DOCSLIB.ORG

The Nigerian Energy Sector an Overview with a Special Emphasis on Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency and Rural Electrification

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Nigerian Energy Sector an Overview with a Special Emphasis on Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency and Rural Electrification European Union Nigerian Energy Support Programme (NESP) The Nigerian Energy Sector An Overview with a Special Emphasis on Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency and Rural Electrification 2nd Edition, June 2015 Implemented by 2 Acknowledgements This report on the Nigerian energy sector was compiled as part of the Nigerian Energy Support Programme (NESP). NESP is implemented by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH and fund- ed by the European Union and the German Federal Min- istry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). The authors would like to thank the GIZ Nigeria team for having entrusted this highly relevant subject to GOPA- International Energy Consultants GmbH, and for their extensive and dedicated inputs and guidance provided during implementation. The authors express their grati- tude to all project partners who provided particularly val- uable and interesting insights into ongoing activities dur- ing the course of the project. It was a real pleasure and a great help to exchange ideas and learn from highly expe- rienced management and staff and committed represent- atives of this programme. How to Read Citations Bibliography is cited by [Author; Year]. Where no author could be identified, we used the name of the institution. The Bibliography is listed in Chapter 10. Websites (internet links) are cited with a consecutive numbering system [1], [2], etc. The Websites are listed in Chapter 11. 3 Imprint Published by: Maps: Deutsche Gesellschaft für The geographical maps are for informational purposes Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH only and do not constitute recognition of international boundaries or regions; GIZ makes no claims concerning Nigerian Energy Support Programme (NESP) the validity, accuracy or completeness of the maps nor 2 Dr Clement Isong Street, Asokoro does it assume any liability resulting from the use of the Abuja / Nigeria information therein. Contact: Daniel Werner ([email protected]) Phone: + 234 8057601986 Layout: FINE GERMAN DESIGN, Frankfurt / Main Federal Ministry of Power Federal Secretariat Complex Shehu Shagari Way, Maitama Abuja / Nigeria Contact: Engr. Faruk Yusuf Yabo ([email protected]) The first edition of this publication was funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ); the second edition is funded by BMZ and the European Union. Authors / Editors etc.: GOPA-International Energy Consultants GmbH Justus-von-Liebig-Str. 1, 61352 Bad Homburg v.d.H. Germany www.gopa-intec.de Karsten Ley Dr. Jeremy Gaines Anil Ghatikar This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. 4 Table of Contents Page 1. Executive Summary 15 2. Introduction to Nigeria 18 2.1 Geography, Climate and Political Situation 18 2.1.1 Geography 18 2.1.2 Climate 19 2.1.3 Political Situation 19 2.2 Demography 20 2.3 Economy 21 2.4 Regional Context 22 3. The Nigerian Energy Sector 24 3.1 Energy Resources 24 3.2 Primary Energy Supply 25 3.3 Energy Consumption 27 3.4 Electricity Market Development 29 3.5 Electricity Generation 31 3.5.1 Grid-connected Power Generation 33 3.5.2 Off-grid Power Generation 36 3.6 Electricity Consumption and Demand 37 3.6.1 Electricity Consumption 37 3.6.2 Electricity Demand 39 3.7 Electrification 41 3.8 Energy Prices 43 3.8.1 Fuel Prices 43 3.8.2 On-Grid Electricity Prices 44 3.8.3 Off-Grid Electricity Prices 45 3.9 Transmission and Distribution Sector 46 3.9.1 Transmission 46 3.9.2 Distribution 49 4. Energy Market – Stakeholders and Roles 50 4.1 National Public Institutions 50 4.1.1 Federal Ministry of Power 50 4.1.1.1 Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC) 51 4.1.1.2 Rural Electrification Agency of Nigeria (REA) 51 4.1.1.3 Electricity Management Services Limited (EMSL) of Nigeria 52 4.1.1.4 National Power Training Institute of Nigeria (NAPTIN) 52 5 4.1.2 Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) 52 4.1.3 Federal Ministry of Science and Technology (FMST) 52 4.1.3.1 Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN) 53 4.1.3.2 National Agency for Science and Engineering Infrastructure (NASENI) 53 4.1.4 Federal Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development (FMLHUD) 53 4.1.5 Federal Ministry of Water Resources (FMWR) 54 4.1.6 Federal Ministry of Industry, Trade and Investment (FMITI) 54 4.1.6.1 Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON) 54 4.1.7 Nigerian Bulk Electricity Trading Plc (NBET) 54 4.1.8 Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) 55 4.1.9 Presidential Task Force on Power (PTFP) 56 4.1.10 Nigerian Governor’s Forum (NGF) 56 4.2 Role and Functions of States and Local Governments 56 4.3 Market Players in Generation, Transmission and Distribution 57 4.3.1 Generation Companies 58 4.3.2 Transmission Company of Nigeria 60 4.3.3 Distribution Companies 60 4.4 Other Non-Governmental Stakeholders 61 4.4.1 Council for Renewable Energy in Nigeria (CREN) 61 4.4.2 Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN) 61 4.4.3 Nigerian Society for Engineers (NSE) 61 4.4.4 Green Building Council of Nigeria (GBCN) 61 4.4.5 Nigerian Institute of Architects (NIA) 61 4.4.6 Nigerian Institute of Building (NIOB) 61 5. Energy Policy 62 5.1 Fuel Market Policy and Strategy 62 5.2 Electricity Market Policy and Strategy 63 5.2.1 Introduction 63 5.2.2 Major Programmes and Initiatives, Policy Mix 64 5.3 Climate Change Policy and Strategy 65 5.4 Milestones in National Energy Policy and Laws 66 5.4.1 National Electric Power Policy (NEPP), 2001 67 5.4.2 National Energy Policy (NEP), 2003 67 5.4.3 National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS), 2004 68 5.4.4 National Power Sector Reform Act (EPSRA), 2005 68 5.4.5 Renewable Electricity Policy Guidelines (REPG), 2006 69 5.4.6 Renewable Electricity Action Programme (REAP), 2006 70 5.4.7 National Biofuel Policy and Incentives (2007) 70 5.4.8 Roadmap for Power Sector Reform, 2010 and 2013 (Update) 71 6 5.4.9 Vision 20:2020, 2010 72 5.4.10 Renewable Energy Master Plan, 2005 and 2012 (Update) 75 5.4.11 National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy (NREEEP), 2015 75 5.4.12 Multi-Year Tariff Order (MYTO) 76 5.4.13 Draft Rural Electrification Strategy and Plan (RESP), 2015 77 5.5 Key Electricity Market Regulations 77 5.5.1 Transmission, Distribution and Metering Codes 77 5.5.1.1 Transmission Code 77 5.5.1.2 Distribution Code 78 5.5.1.3 Metering Code 79 5.5.2 Embedded Generation Regulations, 2012 79 5.5.3 Regulations for Independent Electricity Distribution Networks (IEDN), 2012 79 5.5.4 Regulations for the Procurement of Generation Capacity, 2014 80 5.5.5 Regulations on National Content Development, 2014 80 6. On-Grid Renewable Energy 81 6.1 On-grid Renewable Energy Market 81 6.1.1 The Potentials 81 6.1.1.1 Bioenergy / Biomass / Biofuel 82 6.1.1.2 Hydropower 84 6.1.1.3 Solar Energy 85 6.1.1.4 Wind Energy 87 6.1.1.5 Other Resources 88 6.1.2 Existing and Planned Renewable Energy Projects 89 6.1.2.1 NERC Licensees 89 6.1.2.2 Projects of the Federal Ministry of Environment 90 6.1.2.3 Projects of the Federal Ministry of Power 90 6.1.2.4 Projects of the Federal Ministry of Water Resources (FMWR) 91 6.2 Renewable Energy Stakeholders 92 6.2.1 Public Authorities 92 6.2.2 Non-governmental Players 94 6.2.3 Foreign Development Cooperation Organisations 94 6.2.4 Key Players in Research, Capacity Development and Training 95 6.3 Renewable Energy Policies and Regulations 95 6.4 Renewable Energy Support Mechanisms, existing and planned 97 6.4.1 Financing from Development and Private Banks 97 6.4.2 Tax Incentives 98 6.4.3 Current Financial Support Mechanisms – Combination of Unsolicited Bids and Feed-In Tariff Guidelines 98 6.4.4 Planned Financial Support Mechanisms 99 7 6.5 From Project to Realisation: Renewable IPPs - The Current Process 99 6.5.1 NERC - Generation Licence 99 6.5.2 NBET - Power Purchase Agreement 101 6.5.3 Embedded Generation 101 6.5.4 Challenges 102 6.6 Conclusions: Renewable Energy 102 7. Energy Efficiency 104 7.1 Energy Efficiency Market 104 7.1.1 Existing Energy Efficiency Projects 105 7.1.2 Planned Energy Efficiency Projects 106 7.2 Energy Efficiency: Power Generation 107 7.2.1 Efficiency of On-Grid Generation, Transmission and Distribution 107 7.2.2 Genset-Based Generation 107 7.3 Energy Efficiency: Consumption 108 7.4 Energy Efficiency Stakeholders 112 7.4.1 Public Authorities 112 7.4.2 Additional Energy Efficiency Stakeholders 112 7.4.3 International Organisations 114 7.5 Energy Efficiency Policy and Strategy 114 7.5.1 National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy 114 7.5.2 Draft ationalN Energy Efficiency Policy for Nigeria 115 7.5.3 Standards and Labelling 116 7.6 Energy Efficiency Support Mechanisms 116 7.6.1 Price Incentives 116 7.6.2 Tax Relief 116 7.6.3 Financing Mechanisms / Opportunities 116 7.7 Conclusions 116 8. Rural Electrification, Including Off-Grid Renewable Energy 118 8.1 Rural Electrification Market 118 8.1.1 Renewable Energy and Rural Electrification Potentials 120 8.1.2 Existing Rural Electrification Projects 122 8.1.3 Planned Rural Electrification Projects 123 8.2 Rural Electrification Stakeholders 123 8.2.1 Public Authorities and Their Roles 123 8.2.2 Rural Electrification Market Players 125 8.3 Rural Electrification Policy and Strategy 125 8.3.1 Draft Rural Electrification Strategy and Plan (RESP) 125 8.3.2 Tariffs 126 8.3.3 Further Policy Documents 127 8 8.4 Rural Electrification Support Mechanisms and Price Incentives 127 8.5 Conclusions 128 9.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • NIMC FRONT-END PARTNERS' ENROLMENT CENTRES (Ercs) - AS at 15TH MAY, 2021
    NIMC FRONT-END PARTNERS' ENROLMENT CENTRES (ERCs) - AS AT 15TH MAY, 2021 For other NIMC enrolment centres, visit: https://nimc.gov.ng/nimc-enrolment-centres/ S/N FRONTEND PARTNER CENTER NODE COUNT 1 AA & MM MASTER FLAG ENT LA-AA AND MM MATSERFLAG AGBABIAKA STR ILOGBO EREMI BADAGRY ERC 1 LA-AA AND MM MATSERFLAG AGUMO MARKET OKOAFO BADAGRY ERC 0 OG-AA AND MM MATSERFLAG BAALE COMPOUND KOFEDOTI LGA ERC 0 2 Abuchi Ed.Ogbuju & Co AB-ABUCHI-ED ST MICHAEL RD ABA ABIA ERC 2 AN-ABUCHI-ED BUILDING MATERIAL OGIDI ERC 2 AN-ABUCHI-ED OGBUJU ZIK AVENUE AWKA ANAMBRA ERC 1 EB-ABUCHI-ED ENUGU BABAKALIKI EXP WAY ISIEKE ERC 0 EN-ABUCHI-ED UDUMA TOWN ANINRI LGA ERC 0 IM-ABUCHI-ED MBAKWE SQUARE ISIOKPO IDEATO NORTH ERC 1 IM-ABUCHI-ED UGBA AFOR OBOHIA RD AHIAZU MBAISE ERC 1 IM-ABUCHI-ED UGBA AMAIFEKE TOWN ORLU LGA ERC 1 IM-ABUCHI-ED UMUNEKE NGOR NGOR OKPALA ERC 0 3 Access Bank Plc DT-ACCESS BANK WARRI SAPELE RD ERC 0 EN-ACCESS BANK GARDEN AVENUE ENUGU ERC 0 FC-ACCESS BANK ADETOKUNBO ADEMOLA WUSE II ERC 0 FC-ACCESS BANK LADOKE AKINTOLA BOULEVARD GARKI II ABUJA ERC 1 FC-ACCESS BANK MOHAMMED BUHARI WAY CBD ERC 0 IM-ACCESS BANK WAAST AVENUE IKENEGBU LAYOUT OWERRI ERC 0 KD-ACCESS BANK KACHIA RD KADUNA ERC 1 KN-ACCESS BANK MURTALA MOHAMMED WAY KANO ERC 1 LA-ACCESS BANK ACCESS TOWERS PRINCE ALABA ONIRU STR ERC 1 LA-ACCESS BANK ADEOLA ODEKU STREET VI LAGOS ERC 1 LA-ACCESS BANK ADETOKUNBO ADEMOLA STR VI ERC 1 LA-ACCESS BANK IKOTUN JUNCTION IKOTUN LAGOS ERC 1 LA-ACCESS BANK ITIRE LAWANSON RD SURULERE LAGOS ERC 1 LA-ACCESS BANK LAGOS ABEOKUTA EXP WAY AGEGE ERC 1 LA-ACCESS
    [Show full text]
  • P E E L C H R Is T Ian It Y , Is L a M , an D O R Isa R E Lig Io N
    PEEL | CHRISTIANITY, ISLAM, AND ORISA RELIGION Luminos is the open access monograph publishing program from UC Press. Luminos provides a framework for preserving and rein- vigorating monograph publishing for the future and increases the reach and visibility of important scholarly work. Titles published in the UC Press Luminos model are published with the same high standards for selection, peer review, production, and marketing as those in our traditional program. www.luminosoa.org Christianity, Islam, and Orisa Religion THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF CHRISTIANITY Edited by Joel Robbins 1. Christian Moderns: Freedom and Fetish in the Mission Encounter, by Webb Keane 2. A Problem of Presence: Beyond Scripture in an African Church, by Matthew Engelke 3. Reason to Believe: Cultural Agency in Latin American Evangelicalism, by David Smilde 4. Chanting Down the New Jerusalem: Calypso, Christianity, and Capitalism in the Caribbean, by Francio Guadeloupe 5. In God’s Image: The Metaculture of Fijian Christianity, by Matt Tomlinson 6. Converting Words: Maya in the Age of the Cross, by William F. Hanks 7. City of God: Christian Citizenship in Postwar Guatemala, by Kevin O’Neill 8. Death in a Church of Life: Moral Passion during Botswana’s Time of AIDS, by Frederick Klaits 9. Eastern Christians in Anthropological Perspective, edited by Chris Hann and Hermann Goltz 10. Studying Global Pentecostalism: Theories and Methods, by Allan Anderson, Michael Bergunder, Andre Droogers, and Cornelis van der Laan 11. Holy Hustlers, Schism, and Prophecy: Apostolic Reformation in Botswana, by Richard Werbner 12. Moral Ambition: Mobilization and Social Outreach in Evangelical Megachurches, by Omri Elisha 13. Spirits of Protestantism: Medicine, Healing, and Liberal Christianity, by Pamela E.
    [Show full text]
  • Inequality and Development in Nigeria Inequality and Development in Nigeria
    INEQUALITY AND DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA INEQUALITY AND DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA Edited by Henry Bienen and V. P. Diejomaoh HOLMES & MEIER PUBLISHERS, INC' NEWv YORK 0 LONDON First published in the United States of America 1981 by Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc. 30 Irving Place New York, N.Y. 10003 Great Britain: Holmes & Meier Publishers, Ltd. 131 Trafalgar Road Greenwich, London SE 10 9TX Copyright 0 1981 by Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc. ALL RIGIITS RESERVIED LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA Political economy of income distribution in Nigeria. Selections. Inequality and development in Nigeria. "'Chapters... selected from The Political economy of income distribution in Nigeria."-Pref. Includes index. I. Income distribution-Nigeria-Addresses, essays, lectures. 2. Nigeria- Economic conditions- Addresses. essays, lectures. 3. Nigeria-Social conditions- Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Bienen. Henry. II. Die­ jomaoh. Victor P., 1940- III. Title. IV. Series. HC1055.Z91516 1981 339.2'09669 81-4145 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA ISBN 0-8419-0710-2 AACR2 MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Contents Page Preface vii I. Introduction 2. Development in Nigeria: An Overview 17 Douglas Riummer 3. The Structure of Income Inequality in Nigeria: A Macro Analysis 77 V. P. Diejomaoli and E. C. Anusion wu 4. The Politics of Income Distribution: Institutions, Class, and Ethnicity 115 Henri' Bienen 5. Spatial Aspects of Urbanization and Effects on the Distribution of Income in Nigeria 161 Bola A veni 6. Aspects of Income Distribution in the Nigerian Urban Sector 193 Olufemi Fajana 7. Income Distribution in the Rural Sector 237 0. 0. Ladipo and A.
    [Show full text]
  • About Major Oil Marketers Association of Nigeria
    December 2018 | Issue 01 About Major Oil Marketers Association of Nigeria Major Oil Marketers Association of Nigeria is the Nigerian energy consumer by partnership a downstream oil & gas industry group made with stakeholders including government and up of: 11Plc (formerly Mobil), Conoil Plc, Forte industry regulators. Oil Plc, MRS Oil Nigeria Plc, OVH Energy Marketing Limited and Total Nigeria Plc. On June 12th 2018 MOMAN announced the The Association is committed to help drive retirement of the former Executive Secretary, best practices and create the right policy Mr. Thomas Obafemi Olawore after 17 years environment for the achievement of market of service, and the appointment of the new objectives and the delivery of optimal value to Executive Secretary, Mr. Clement Isong. Inside this issue • New MOMAN • Safety Moments • Professional Profile Feature MOMAN is an acronym for Major Oil Marketers Association of Nigeria. It consists of 6 member companies. The New MOMAN Since its inception, MOMAN has progressively partnership with MDAs such as NNPC, PPMC, DPR, gained a solid and enviable reputation in PPPRA, FRSC, etc., through several programs, to the Nigerian Petroleum industry. MOMAN develop and promote HSEQ standards in the began in the early 2000’s as ‘CORDINATION’. industry, drive business efficiencies, identify The lack of investment in the country’s logistics opportunities and lead the industry in infrastructure, the quality of the distribution raising and meeting international standards and network, the changes in international make meaningful contributions to the society. A petroleum economics, or simply the inability few of which are stated below: to keep abreast with HSEQ developments in other parts of the world, (including • Engagement with PTD and transporters other African countries) have plagued the (through a taskforce set up by the Federal Government), to ensure the use of trucks Nigerian petroleum industry, resulting in an holding bays, thereby freeing the access unsustainable business model.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrating Renewable Energy Into Nigeria's Energy
    Master’s Thesis 2017 30 ECTS Faculty of Landscape and Society Department of International Environment and Development Studies Integrating Renewable Energy into Nigeria’s Energy Mix: Implications for Nigeria’s Energy Security Obideyi Oluwatoni International Development Studies The Department of International Environmental and Development Studies, Noragric, is the international gateway for the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU). Established in 1986, Noragric’s contribution to international development lies in the interface between research, education (Bachelor, Master and PhD programmes) and assignments The Noragric Master theses are the final theses submitted by students in order to fulfil the requirements under the Noragric Master programme “International Environmental Studies”, “International Development Studies” and “International relations”. The findings in this thesis do not necessarily reflect the views of Noragric. Extracts from this publication may only be reproduced after prior consultation with the author and on the condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation contact Noragric © Oluwatoni Onyeka obideyi, August 2017 [email protected] Noragric Department of Internationl Environmental and Development Studies Faculty of Lnadscape and Scoiety P.O. Box 5003 N- 1432 Ås Norway Tel.: +47 67 23 00 00 Internet: https://www.nmbu.no/fakultet/landsam/institutt/noragric i DECLARATION I, Oluwatoni Onyeka Obideyi, declare that this thesis is a result of my research investigations and findings. Sources of information other than my own have been acknowledged and a reference list appended. This work has not been previously submitted to any other university for award of any type of academic degree. Signature……………………………… Date……………………………………. ii Dedicated to my mother- Florence Ngozi Bolarinwa of blessed memory.
    [Show full text]
  • Nigerian Nationalism: a Case Study in Southern Nigeria, 1885-1939
    Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1972 Nigerian nationalism: a case study in southern Nigeria, 1885-1939 Bassey Edet Ekong Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the African Studies Commons, and the International Relations Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Ekong, Bassey Edet, "Nigerian nationalism: a case study in southern Nigeria, 1885-1939" (1972). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 956. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.956 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. AN ABSTRACT OF' THE 'I'HESIS OF Bassey Edet Skc1::lg for the Master of Arts in History prt:;~'entE!o. 'May l8~ 1972. Title: Nigerian Nationalism: A Case Study In Southern Nigeria 1885-1939. APPROVED BY MEMBERS OF THE THESIS COMMITIIEE: ranklln G. West Modern Nigeria is a creation of the Britiahl who be­ cause of economio interest, ignored the existing political, racial, historical, religious and language differences. Tbe task of developing a concept of nationalism from among suoh diverse elements who inhabit Nigeria and speak about 280 tribal languages was immense if not impossible. The tra.ditionalists did their best in opposing the Brltlsh who took away their privileges and traditional rl;hts, but tbeir policy did not countenance nationalism. The rise and growth of nationalism wa3 only po~ sible tbrough educs,ted Africans.
    [Show full text]
  • Legislative Control of the Executive in Nigeria Under the Second Republic
    04, 03 01 AWO 593~ By AWOTOKUN, ADEKUNLE MESHACK B.A. (HONS) (ABU) M.Sc. (!BADAN) Thesis submitted to the Department of Public Administration Faculty of Administration in Partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of --~~·---------.---·-.......... , Progrnmme c:~ Petites Subventions ARRIVEE - · Enregistré sous lo no l ~ 1 ()ate :. Il fi&~t. JWi~ DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PUBLIC ADMIJISTRATION) Obafemi Awolowo University, CE\/ 1993 1le-Ife, Nigeria. 2 3 r • CODESRIA-LIBRARY 1991. CERTIFICATION 1 hereby certify that this thesis was prepared by AWOTOKUN, ADEKUNLE MESHACK under my supervision. __ _I }J /J1,, --- Date CODESRIA-LIBRARY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A work such as this could not have been completed without the support of numerous individuals and institutions. 1 therefore wish to place on record my indebtedness to them. First, 1 owe Professer Ladipo Adamolekun a debt of gratitude, as the persan who encouraged me to work on Legislative contrai of the Executive. He agreed to supervise the preparation of the thesis and he did until he retired from the University. Professor Adamolekun's wealth of academic experience ·has no doubt sharpened my outlciok and served as a source of inspiration to me. 1 am also very grateful to Professor Dele Olowu (the Acting Head of Department) under whose intellectual guidance I developed part of the proposai which culminated ·in the final production qf .this work. My pupilage under him i though short was memorable and inspiring. He has also gone through the entire draft and his comments and criticisms, no doubt have improved the quality of the thesis. Perhaps more than anyone else, the Almighty God has used my indefatigable superviser Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Obi Patience Igwara ETHNICITY, NATIONALISM and NATION
    Obi Patience Igwara ETHNICITY, NATIONALISM AND NATION-BUILDING IN NIGERIA, 1970-1992 Submitted for examination for the degree of Ph.D. London School of Economics and Political Science University of London 1993 UMI Number: U615538 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615538 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 V - x \ - 1^0 r La 2 ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the relationship between ethnicity and nation-building and nationalism in Nigeria. It is argued that ethnicity is not necessarily incompatible with nationalism and nation-building. Ethnicity and nationalism both play a role in nation-state formation. They are each functional to political stability and, therefore, to civil peace and to the ability of individual Nigerians to pursue their non-political goals. Ethnicity is functional to political stability because it provides the basis for political socialization and for popular allegiance to political actors. It provides the framework within which patronage is institutionalized and related to traditional forms of welfare within a state which is itself unable to provide such benefits to its subjects.
    [Show full text]
  • December 12, 2014 Federal Election Commission 999 E
    December 12, 2014 Federal Election Commission 999 E Street NW Washington, DC 20463 Re: Petition for Rulemaking from Level the Playing Field to Revise and Amend 11 C.F.R. § 110.13(c) To the members of the Federal Election Commission, This comment is submitted by Professors Larry Diamond and David King. Professor Diamond is Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University, and founding co-editor of the Journal of Democracy. Professor Diamond teaches political science and sociology at Stanford and is Director of the Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law (CDDRL), within the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. A copy of Professor Diamond’s curriculum vitae is attached as Exhibit A. Professor King is Senior Lecturer in Public Policy and Faculty Chair of the Masters in Public Administration programs at The Harvard Kennedy School. Professor King chairs Harvard’s Bi-Partisan Program for Newly Elected Members of the U.S. Congress, and he directs the Executive Program for Senior Executives in State and Local Government. A copy of Professor King’s curriculum vitae is attached as Exhibit B. We write in support of Level the Playing Field’s petition for rulemaking (“Petition”) seeking to preclude sponsors of general election presidential and vice presidential debates from requiring that a candidate meet a polling threshold in order to be included in the debate. The use of polling to determine debate access ensures that third-party and independent candidates will almost always be excluded from the debates. Not even Ross Perot, the most successful third- party presidential candidate in the last century, would have qualified for the debates in 1992 under the polling threshold currently in place.1 Given the significance of the presidential debates to our democracy, and to the outcome of our presidential elections, this exclusionary use of polling thresholds is untenable.
    [Show full text]
  • American Energy the Renewable Path to Energy Security
    American Energy The Renewable Path to Energy Security Worldwatch Institute Center for American Progress Worldwatch Institute The Worldwatch Institute is an independent research organization that focuses on innovative solutions to global environmental, resource, and economic issues. The Institute’s State of the World report has been published in 36 languages and is read annually by prime ministers, CEOs, and thousands of university students. Founded in 1974, Worldwatch’s current priorities include transforming the world’s energy and agricultural systems to better meet human needs and protect the environment, as well as the broader challenge of building a sustainable global economy. Worldwatch Institute 1776 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, DC 20036 202-452-1999 www.worldwatch.org Center for American Progress The Center for American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute dedicated to promoting a strong, just, and free America that ensures opportunity for all. We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to these values and we aspire to ensure our national policies reflect these values. We work to find progressive and pragmatic solutions to significant domestic and international problems and develop policy proposals that foster a government that is “of the people, by the people, and for the people.” Center for American Progress 1333 H Street, NW, 10th Floor Washington, DC 20005 202-682-1611 www.americanprogress.org Copyright © by Worldwatch Institute All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. September 2006 This report is printed on recycled paper. Cover photo credits: front, NREL; back, clockwise from top right: Christophe Libert, stock.xchng; João Estêvão A.
    [Show full text]
  • Hospital Cash Approved Providers List
    HOSPITAL CASH APPROVED PROVIDERS LIST S/N PROVIDER NAME ADDRESS REGION STATE 1 Life care clinics Ltd 8, Ezinkwu Street Aba, Aba Abia 2 New Era Hospital 213/215 Azikiwe Road, Aba Aba Abia 3 J-Medicare Hospital 73, Bonny Street, Umuahia By Enugu Road Umuahia Abia 4 New Era Hospital 90B Orji River Road, Umuahia Umuahia Abia 10,Mobolaji Johnson street,Apo Quarters,Zone Abuja Abuja 5 Rouz Hospital & Maternity D,2nd Gate,Gudu District 6 Sisters of Nativity Hospital Phase 1, Jikwoyi, abuja municipal Area Council Abuja Abuja 7 Royal Lords Hospital, Clinics & Maternity Ltd Plot 107, Zone 4, Dutse Alhaji, Abuja Dutse Alhaji Abuja 8 Adonai Hospital 3, Adonai Close, Mararaba, Garki Garki Abuja Plot 202, Bacita Close, Off Plateau Street, Area 2 , Garki Abuja 9 Dara Clinics Garki FHA Lugbe FHA Estate, Lugbe, Abuja Lugbe Abuja 10 PAAFAG Hospital & Medical Diagnosis Centre 11 Central Hospital, Masaka Masaka Masaka Abuja 12 Pan Raf Hospital Limited Nyanya Phase 4 Nyanya Abuja Ahoada Close, By Nta Headquarters, Besides Uba, Abuja Abuja 13 Kinetic Hospital Area 11 14 Lona City Care Hospital 48, Transport Abuja Abuja Plot 145, Kutunku, Near Radio House, Gwagwalada Abuja 15 Jerab Hospital Gwagwalada 16 Paakag Hospital & Medical Diagnosis Centre Fha Lugbe, Fha Estate, Lugbe, Abuja Lugbe Abuja 17 May Day Hospital 1, Mayday Hospital Street, Mararaba, Abuja Mararaba Abuja 18 Suzan Memorial Hospital Uphill Suleja, Near Suleja Club, Gra, Suleja Suleja Abuja 64, Moses Majekodunmi Crescent,Utako, Abuja Utako Abuja 19 Life Point Medical Centre 7, Sirasso Close, Off Sirasso Crescent, Zone 7, Wuse Abuja 20 Health Gate Hospital Wuse.
    [Show full text]
  • Problems and Strategies for Private Sector Development in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
    Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa (Volume 13, No.8, 2011) ISSN: 1520-5509 Clarion University of Pennsylvania, Clarion, Pennsylvania PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES FOR PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT IN AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA Godwin A. Akpan and Enoidem B. Usoro Department of Vocational Education, University of Uyo, Nigeria Anietie E. Akpan Department of Business Education, Akwa Ibom State College of Education, Afaha Nsit, Nigeria ABSTRACT Akwa Ibom State – Nigeria’s leading oil bearing state – is populated with over four million people, 72 per cent of whom live below the poverty line. The state which is the 7th poorest nationwide, and the poorest in the South-South region of the country is usually referred to as a civil service state due to the absence of industrial activities in the area. Most salary earners in the state are employed in the civil service. This study was carried out to determine the causes of the underdevelopment of entrepreneurship in the state, as well as strategies that can be employed to stimulate private sector activities. Two hundred indigenous entrepreneurs were included in the study which took a survey design. Data were collected with the use of a questionnaire. The findings of the study show that inadequate capital, lack of experience, non- cooperation among entrepreneurs, and inadequate governmental support were the major causes of the underdevelopment of the private sector in the state. It was recommended that a special business enhancement agency to fast-track private sector development in the state should be established by the government. Keywords: Economic development strategies, Infrastructural development, Private sector, Development, Indigenous entrepreneurs BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Economic development policies in Nigeria up to 1986 favoured the expansion of the public sector more than the private sector.
    [Show full text]