem] type of dance. grass skirts. Note: This is the dance of the nzone pronominal my (1sg.poss). people from Rouku and Garaita. nzone interjection ‘sorry’ or ‘pity on you’ sign of empathy towards somebody. nzönz noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Terminalia megalocarpa Ŋ Note: The nuts of this tree can be eaten. They have to be soaked Nabram also: Nabrm noun [masc] in water for some days and then greenback mullet. ⋄ Liza sub- be baked in the ground oven. viridis nzönznzönz noun [masc] tree type. Nad noun [masc] rope. ⋄ Terminalia sp Nafe kinship noun [masc] father. Note: Similar to nzönz, but the see: afa nuts are too small to eat. Name kinship noun [fem] mother. nzöyar also: nzoyär noun [fem] Fawn- see: ama breasted Bowerbird. Namün noun [masc] papuan black nzöyarnzöyar noun [masc] plant type. snake (big). 54

Nanz noun [fem] row in the garden. Nasarü noun [plural] star formation, small group of stars. Narake noun [fem] fence, garden. Natha noun [flex] dog. Narde manner adverb for the first time. Nare noun [fem] woman. NareNare noun [masc] plant type, wild vanilla. ⋄ Vanilla sp Nare wthwth noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Helica latifolia Note: This plant should not be used for gardening. Children are prohibited to bring its fruit Natha to the garden. It is said to at- tract pigs. NathaNatha noun [masc] bronze quoll. Narmür proper noun place name, creek ⋄ Dactylopsila trivirgata north of Rouku. Note: barks like a dog. NarNar noun [fem] bamboo pieces for paddling. Narr noun [flex] bandicoot. NarrNarr noun [masc] grass type. Note: bandicoots build a nest out of this grass. Nars noun [fem] river. Nars ymd noun [masc] White-throated Honeyeater or Large-billed Gery- gone. Note: This bird informs people about an impending flood dur- NathaNatha ing rainy season, lit. ‘river bird’. ⋄ Melithreptus albogularis or Gery- NathaNatha noun [masc] plant type. gone magnirostris ⋄ Poaceae sp Natr noun [fem] string. Natr si noun [masc] rope from a thick vine. used for example to tie the bark to the posts. Natr si ane fof yé. ‘This is the rope.’ Nazäthe proper noun place name. Nazi noun [fem] cocos nucifera. Nars ymd NaziNazi noun [masc] grass type. ⋄ Exocarpus largifolius Narufay noun [fem] trout mogurnda. Note: This grass is put on the ⋄ Mogurnda mogurnda flowers of a coconut when it flow- see: katif ers for the first time. . O 55

Nazi dirdir noun [masc] Red-flanked Lorikeet. ⋄ Charmosyna placen- tis

Noti

Nwä manner adverb instead of (only with nouns). Nwä gwonyame nag narkgr. ‘Instead clothes, we are wearing grass skirts.’ Nazi dirdir

Nazi frathn noun [fem] sweet coconut (the inner skin is edible). o Nazi tayo noun [fem] coconut, dry coconut with brown outer skin. o conjunction or. ob property noun radiating heat from Nazi woku noun [masc] tiger grunter. a fire. mni thak obthé rä ‘The ⋄ Amniataba affinis fireplace is very hot.’ NaziNazi noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Exocarpusofa property noun light, not heavy. sp ofe property noun absence, disappear. Note: bark used for yellow colour, ofe kwarärth. ‘They disappeared.’ dried resin chewed like gum. zena we ane zokwasi mane erä NaziNazi fr proper noun place name. zé kwathgunzrth. ofe zé kwarärth. Näwä adverb instead of, in lack of. ‘Today, those words (magic spells) Näwä yame zrä trnän krämsé. are forgotten. They already dis- ‘Instead of a mat, I sit down appeared.’ on the coconut leaf.’ ogog property noun very dry, catches Näwi kinship noun [flex] uncle, aunt, fire easily. nephew, niece. or noun [masc] bird type (emerald Note: This word is used between dove?). a person and her/his mother’s oroman noun [masc] old man. brothers and sisters. Note: loanword from English see: babai see: buru, paitua Nnz noun [masc] papuan black bass. ororo noun [fem] slope, hill. ⋄ Lutjanus goldei Note: Loanword from Motu. NofoNofo noun [masc] bullroarer. ospitor noun [fem] hospital. NoNoyam noun [fem] voice, loud voices. Note: loanword from English. see: muramura zn Noti noun [fem] common spotted cus- ote proper noun male perosnal name. cus. ⋄ Spilocuscus maculatus 56

p in quick succession. razé interjection “oh yes”, “absolutely” sign of overwhelming agreement. paitua noun [masc] old man. Note: loanword räkumgsi see: buru, oroman (1) middle verb distract. tosai borme Naräkumgwr yama. ‘The child distracts himself with the ball r because of crying.’ (2) verb attract, lure. rusa eräkumg- wre kifakifame. ‘We attract the ra interrogative what (abs). deer with the coconut leaf whis- raf interrogative what (erg). tle.’ raf noun [fem] tide. rärksi verb spoil, mess up. raf trkr noun [fem] high tide, flood. räthsi (1) positional verb squat. woräthgr rafigsi ‘I am squatting.’ (1) positional verb be on top. giri (2) middle verb squat. skiskin wrafithgr. ‘The knife is räzsi on top of the platform.’ (1) positional verb be erected, be (2) verb put on top. dö tabetan planted. mnz wrästhgr. ‘The yrafigwa. ‘I put the goana on house is standing.’ the grill.’ (2) verb erect, plant. naf fitot eräzr. see: rakthksi ‘He plants the yamsticks.’ rafisi verb paddle. garda Narafinzé. ‘I paddle the canoe.’ raksi middle verb crawl (of a baby). tosai Naraknzr ‘The baby crawls.’ rakthksi (1) positional verb be on top. giri skiskin wrakthgr. ‘The knife in on top of the platform.’ (2) verb put on top. mnz wrästhgr. see: rafigsi rar interrogative why, for what (purp). rbänzsi rarafü noun [fem] time of the year (1) verb untie. Nad yrbänzé ‘I untie (around december), the wind di- the rope’ be sarbäs! ‘You untie rection changes, new leafs grow, him!’ first rain sets in. (2) ditransitive verb explain. rata noun [masc] ladder. rbäzsi verb forbid. raturatu noun [fem] bamboo pipes, rbegsi verb protect, separate. nzone two bamboo pipes with differ- emoth wrbegwé. ‘I protect my ent tone pitches, which are blown sister.’ . R 57 rbetfaksi middle verb comb. rfizsi verb tease, make fun. nzä rma rbthknsi verb snap off with fingers. worfizrmth? ‘Why are you mak- wawa gb tharbthn! ‘snap off the ing fun of me?’ yzm shoots!’ rfnaksi verb taste. rburbu noun [fem] soft part of the rfrsi verb trim (grass, hair). ground, where you sink in when rfthaksi verb burst, release pressure walking. mkäthb rburbun! ‘(What from somethiing.. Nazi wrfthakwé. out), you might sink in to the ‘I poked in to the coconut.’ soft part!’ rfuknsi verb hug. finzo zarfuknth. rdiknsi verb tie around. frdth fur ‘They hugged each other.’ Nadme erdiknwrth. ‘They tie rfusi verb open by pulling something rope around the frdth bundles. off, e.g. bark from house wall. ’ rfuthraksi rensi verb sweep. mnz fath zuren- (1) positional verb be heaped up, be wrm. ‘She was sweeping the piled up. wawa ärfuthgr. ‘The house yard.’ yams are in a pile.’ rere noun [masc] dragonfly. (2) verb pile, heap. Note: lives in the forest. This rfzüthzsi middle verb stumble, trip. one is bigger than nzinzimam and it is green. rgegsi verb pull off something flat rfakusi verb sprinkle. wawa mnzen and sticky, e.g. bark of tree or bad thurfakwrm. ‘They were sprin- a poster of wall. kling the soil in the yam house.’ rgfaksi verb recognise, realise. rgosi verb poke through. rfäsi middle verb hop (wallaby). rgsi rfeksi middle verb limp. kabe Narfekwr (1) positional verb be wearing some- ‘The man is limping.’ thing. gwnyame yarkgr. ‘The rfenzaksi verb miss. tauri tonze sar- clothes are on him.’ ‘He is wear- frenzé. ‘I missed the wallaby ing the clothes.’ closely.’ (2) verb put on clothes, put a bag rfezsi verb lever, lift up with stick. on the shoulder. ni wawa zé thurfeze. ‘We have lifted up the yams.’ wawa zarfes! ‘Lift up the yams!’ rfiksi (1) prefixing verb grow. srak yr- fikwr. ‘the boy grows up.’ (2) verb nuture. nze srak yrfikwé. ‘I nuture the boy.’ rfitfaksi verb (1) respond, answer. gwnyame yarkgr. (2) argue (answer in a verbal fight). ribaksi middle verb stagger, walk un- steadily. 58 rifthaksi verb send. fi sasrifthake yfön kabothma! ‘Look down in Nazi sogasir. ‘We sent him to the waterhole because of snakes!’ climb the coconut palm.’ rifthonzsi verb erase. nabifa ane ritaksi yamyam fof zwärifthonzé. ‘I re- (1) verb cross over. nzä krärizé Nars moved the (carving) marks from ‘I will cross over the river’ the bow.’ (2) verb translate. zokwasi ritaksi rifthzsi verb hide. Nazi wrifthzé. ‘I ‘translating language’ hide the coconut.’ kwa erifthznth. ritüsi verb grab someone, hold some- rfizsime ern. ‘They will hide one back. ruga fthé kranmath. the two. They will be hidden.’ saritüth! ‘when the pig runs rigusi middle verb spread, open a off. you must grab it!’ kabe bodypart. wth käriguf! ‘spread yritünzé zanma. ‘I hold the man your butt cheeks!’ back from fighting.’ Note: swearword, joking language riwa noun [fem] pig-fender. Note: long stick with a ring and riknsi verb destroy. mnz kwa wrikn- its end to catch and hold a pig, wre. ‘We will take down the made from a bamboo. house.’ rinaksi (1) positional verb be inside (liq- uid). no writhgr wozen. ‘The riwa water is filled in the bottle.’ waf ebar fefen no writhgr. ‘The wa- riwogsi ter is right at the front of the (1) verb haul, carry something heavy. wharf.’ mnz far wriwogwé. ‘I am car- (2) verb pour, fill with water. za- rying the house post.’ kora nima “käthf no kwanrin dbäwth!” (2) experiencer object verb to be ex- ‘He said: “You go and pour some hausted from carrying something water for me at Dbäwth!”’ heavy. mnz farf kunriwogwr ‘I rinzä noun [fem] part of the coconut am exhausted from carrying the leaf that is used as a strainer to house post.’ rinse things. riyozsi verb lift up, bring in a stand- Note: loanword from English ‘rinse’. ing position. rkäksi verb advice. rirfaksi verb kill. fi kwa yrirfakwé. rkäminzsi ditransitive verb teach. ‘I will kill him.’ see: säminzsi rirksi verb avoid, respect. zaföwä rkäsi verb singe a little bit, cook a zane zwarirkwrmth. mnz kar little. zfrärm. ‘Long time ago, they rkmgsi verb drill, pierce. were avoiding this place. It was rkogsi verb distribute equally. a story place.’ rkusi verb knock down, especially risoksi verb look down. kärisof no fruit like banana. rma interrogative why (char). . R 59 rmänsi verb close. zrfö wrmänwé. ‘I close the door.’ rmigsi verb sow, stitch, pierce. rmigufaksi prefixing verb be in the middle of doing something. nzä zbär zwärmigufa. ‘I was there in the middle of the night.’ rminzüfaksi verb exchange. rmithraksi ruga fäk wrnngthgr. (1) positional verb be joined together. mnz kam ermithrgr. ‘The house (2) verb put in a tree fork. roof beams are joined together.’ rninzsi middle verb smile, make a (2) verb join, gather. kwamithrak- face. wrth wämnen sogasir. ‘They rnmgsi verb strip off bark of a tree gathered by the tree for climb- or pandanus. ing.’ rnz noun [plural] embers. rmnzüfaksi rnzm interrogative how many, how (1) positional verb be side by side. much. garda ermnzüthagr. ‘The ca- rnzmzsi verb press together. noes are side by side.’ rokar noun [flex] things, stuff. (2) verb join lengthwise, side by side. roknsi verb hold, grab, hug usually rmrm property noun heat from in- while sleeping. lisaf tosai yroknwr side something, without fire. karo ‘lisaf is hugging the baby boy.’ rmrmnzo kwa rä. ‘The ground be sarokn! ‘You hold him!’ oven will still be hot.’ efothane rokuroku noun [fem] riverbank, slope. rmrm wnrä mothen. ‘The sun’s heat is coming from the road.’ rot noun [plural] fence type. rmrsi transitive verb rub, grind. Note: strongest fence type. thick rmugsi verb bamboos are layered and tied (1) stare, envy. bigogo kwanen Narmugrnth between sticks. ‘the two birds (crested pitohui) royaksi verb decorate. ane yawime are watching each other singing’ gwth wroyakwr. ‘She decorates (2) verb beg. bä Narmugwr wawar the nest with these fruit.’ nzudbo. ‘you are begging me rr kwan noun sound of speech. for yams.’ nze bun nanrmugwé rrw noun [flex] person that is limp- wawar ‘I beg you for yams.’ ing. fi rrw yé. ‘He is a cripple.’ rnäthsi middle verb get stuck. rww fi yrfikwr. ‘He is growing rngthksi also: rnagthksi as a limping man.’ (1) positional verb be in the branches, rsiznsi verb squeeze. Nazi sam wrz- be in a treefork. ruga fäk wrngthgr. iznwre. ‘We squeeze the coconut ‘The pig yaw is in the tree fork.’ juice.’ rsoksi middle verb shock, be fright- ened. fi kwa Narsokwr. ‘She will be frigthened.’ nafanema 60

yarksokwé. ‘I will be frightened ruga noun [masc] pig. by him.’ rugaruga noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Gmelina rsörsi middle verb descend, climb down. ledermanii Note: This tree is used to make rsrs noun [fem] slope, flat even area. brubru ‘kundu drums’. bad fthé zamar rsrs rä. neba ruga bogu noun [fem] Red-necked warfo rä. neba zfthen rä. ‘When Rail. ⋄ Rallina tricolor you look, you will see that the ground is a slope: high on one side and low on the opposite side.’ rsrsi (1) verb poison-root fishing in swamps or creeks. (2) verb squeeze, mix with liquid. ruga bogu thwä keke Nazime wrsrwre. ‘We do not mix the catfish with co- conut.’ ruga tarku noun [fem] pig’s hole. rthakusi verb spray, spurt. nze zr- rusa noun [flex] deer. sam yrthakwunzr. ‘He spits the Note: loanword from Malay. saliva.’ rusi verb shoot, spear. tauri samg. rthärsi verb share, distribute. ‘He shot the wallaby.’ rthbraksi verb write, put on the wall. rusi middle verb bark. Natha kwaruthrmth. ‘The dogs were barking.’ rthbrgsi also: rthabraksi rünagsi middle verb slag off, back- (1) positional verb be sticking (ad- bite. rma Narünagwr? ‘Why hesive). bith yrthabragr brubrun. are you gossiping?’ naf kabe ‘The honey sticks on the drum.’ yarünagwr ‘He slags him off.’ (2) verb stick on, adhere. rürä manner adverb alone, leave be- rthé also: frthé hind. nzä zä zwägathifth rürä (1) interrogative when. ‘They left me here here alone / (2) conditional if. behind.’ rtmaksi rürü kwan noun thunder (close). (1) verb cut. tuti yrtmakwr. ‘He rüt rüt noun [fem, plural] sticks for cut the branch.’ zanr tiftif yrt- the ground oven. makwath. ‘They cut the tally rwoksi verb heal. naf fi yrwokwr stick to mark the day for a heathunt.’ ‘He heals him.’ (2) experiencer object verb cut. suk- rwonsi verb pull out grass or some ufa zürnf wortmakwr kwanen. thin plant without much resis- ‘The tobacco smoke cuts my throat.’ tance. nzrmf wortmakwr kwanen. ‘Sour- rzarsi ness cuts my throat.’ (1) positional verb be tied together. rtnsi verb pull off leaves. Nad yrzafthgr. ‘The string is tied (to something).’ . S 61

(2) verb tie, adopt. fi yrzarwé. ‘I night. adopt him.’ sagafa noun [masc] stone axe, wooden rzasi verb bake in ground oven. club. rzifthaksi verb push down, push over. sagara kinship noun [flex] clan name. nafa nzä zwärzifth. ‘They have pushed me down.’ sagusagu noun [fem] yams (for plant- rziraksi middle verb bending against ing, small ones to be tied on the a tension or force, for example roof of the yamhouse). the bow or a trap. saisai no noun [masc] drizzle, light rzöbnzsi verb close the ground oven. rain. saka also: sakar noun [masc] mustard rzöraksi vine. (1) positional verb be close together. Note: used for chewing betel- eda ymd erzörthgrn ‘The two nut. birds are close together’ (2) verb converge, draw near. kwot kärzöre! ‘Move closer together!’ rzwäsi also: rzüwäsi (1) middle verb attract attention. saka mane bobo Narzuwänzr? ‘who is making so much noise over there?’ sam noun [fem] liquid. ⋄ (2) verb complain about. naf fi yrzüwänzrm.samsam noun [masc] plant type. Tabernaemontana ‘He complained about him.’ orientalis sp sami noun [masc] Wedge-tailed Ea- gle. ⋄ Aquila audax s sabir noun [fem] peace, harmony. saböm noun [masc] twig (green). saböm noun [masc] grass type. sabu kinship noun [flex] sister-in-law, brother-in-law. Note: This word is used recip- rocally between a woman and the brothers of her husband in- sami stead of their name. The taboo relationship is somewhat stronger saraka noun [plural] fence type. with the older brothers. Note: thick vertical sticks with safak noun [masc] saratoga. ⋄ Scleropages only few horizontal connections. jardinii safrak no noun [masc] rain, strong sarawai noun [fem] Noisy Friarbird. rain which falls during the whole ⋄ Philemon corniculatus 62

säsä noun [fem] Marbled Frogmouth, Australian Owlet-nightjar. ⋄ Podargus ocellatus or Aegotheles crista- tus

sarawai sari also: säri noun [fem] tomahawk. sas noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Pouteria säsä sp Note: nuts are used for decora- säth noun [fem] yam (very small yam, tion. these are planted in groups in satf noun [plural] sago pulp freshly hole on the side for yamsuckers cut (before smashing, beating for the following year). it). sbüsbü noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Dracaena angustifolia Note: used for decorations on grass skirts or headdresses. sd noun [fem] yam type. se (1) noun [masc] bark of a paper- bark tree. (2) noun [plural] bark torch. Note: used for lighting up the satf dancing place. se zokwasi noun [fem] public speech satf md noun [plural] sago pulp left- given during dances. overs after beating it. Note: at regular intervals dur- sauma also: sawma noun [masc] ing a dance people will sit down decorative stick for dances. and rest. At these times differ- Note: in regular intervals shav- ent people give speeches, which ings from the wood extend like can be entertaining, complain- rings around the stick ing or moralizing. The speaker säbthzsi verb cover a hole in the circles the dancing square with ground, a crack in the floor, a a bark torch in his hand. hole in the wall. sezsi verb make aware, bring to some- säminzsi one’s attention by signalling or (1) verb whisper. nzä bä ysäminzé. calling out. ‘I whisper to you.’ sfisam proper noun place name. (2) verb teach. kabef nge äsäminzr. sgabum noun [masc] dried twigs with- ‘The man teaches the children.’ out leaves. . S 63

Note: usually used to light fire sgu noun [masc] lid, plug. Note: This is usually made of rolled up paperbark which is used like a cork. see: thbum siroro si noun eye. si bnibni property noun fainting. si bnibnima zätré ‘I fell down be- sirsir noun [masc] feathertail glider. cause I fainted’ ⋄ Acrobates pygmaeus si brubru property noun blindness, blind. si dabedabe noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Timonius sp si rore rore interjection Women shout this while washing the roots in sirsir the water during poison-root fish- ing.. si sam noun [fem] tear. sisifäfth noun [masc] charcoal. sibuni noun [masc] spoon. sisikwan property noun coincidence. Note: loanword from English. ni sisikwanme zathäzuse. ‘We sifraku noun [plural] panpipe. bumped accidentally into each Note: three or four short bam- other.’ boo pieces tied together. sisigwth noun [plural] charcoal bits. sifrn noun [fem] grassknife. Note: This word described small sikak noun [fem] yam type. burned pieces on roasted food sikwankwan property noun secretly, (yam, cassawa, sweet potato). without looking. fi sikwankwan see: skosko zuzir zfiyak. ‘She went secretly sisr noun head down. sisr keräs! fishing.’ sikwankwanme zefara. ‘Put your head down!’ sisrme ‘He left secretly.’ yaniyak. ‘He comes with his sirä noun [fem] yamhouse with shelves head down.’ for storing the yams. sisthgsi Note: the shelves can be also be (1) positional verb be sticking out. called sirä. giri wsithgr bäwzön. ‘The knife siroro noun [fem] Forest Kingfisher, sticks out of the wall.’ Yellow-billed Kingfisher. ⋄ Todiramphus(2) verb stick out. macleayii or Syma torotoro sitau proper noun male personal name.

si yawaryawar noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Syzygium sp Note: The fruit is small and pink. They taste very sour and one will cry. The word si means 64

“eye” and yawar means “tears” in Wära. skiski noun [fem] platform, sitting platform. skosko noun [masc] charcoal pieces. Note: usually from burning yam scraps or taro scraps, mostly the skin. srar see: sisigwth skwri also: Nazi skwri noun [fem] coconut soup. Nazi skwri wä- srarsrar property noun disrespect, fiyokwr ‘He makes coconut soup.’ show off. Note: Coconut flesh mixed with sre bi noun [masc] sago type. ⋄ Metroxyllon water and eaten cold. sagu smärki proper noun people from the srf noun [masc] fringe-lipped mul- West. let. ⋄ Crenimugil heterocheilos Note: This terms is egocentric and its reference depends on the srfek noun [flex] a person that is village using the word. For Rouku, limping. srfek Nanribakwr. ‘He it refers to the people of Indorodoro come limping.’ and further west. srima kabe noun [masc] scout, spy. sn noun [masc] taro stem. srima kabe kar zukrkwrmth fof. Note: The part of the taro that ‘Those spies were really block- will be replanted. ing off the village.’ snzä noun [masc] crayfish (river). srizsi verb push an object into some- sogsi verb ascend, climb up. nzä thing. giri with fren wäsrizr. miyamr worä Nazi sogsi. ‘I don’t ‘He pushed the knife into the know how to climb a coconut.’ banana stem.’ giri yame banba- nze nafan zwasogwé. ‘I have nen wäsrizr. ‘He pushed knife brought it up for her.’ underneath the mat.’ soka noun [fem] soccer. srizsi verb send sombody to do some- Note: loanword from English. thing. nze Iven yasrizé more- sosfen noun [fem] saucepan. headfo sukufa zrinr. ‘I am send- Note: loanword from English. ing Ivan to Morehead to bring srak noun [masc] boy, brother. tobacco.’ srar noun [masc] Yellow-billed King- srminz noun [masc] rainbow. fisher. ⋄ Syma torotoro srug noun [fem] yam type. ssamthé noun [masc] milkwood. ⋄ Taberna montana orientalis Note: The liquid from the stalk is applied to the navel of a new- born. ssäbth noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Antidesma sp . S 65 ssfr noun [plural] little, red spots Note: used to make the bull- from a skin rash or scabies. roarer NofoNofo, grows in the sthä noun [masc] goanna type. forest. Note: This goana type lives in sümraksi the forest. (1) positional verb be open. no yfö sthge noun [masc] little toe, pinkie. wsümthgr. ‘The waterhole is open.’ woz wsümthgr sgumäre. sthkäs proper noun place name. ‘The bottle is open without a st noun [masc] doughwood. ⋄ Melicope cork.’ elleryana (2) verb widen, enlarge, extend. Note: The dried resin of this tree is chewed by children like gum. Its bark is sprinkled in the yam- house to deter rats. st noun [masc] Tawny-breasted Hon- eyeater. ⋄ Xanthotis flaviven- ter

no yfö wsümthgr.

sün property noun dirt, dirty. süsübäth property noun darkness, st dark. süsüfr also: sisifr noun [masc] plant sukawi proper noun male personal type. ⋄ Polyathia sp name. Note: used as spring for a trap. sukrat porperty noun firmness, straight. It has a medical use; its bark is sukrat ykogr. ‘He stands firmly.’ mixed with water against cough. sukratme gnäkuk! ‘You stand firmly!’ sütr noun [flex] wallaby, middle sized surita noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Endiandra wallaby. sp swänze proper noun place name. susa noun [masc] sharp stick. swäri noun [masc] milkwood. ⋄ Astonia Note: sharp stick for a wallaby actiniphila trap, pointed stick to punch a Note: This tree is used as a glue- hole through bark, or a spear tree. Women sometimes drink for attacking. the liquid to start the flow of süfi noun [masc] floating grass. ⋄ Poaceae breast milk after giving birth. sp sweki noun [fem] Brown Quail. ⋄ Coturnix süfr noun [masc] tree type. ypsilophora 66

tabuthui nibo also: nibo numeral six. tadan noun [masc] grass type. Note: little round spiky seeds stick to clothes. tafariri noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Tabernaemontana papuana tafko noun [fem] hat. tafkotafko also: ttafko noun [masc] sweki tree type. ⋄ Macaranga sp Note: The tree’s large leaves can be used as a hat. swi noun [masc] Eastern Great Egret. tafo adjective dried, shrunk. ⋄ Ardea alba tafotafo noun [fem] yam, yam sucker. Note: small yams that are tied up in bundles and then hung to the roof of the yamhouse. There are often planted in bun- dles. taft noun [masc] tree type. Note: bark is used for grass skirts.

swi tag noun [masc] bee type, very small entrance hole. szsi verb call, ask. wati, sasa “ra yf taga noun [masc] leaf. rä?” ‘Then I asked him: “What tainam noun [fem] mosquito net. ⋄ is the name of this?”’ naf fi tak noun [masc] pandanus. Pandanus yiszé. ‘He calls him.’ ‘He calls sp out for him.’ Note: used for making grass skirts, roots are soaked and then smashed. t talapia noun [masc] climbing perch. ⋄ Anabas testudineus Note: introduced species, loan- taba adjective plenty, much, a lot of word from Malay sth.. Note: loanword from Motu taba riri borsi noun [fem] game where children shoot arrows through a ring (taba riri) that rolls on the ground.. talapia tabru numeral five. tabrü noun [fem] navel. tabuthui numeral five. tamdä noun [masc] mole, birthmark. . T 67

Note: This refers to a hunting tametame property noun imitation. technique practised during the naf noNn tametame safiyoth. ‘He rainy season. A hunter goes to was mimicking the rain (during small piece of land which is sur- rain magic).’ rounded by water. He makes tamn also: tämn noun [masc] pandanus used of the limited space for game type. ⋄ Pandanus sp to flee. Note: grows in the forest. used tauri also: tawri noun [flex] wallaby for weaving. (bush wallaby). tar noun [flex] friend. tauritauri noun [masc] tree type. tarawat noun [fem] law, taboo. ⋄ Diplanchia hetrophila Note: loanword from Motu. Note: wallabies are often found tarazü noun [fem] headdress. around this tree, especially when Note: This refers to a headdress it flowers. made from cassowary feather. tauri zm noun [fem] mourning cos- A row of little bundles of feath- tume (for a woman / coevrs the ers is pointing upwards from the upper body part). forehead. tawakotawako also: ttawako noun see: düfr [fem] Grey-crowned Babbler. ⋄ Pomatostomus temporalis

tarazü tarazü noun [masc] pandanus. ⋄ Pandanus sp tawakotawako Note: This plant is dried and used for weaving mats. tawar noun [fem] inside of a yam. tarku noun [fem] mudhole (for pigs, Note: a skin of roasted yam can deer, crocodiles). be easily removed. The fibery tartar noun [fem] long bamboo with inside part is tawar. Can be a fork, that is used to reach sth. used metaphorically to describe up in a tree oder to breack of that something is real. branches. tawasri noun [fem] bow bracer. taruba numeral two hundred sixteen tayo adjective ripe, dry. (216). tätü noun [masc] coconut shell. tatkwonam noun [masc] tree type. täwäb noun [masc] bamboo type. ⋄ Bambusa ⋄ Endiandra sp sp Note: no use recorded täwtäw property noun stupidity, dumb. tatn fiyaf noun [fem] hunting tech- nique. tbütbü noun [plural] wrist. 68 tdari adjective yellow. teba noun [masc] timber. Note: loanword from English tef also: teftef noun [masc] spot. ‘dagu teftefkarä yé.’ The dagu python is spotted. tek adjective while, time. tekmär zägathinz. ‘The is not much time left.’ tern noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Melaleuca sp tfitfi noun [masc] whirlwind, little tornado. tiftif tfiyy noun [masc] small bandicoot kind. tiftif noun [fem] yam type. tfkak noun [masc] grass type. ⋄ Poaceae timer noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Mallotus sp sp tfotfo manner adverb almost, close. Note: bark with water is given to dogs in order to bite better tfrtfr noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Fegria timur noun [masc] tree type, aptree, sp mangosteen. ⋄ Garcinia huntstenii Note: used for timber (house posts) Note: bark used for sgeru tingwä also: dingwä noun [masc] tgafü noun [masc] club. tree type. ⋄ Abrus sp Note: usually a root that has Note: The seeds of this plant grown a thick part on one end. were used to write in the dust on the ground in the Mission tiftif noun [masc] counting tally. kabef school wawa tif tif yfathwr. ‘the man tiNa noun [masc] Eclectus Parrot (fe- is holding the yam counting tally.’ male). ⋄ Eclectus roratus

tiNa

see: krara tiwagsi verb break through, poke through. . T 69

nzä keräfi zätiwthé. ‘I broke throught ‘He carries her on the shoul- the floor.’ ders.’ tiyar noun [masc] spear for fishing (thrown by hand). tiyaw noun [fem] bird type. tkrafet noun [masc] sailfin glassfish. ⋄ Ambassis agrammus tkwitkwi property noun windy, curv- ing, meandering. Nars tkwitkwi Nakwiro. ‘The river is meander- ing.’ tmana also: tman noun [masc] big bandicoot (sharp nose). tmatm noun [fem] method, way, time, toku action. tmä noun [masc] strength. tokutoku noun [fem] Bar-shouldered tnägsi verb lose, scatter. Dove. ⋄ Geopelia humeralis tnezsi verb test, try, taste. kwa Natnezr basikolr. ‘He will try to ride a bicycle.’ nze nasi thutnezr. ‘I tasted the long yams.’ tnoraksi verb shape something from mud. tnz adjective short. tobetobe noun [fem] competition, race. eda kabe tobetobe Narnoth tokutoku mane zöbthé bobo sräthor. ‘The two man are racing, who will tokuya noun [masc] Palm Cockatoo. arrive there first.’ tobetobe kwarärth ⋄ Probosciger aterrimus dagon fsisin. ‘The were com- peting in counting yams.’ tofar noun [masc] sago part. Note: This is the top part of the palm, which is too soft to pro- cess. This part is cooked in the ground oven. togtog noun [masc] sound of a small kundu drum, sometimes used to describe the small kundu drum gafas. tokuya toku property noun carry somebody on the shoulders (with their legs tonze adjective close. around the neck). tokume wzänzr tora also: toro noun [fem] dog whis- tle. 70

Note: made from a small coconut (1) positional verb be sitting in an shell. unproper way. (2) middle verb sit in an unproper way. tränsi verb carve, sharpen. garda katan sftränwrme. ‘We were carv- ing a small canoe.’ naf nabi ytränwr. ‘He carves the bow.’ ⋄ tora trd noun [fem] black palm. Licuala sp Note: grows along the river. tosai noun [flex] baby. trikasi tothetothe property noun tickle, tin- (1) noun [fem] story. trikasi zbo gle. nze tothetothe wäfiyokwé ‘I zwaythik. ‘The story has come tickle her.’ on an end here.’ tot noun [masc] nail, fish prong. (2) verb report. Nafydbo fi kwa ytrikwé totoman noun [masc] cockroach. ‘I will report him to father.’ toya noun [plural] lightning. (3) ditransitive verb tell. nze trikasi töfä kam noun [masc] hip bone. nafanm yatrikwa. ‘I told them töna noun [fem] high ground. the story.’ be nzun kwatrif! ‘Tell Note: This word refers to land me!’ which does not get flooded dur- trisi verb scratch. nabi ker fthé frk- ing the rainy season. It is a thé zrarä fthé fof zatrinz zbo. good place for gardens and set- ‘When the end of the bamboo tlements. is red, then you scratch along trag here.’ tosai wtrinzé ‘I scratch (1) noun [fem] treefork. the small girl.’ (2) noun [fem] road junction. trkr noun [fem] flood. traksi trn noun [fem] chest. (1) middle verb fall. nzä Natrakwé. trnä noun [fem] stalk of a cocnut ‘I fall down.’ fi zätra zrinma. leaf. ‘He fell because it was too heavy.’ tro noun [masc] python type. (2) verb drop. giri wtrakwr. ‘She tro noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Melaleuca dropped the knife.’ be satr! ‘You sp drop it! (or him)’ Note: used for timber, bark used trakumgsi as torch. (1) positional verb be smashed, be tro noun [masc] southern tandan. ⋄ Neosilurus in little pieces. tätü wtrakumthgr. equinus ‘The coconut shell is broken in trraw also: trrau noun [fem] Rufous- little pieces.’ bellied Kookaburra. ⋄ Dacelo (2) verb smash. gaudichaud trari noun [masc] strong, muscular man. trazümnzsi also: räzünzsi . T 71

ttüsi (1) positional verb be printed. kd brubrun yttüthgr. ‘The star is printed on the drum.’ (2) verb write, print, mark. brubru yttünzr. ‘He carves patterns into the drum.’ tuba noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Melicope trraw sp Note: dried resin burns like can- dles, used for timber trtha tubag noun [masc] harpoon. (1) noun [masc] life. nzenme fathasi tubatub noun [fem] small hill, mound. trtha mrmren ‘in our marriage life’ nof ane fof trtha thwarithrm. tufarawa noun [masc] New Guinea ‘The rain gave them life.’ Harpy Eagle. ⋄ Harpyopsis no- (2) adjective raw, alive. zena ausi vaeguineae trtha zrä. ‘The old woman is alive here today.’ fisor brä. trtha komnzo rä. ‘There is the turtle. It is still alive.’ tru noun [masc] palm type. ⋄ Hydriastele sp Note: used for flooring, the leaf can be used for wrapping sago, or for making the trough in which the sago is caught. trutru noun [fem] current, stream tufarawa of water. trü noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Melaleuca sp tuof property noun heat, drought, tthe noun [fem] burning (second cy- hot, dry. cle). tura noun [flex] friend. ttauri noun [masc] spider. Note: Loanword from Motu ttfö noun [fem] creek. turama noun [masc] python (gen- ttfö ker noun [fem] the start of a eral). creek, the thinnest part. ttfö minz also: ttfö minzminz noun [fem] small creek, thin end of a creek. ttfö zfth noun [fem] mouth of a creek. ttraym noun [masc] goanna type (lives in the forest). turama 72 turarb noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Bridelia said to look like yaka tüfr. sp Note: edible fruit turasi verb kiss. turatu noun [masc] fish wrapper. Note: bamboo cage that holds one or two fish for roasting over the fire and transportation. Note: masc turd proper noun term used to de- scribe the Kiwai people. ⋄ tuth noun [masc] tree type. Gnetum tütü gnemon Note: used for firewood, young tree is used to make fishing nets, edible fruit. twir noun [masc] earring / plug or- see: fodä nament. tut noun [fem] coconut shoot when twitwi noun [masc] Grey-crowned Bab- ⋄ it is still closed. bler. Pomatostomus tempo- tuti noun [masc] branch. ralis tutufri noun [fem] coconut, very small, unripe coconut. tuwari also: twari noun [masc] comb. fi twarime Narbtfakwr. ‘He comb- ing himself with a comb.’ tuwarituwari also: twaritwari noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Schizaea dichotoma tüf noun [fem] soft ground by the twitwi river. Note: This is a thick layer of floating grass, which one can walk on. Sometimes sweet potato twtw also: ttw is planted on it. (1) property noun inertness, lethargy, tüfr quantifier many. apathy. wiram zokwasi keke Narizre. tümäga proper noun place name. twtw nrn. ‘We don’t understand tümäna noun [fem] lime powder, slaked Suki. We are closed up.’ twtw lime, calcium hydroxide. bzamar. ‘He gave up his hope. tütü noun [fem] Pheasant Coucal. (lit.: “S/he saw the closing-up”)’ ⋄ Centropus phasianinus (2) property noun closed up, with- Note: This bird held the fire and out any space. kar ttw zwer- knowledge about it before peo- mänth. ‘They (the headhunters) ple knew about its use. tütü is closed up the village without escape.’ . TH 73

th times with mni ‘fire’ thakthak noun (1) [fem] law, taboo. dobakwr mayawaneme thaba noun [fem] clearing, area of menz yé. keke yanathrth. thak- grassland surrounded by forest. thak rä. ‘The eelfish is the mayawa’s totem. They don’t eat it. It thabr noun [plural] arm. is taboo.’ diburan kwa yfath- thabthksi also: thabthknsi mid- wrth Nare zanma. thakthak rä. dle verb move, something moves ‘They will look him up for beat- underneath, only its impact on ing the wife. It is the law.’ the surface is visible. fofosanzo (2) [masc] God. kwathabr kwosir zethkäf. ‘Only thakuthaku noun [masc] insect type. his heart was beating. He was Note: little white insects which about to die.’ Nabrm Nathabrth eat through flywood in houses non. ‘The mullet is swimming thamethame noun [flex] person that underneath the water surface.’ does not speak properly. ra Nathabr zr yfön? ‘What are thamin you chewing in the mouth?’ (1) noun [fem] tongue. thaf property noun bitter. (2) noun [fem] freshwater tongue sole. thafraksi verb mix. zokwasi komnzo ⋄ Cynoglossus heterolepis thfthafrakwrmth. ‘They were just thaminthamin noun [fem] flickering mixing the languages.’ be kmam sensation in the air above a fire Nazikarä kathafrakwé! ‘You must or hot ground. thaminthamin not mix this (food) with coconut!’ wkogr baden. ‘The heat is stand- ing on the ground.’ thaminthamin thafthksi wmarwé. ‘I see the ‘hot air’.’ (1) positional verb be separated. mät thamsaksi also: thmsaksi ethafthgrn. ‘The twins are sep- (1) positional verb be spread out. arated.’ yame wthamsthgr. ‘The mat is (2) verb separate. keräfi ethafthkwé spread out.’ ‘I separating/pushing apart the (2) verb spread out a mat or leaves pieces of the black palm floor- on the ground, sheets of paper ing.’ on the table. thaifaksi verb bring out to the open, thamtham property noun struggling, bring to everyone’s attention, trying one’s best. nze thamtham to arrive in a village. frzitho wäruthé. ‘I am struggling.’ wath sathayfath. ‘They brought thanzsi verb open, remove the barks the dance to village square in from oven or house roof. mnz Forzith.’ fam thänthayufe! ‘Voice thanzsikaf rä. ‘The house has your thoughts!’ some holes in the roof.’ thak noun [fem] place, sacred place. tharasi mni thak rä. ‘It is a fire place.’ (1) positional verb be underneath. Note: This word is considered giri wtharthgr yamen. ‘The knife somewhat archaic. It occurs most 74

is underneath the mat.’ container, for example a dish or (2) verb put underneath. a canoe. tharbar noun [fem] cage to keep an- thatha noun [masc] sugar cane. imals. thathathatha noun [masc] grass type. ⋄ Poaceae sp Note: This plant is similar to sugar cane. It grows in melaleuca forests. Insects are hanging on it during high tide and fish gather underneath to eat the insects. tharmbar It is edible and tastes sweet like sugarcane. tharfka also: ththarfka see: thatha (1) noun [masc] rib. thäbu noun [masc] (2) noun [masc] thin sticks that sup- Note: An archaic term for ‘hair’ port the barks on the roof. was efi, only found in place names thari propery noun style, stylish. like thm efi. hair. tharisi verb dig. duga ytharinzé. ‘I thäfäm noun [plural] waves, ripples dig the taro.’ yfö wtharinzake. in the river. ‘We dug a hole.’ see: mänümänü tharthar locational side. Nars thartharenzo,thäfrsi keke fzen ‘only along the river- (1) positional verb be covering some- side, not in the forest’ nzone thing. gwnyame ethäfrsthgr. ‘The mnz thartharen fobo fefe zaföfa. clothes are covering (something).’ ‘It burned really on the side of (2) verb cover something, for exam- my house.’ ple with barks, a blanket or a tharthar ufaf noun [masc] roof beams yam. on the side. thäknsi verb jolt, shake. tharuksi thärkusi (1) positional verb be in an open (1) middle verb crawl. dö Nathärkunzrm. container. rokar gardan etharuthgr. ‘The goana was crawling.’ ‘The things are in the canoe.’ (2) verb drag. frismané kabe ythärkunoth. ‘The two policemen drag the man away.’ thäsi verb split in half. wawa za- thäf! ‘split the yam in half!’ thäzüraksi (1) verb bump into. (2) ditransitive verb help, support. thbathb noun [masc] stick, part of a trap. nainai etharuthgr. Note: This stick holds acts as a lock of a trap. It holds the (2) verb put something in a open . TH 75

tension of a bent bamboo and (2) verb forget, mix up. bone yf nze when touched by an animal it wthgunzé ‘I forget your name.’ will release the tension. thikyasi verb tie the fence. thboth noun [masc] ant (small black). thkar property noun hardness, dif- ficult. thd noun [masc] middle. thkäfksi verb start, begin. thd nzm noun middle toe, middle thkrthkr noun [masc] calf. finger. thm noun [fem] nose. thebum noun [masc] lid. thm di kwan noun sound made while Note: A lid that goes over the sleeping, high pitched little moans. opening of a bottle or container. see: sgu thm dnzü noun [masc] bar across thefath mni noun [fem] bushfire, first the front of a house. cycle of burning the grass. thm drr kwan noun sound made while thenzgsi verb roll. sleeping, snorring. thesaksi verb get rid of. thm ggrb noun [masc] nasal septum thf noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Alphitonia (lit. nose soft-part). incana thm sam noun [masc] snot, mucus. thfäsi (1) prefixing verb jump. bä gneth- thm snä noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Croton fär! ‘You jump!’ fi äthfän. ‘They sp (2) are jumping.’ thmdr noun [masc] beetle (big, lives (2) middle verb fly. fi Nathfänzrth on the coconut). ‘They (3+) fly.’ bä kethfär! ‘You fly!’ thfigsi transitive verb push. thfitar noun [fem] swamp eel. ⋄ Ophisternon gutturale thfn noun [masc] skin of the snake. thfn kaboth kwafkathr. thfn fkasikaf ythn. ‘The snake has skinned itself. The peeled skin lies there.’ thmntr thfuksi verb cover (with leaves). thg noun [masc] soft part above the collarbone. thmthm noun [fem] behalf. nzone thgathg noun [fem] area that has thmthmen gnyaké! ‘You go on been burnt in the forest, usu- my behalf!’ nafathmthmen wawa ally very bumpy and uneven groun. säzinth. ‘They put the yams down for him.’ thgusi thng noun strength. (1) prefixing verb forget. ythgunzr thnin noun [masc] trap (a bamboo ‘He forgets.’ cage to catch pigs, wallabies or bandicoots). 76

thnin thnzös also: thdös noun [masc] bark tauri ythkagr. of the kwim or asiga tree. Note: dry pieces are used to start (2) verb fill, put inside (a closed a fire. space). giri wthorthé yarefo. ‘I thofiksi verb disturb. nzä Nathayé put the knife into the bag.’ wathofikwrth dagon mnin. ‘The thräksi verb stop, block. dogs disturb me in cooking the thrfam noun [fem] daniel’s catfish. food.’ ⋄ Cochlefelis danielsi thog noun [masc] small spear from thrgwon noun [masc] dusty, dry wood. bamboo. Note: used to start a fire thomgsi also: thobgsi ditransitive thrgr noun [fem] soft spot above the verb help by contributing and collarbone. supporting. thrma temporal later. thomonsi thrsi verb tear, widen. trutruf ane (1) positional verb to be piled up fof zathrfako ‘The current widened (firewood). it.’ (2) verb make fire! (lit.: pile up the thruthru noun [masc] bamboo type. fire!). mni zathomon! ‘You (go ⋄ Bambusa sp and) make fire!’ thsisi verb snap off, break off. Note: usually something that is joined a one point like a small branch on a tree ththaksi (1) positional verb be attached, be sticking in. faren wththagr ‘It is attached to the post.’ thomensi (2) verb attach, pin, nail. ththfaksi verb wipe. mith käththf! thoraksi ‘Wipe your face!’ (1) prefixing verb appear. ththfr adjective crazy, funny, clown- (2) verb search, make appear, find. like. thorsi thufth kinship noun [flex] in-laws, (1) positional verb be inside a closed tambus. nzuthufth kabe erä. ‘They container. tauri wthkagr thar- are my in-laws.’ baren. ‘The wallaby is inside thusi the cage.’ (1) positional verb to be folded. fefa . U 77

wthuthgr. ‘the paper is folded.’ u (2) verb fold. tabiyé naf wäthunzr. ‘He is making a fist to her. (lit. folding fingers)’ u kwan noun [fem] sound of fire (when Note: can be used for counting, it cracks high up in the bam- e.g. folding one’s fingers. boos). thuwak also: thwak noun shoulder. ufai noun [flex] boss, supervisor. un adjective big. thü (1) noun [masc] tree type, melaleuca. ⋄ Melaleuca sp w Note: medical use, steam is from boiled leafes can be inhaled or used to wash wabat also: wabt noun [masc] spade, (2) noun [masc] rope from the thü shovel. tree, thin rope to tie posts to- wabwab property noun stupid, full gether. thü myuknsikaf ythn. of oneself, doing things the wrong ‘The rope laying there is twisted.’ way. wad noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Carallia thwaithwai also: thuwaithuwai noun brachiata [masc] tree type. ⋄ Elaeocarpus Note: The burnt bark of this sp tree is used a black paint. Note: medical use, bark is mixed waga noun [fem] leg. with water against cough and wagrsi verb meet. asthma. wako noun [fem] manta type, big thwä noun [fem] triangular shield cat- stingray. fish. ⋄ Sciades leptaspis wakusi verb pick up, evaporate. efothf thwä fefe noun [fem] berney’s cat- no ywakunzr. ‘The sun evapo- fish. ⋄ Neoarius berneyi rates the rain (puddles).’ thweksi middle verb be happy. fi wakwak property noun slim. Nathwekwrth anema fof Namnzokwrth. wamamogo proper noun place name. ‘They are happy and therefore they are jumping.’ waniwani thythy property noun nuisance, muck- (1) noun [masc] picture, video, movie. ing around, jump around. katan nge thythy Nafiyokwr. ‘The small (2) noun [fem] shadow of a person. child is jumping/fooling around.’ wano also: wanowano property noun hidden, it usually implies that thzi noun [fem] sugar glider. something is hidden for selfish reasons.. bone sukufa wanothé erä. zünz kabe nrä. ‘Your to- bacco is hidden. You are a greedy man.’ wanzo noun [fem] dream. fi wanzo 78

yrugr. ‘He is dreaming.’ waru noun [fem] turtle (big turtle). war noun [fem] top part. wawa warenzo erä. ‘The yam are not really wasi noun [masc] Masked Owl. ⋄ Tyto planted. (lit.: The yams are novaehollandiae just in the top.)’ ane kofä waren eyak. ‘These fish swim below the surface. (lit.: These fish go in the top.)’ wara nabi noun [fem] bow type, the bowstring is taken off. warfo locational above, up, on top. tabeta warfon nima Nasinzrth. ‘They roast it on top of the grill.’ nima gwargwaren yé waga warfo erä. ‘He is stuck in the mud with his legs above.’ wasi wari noun [masc] Indian coral tree. ⋄ Erythrina variagata wariknsi transitive verb stir. no mni wwariknwé. ‘I stir the hot wa- ter.’ wasisi verb flash light, shine. tosinme wark noun [masc] size. mor mane sawasirm. ‘He was shining the erä nima wark erä. ‘As for the flashlight at him.’ planting yams, they are about wath this size.’ nima wark mane yé (1) noun [masc] dance, singsing. wathr sräkorth togtog. ‘As for this size kwa wiyak ‘I will go for the dance.’ (of drum), they call it togtog.’ (2) verb [no infinitive] dance. fi Narnzürwrth Note: The phrase nima wark ‘like ‘They are dancing.’ this size’ is usually accompa- watha noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Endiandra nied by an appropriate gesture fragrans indicating the size or by point- Note: yellow fruit. ing to a comparable sized ob- wathknsi middle verb pack up. ject. watik also: wati warksi middle verb howl. Natha Nawarkwrth.(1) connective then, so. ‘The dogs are howling.’ (2) adjective enough. waro property noun theft, unlawful, watmame manner adverb for a day, thievish, fraudulent. kma waror for a short while. ni moreheadfo mgnanyaké! ‘Do not come here niyan watmame. ‘We two go to for stealing!’ waro kabe zane Morehead for a daytrip.’ yé. ‘This man is a thief.’ rar wauka noun [plural] red coloured clouds waro Nafiyokwa? ‘Why did he or evening sky. steal this?’ wawa noun [fem] yam, general term warsi middle verb chew, suck. for round yam. Note: staple food . W 79

(1) prefixing verb experience sun- rise, dawn on, wake up. fi ewäkr. ‘They woke up in the morning.’ (2) prefixing verb become ripe. wämne noun [masc] tree, general term.

wär kwan noun [fem] thunder in a wawa erä. distance. wäramäka numeral seven thousand wawa mnz noun [fem] yam house. seven hundred and seventysix, 6x6x6x6x6 = 7776. wärezsi middle verb shoot, aim, throw. dunzi Nawärezé. ‘I aim (with) the arrow.’ wärowäro noun [masc] small fish that floats close to the surface. wawa mnz wärwär property noun fatigue, drowsy feeling from too much heat, too strong sun. katan Natha wär- wawor noun [flex] cripple, physically wärma yrugr. ‘The small dog impaired person. sleeps because of the heat of wayafü noun [masc] plant type, gin- the sun.’ wärwär worä efothma. ger. ‘I am drowsy from the sun.’ Note: This plants is eaten against wäsi bad coughs or a blocked nose. (1) verb crack, break. zaru yawi It is also part of rain making suwänzrmth o Nazi tätü kma Nathayé magic. Nazi zwanathrmth. ‘They were see: zzarfa cracking the zaru nuts or the wayoth noun [fem] cover, leafes or coconut shell, (so that it sounds) branches which prevent the ground as if the dogs were eating the oven to burn. coconut shells.’ Note: This term refers to leaves (2) middle verb happen, take place. or branches that are put between ra krewär bobo? ‘What is going the hot stones and the covering on there?’ barks of the ground oven. wäsü also: wäsi noun [masc] plant wazi noun [masc] side. bun nima type. ⋄ Ficus elastica wazi we sathoro! nzun nima wazi Note: This vine is used for string we kwagathinz! ‘You take that to tie the arrow tip, can grow side (of the pig) and you leave around another and become a this side for me!’ fi zé zärita very big tree. the spirit woman neba wazi fof. ‘He went gone nzürna often lives inside this across to the opposite side.’ tree. wäd noun [fem] penis, erection. wäthsi wäksi 80

(1) positional verb be tied around. wiram proper noun name for suki ywäthgr. ‘It is tied around.’ people. (2) verb tie around, wrap. with noun [masc] banana. ⋄ Musa wätku noun [masc] Australian Peli- sp can. ⋄ Pelecanus conspicillatus withwith noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Anon (vine) sp Note: This plant has small edi- ble fruit that look and taste like bananas. wlat noun [masc] walking catfish. ⋄ Clarias batrachus Note: This is species recently wätku introduced from the Indonesian side. loanword from Malay. wbäk noun [plural] vomit. see: ikan lele wegowego property noun instability, wm noun [masc] stone. unstable. garda wegowego Narär. wmsi noun [fem] menstruation, women’s mkräkwthef! ‘The canoe is mov- monthly period. ing unstably. It might capsize!’ wmwm noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Cryptocarya weksi verb invite. kafar kabe thwawek- sp wrmth frzsir. ‘They invited the Note: The scraped roots of this big people for poison-root fish- plant are sprinkled on tobacco ing.’ leafes while they are growing weto property noun joy, joyful. be to make the tobacco stronger. bone weto kwa wfänzr. ‘You will The bark is rough like little peb- show your joy.’ srikdbo wiyak bles or stones. wetor. ‘I go to Srik to welcome wod noun [fem] whirlpool, swirl in him / greet him.’ weto worä. ‘I the water. am joyful.’ woda proper noun place name. wezrwezr noun [masc] obbe’s tan- wokfaksi middle verb change colour. dan. ⋄ Porochilus obbesi wf noun [fem] shirt, blouse. wfmär wokraksi wkogr. ‘She stands bare-breasted.’ (1) prefixing verb be floating. garda ywokrakwr. ‘The canoe is float- wi numeral fourty six thousand six ing.’ hundred and fifty six, 6x6x6x6x6 (2) verb float. = 46.656. woksi verb choose. wifaza noun [masc] seven-spot archer- woku noun [masc] skin. fish. ⋄ Toxotes chatareus worätthé adjective thin. wimäs noun [masc] mango. ⋄ Mangifera worbin noun [masc] oxeye herring. minor ⋄ Megalops cyprinoides winuwinu property noun madness, worsi crazy. (1) positional verb be planted. wawa winzgsi transitive verb twist. . Y 81

erworthgr. ‘The yams are planted.’ (1) noun [masc] wind from the East. (2) verb plant. (2) noun [fem] time of the year when worwor noun the wind changes, usually around (1) [masc] banana leaf (dry). June. (2) [masc] paper. ws noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Durandea wothm noun [masc] woodworm. pentagyana wotr noun [masc] tree type (corn- wsws noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Combretum beefwood). ⋄ Barringtonia sp sp Note: This tree signals good ground wsws zra proper noun place name. because it only grows on high ground. Its flowering is a sign wth noun [plural] faeces, exretes, waste, for the begin of the planting sea- intestines. son. wth gaga noun [masc] diarrhea. wotu noun [masc] stick, walking stick, wth sikwan noun [fem] silent gas, fencing stick. silent fart. woy interjection used for clarifica- wthsuk noun [fem] yam type, wild tion, reaffirmation like “Come yam. again!”, “Please say that again Note: This yam is not eaten be- I didn’t understand!”. cause it is too fibery, but peo- woz noun [fem] bottle. ple feed it occasionally to their wr noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Lepisanthes dogs. sp wthzak noun [masc] foot, sole. wrai noun [masc] Black-necked Stork. wtwt property noun itchiness. ⋄ Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus y

ya property noun cry, tear. katan tosai yanzo yanor. ‘The small baby is only crying.’ yafrä proper noun female peronal name.

yafüsi verb open, open a door, take off a lid. wrai yagusi verb pour out liquid (gen- eral). wri property noun intoxication, drunk. yak wrif kwa ezänzr. ‘You will be (1) noun [fem] race. totally drunk (lit. drunkenness (2) middle verb run, ride, go fast. will carry you)’ wri kwosi ämnzr. basikolme Nakwiro sotafo. ‘He ‘He is sitting dead drunk.’ cycles to Sota.’ fi Nakwiwrth wri no noun [fem] alcohol. aki kwayanen. ‘He was running wrwr in the moonlight.’ 82 yak ribrib noun [flex] fast runner. exchange. The treat one an- yaka other like direct siblings. (1) noun [masc] yamstick, digging yamüyamü noun [fem] bamboo con- stick. struction for feasts. (2) noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Fontania Note: Small yams or other food papuana items are tied to this for a feast. Note: used for making yam sticks. yakayaka noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Melicope sp yaka tüfr noun [masc] Greater Black Coucal. ⋄ Centropus menbeki

yamüyamü

yamyam (1) noun [fem] event, little feast. (2) [fem] shape. nima yamyam zafiyokwé. ‘You have to make a shape like this.’ yaka tüfr yanyan noun [plural] part of a bee hive. yakme manner adverb fast. Note: This is the first section of yaksi also: yakasi verb help by do- a hive. It is usually considered ing something physically. nze waste and thrown away. bä nayakwé wämne zrinr. ‘I help yare noun [fem] bag. you carring the sticks.’ yarenzsi prefixing verb look around. yakwan noun [masc] claw of the cas- kwot gnäzigrthm kabothma! ‘You sowary. look around properly because yakwr noun [masc] wound, sore. of snakes!’ sakar tagar waren- yam noun [fem] louse. zer. ‘I look around for mustard yam leaves.’ (1) noun [fem] footprint. yarisi ditransitive verb give. be nafan (2) noun [plural] louse, lice. sar! ‘You give it to him!’ nafanm (3) noun [fem] custom, event. naf emoth ärithr. ‘He gives them a bada yam Nabragwr. ‘She fol- sister.’ lows the ancestor’s customs.’ yarizsi middle verb hear. z Narizrth? yamayama also: yama adjective poor. ‘Are you listening?’ yarne proper noun tribe name. yame noun [fem] mat. Note: describes some of the peo- yamit kinship noun [flex] exchange ple from Mata, Derideri and Pon- cousin. garaki whose ancestors came to- Note: This word is used between gether from Komo. the children of a direct sister yaroksi verb escort, guide. . Y 83 yarsi porperty noun sleepiness from staying awake during the night. yaryomgsi also: riymgsi middle verb scream. yase noun [fem] animal, meat from animals. see: faso yathizsi prefixing verb suffer, die. zi yem wathizr ‘I am in pain.’ yawabü noun [masc] tree type. Note: This tree is used to make yemyem noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Kibava big kundu drums. sp yawi noun [fem] seed, fruit, round Note: Cassowaries like to eat the object. small red fruit of this plant. The yawi yawi noun [plural] money, small fruit is said to look like the red coins. skin hanging from a cassowary’s yawi zarge noun [masc] plante type. throat. ⋄ Amomum aculiatium yf noun [fem] name. yawo greeting farewell. yfäth ruga noun [flex] pig given to yawth noun [fem] mound. the brothers of one’s wife with- Note: This refers to a small mound out an exchange marriage. in which yams are planted. yfö noun [fem] hole. yäfi noun [masc] prawn. yfr noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Syzygium ybäthybäth noun [masc] plant type. sp ⋄ Hornstedtia lycostoma Note: The bark of this tree is Note: edible seeds. burned to produce black colour. yei dödö noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Sida acuta yfrsé adjective black. yei wath noun [fem] type of dance. yifu noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Syzygium Note: This is the dance of the sp Yei people.It is similar to besi Note: fruit eaten by cassowaries. wath and nzürna wath, but it includes people who circle around yifutham noun [fem] cassowary (short the dancers. legs). yem noun [fem] cassowary (general). yir noun [fem] urine. ⋄ Casuarius casuarius yirr noun [masc] short-finned tan- dan. ⋄ Neosilurus brevidorsalis

yirwi noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Oriocalis sp Note: Parts of the root of this tree were used as a ball for the bardi borsi ‘hockey’. 84 yirzsi verb throw. yn noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Ficus yizryizr noun [masc] ant type. sp Note: tiny brownish ant. ynagsi middle verb pass through. ykwasi verb cut meat. ynaksi verb put down (non-animate). ymanz efoth noun [masc] heat. nä see: zinaksi kayé ymanz efoth fthé kwasinzrm ynk ttrü noun [fem] Zoe’s Imperial karesa sgu erzarnake wagan efoth Pigeon. ⋄ Ducula zoeae tuofma. ‘Some days, when the heat of the sun was burning, we tied bark pieces on our feet be- cause of the sun heat.’ Note: This refers to intense heat coupled with high humidity. This occurs during dry season after a rainshower. ymämü noun [fem] Rufous Owl. ⋄ Ninox ynk ttrü rufa ynzrü noun [fem] Great-billed Heron. ⋄ Ardea sumatrana

ymämü ymd noun [masc] bird (general). ynzrü ymi noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Eucalyptus corymbia yofegsi Note: This plant is used for its (1) verb to move in an unstable way. good timber. (2) verb turn over, capsize (canoe, ymnz proper noun place name. hammock or baby basket). ymorymor property noun desire, want. yofi noun [fem] custome, law, holy nze ymorymor wmarwé. ‘I de- thing. sire her.’ nzun Naref ymorymor yoganai adjective tired. warzr. ‘I desire the woman. (lit.: yonasi middle verb drink. nafa the woman throws ymorymor sgeru Nonathrth. ‘They drink for me.)’ nzun bone tosinf ymory- palm wine.’ mor warithr. ‘I desire your torch. yorär noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Syzygium (lit.: your torch gives me ymory- sp mor.)’ Note: edible, sour fruit. . Y 85 yrsi verb scrape the coconut or cas- Note: A small amount of grease sava. will be painted on her to break yrsi the mourning. After that women (1) verb weave mat. carry her to the river where she (2) verb build a house. will wash after long time with yrugr prefixing verb [no infinitive] sleep. being allow to wash. ni etfth nrugrm. ‘We were sleep- yto noun [masc] arrow. ing.’ Note: This is an particular ar- see: etfth row with a blackpalm tip. yrü yufai proper noun male personal name. (1) noun [masc] sign, signal, mark, pointer. yufaksi (2) noun [masc] christian cross at (1) verb be bent. tuti äyufthgr ‘The church. branches are bending.’ yrüyrü noun [plural] decorative cloth- (2) verb bend. ing for dances. yukrasi yrwi yawi noun [masc] hockey ball. (1) positional verb be standing. kabe ykogr ‘The man is standing’ stand. ys noun [masc] thorn. gnäkuk! ‘You stand!’ ysokwr also: ysekwr (2) verb stand up. sakuk! ‘You (1) noun [fem] rainy season. stand him up!’ (2) noun [fem] year. boba ysokwren yumad kinship noun [flex] sister-in- kwa Nanbrigwé. ‘I will come back law, brother-in-law. next year.’ Note: This word is used between ythama noun [fem] bird of paradise. a woman and the yamit or naku ⋄ Paradisaea raggiana of her husband in their of their name. yumar noun [masc] bird type (ea- gle). yumära noun [fem] yam display post. Note: Large amounts of yams are piled around this post, and each layer of yams is wrapped with bark for stability as the ythama construction grows higher and higher. Used for harvesting com- petitions. ythn prefixing verb [no infinitive] lie yusi also: yüsi noun [masc] grass down. (general). yti also: yti yti yüryür noun [masc] veins. (1) noun [fem] greasy liquid (from yüzi also: yuzi noun [fem] season, pigs or cassowaries). time. efthar yüzi rä. ‘It is the (2) noun [fem] ritual to break the dry season.’ tharisi yüzi rä. ‘It mourning period of a woman. 86

is the harvesting season.’ him!’ ywaythk prefixing verb [no infinitive] (2) noun [fem] war, fight, murder, to come to an end. trikasi fof killing. zwaythk. ‘The story has come zan kabe noun [masc] killer, head- to an end.’ hunter. ywägr positional verb [no infinitive] zanäbü noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Manilkara to be precariously up high. sp zane demonstrative this, these (the one close by). z zanfr adjective tall. zar noun [masc] edge, wall. garda zar ‘the wall of the canoe’ z particle already. zarfa noun [masc] ear. z nm particle expresses uncertainty zarfa sgu kabe noun [flex] disobedient about sth. in the past. Nare people, delinquents. znm zwaniyak. ‘maybe the woman zarga noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Alpinia came.’ sp zabari nabi noun [fem] bow (when zarthar noun [masc] papuan taipan. the bowstring is taken off). ⋄ Oxyuranus scutellatus zafat noun zaru noun [masc] tree type, candlenut. (1) [fem] week. ⋄ Aleutrites mollucana (2) [fem] sunday. Note: The nuts of this plant are Note: loanword from English (‘sab- collected. People will boil and bath’). dry them, and sell them in Sota. zafazafa noun [masc] yam vine stick. Note: These yam vine sticks are zarzsi short. They are planted first (1) positional verb tie, be tied. until the vine grows up to a Nad yrzarthgr. ‘The rope is tied.’ particular height. (2) verb tie, tie together. see: fitot zath zafe adjective old, long ago. (1) noun [masc] moon. zagr adjective far. (2) kinship noun [flex] grandfather, zaimai garda noun [masc] sailing ca- grandmother, grandchild. noe. (3) kinship noun [flex] father in-law, zaksi mother in-law, daughter in-law. (1) positional verb anchor, posi- Note: This word is used recipro- tion, park. garda yzthgr. ‘the cally between a woman and her canoe is anchored.’ parents in-law instead of their (2) verb respective names as well as be- zamenzo adjective naked. tween grandparents and grand- zan children. It is somewhat archaic (1) transitive verb hit, kill. nze and most often aki is used. tauri kwa yfnzé. ‘I will kill the see: aki wallaby’ be fi sakwr! ‘You hit . Z 87 zathar noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Melaleuca legs. sp zena temporal today, now. Note: The bark of this tree is zf deictic right here. used for roofing or as a torch. zfi noun [masc] rattan type. zathzath noun [masc] papuan her- Note: grows on high ground. ring. ⋄ Nematalosa papuensis zfro noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Melaleuca zawafi noun [masc] armband. sp Note: woven or braided from rat- Note: used for timber. tan or string. zfth noun zawe (1) [masc] base of sth.. ane nabi (1) adjective right. zfth bä erä foba ane dö Nakwirmo. (2) noun [feminine] hobby, prefer- ‘The base of the bamboos there, ence. zuzi amane zawe rä. ‘Fish- from there, the goana was run- ing is mother’s hobby.’ ning away.’ nafanme zfth kabe (3) noun [feminine] side. firran thäkwrath fof. ‘They killed see: wazi their ancestors (lit. ‘base men’) zaza noun [masc] stick to carry, pigs in Firra.’ is tied to a stick and then car- (2) [fem] reason, cause. nafanme ried by two people (on the shoul- zfthenwä fi zafaroth. ‘They left der). for their own reasons.’ bthanane zazazü noun [fem] big lump of roots zfth ane kaf fä fof rä. ‘The ori- and soil on a fallen tree’s base. gin of magic/sorcery lies really there in that place.’ zä deictic here (close by). Note: This is a culturally im- zär also: zäre noun [fem] shade. käthfo portant term. Many places are bobo! käms bobo zären! ‘Go named after the base/stem of and sit there in the shade!’ a particular plant, for example: zärethé adjective shady. karesa zfth, misa zfth, benzü zfth zäth property noun ignorance, rejec- tion, refusal. zfthen locational below, down. bad zäté noun [plural] part of a bee hive. fthé zamar rsrs rä. neba warfo Note: This refers to the walls rä. neba zfthen rä. ‘When you between different sections of a look, you will see that the ground hive. is a slope: high on one side and zäzr adjective lazy, exhausted. low on the opposite side.’ zäzr mnz proper noun place name. zfu noun [masc] bundle (bundle of yams tied together). zbär noun [fem] night, darkness. zbär mrärü noun [fem] midnight when all is quiet. zbärthé noun [masc] papuan black snake. zeda noun crotch, joint between the 88

pery. ziyasi verb roll string on the knee. Nad yiziyanzé. ‘I roll the string.’

zizi noun [fem] afternoon, evening. namä zizi ‘good afternoon’ zfu zkizki noun [masc] achilles heel. zknsi also: zzknsi verb move. käzkn! ‘Move over!’ kafusi zbo zi noun [masc] pain. wzknwé. ‘I move the cup here.’ zi nge noun [flex] tobacco; very strong zkuzku noun [plural] raft. tobacco. Note: bamboos or tree trunks Note: lit. “pain child” tied together zifär noun [masc] wrapped package. zmaksi verb estimate, study. kwot Note: Usually something is wrapped kezmath rtmaksir. ‘Estimate it in bark or put into split bam- properly in order to cut it!’ fath boo. Nazmakwr mnz räzsir. ‘He esti- ziksi mates the place for building a (1) prefixing verb go of the side. house.’ (2) transitive verb put someone to zmegsi the side (of the road). (1) positional verb mark, be marked. zimu noun [masc] snot, mucus. ane Nazi wzmethgr. ‘That co- zinaksi verb put down. conut is marked.’ see: ynaksi (2) verb mark, put a mark on some- zinbraksi middle verb go away, pass thing, put the blame on some- by. nzä zwäznbr namä ezi kwan- one. efoth wzmegwé. ‘I mark mär. ‘He passed by me without that day.’ nze zane faf wzmegwé saying good morning.’ bä ezin- Naraker. ‘I mark this place for brakwé yaken. ‘I overtook them (my) garden.’ in the race.’ zmn noun [fem] hip. zinzraksi verb replace. wotuwotu yz- znsä noun [fem] work. inzrakwr bänema kwarsirmth. ‘He znsäznsä noun [fem] office work, book replaced the fencing sticks be- work. cause they burned.’ znzrf noun [masc] lake grunter. ⋄ Variichthys zirkn property noun persistence, in- lacustris sistence. zirknzo rä. ‘She is just stubborn. / She is just in- sisting.’ zirthé adjective wet. ziru noun coconut shoot (when opened, even later when is has dried and fallen on the ground). zisé property noun strong, painful. zithzith property noun slipping, slip- znzrf . Z 89 zokwasi noun [fem] language, speech, zras noun [masc] grass type. ⋄ Cyperus words. sp zon noun [masc] plant type, legume. Note: This plant is dried and ⋄ Canavalia sp used for weaving a mat. Some- Note: medical use: liquid from times the leaves are used instead shoots is eaten against pain. of a mat. zöbthé ebar noun [flex] first born zrfa locational in front of. nzone child. ausi fäth fi zba zrfa zwanmnzrm. zödma proper noun people from the ‘My wife was sitting here in front.’ East. mnz zrfa mni Narsirm. ‘The Note: This word usually refers fire was burning in front of the to people from Bebdbn, Bimadbn house.’ and further East. zrin zöfäthak proper noun place name. (1) noun [fem] problem, burden. bone zök noun [fem] broad-snouted cat- zrin rä. ‘It is your problem.’ fish. ⋄ Potamosilurus latirostris (2) property noun heaviness, heavy. wämne zrinthé yé. ‘The tree is zöt noun [masc] tree type. ⋄ Grewia heavy.’ sp (3) verb [no infinitive] carry. fitot Note: This tree is used to make yzänzé. ‘I carry the yamstick’ grass skirts. nima sfyako sugar zrinr ‘He went zöt Nad noun [masc] rope. away to carry/bring the sugar’ Note: A thin rope made out of zrminz noun [masc] roots (tooth + inner bark of the zöt tree. vine). zr noun [masc] tooth. zrthé adjective sharp. zr dmgu noun [masc] bee type, live zrwar noun [fem] turtle (ocean). in very small holes in trees. zrzü noun [masc] knee. zr kam ufaf noun [masc] roof beam. zthé noun [masc] penis. zuaku noun zr kuku noun [fem] overhanging roof (1) [flex] widow, widower, orphan. extension of a house. (2) [fem] mourning costume for women. Note: this is usually found on one end of a yam storage house. people like to sit and sleep un- derneath the zr kuku. zr sam noun [fem] saliva, spit. zra noun [fem] swamp, billabong.

zra 90

yfö rä. ‘It is a deep hole.’ züben Nabrüzr ‘He dives to the deep.’ zübraksi (1) positional verb be closed. nafane si ezübthgr. ‘His eyes are closed.’ (2) middle verb close eyes, pray. (3) noun [fem] prayer, church ser- vice. züfi noun [masc] wasp type of in- sect. züm noun [masc] centipede. zünizüni property noun shock, sur- zuaku prise. nze zünizüni thufathwé. ‘I was shocked, surprised.’ zuwezuwe noun [fem] Blue-faced Hon- Note: fixed expression for get- eyeater. ⋄ Entomyzon cyanotis ting shocked zünizüni fathasi lit. “hold the zünizüni” zünzri property noun shock, surprise.

zünzsi middle verb whimper, cry qui- etly. Nare Nazünzr nafafis kwarkaneme. ‘The woman is crying because of her late husband.’ zürb noun [masc] tree type, corn- beefwood. ⋄ Barringtonia sp zuwe zuwe Note: medical use: leafes are put on wounds. zürn noun [fem] smoke. zuyak zürsi transitive verb crack with teeth. (1) noun [masc] python type. Note: This python’s skin is partly zürt property noun dry. yellow and blue with some white zwäf property noun warm, luke-warm. spots. (2) noun [masc] tree type, glue tree. zwärn noun [masc] plant type. ⋄ Choriceras ⋄ Rhodania sp sp Note: The inner bark is bright Note: This plant is used for yam- red. This part is used a glue sticks. for drumskins. It is mixed with zwäsi also: rzwäsi saliva by chewing on it. (1) verb gossip, talk about. naf kabe zuzi noun fishing. yazwänzr. ‘He gossips about him.’ zuzi Nad noun [fem] fishing line. (2) verb make plans. fam wäzäne zuzi zr noun [fem] fishing hook. fiyafr. ‘We make plans for go- züb property noun depth, deep. züb ing hunting.’ yfö rä. ‘It is a deep hole.’ zübthé . Z 91 zzar noun [fem] fish net. zzarfa also: zarfazarfa noun [masc] plant type, ginger. Note: This plants is eaten against bad coughs or a blocked nose. It is also part of rain making zzre zzre magic

zzarfa

see: wayafü zzin noun [masc] campbell’s tiger- perch. ⋄ Datnioides campbelli

zzin

zzuaku noun [masc] fly river anchovy. ⋄ Thryssa rastrosa Note: The bones resemble a woman’s mourning costume (zuaku). see: mafar zzarzzar noun [fem] spiderweb. Note: resembles a fishing net see: zzar zzrezzre noun [fem] Willy Wagtail.