DOCSLIB.ORG

Energy Technologies for Developing Countries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Energy Technologies for Developing Countries Fueling Development: Energy Technologies for Developing Countries April 1992 OTA-E-516 NTIS order #PB92-169259 GPO stock #052-003-01279-1 Recommended Citation: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Fueling Development: Energy Technolo- gies for Developing Countries, OTA-E-516 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, April 1992). ii Foreword This report examines the delivery of energy services in developing countries and how the United States can help to improve these energy services while minimizing environmental impacts, OTA examines the technologies and policies that will enable more efficient use of energy and the most promising new sources of energy supply. This assessment was requested by the Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs; the House Committee on Energy and Commerce and its Subcommittee on Energy and Power; the Subcommittees on Human Rights and International Organizations and on Africa of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs; the Subcommittee on International Development, Finance, Trade, and Monetary Policy of the House Banking Committee; and individual members of the Senate Committee on Environ- ment and Public Works, the House Select Committee on Hunger, and the Congressional Competitiveness Caucus. Such extensive congressional interest is certainly warranted. American economic, political, and environmental self-interest lies in developing healthy relationships with these present and potential trading partners and allies. Furthermore, the developing world will require our close attention for decades to come. Based on present trends, 90 percent of the expected world population growth over the next 30 years will occur in the countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America, bringing their population to almost 7 billion. Energy will play an indispensable role in raising the economic status of these people. This report builds on the analysis presented in the interim report of this assessment, Energy in Developing Countries, which OTA published in 1991. The assessment, as a whole, takes abroad look at energy options and opportunities in the many countries of the developing world. It finds that there are many valuable lessons that developing countries can learn from the prior experiences of the United States and other industrial countries. In the course of this assessment, OTA drew on the experience of many organizations and individuals. In particular, we appreciate the generous assistance of our distinguished advisory panel and workshop participants, as well as the efforts of the project’s contractors. We would also like to acknowledge the help of the many reviewers who gave their time to ensure the accuracy and comprehensiveness of this report. To all of the above goes the gratitude of OTA, and the personal thanks of the staff. JOHN H. GIBBONS u Director ,,, Ill Advisory Panel—Energy, Technology, and the Environment in Developing Countries Harry G. Barnes, Jr., Chairman Critical Languages and Area Studies Consortium Irma Adelman D. Louis Peoples Department of Economics Hagler-Bailly, Inc. University of California, Berkeley Gabriel Sanchez-Sierra Jeffrey Anderson Latin-American Energy Organization (OLADE) Institute of International Finance Kirk R. Smith Edward S. Ayensu Environment and Policy Institute Pan-African Union for Science and Technology East-West Center Gerald Barnes Irving Snyder General Motors Dow Chemical Co. Mohamed T. El-Ashry Thomas B. Steel, Jr. World Bank Private Consultant Washington, DC Eric Helland-Hansen United Nations Development Programme Jack W. Wilkinson Sun Refining and Marketing Co. Carl N. Hodges Environmental Research Laboratory Robert H. Williams University of Arizona Center for Energy and Environmental Studies Princeton University Donald Jest Sun Refining and Marketing Co. Lu Yingzhong Professional Analysis Inc. (PAI) Amory Lovins Rocky Mountain Institute Montague Yudelman World Wildlife Fund and The Conservation Mohan Munasinghe Foundation World Bank Eugene W. Zeltmann Henry Norman General Electric Volunteers in Technical Assistance Observer Waafas Ofosu-Amaah WorldWIDE Network David Jhirad Office of Energy, United States Agency for R.K. Pachauri International Development Tata Energy Research Institute NOTE: OTA appreciates and is grateful for the valuable assistance and thoughtful critiques provided by the advisory panel members. The panel does not, however, necessarily approve, disapprove, or endorse this report. OTA assumes full responsibility for the report and theaccumcy of its contents. iv OTA Project Staff for Fueling Development Lionel S. Johns, Assistant Director, OTA Energy, Materials, and International Security Division Peter D. Blair, Energy and Materials Program Manager Project Staff Joy Dunkerley, Project Director Samuel F. Baldwin, Assistant Project Director Paul S. Komor, Analyst Sharon Burke, Research Analyst Daniel Kumi, Summer Intern Administrative Staff Lillian Chapman, Office Administrator Linda Long, Administrative Secretary Phyllis Aikens, Secretary OTA Contributors Rosina Bierbaum Roger Chin Nina Goldman Gretchen Kolsrud Karen Larsen Howard Levenson Edward MacDonald Robin Roy Contractors Jack Casazza and Herb Limmer Virendra Kothari Casazza, Schultz and Associates, Inc. Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc. Russell deLucia Eric Larson deLucia and Associates, Inc. Princeton University Ashok Desai Karin Lissakers National Council of Applied Economic Research Columbia University K.G. Duleep and Sergio Ostria Arjun Makhijani Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc. Institute for Energy and Environmental Research Ahmad Faruqui and Greg Wikler Peter Meier, John Lee and Mujahid Iqba1 Barakat, Howard & Chamberlain International Development and Energy Associates Howard Geller Henry Peskin American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy Edgevale Associates, Inc. Theodore J. Gorton Judith M. Siegel Petroleum Consultant Judith M. Siegel and Associates Donald Hertzmark Vaclav Smil Independent Consultant University of Manitoba H. Mike Jones Independent Consultant Workshop Participants Technology Transfer to Developing Countries Joseph Sedlak September 13,1989 Volunteers in Technical Assistance Robert H. Annan James Sullivan Committee on Renewable Energy Commerce U.S. Agency for International Development and Trade Franklin Tugwell U.S. Department of Energy Environmental Enterprises Assistance Fund Mark Bernstein (formerly Winrock International Institute Center for Energy and the Environment for Agricultural Development) University of Pennsylvania Jack Vanderryn James H. Caldwell U.S. Agency for International Development Independent Consultant Frank Vukmanic Washington, DC U.S. Department of Treasury David Curry Timothy Weiskel U.S. Department of the Treasury Rockefeller Foundation Ghazi Darkazali Gerald T. West Spire Corp. Overseas Private Investment Corp. Robert Ford Thomas Wilbanks U.S. Department of State Oak Ridge National Laboratory Les Garden John W, Wisniewski U.S. Department of Commerce Export-Import Bank Michael Greene Environmental Problems and Priorities Board on Science and Technology in Development in Developing Countries National Academy of Sciences April 19, 1990 Erik Helland-Hansen Michael Adler United Nations Development Programme U.S. Environmental Protection Agency David Jhirad Lutz Baehr Office of Energy Center for Science and Technology in Development U.S. Agency for International Development United Nations Linda Ladis Leonard Berry U.S. Export Council for Renewable Energy Florida Atlantic University Mark Levine Al Binger Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Conservation Foundation/Biomass Users Frances Li Network U.S. Department of State Janet Welsh Brown Janice Mazer World Resources Institute U.S. Department of Commerce Lalanath de Silva Mohan Munasinghe Environmental Foundation, Ltd. The World Bank Sri Lanka D. Lou Peoples Clarence Dias Hagler, Bailly, Inc. International Center for Law in Development (formerly Bechtel Power Corp.) Paul Dulin Paul Schwengels Associates in Rural Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (continued on next page) vi — John J. Gaudet Energy for Transportation in the Africa Bureau Developing World U.S. Agency for International Development September 25, 1990 Robert Goodland David Greene Environment Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Latin American Division Martin Bernard World Bank Argonne National Laboratory Lupe Guinand Mia Birk BIOMA International Institute for Energy Conservation (IIEC) Venezuela K.G. Duleep Robert Ichord Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc. Energy & Natural Resources Division Asia Near East Bureau Asif Faiz U.S. Agency for International Development The World Bank Kari Keipi Fred Moavenzadeh Environmental Protection Division Center for Construction Research and Education Inter-American Development Bank Massachusetts Institute of Technology Ananda Krishnan Sergio Ostria Center for Science and Technology in Development Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc. United Nations Setty Pendakur Russell Mittermeier School of Community and Regional Planning Conservation International University of British Columbia Hind Sadek Gabriel Roth WorldWide Private Consultant Washington, DC Paul Schwengels U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Kumares C. Sinha Department of Civil Engineering Thomas Steel, Jr. Purdue University Natural Resources Defense Council NOTE: OTA appreciates and is grateful for the valuable assistance and thoughtful critiques provided by the workshop participants. The workshop participants do not, however, necessarily approve, disapprove, or endorse this report. OTA assumes
Load more

Recommended publications
  • P E E L C H R Is T Ian It Y , Is L a M , an D O R Isa R E Lig Io N
    PEEL | CHRISTIANITY, ISLAM, AND ORISA RELIGION Luminos is the open access monograph publishing program from UC Press. Luminos provides a framework for preserving and rein- vigorating monograph publishing for the future and increases the reach and visibility of important scholarly work. Titles published in the UC Press Luminos model are published with the same high standards for selection, peer review, production, and marketing as those in our traditional program. www.luminosoa.org Christianity, Islam, and Orisa Religion THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF CHRISTIANITY Edited by Joel Robbins 1. Christian Moderns: Freedom and Fetish in the Mission Encounter, by Webb Keane 2. A Problem of Presence: Beyond Scripture in an African Church, by Matthew Engelke 3. Reason to Believe: Cultural Agency in Latin American Evangelicalism, by David Smilde 4. Chanting Down the New Jerusalem: Calypso, Christianity, and Capitalism in the Caribbean, by Francio Guadeloupe 5. In God’s Image: The Metaculture of Fijian Christianity, by Matt Tomlinson 6. Converting Words: Maya in the Age of the Cross, by William F. Hanks 7. City of God: Christian Citizenship in Postwar Guatemala, by Kevin O’Neill 8. Death in a Church of Life: Moral Passion during Botswana’s Time of AIDS, by Frederick Klaits 9. Eastern Christians in Anthropological Perspective, edited by Chris Hann and Hermann Goltz 10. Studying Global Pentecostalism: Theories and Methods, by Allan Anderson, Michael Bergunder, Andre Droogers, and Cornelis van der Laan 11. Holy Hustlers, Schism, and Prophecy: Apostolic Reformation in Botswana, by Richard Werbner 12. Moral Ambition: Mobilization and Social Outreach in Evangelical Megachurches, by Omri Elisha 13. Spirits of Protestantism: Medicine, Healing, and Liberal Christianity, by Pamela E.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrating Renewable Energy Into Nigeria's Energy
    Master’s Thesis 2017 30 ECTS Faculty of Landscape and Society Department of International Environment and Development Studies Integrating Renewable Energy into Nigeria’s Energy Mix: Implications for Nigeria’s Energy Security Obideyi Oluwatoni International Development Studies The Department of International Environmental and Development Studies, Noragric, is the international gateway for the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU). Established in 1986, Noragric’s contribution to international development lies in the interface between research, education (Bachelor, Master and PhD programmes) and assignments The Noragric Master theses are the final theses submitted by students in order to fulfil the requirements under the Noragric Master programme “International Environmental Studies”, “International Development Studies” and “International relations”. The findings in this thesis do not necessarily reflect the views of Noragric. Extracts from this publication may only be reproduced after prior consultation with the author and on the condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation contact Noragric © Oluwatoni Onyeka obideyi, August 2017 [email protected] Noragric Department of Internationl Environmental and Development Studies Faculty of Lnadscape and Scoiety P.O. Box 5003 N- 1432 Ås Norway Tel.: +47 67 23 00 00 Internet: https://www.nmbu.no/fakultet/landsam/institutt/noragric i DECLARATION I, Oluwatoni Onyeka Obideyi, declare that this thesis is a result of my research investigations and findings. Sources of information other than my own have been acknowledged and a reference list appended. This work has not been previously submitted to any other university for award of any type of academic degree. Signature……………………………… Date……………………………………. ii Dedicated to my mother- Florence Ngozi Bolarinwa of blessed memory.
    [Show full text]
  • Nigerian Nationalism: a Case Study in Southern Nigeria, 1885-1939
    Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1972 Nigerian nationalism: a case study in southern Nigeria, 1885-1939 Bassey Edet Ekong Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the African Studies Commons, and the International Relations Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Ekong, Bassey Edet, "Nigerian nationalism: a case study in southern Nigeria, 1885-1939" (1972). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 956. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.956 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. AN ABSTRACT OF' THE 'I'HESIS OF Bassey Edet Skc1::lg for the Master of Arts in History prt:;~'entE!o. 'May l8~ 1972. Title: Nigerian Nationalism: A Case Study In Southern Nigeria 1885-1939. APPROVED BY MEMBERS OF THE THESIS COMMITIIEE: ranklln G. West Modern Nigeria is a creation of the Britiahl who be­ cause of economio interest, ignored the existing political, racial, historical, religious and language differences. Tbe task of developing a concept of nationalism from among suoh diverse elements who inhabit Nigeria and speak about 280 tribal languages was immense if not impossible. The tra.ditionalists did their best in opposing the Brltlsh who took away their privileges and traditional rl;hts, but tbeir policy did not countenance nationalism. The rise and growth of nationalism wa3 only po~ sible tbrough educs,ted Africans.
    [Show full text]
  • American Energy the Renewable Path to Energy Security
    American Energy The Renewable Path to Energy Security Worldwatch Institute Center for American Progress Worldwatch Institute The Worldwatch Institute is an independent research organization that focuses on innovative solutions to global environmental, resource, and economic issues. The Institute’s State of the World report has been published in 36 languages and is read annually by prime ministers, CEOs, and thousands of university students. Founded in 1974, Worldwatch’s current priorities include transforming the world’s energy and agricultural systems to better meet human needs and protect the environment, as well as the broader challenge of building a sustainable global economy. Worldwatch Institute 1776 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, DC 20036 202-452-1999 www.worldwatch.org Center for American Progress The Center for American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute dedicated to promoting a strong, just, and free America that ensures opportunity for all. We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to these values and we aspire to ensure our national policies reflect these values. We work to find progressive and pragmatic solutions to significant domestic and international problems and develop policy proposals that foster a government that is “of the people, by the people, and for the people.” Center for American Progress 1333 H Street, NW, 10th Floor Washington, DC 20005 202-682-1611 www.americanprogress.org Copyright © by Worldwatch Institute All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. September 2006 This report is printed on recycled paper. Cover photo credits: front, NREL; back, clockwise from top right: Christophe Libert, stock.xchng; João Estêvão A.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nigerian Energy Sector an Overview with a Special Emphasis on Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency and Rural Electrification
    European Union Nigerian Energy Support Programme (NESP) The Nigerian Energy Sector An Overview with a Special Emphasis on Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency and Rural Electrification 2nd Edition, June 2015 Implemented by 2 Acknowledgements This report on the Nigerian energy sector was compiled as part of the Nigerian Energy Support Programme (NESP). NESP is implemented by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH and fund- ed by the European Union and the German Federal Min- istry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). The authors would like to thank the GIZ Nigeria team for having entrusted this highly relevant subject to GOPA- International Energy Consultants GmbH, and for their extensive and dedicated inputs and guidance provided during implementation. The authors express their grati- tude to all project partners who provided particularly val- uable and interesting insights into ongoing activities dur- ing the course of the project. It was a real pleasure and a great help to exchange ideas and learn from highly expe- rienced management and staff and committed represent- atives of this programme. How to Read Citations Bibliography is cited by [Author; Year]. Where no author could be identified, we used the name of the institution. The Bibliography is listed in Chapter 10. Websites (internet links) are cited with a consecutive numbering system [1], [2], etc. The Websites are listed in Chapter 11. 3 Imprint Published by: Maps: Deutsche Gesellschaft für The geographical maps are for informational purposes Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH only and do not constitute recognition of international boundaries or regions; GIZ makes no claims concerning Nigerian Energy Support Programme (NESP) the validity, accuracy or completeness of the maps nor 2 Dr Clement Isong Street, Asokoro does it assume any liability resulting from the use of the Abuja / Nigeria information therein.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Energy for All Action Agenda (Se4all-Aa)
    FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR ALL ACTION AGENDA (SE4ALL-AA) ADOPTED BY INTER-MINISTERIAL COMMITTEE ON RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY (ICREEE) APPROVED BY NATIONAL COUNCIL ON POWER (NACOP) First Edition: July, 2016 Contents AKNOWLEDGEMENT........................................................................................................................................... I FOREWARD.......................................................................................................................................................... ii List of Tables........................................................................................................................................................ vi List of Figures....................................................................................................................................................... vi ACRONYMS......................................................................................................................................................... viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................................................................ 10 PREAMBLE............................................................................................................................................................ 17 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • “Power Africa” & Partner Country Energy in the News
    “POWER AFRICA” & PARTNER COUNTRY ENERGY IN THE NEWS June 29 – July 12, 2014 Article Summaries & Full Clips The following are articles written by third-party news outlets. The links to this information are provided for your convenience. The U.S. Agency for International Development does not endorse the views or positions stated by the authors of these articles and their media organizations. IN THE NEWS: Featured “Power Africa” Articles June 29 – July 12, 2014 POWER AFRICA DEVELOPMENTS and African-funded the inaugural U.S.-Africa NBET Shares Knowledge on philanthropic organization Business Forum. This event PPA Drafting with Recipient dedicated to the promotion of represents an unprecedented Countries, Articles entrepreneurship on the occasion for U.S. and African July 8 | This Day Live continent. heads of state to meet with The Nigerian Bulk Electricity business leaders and discuss Trading Plc (NBET) has Opinion: Power Africa Forms ways of catalyzing new, partnered with two key U.S. Bridgehead in Hoped for continent-wide trade and agencies of the United States Boom Market investment opportunities. (US) to provide lucid June 30 | African Energy knowledge on drafting and Launched by President Barack Opinion: Power Off / Power implementation of Power Obama in Cape Town one year On - What you need to know Purchase Agreements (PPA) ago, the Power Africa initiative about the 1.4 billion people for independent power has been making bold claims living without electricity — projects (IPPs) to benefit the about its early successes in a and how you can help light up African countries involved the campaign to boost Sub- their future Power Africa initiative.
    [Show full text]
  • Statements by Participants on Their
    Statements by participants of the World Future Council workshop Power Kick for Africa - Renewable Energy Policies for Sustainable African Development Accra, Ghana 21-23 June 2010 Questions No. 1 What is your vision for renewable energy in Africa? No. 2 What is your contribution to AREA to make this vision happen? Mr. Abdussalam Omuya Yusuf Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission, Manager Rural Electrification Renewable Energy/R&D Division 1. Africa to be the destination of choice for RE investors over the next decade. 2.1. Enhancing networking and collaboration between government institutions to harmonize policy and regulatory incentives that are investor friendly. 2.2. Publishing existing and proposed policy and regulatory incentives on the AREA website. 2.3. Promoting investor friendly regulations and policies. Mrs. Adeola Ijeoma Eleri Energy Commission of Nigeria, Renewable Energy Department (Formerly: International Centre for Energy, Environment & Development – ICEED) 1.1. The two main challenges of our time in Africa is poverty and climate change. Energy plays a crucial role in these two areas. Lack of modern energy services increases the poverty levels while further exacerbating the impacts of climate change. 1.2. Renewable energy is a vehicle to achieve poverty eradication while stimulating growth and development and leading to climate change mitigation. 1.3. The numerous benefits of renewable energy can be utilized to lead to sustainable development. It should be used to fill the gap in conventional energy supply. 1.4. The 1 billion people in Africa without access to modern energy can be serviced with renewable energy. Using the German example given, RE can create jobs for the millions of unemployed youth and women in Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Nigeria Perspectives Energy
    Post-2015 Development Agenda Nigeria Perspectives Energy SPEAKERS Isabel Galiana Isabel Galiana is lecturer at the Department of Economics, McGill University, Canada and a guest researcher at the Center for Climate Science and Policy Research at the Linkoping University, Sweden. Isabel was a former advisor to Minister for Sustainable Development, the Environment and Parks in the province of Quebec. Much of her research focuses on the links between environmental policy and innovation. She is particularly interested in how policy can shape the development and implementation of low-carbon technologies. She holds a PhD in economics from McGill University. 1 Table of Contents Summary: White Paper Report by Isabel Galiana ..................................................................... 1 White Paper Report by Isabel Galiana .................................................................................... 3 Presentation by Isabel Galiana ............................................................................................. 11 Summary: White Paper Report by Isabel Galiana Nigeria has a rapidly growing economy, fuelled by oil revenues, and is the most populous country in Africa. It was ranked number 39 globally in terms of GDP in 2012; the economy is expected to grow 20-fold by 2050, with Nigeria then reaching 13th place. However, over 68% of Nigerians live on less than $1.25 a day, compared with a sub-Saharan African average of 40%, so poverty and inequality remain big issues. Economic growth is hampered by a huge deficit in electricity supplies, despite the country being rich in oil and gas reserves and having tremendous renewable energy potential. The large but under-performing manufacturing sector suffers from regular power outages and load shedding, and small- and medium-sized businesses spend on average 40% of their running costs on self-generation of power.
    [Show full text]
  • Renewable Energy Investment in Nigeria: a Review of the Renewable Energy Master Plan
    CONFERENCE PAPER Renewable energy investment in Nigeria: A review of the Renewable Energy Master Plan Udochukwu B Akuru Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria Ogbonnaya I Okoro College of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria Table1: Nigeria’s energy reserves/potentials Abstract Source: Renewable Energy Master Plan (2005) Data for investment into renewable energy resources in Nigeria is mainly unavailable due to Resource Reserves Reserves over reliance on conventional resources for energy billion toe generation. However, recent developments in the Hydropower 10000MW energy sector have portrayed gradual attention to Hydropower 734MW Provisional investments in renewable energy resources. This Fuelwood 13071464 has Estimate paper reviews the Renewable Energy Master Plan (forest land 1981) (REMP) which identifies this improvement and Animal waste 61million tonnes/yr Estimate presents a draft on how an increase in investment in Crop residue 83million tonnes/yr Estimate renewable energy resources, which will in the long Solar radiation 3.5-7.0kWh/m2-day Estimate run balance the national energy equation, ensure energy security and promote sustainable develop- Wind 2-4m/s (annual average) ment. Energy poverty is entrenched in Nigeria; about Keywords: investment; Nigeria; Renewable Energy 85 million, representing approximately 60 percent Master Plan; renewable energy resources; sustain- of the population have no access to electricity serv- able development ices. Less than 20 percent of rural areas have some form of electricity service coverage. In all, the elec- tricity consumption per capita is about 100 kWh when compared to 4,500 kWh, 1934 kWh and 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Accelerating Energy Efficiency: Initiatives and Opportunities Africa
    ERGY EFFICIENCY: INITIATIVES AND OPPORTUNITIES AFRICA. ACCELERATING ENERGY EFFICIENCY: INITIATIVES AND OPPORTUNITIES AFRICA. ACCELERATING ENERGY EFFICIENCY: INITIATIVES OPPORTUNITIES AFRICA. ACCELERATING ENERGY EFFICIENCY: INITIATIVES AND OPPORTUNITIES AFRICA. ACCELERATING ENERGY EFFICIENCY: INITIATIVES AND OPPORTUNITIES AFRICA. AC LERATING ENERGY EFFICIENCY: INITIATIVES AND OPPORTUNITIES AFRICA. ACCELERATING ENERGY EFFICI LERATING ENERGY EFFICIENCY: I IENCY: INITIATIVES AND OPPORTUNITIES AFRICA. ACCELERATING ENERGY EFFICIENCY: INITIATIVES AND ACCELERATING ENERGY EFFICIENCY: NIT ATIVES AND OPPORT RICA. ACCELERATING ENERGY EFFICIENCY: INITIATIVES AND OPPORTUNITIES AFRICA. ACCELERATING ENINITIATIVES AND OPPORTUNITIES AFRICA CELERATING ENRGY EFFI NCY: INITIATIVES AND OPPORTUNITIES AFRICA. ACCELERATING ENERGY EFFICIENCY:CIENCY: INITIATIVES AND OPPORTUNITIES AFRICA. ACCELERATING ENERGY EFFICIENCY: INITIATIVES AND OPPORTU IES AFRICA. ACCELERATING ENERGY EFFICIENCY: INITIATIVES AND OPPORTUNITIESNITIES AFRICA. ACCELERATING ENERGY EFFICIENCY: INITIATIVES AND OPPORTUNITIES AFRICA. ACCELERATING ERGY EFFICIENCY: INITIATIVES AND OPPORTUNITIES AFRICA. ACCELERATING ENERGY EFFICIENCY: INITIATIVES AND AFRICA. ACCELERATING ENERGY EFFICIENCY: INITIATIVES D OPPORTUNITIES AFRICA. ACCELERATING ENERGY EFFICIENCY: INITIATIVES AND OPPORTUNITIES AFRICA. ACCELENERGY EFFICIENCY: INITIATIVES AND OPPORTUNITIES AFRICA. AC LERATING ENERGY EFFICIENCY: INITIATIVES AND OPPORTUNITIES AFRICA. ACCELERATINGCELERATING ENERGY EFFICIENCY: A ORTUNITI OPPORT A.
    [Show full text]
  • Study of Nigeria Energy Resources and Its Consumption
    International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 2, Issue 12, December-2011 1 ISSN 2229-5518 Study of Nigeria Energy Resources and Its Consumption Engr C.O Osueke (Ph.D), Engr C.A.K Ezugwu Abstract-This study focuses on Nigeria energy resources and its consumption. The present situation in Nigeria is that energy supply does not meet the energy demand. Energy is considered as the most important resources of any country. It is a well know n fact that high rate of industrial growth of a country is a function of the amount of energy available in that country and the extent to which the energy is utilized. In our study, we classified energy resources on their basis of renewability which are; renewable and non-renewable energy resources. Under renewable, we looked at w ind, solar, water, biomass, and under non-renewable, we looked at fossil fuels which includes; coal, oil and natural gas. Analysis of solar energy consumption to other forms of energy was carried out and the way in w hich PV cell can be applied in energy generation was also enumerated. We also conducted three separate studies that were used to determine the measurement of the average wind speed in Sokoto, Imo, and Borno State for period ranging from three to ten years. The factors that lead to the inability of Nigeria to explore her rich natural energy resources were examined. We analyzed the energy consumption by sector from 1999 to 2004 with household sector having the highest percentage of the nation’s total domestic energy consumption.
    [Show full text]