Algemeen Ambtsbericht Ethiopië
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519 Ethiopia Report With
Minority Rights Group International R E P O R Ethiopia: A New Start? T • ETHIOPIA: A NEW START? AN MRG INTERNATIONAL REPORT AN MRG INTERNATIONAL BY KJETIL TRONVOLL ETHIOPIA: A NEW START? Acknowledgements Minority Rights Group International (MRG) gratefully © Minority Rights Group 2000 acknowledges the support of Bilance, Community Aid All rights reserved Abroad, Dan Church Aid, Government of Norway, ICCO Material from this publication may be reproduced for teaching or other non- and all other organizations and individuals who gave commercial purposes. No part of it may be reproduced in any form for com- financial and other assistance for this Report. mercial purposes without the prior express permission of the copyright holders. For further information please contact MRG. This Report has been commissioned and is published by A CIP catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. MRG as a contribution to public understanding of the ISBN 1 897 693 33 8 issue which forms its subject. The text and views of the ISSN 0305 6252 author do not necessarily represent, in every detail and in Published April 2000 all its aspects, the collective view of MRG. Typset by Texture Printed in the UK on bleach-free paper. MRG is grateful to all the staff and independent expert readers who contributed to this Report, in particular Tadesse Tafesse (Programme Coordinator) and Katrina Payne (Reports Editor). THE AUTHOR KJETIL TRONVOLL is a Research Fellow and Horn of Ethiopian elections for the Constituent Assembly in 1994, Africa Programme Director at the Norwegian Institute of and the Federal and Regional Assemblies in 1995. -
Ethiopia: Ethnic Federalism and Its Discontents
ETHIOPIA: ETHNIC FEDERALISM AND ITS DISCONTENTS Africa Report N°153 – 4 September 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... i I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. FEDERALISING THE POLITY..................................................................................... 2 A. THE IMPERIAL PERIOD (-1974) ....................................................................................................2 B. THE DERG (1974-1991)...............................................................................................................3 C. FROM THE TRANSITIONAL GOVERNMENT TO THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC (1991-1994)...............................................................................................................4 III. STATE-LED DEMOCRATISATION............................................................................. 5 A. AUTHORITARIAN LEGACIES .........................................................................................................6 B. EVOLUTION OF MULTIPARTY POLITICS ........................................................................................7 1. Elections without competition .....................................................................................................7 2. The 2005 elections .......................................................................................................................8 -
A Week in the Horn 14.3.2014 News in Brief the 25 Extraordinary Summit of IGAD Heads of State and Government President Kenyatta
A Week in the Horn 14.3.2014 News in Brief The 25th Extraordinary Summit of IGAD Heads of State and Government President Kenyatta’s official visit to Ethiopia Prime Minister Hailemariam meets EU Ambassadors Dr. Tedros makes working visits to Angola and South Africa Addis Ababa and Khartoum Universities hold a Symposium on the Nile Ethiopia has the potential to become a top international tourist destination News in Brief African Union IGAD Heads of State met on Thursday (March 13) in Addis to discuss the details of a proposed stabilization and protection force for South Sudan. Kenya, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Djibouti and Burundi, have indicated they are ready to send troops to South Sudan. (See article) The IGAD Council of Ministers met on Wednesday (March 12) in Addis Ababa in closed session to hear a report from Ambassador Seyoum Mesfin, Chairperson of the IGAD Special Envoys on the ongoing mediation process for South Sudan. (See article) The African Union on Friday (March 7) announced the team for the Commission of Enquiry to investigate human rights violations and abuses committed in South Sudan in mid-December last year. Headed by former Nigerian President, Olusegun Obasanjo, the other members of the Commission are Ugandan academic Mahmood Mamdani, Justice Sophia Akuffo, president of the African Court on Human Rights based in Arusha, Bineta Diop, AU special envoy for women, peace and security, and Professor Pacifique Manirakiza, a member of the African Commission on Human Rights. Ambassador Girma Birru, Ambassador of Ethiopia to the US told African Ambassadors in Washington this week that all necessary preparations had been made to ensure the smooth running of the US-Africa Energy Ministerial to be held in Addis Ababa (June 3-4) under the theme "Catalyzing Sustainable Growth in Africa." The Ministerial will be co-hosted by the Governments of Ethiopia and the US and will deal with topics of critical energy policy, governance and investment, renewable energy, finance and Power Africa. -
Olj Vol 4, No 1
Jiildii 4ffaa , L a k k . 1 Waggaatti Yeroo Tokko Kan Maxxanfamu Vol.4, No.1 Published Once Annually ISSN 2304-8239 Barruulee Articles Joornaalii Seeraa Oromiaa [Jil.4, Lakk. 1] Oromia Law Journal [Vol.4, No.1] OLD WINE IN NEW BOTTLES: BRIDGING THE PERIPHERAL GADAA RULE TO THE MAINSTREAM CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER OF THE 21 ST C. ETHIOPIA ∗ Zelalem Tesfaye Sirna ABSTRACT In sub-Saharan African countries where democracy and rule of law are proclaimed but in several circumstances not translated into practice, it appears vital to look into alternatives that can fill governance deficits. It is against this backdrop that ‘‘Old Wine in New Bottles: Bridging the Peripheral Gadaa Rule to the Mainstream Constitutional Order of the 21st Century Ethiopia” came into focus. The main objective of this article is, therefore, to respond to the search of alternative solution to hurdles democratization process, Africa as a region as well as Ethiopia as a country faces, through African indigenous knowledge of governance, namely the Gadaa System. Accordingly, institutional and fundamental principles analyzed in this article clearly indicate that indigenous system of governance such as the Gadaa System embraces indigenous democratic values that are useful in 21 st century Ethiopia. In sum, three main reasons support this article: first, in Africa no system of governance is perfectly divorced from its indigenous institutions of governance; second, indigenous knowledge of governance as a resource that could enhance democratization in Ethiopia should not be left at peripheries; and third, an inclusive policy that accommodates diversity and ensures the advancement of human culture appeals. -
The War in Tigray and the Challenges Faced by the United Nations
The War in Tigray and the Challenges Faced by the United Nations 1. Introduction The war in Tigray and the consequent humanitarian catastrophe are being closely followed by prominent global news outlets. According to the United Nations the lives of 4.5 million Tigrayans (Tegaru) are already endangered by the war and the dislocation it has caused. UN representatives, aid agencies and states have repeatedly urged the Government of Ethiopia to restore the supply of electricity and other public services and to establish a humanitarian corridor for the delivery of aid. The response of the Ethiopian Government has not been encouraging. Many fear that a genocide is already underway, probably on an even larger scale than that seen in Rwanda in 1994, since Tigray has been deliberately cut off from the outside world for more than one hundred days. UN offices and officials have highlighted the magnitude of this crisis time and again. Unfortunately, the political response, especially from the Security Council, has so far been disappointing. This study shines a light on the nature of this war, how it is perceived by others, and what the challenges facing the United Nations are. Tigray is one of the eight states of Ethiopia. It is surrounded by Eritrea to the north, Sudan to the west, and the Ethiopian states of Amhara and Afar to the south and east, respectively. Around 97% of Tigrayans are adherents of Coptic Christian Orthodox religion. Tigrayans are also, more or less, united by a common language (Tigrigna), culture, tradition and psychological make-up, very much like most European nations. -
Meles Lauds Effort to Collect Pledged Money at Copenhagen
The Monthly Publication from the Ethiopian Embassy in London Ethiopian News March 2014 Issue Inside this issue GERD construction, third anniversary…to generate electricity by 2015…………………………………………3 Ethiopians mark Women’s Day………………………………………………………………………………………………………..6 Jackie Chan in Ethiopia…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….8 Unilever, GlaxoSmithKline to invest in Ethiopia……………………………………………………………………………….9 Tourism Transformation Council launched to make Ethiopia a top tourist destination………………....11 Lonely Planet name Dallol and Lalibela as “Great Wonders”…………………………………………………………..12 Krar Collective to play at Rough Guide Live……………………………………………………………………………………13 Kenenisa wins Paris marathon debut; Great Manchester Run next………………………………………………...14 Ethiopia in the News………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………15 Coffee’s Coming Home! Ethiopia to host 4th World Coffee Conference – page 9 Ethiopia’s first female ‘Deputy PM’ Ethiopia’s Deputy PM at Global Partnership for Education (GPE) Event H.E. Aster Mammo has been appointed Minister of the Ethiopian Deputy Prime Civil Service and Good Minister, H.E. Demeke Governance Reform Cluster Mekonnen, said Ethiopia’s Coordinator with the rank impressive performance in of Deputy Prime Minister, education is the result of making her the first woman sustained economic growth, to hold such a position in a strong commitment to Ethiopia. alleviating poverty and substantial investment in The Ethiopian Parliament approved her the country's education appointment on 8th April, after she was nominated system. by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn. He was addressing an event hosted by the All Party Prior to her appointment, she held other posts Parliamentary Group (APPG) on Global Education including Speaker of the Oromia Regional State for All entitled “Fund the Future: Tackling the Council, Youths and Sport Minister and Government crisis in financing education for all", in London on Chief Whip. -
Table of Content I
EPRDF: In Brief Table of content i. INTRODUCTION 2 ii. ORGANIZATION AND WORKING PRINCIPLES 5 iii. VALUES OF THE EPRDF 5 iv. MEMBERSHIP 5 v. MANAGEMENT BODIES AND STRUCTURE 6 vi. MAIN POINTS ABOUT EPRDF PROGRAM 16 vii. MEMBER ORGANIZATIONS OF THE FRONT 24 viii. EPRDF YOUTH AND WOMEN’S LEAGUES 32 ix. THE EPRDF AND ELECTION 34 1 www.eprdf.org.et EPRDF: In Brief Secretariat of the Council of the EPRDF INTRODUCTION The Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) is a political organization founded in 1989 by the membership of the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) and the then Ethiopian Peoples’ Democratic Movement (EPDM), currently known as the Amhara National Democratic Movement (ANDM). Later, other parties joined the front namely, the Oromo People’s Democratic Organization (OPDO), and the Southern Ethiopian Peoples’ Democratic Movement (SEPDM), previously known as Southern Ethiopian Peoples’ Democratic Front (SEPDF). At the outset, the objective of the front was to direct and coordinate the national liberation struggle of the people against the fascist dictatorial Dergue regime, and the fight against national oppression that was imposed over the people of Ethiopia. Accordingly, the EPRDF had waged a protracted life and death struggle which brought about the total downfall of the dictatorial military regime in May 1991. The event made an end to the age long national oppression and exploitation, 2 which was regarded as the extension of the previous regimes. Besides, the EPRDF Has also played key role in laying foundations for building a nation of a communal vision with a new spirit of hope. -
Development and Humanitarian Issues
Press Review 10 October 2017 - 17 February 2018 Deutsch-Äthiopischer Verein Press Review - Nachrichten und Meinungen aus und zu Äthiopien 10. Oktober 2017 - 17. Februar 2018 Development and Humanitarian Issues ............................................................................................. 1 Politics, Justice, Human Rights ......................................................................................................... 9 Economics ..................................................................................................................................... 103 Environment, Agriculture and Natural Resources .......................................................................... 112 Media, Culture, Religion, Education, Social and Health ................................................................ 116 Sport .............................................................................................................................................. 121 Horn of Africa and Foreign Affairs ................................................................................................. 121 Development and Humanitarian Issues 8.2.2018 UNDP and OCHA Chiefs renew call for new way of working . ReliefWeb, UNDP Report of 31.1.2018 Breaking down the silos between humanitarian and development actors to address recurrent crises The Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Achim Steiner and the United Nations Under-Secretary- General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark -
The Tigray War & Regional Implications
THE TIGRAY WAR & REGIONAL IMPLICATIONS (VOLUME 1) November 2020 to June 2021 1 CONTENTS 1. Foreword …………………………………………………………………………… 4 2. Introduction: war, offensives and atrocities 2.1 Overview …………………………………………………………………………… 7 2.2 Early attempts to halt the fighting ……………………………………………… 10 2.3 The war escalates …………………………………………………………………. 13 3. Ethiopia at war 3.1 The Federal Government v Tigray Regional State ……………………………. 16 3.2 Prime Minister Abiy’s short-lived whirlwind of reform ……………………... 30 3.3 An inexorable drive towards conflict 2018 – 2020 …………………………….. 49 3.4 President Isaias and Prime Minister Abiy – who is in the driving seat? ……. 60 4. Progress of the war 4.1 ENDF offensives along the southwestern front ……………………………….. 73 4.2 The northern fronts ………………………………………………………………. 76 4.3 The Southern Front ………………………………………………………………. 78 4.4 The ENDF’s strategy ……………………………………………………………... 78 4.5 Retreat and consolidation ……………………………………………………….. 80 4.6 TDF expansion and the start of semi-conventional warfare …………………. 82 4.7 Overall War Progress: November 2020 to May 2021 …………………………. 84 4.8 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………… 88 5. The Ethiopian national context 5.1 Contextualising the war in Tigray ……………………………………………… 91 5.2 A threat to Ethiopia’s integrity? ………………………………………………… 92 5.3 Conflict and the rule of law ……………………………………………………... 94 5.4 Oromia politics and conflict - optimism and excitement ……………………. 95 5.5 Amhara politics and conflict …………………………………………………… 102 5.6 The south, east and west ……………………………………………………….. 112 5.7 Somali Region …………………………………………………………………… 113 5.8 Afar Region ……………………………………………………………………… 115 5.9 Benishangul Gumuz ……………………………………………………………. 116 5.10 Socio-economic stakes and the cost of the war ………………………………. 117 5.11 Concluding remarks ……………………………………………………………. 119 6. Diplomatic Efforts 6.1 UN Security Council and the African Union ………………………………… 122 6.2 The United States of America …………………………………………………. -
Ethiopia Re-Enters the Abyss of War
Ethiopia re-enters the abyss of war Januuary 29, 2021 by Kjetil Tronvoll Last time Ethiopia descended into conflict, it took 17 years to emerge. Will Ethiopia’s new leaders learn from history? The Ethiopian federal government’s “law enforcement operation” in Tigray aimed to capture the rebellious rulers in the northern regional state. Thus far, however, the core leadership is at large, and the campaign has further exposed the country’s political fragility, pushing it into the abyss of a likely long- term war. Reports of military recruitment and reinforcements sent to the northern front to battle the rebels are again heard in Ethiopia, reminiscent of the recurring news headlines of the 1970s and 80s. With the Tigray war now in its third month, the contours of how a drawn-out conflict may evolve are emerging. Meanwhile, elsewhere in Ethiopia, other armed insurgencies are evolving. As conflict lines deepen, pressure increases on the state’s security forces and capacity. The surge in violence worsens the dire humanitarian situation across the country, weakens the economy, and diverts government attention, resources, and funding from economic development to warring. The Tigray war will therefore impact politics, social cohesion, and development all over the country, Just like the 1974-1991 Tigrayan struggle. The military campaign on Tigray will be remembered as Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed’s “crossing the Rubicon” moment. No matter the outcome, or how long it will take to reach a victory or settlement, Ethiopia will likely never return to the status quo ante. Steps to war This war has been long in the making. -
The Emergence and Transformation of Tigrayan Nationalism
The Emergence and Transformation of Tigrayan Nationalism Lema Lema (PhD )07-28-20 [email protected] Abstract Since the new federal government came to power in 2018, it is pursuing a more centralized policy that undermines self-government, isolates some stateslike Tigray in what appears to be a federation without Tigray. Tigray, a state that was at the fore front of the struggle for self- government is challenging this trendand asking, if this is the new reality, why staying in a union? There is an ongoing tension between the two governments which if not managed carefully could lead to clash of nationalisms.The article diagnoses this tension tracing its origins and its recent transformation. Whether Tigray will settle for a multination federalism within in Ethiopia as it did in 1991 or secederemains an open question but could lead to fragmentation unless the federal government addresses Tigray’s concerns through appropriate institutional and policy options.The study is informed by the theories of ethno national based conflicts andthe idea of search for dignity and collective self-esteem that groups find when treated as secondary citizens in their country.The research is based on an extensive field work conducted in Tigray for three weeks. Data were collected through interviews with thirty one key informants and eleven focus group discussions each containing ten members composed of different sections of society. Key words: ethno federation in Ethiopia; nationalism in Tigray; self-government; ethnic conflict 1. Socio Political Context of Tigray and its Link with Post-1991 Ethiopia and the Horn Tigray regional state is found in the northern part of Ethiopia and shares common borders with Eritrea in the North, Afar regional state in the East, Amhara regional state in the South and the Sudan in the West. -
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Project Leads: Nicola Barrach-Yousefi and Althea Middleton-Detzner Project Team: Nicola Barrach-Yousefi, Althea Middleton-Detzner, Meklite Balcha, Will Ferroggiaro Partner Organizations and Collaborators: Centre for the Advancement of Rights and Democracy (CARD) | www.cardeth.org Destiny Ethiopia Project | www.destinyethiopia.com Editorial Design: Kirsten Ankers | Citrine Sky Design Front and Back Cover Design: Cesar Manuel Leon Osorio | www.PotencialPuro.com Copy Editor: Gregory Payne About the Lead Author: Nicola Barrach-Yousefi has over 15 years of experience working in human rights and with civil society worldwide. She specializes in collaborating with movements and human rights defenders to design field programs and research around hate speech, human rights, civil resistance and advocacy. She is the Founder and Executive Director of Human Rights Connected, a networked organization focused on mainstreaming understanding of strategic nonviolent action and international human rights law. She also serves as Senior Advisor for Civic Initiatives at the International Center on Nonviolent Conflict (ICNC) and as Senior Advisor for the Hate Speech program at the PeaceTech Lab. She is the lead author for the Cameroon and Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) lexicons. She serves as a consultant for the UN, USIP, and other international organizations. Table of Contents Purpose ..................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction .............................................................................................................