DOCSLIB.ORG

“Our Native Thing"

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
“Our Native Thing “Our Native Thing" Estudio sobre la imagen histórica de los Sanandresanos en el Mar Caribe Colombiano tesis inaugural para la obtención del doctorado en ciencias historicas y filosofía en la Philipps-Universität de Marburg, Alemania presentado por Claudia Leipold (Nombre y apellido) de Groß-Gerau (Lugar de nacimiento) EN 2002 (Año de entrega) Del departamento Ciencias Historicas y Filosofía como tesis doctoral en...................... (Fecha la aceptación por la comisión de examen) Día del del examen oral...................... Perito ...................... ...................... Contenido CONTENIDO I INTRODUCCION 1 Pensamientos sobre historia 1 Subjetividad del recuerdo o selección de memoria 5 Etnicidad e historia 8 La Historia de la etnohistoria 13 "Island in the Sun" - un estudio etnohistorico 19 La isla y su gente 21 La isla en el cambio 22 La isla en mi vista 23 PARTE PRINCIPAL 26 Etnohistoria de San Andrés 26 Primera fase de la historia - tiempo del descubrimiento 27 Segunda fase de la historia - tiempo del cambio 36 Tercera fase de la historia - tiempo moderno 59 Génesis de la cultura Afro Caribeña 65 Redes caribeñas - adaptación para sobrevivir 66 Iglesia caribeña - religión como estrategia de liberación 85 "¡Our Native Thing!" - Natives hablan de sí mismo107 Iglesia en San Andrés 112 Lengua en San Andrés 127 Música en San Andrés 141 Reggae en San Andrés 147 Historia en San Andrés 167 "SAN ANDRES - A DECISION OF SELF-DETERMINATION" 182 "¿Which Road to Take?" 182 ¿De dónde venimos y adónde vamos? 183 "¡Where we stand and what we want!" 186 "¡Power to the People!" 190 Una chance histórica para el futuro 193 "Native Natión" 195 Epílogo 198 APENDICE: ENTREVISTAS Y CONVERSACIONES 202 Iris Abraham - entrevista el 20 de octubre de 1994 202 Octavia Steel - encuentro el 21 de septiembre de 1994 207 Miss Galgal - entrevista el 17 de septiembre de 1994 209 Mrs. Bowie - entrevista el 29 de noviembre de 1994 212 Cecilia Francis - entrevista el 27 de septiembre de 1994 215 Lolia Pomaire - entrevista el 14 de febrero de 1995 222 Thomas Livingston - entrevista el 7 de octubre de 1994 247 Walwin Peterson - entrevista el 30 de julio de 1994 252 Orly Livingston - entrevista el 11 de diciembre de 1994 258 Dulph Mitchell - conversación el 7 de enero de 1995 269 Dr. Rosa Suarez - conversación el 13/1/1995 271 Delwin May - entrevista el 29 de octubre de 1994 272 Alvaro Archbold - entrevista el 7 de marzo de 1995 277 Frank Corpus - conversación 8 de agosto de 1994 289 Rev. Dr. George May - conversación el 30/1/1995 292 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 296 Introducción Pensamientos sobre historia Este libro es sobre la historia de la isla San Andrés y la conciencia histórica de sus habitantes raizales, los Native Islanders, cuyo origen y cultura estan inseparable arraigados con su patria insular en el oeste del Mar Caribe. La historia del origen de la cultura isleña comienza en el tiempo colonial, y la idea del libro es demonstrar cómo el pasado llevaba al presente y cómo el presente describe el pasado. Se trata de la manera cómo la historia, según la intension del autor, puede ser usada, experimentada, olvidada, recordada o creada, y cómo un grupo étnico utiliza su historia elegida en el proceso de su auto-definición. La historia le sirve hoy para la comprensión y crítica de su situación actual. La lectura del libro puede dar la impresión que la representación de la problemática sea demasiado enfática y acentúa la simpatía por un solo lado, al punto de vista nativa. Aqui quisiera anotar, que por mis estancias continuas en San Andrés conocí la gente y la cultura isleña de una manera muy personal y con la creciente vision y comprensión en su mundo vital sentí más y más solidaridad con ellos y esto quería expresar también en mi trabajo: En el conflicto existente entre las diferentes étnias en San Andrés tomo mi posición al lado de los Native Islanders, como si sería un abogado de sus intereses y para también precisar de este modo el uso de la historia como argumento en una crisis actual. Mi modo de trabajar es étnohistorico porque cuenta la historia de una minoría étnica: los Native Islanders de San Andrés. Esta historia esta reflejado desde diferentes perspectivas, a la manera polifónica, particularmente en referencia acerca del contacto y las interacciónes con otros grupos étnicos en el pasado y en la actualidad. Mi método es particular, porque alumbra este caso singular con intensidad y de modo detallado, y el libro esta construido de manera diacrónica, porque dibuja el cambio social y cultural en la isla durante los tiempos. Buscaba explicar, cómo con el paso del tiempo se formaban las hoy presentes formas culturales y estructuras sociales, y quería descubrir, cómo los sucesos del pasado interactuaban, para resultar en la actual imagen histórica de los Sanandresanos. A traves de las propiedades particulares de la historia insular el lector deberia poder entender el mundo vital (Lebenswelt) de los Native Islanders. Mirando hacia atrás se da cuenta que personalidades carismáticas de la sociedad insular temprana tenían gran parte en la formación de la cultura sanandresano, hecho que se repite en la actualidad, donde individuos o grupos de individuos influyen y contribuyen de manera esencial en la vida social y cultural de San Andrés. Aunque la historia traditional documenta por lo general sucesos del pasado, al campo de estudios de la étnohistoria pertenecen también referencias actuales (cf. Barber y Berdan en 1998: 8), dado que el pasado no existe independientemente del presente, y que sólo la actualidad hace posible la imaginación de una vision del pasado (cf. Trouillot en 1996: 15). Una crónica sobre los recientes desarrollos políticos y sociales en la isla nos muestra el presente como mediador entre el pasado y futuro. La etnohistoria de los Sanandresanos será comprensible para el lector via la descripción de su cultura. La cultura isleña constitue el contexto de la historia isleña. Asi el significado de la dimensión histórica para la formación de la cultura contemporánea es visible, y la manera, como viceversa (o al reves) la dinámica cultural influye la imagen histórica de la gente de hoy. Testimonios orales de Natives Islanders y su historia documentada por ellos, forman en el libro una contraposición a los documentos redactados por extraños a la cultura raizal, y de esta manera nos dan una mirada en la perspectiva desde abajo. DeMallie habla en su ensayo sobre el método etnohistorico de un "cuerpo complementario de material escrito que más directamente representa el punto de vista nativa“ (DeMallie 1993: 532), que se opone de las fuentes históricas oficialmente reconocidas. Ambas opiniones presentan historias, a pesar de que ambas puedan contradecirse como realidades conflictivos - no porque una sea "justa" y la otra "equivocada” , sino porque provienen de diferentes puntos de vista y principios culturales. Para DeMallie el desafío de la etnohistoria moderna es reunir ambos tipos de datos históricos para construir por lo tanto una imagen más completa del pasado de un grupo (cf. DeMallie 1993: 515-538). Barber y Berdan titulaban su libro sobre teoría y métodos de la étnohistoria "The Emperor´s Mirror", una metáfora que alumbra el papel de los autores de la historia. El espejo magico del emperador1 (Fußnote) no sólo hace visible la cara, sino también los rasgos característicos invisibles de la persona que se refleja en él: "Este espejo es mucho como cualquier documento o lo más otra evidencia usado para reconstruir el pasado. Un documento refleja realidad en cierto sentido, pero también la intensíon, la experiencia y la personalidad del autor" (Barber y Berdan en 1998: Prologue). Cada etnohistoriador pone determinados hipóteses, ideas y principios como base de su trabajo para interpretar el pasado de una cultura. De la abundancia del material que está a su disposición el autor mismo decide y acentua cuales documentos son importantes para su trabajo. Es como elegir de un rico bufét sólo una selección preferida de comidas o colocar un filtro frente de la cámara, para hacer desaparecer ciertos fuentes de luz (cf. Barber y Berdan en 1998: 42). Por consiguiente, descripciones del pasado siempre son el resultado del juego entre la realidad y el ideario del autor que reconstruye esta realidad pasada. En este sentido documentos etnohistoricos son comparable con los imágenes en el espejo del emperador: "son reflexiones moldeados de las experiencias, conviciones y deseos del autor (Barber und Berdan 1998: 33)". *** ¿Que significa historia en general y de qué historia se trata? ¿Es la historia de los ganadores o la de los vencidos, la de los soberanos o de los dominados? – Para el historiador haitiano Michel-Rolph Trouillot (1996) la historia va de la mano con el poder. Èl se interesa sobre todo por el proceso de formación de historia, y "how history works – 1La leyenda dice, que el espejo del emperador Qin Shi Huangdi (China en el 3.centenario despues Cristo) posesia qualidades magicas (Barber/Berdan 1988: prologo). como trabaja historia". En su libro "Silencing The Past" explica, que para él existen dos tipos de historia, la historia y la historiografía, así "what happened - que pasó" y "what is said to have happened - que se dice sobre lo que pasó ", y como los dos estan entretejidos. Historiografía persigue intereses de poder, afirma Trouillot, y diferentes versiones de una formación histórica reflejan diferentes intenciones. Es el papel del poder que permite ciertos relatos y silencia otros. Trouillot critica la historiografía tradicional por ser unilateral y tiende más bien desprenderse de esta tradición científica con el argumento, que cada cronista aparentemente objetivo tiene su parte subjetiva en la historia que él redacta (cf. Trouillot en 1996: 21-28). "Los seres humanos participan en la historia tanto como actores como narradores", dice Trouillot (en 1996: 2) y establece un paralelismo: "No hay manera de describir una huelga sin hacer las capacidades subjectivas de los obreros un parte central de la descripción (Trouillot 1996: 23)." Por consiguiente, asi como los obreros son sujetos de una huelga, los humanos son sujetos de su historia, porque ellos determinan las condiciones bajo las cuales una situación es descrita.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ye Intruders Beware: Fantastical Pirates in the Golden Age of Illustration
    YE INTRUDERS BEWARE: FANTASTICAL PIRATES IN THE GOLDEN AGE OF ILLUSTRATION Anne M. Loechle Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of the History of Art Indiana University November 2010 Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Doctoral Committee _________________________________ Chairperson, Sarah Burns, Ph.D. __________________________________ Janet Kennedy, Ph.D. __________________________________ Patrick McNaughton, Ph.D. __________________________________ Beverly Stoeltje, Ph.D. November 9, 2010 ii ©2010 Anne M. Loechle ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iii Acknowledgments I am indebted to many people for the help and encouragement they have given me during the long duration of this project. From academic and financial to editorial and emotional, I was never lacking in support. I am truly thankful, not to mention lucky. Sarah Burns, my advisor and mentor, supported my ideas, cheered my successes, and patiently edited and helped me to revise my failures. I also owe her thanks for encouraging me to pursue an unorthodox topic. From the moment pirates came up during one of our meetings in the spring of 2005, I was hooked. She knew it, and she continuously suggested ways to expand the idea first into an independent study, and then into this dissertation. My dissertation committee – Janet Kennedy, Patrick McNaughton, and Beverly Stoeltje – likewise deserves my thanks for their mentoring and enthusiasm. Other scholars have graciously shared with me their knowledge and input along the way. David M. Lubin read a version of my third chapter and gave me helpful advice, opening up to me new ways of thinking about Howard Pyle in particular.
    [Show full text]
  • Nurturing Nature During the Golden Age of Piracy Thomas R
    The Purdue Historian Volume 8 Article 5 2017 Nurturing Nature During the Golden Age of Piracy Thomas R. Meeks Jr. Purdue University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/puhistorian Part of the History Commons, and the Life Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Meeks, Thomas R. Jr.. "Nurturing Nature During the Golden Age of Piracy." The Purdue Historian 8, 1 (2017). http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/puhistorian/vol8/iss1/5 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. Nurturing Nature During the Golden Age of Piracy Cover Page Footnote A special thanks to Heidi and Jordan. This article is available in The urP due Historian: http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/puhistorian/vol8/iss1/5 Meeks: Nurturing Nature During the Golden Age of Piracy Nurturing Nature During the Golden Age of Piracy Thomas Meeks Jr. History 395 [email protected] (847) 774-0721 Published by Purdue e-Pubs, 2017 1 The Purdue Historian, Vol. 8 [2017], Art. 5 th On June 7 , 1692, a cataclysmic earthquake ravaged the flourishing English town of Port Royal, Jamaica. Emmanuel Heath, a local reverend, described the event, “I found the ground rowling [growling] and moving under my feet... we heard the Church and Tower fall... and made toward Morgan’s Fort, which being a wide open place, I thought to be there securest from the falling houses; But as I made toward it, I saw the Earth open and swallow up a multitude of people, and the sea 1 mounting in upon us over the fortifications.” This historic natural disaster caused two-thirds of the city to be swallowed into the Caribbean Sea, killing an estimated 2,000 people at the time of the earthquake, and another 2,000 from injury, disease, and extreme lawlessness in the days following.
    [Show full text]
  • Pirates on the High Seas: an Institutional Response to Expanding U.S. Jurisdiction in Troubled Waters
    Digital Commons at St. Mary's University Faculty Articles School of Law Faculty Scholarship Spring 2020 Pirates on the High Seas: An Institutional Response to Expanding U.S. Jurisdiction in Troubled Waters Marshall B. Lloyd Robert Summers Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.stmarytx.edu/facarticles Part of the Law of the Sea Commons PIRATES ON THE HIGH SEAS: AN INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSE TO EXPANDING U.S. JURISDICTION IN TROUBLED WATERS MARSHALL B. LLOYD* & ROBERT L. SUMMERS** ABSTRACT Collective efforts among governments and regional organizations is a vital part of the fight againstpiracy that represents a security threat to all nation- states with respect to freedom to navigate the high seas. This paper provides a concise overview ofpiracy, contemporarymaritime drug laws, and cases among the circuit courts to illustrate the procedural concerns that affect fundamental constitutional principles of jurisdiction. A possible solution to existing substantive and procedural due process issues is establishment of a regional judicial institution with broadpowers to preside over criminalprosecutions that include maritime crimes. The suggestion may be a viable means to resolve some concerns with respect to jurisdictionalprinciples, regional stability, and the need for a comprehensive, coordinated response within the Western Hemisphere. Establishing a tribunal to.preside over enforcement practices alleviates dependency on the existing legalframeworkthat may notfully resolve jurisdictionalissues associated with maritime drug trafficking. In addition, a regionaltribunal minimizes the needfor the UnitedStates tofunction as the only viable, sovereign nation-state in the Americas to ensure that pirates engaged in illicit trades are not roaming the high seas with impunity. * J.S.D., St.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeology of Piracy Between Caribbean Sea and the North American Coast of 17Th and 18Th Centuries: Shipwrecks, Material Culture and Terrestrial Perspectives
    Journal of Caribbean Archaeology Copyright 2019 ISBN 1524-4776 ARCHAEOLOGY OF PIRACY BETWEEN CARIBBEAN SEA AND THE NORTH AMERICAN COAST OF 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES: SHIPWRECKS, MATERIAL CULTURE AND TERRESTRIAL PERSPECTIVES Jean Soulat Laboratoire LandArc – Centre Michel de Boüard, Craham UMR 6273 Groupe de Recherche en Archéométrie, Université Laval, Québec 29, rue de Courbuisson 77920 Samois-sur-Seine – France [email protected] John de Bry Center for Historical Archaeology 140 Warsteiner Way, Suite 204 Melbourne Beach, Florida 32951 – USA [email protected] The archaeology of piracy in the 17th and 18th centuries remains a poorly developed discipline in the world. American universities in connection with local authorities were the first to fund and support such research programs on the east coast of the United States and the Caribbean. The study of the shipwreck of the pirate Edward Teach (Blackbeard), the Queen Anne's Revenge 1718, is a very good example of this success. However, a work of crossing archaeological data deserves to be carried out for all the sites brought to light, in particular in the Caribbean area, on the North American coast, without forgetting the Indian Ocean. The synthetic work of Charles R. Ewen and Russell K. Skowronek published in 2006 and 2016 by the University of Florida is an important first step. They treat shipwrecks as well as land occupations, and go back for a long time on the percceived ideas related to the true image of Pirates. However, there is a lack of material culture studies from these sites probably related to the lack of scientific publications of these objects.
    [Show full text]
  • Hidden Treasure-Historical Truth Tortuga, Den of Pirates and Thieves by Katherine Bone
    Hidden Treasure-Historical Truth Tortuga, Den of Pirates and Thieves By Katherine Bone Tortuga, known as Ile de la Tortue, was a bastion of debauchery in the 1600’s. Discovered by the Spanish, the island was named Tortuga, Turtle Island, in honor of its turtle-like shape. Tortuga sits about 3 leagues off the northwestern shore of present-day Haiti, formerly known as Hispaniola. In its heyday, the island’s strategic location attracted pirates of unsavory renown who intercepted weighted down Galleons heading through the Windward Passage toward the Spanish Main. Twenty miles long and four miles wide, Tortuga was the pirate capital of the Caribbean until Port Royal rose to fame as the ‘Sodom of the New World’. Ever since it’s strategic discovery, Spain sought to control Tortuga. The French, having been ousted from the island many times, set a plan into motion in 1605 that forced Spanish residents to abandon their homes and livestock for the final time. As a result, terrified Spaniards fled Tortuga and settled on the northeastern coast of Hispaniola leaving hunters, former convicts, and indentured servants behind. Arawak Indians then taught these hunters how to cure the meat of pigs and cattle on wooden grates. This grate was called a boucan and the French later gave these hunters the name boucanier or buccaneer. As time passed, Tortuga’s buccaneers earned a good living selling beef and pork jerky, and hides and tallow, a substance used to coat the hulls of ships as a precaution against teredo worms, which caused permanent damage to ship planks.
    [Show full text]
  • MÆRSK President for Three Years
    At the annual general meeting of the Danish Shipowners' Association on May 25, Mr. Ib Kruse was elected President after having served as Vice- MÆRSK President for three years. It is an important and demanding task that Mr. Kruse has undertaken in addition to his other areas of responsibility and POST activity. I am convinced that as President of the Danish Shipowners' As- sociation he will make a fine and competent contribution to Danish ship- ping. We wish him luck. At the Association's annual general meeting, Mr. Kruse said that as a Published by A.P. Møller, Copenhagen consequence of the increase in tonnage following the introduction of the Editor: Einar Siberg Danish International Shipping Register a lack of well qualified officers is Printers: Scanprint, Jyllands-Posten A/S, likely to develop. The number of apprentices has fallen during recent Viby J years. The Society for the Promotion of Danish Shipping, and the Danish Ship Adoption Society together with the Danish Shipowners' Association Local correspondents: and the Danish Maritime Authority have taken an initiative to counter this development. More than 2,000 schools have received information on HONG KONG: Evelyn Chun job possibilities in the shipping industry intended for the young in the 9th INDONESIA: Ken ßioch Sørensen grade who are about to choose their future career. And this is combined JAPAN: Lars Bredo Rahbek with an offer to 120 youths of a week's practical maritime training during NIGERIA: Lucie Thompson the coming summer holidays. PHILIPPINES: Lydia B. Cervantes SINGAPORE: David Tan At the seamen's schools in Fanø and Kogtved these 120 trainees will be THAILAND: Pornchai Vimolratana acquainted with navigation, seamanship, basic engineering, boat hand- UNITED KINGDOM: Robert Kenward ling, maritime rescue and fire service - skills which they will then get a U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Tequesta : Number 6/1946
    Ti 'e•f" THE JOURNAL OF THE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHERN FLORIDA Editor: Charlton W. Tebeau CONTENTS PAGE Pirate Lore and Treasure Trove 3 David O. True Medical Events in the History of Key West 14 Albert W. Diddle Some Reflections on the Florida of Long Ago 38 John C. Gifford The Adjudication of Shipwrecking in Florida in 1831 44 Albert W. Diddle Population Growth in Miami and Dade County, Florida 50 James I. Carney Select Bibliography for History of South Florida 56 The PublicationsCommittee Contributors 61 COPYRIGHTED 1947 BY THE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHERN FLORIDA E7 uestA' is published annually by the Historical Association of Southern Florida of Miami as a bulletin of the University. Subscrip- I and the University tion, $1.00. Communications should be addressed to the editor at the University of Miami. Neither the Association nor the University assumes responsibility for statements of fact or of opinion made by the contributors. This Page Blank in Original Source Document Pirates and Treasure Trove of South Florida DAVID O. TRUE The history of piracy in America had its roots in Hakluyt's compilation of the "Principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation" in 1589. Almost one hundred years later, in 1678, Esquemeling's classic "Bucaniers of America" was printed in Dutch. It was received with a flood of enthusiasm, being translated into Spanish, French and English. In England it was the best seller of its times, and it was issued in tides of editions and additions. Not since then has there been a better account written of the doughty Henry Morgan, his butchering contem- poraries or their bloody cohorts, than was so indelibly inscribed by this erudite Dutchman who 'went a piriting' with them.
    [Show full text]
  • Dove on Lewis, 'The History of Pirates'
    H-Caribbean Dove on Lewis, 'The History of Pirates' Review published on Saturday, January 6, 2018 Brenda Ralph Lewis. The History of Pirates. London: Amber Books, 2017. Illustrations. 192 pp. $29.95 (paper), ISBN 978-1-78274-490-0. Reviewed by Michael F. Dove (Western University) Published on H-Caribbean (January, 2018) Commissioned by Gregg French Printable Version: http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=50039 As yet another installment to the widely successful Pirates of the Caribbean film franchise hit the big screen this past summer, it was joined by a slew of new books by both scholars and popular writers attempting to satisfy the general public’s appetite for all things “pirate.” Several made significant contributions to our understanding of these “robbers of the sea” and the motives and circumstances driving them over the centuries. Others repackaged oft-told tales of the most widely recognizable pirates during the so-called Golden Age of Caribbean piracy, while some chose to unabashedly echo and perpetuate well-worn myths surrounding the pirate life. This offering from illustrated nonfiction powerhouse publisher Amber Books, a rebranding of an earlier book,The Pirate Code: From Honorable Thieves to Modern-Day Villains (2008), by the same author, occupies a space all its own. Though lacking many of the conventions of an academic work and virtually silent on some of the more pressing issues and themes surrounding piracy in its historical sense, this book provides general audiences with an accurate and effective overview of pirates from antiquity to the modern day. Author of more than eighty-five books, mostly in children’s and young adult genres, including the immensely popular DK Readers and A Dark History series, Brenda Ralph Lewis brings her literary flair and passion for storytelling to examining the history of piracy through eight exceptionally readable chapters, generally organized around the main eras of sea roving.
    [Show full text]
  • Commanders and Characters
    Blood & Plunder | The Buccaneer's Companion Vol1 Blood & Plunder | The Buccaneer's Companion Vol1 7 COMMANDERS Bartholomew Sharp John Coxon COMMANDER CHARACTER COMMANDER CHARACTER MAY COMMAND ENGLISH BUCCANEERS MAY COMMAND ENGLISH BUCCANEERS AND BRETHREN OF THE COAST. AND BRETHREN OF THE COAST. Main Weapons: Brace of Pistols Main Weapons: Brace of Pistols Standard Melee Weapon Standard Melee Weapon Side arms: None Side arms: None Command Range: 12" Command Range: 12" Command Points: 2 Command Points: 2 Special Rules: Special Rules: RUTHLESS | VERY INSPIRING INSPIRING | HIGH STANDING SHIFTING COMMAND: In scenarios where this model is not SHIFTING COMMAND: In scenarios where this model is not named as the Commander of the force, this model may join a named as the Commander of the force, this model may join a unit following the normal rules for Characters (Fighting Men). unit following the normal rules for Characters (Fighting Men). This model’s Command Range is reduced to 0” and Command This model’s Command Range is reduced to 0” and Command Points reduced to 1. This Command point may only be spent on Points reduced to 1. This Command point may only be spent on a unit which this model has joined. Any Special rules this model a unit which this model has joined. Any Special rules this model has are applied to the unit and any special rules the joined unit has are applied to the unit and any special rules the joined unit has apply to this model. has apply to this model. Units containing a character with this rule may not take actions Units containing a character with this rule may not take actions outside of their activation granted by the use of another char- outside of their activation granted by the use of another char- acter's command points (including those of the Commander).
    [Show full text]
  • Courier Gazette : November 16, 1897
    Rockland Gazette The Largest Rockland Tribune Circulation Union Times In Eastern Maine C*mo«klal«d March 17, 1*07 T he Courier-Gazette. T W IC E -A -W E E K . TUESDAY AND SATURDAY. Two Dollars a Year Rockland Maine Tuesday November 16 1 8 9 7 V o l. 5 2 . N o . 81 OUR ENTERPRISIN8 NEIGHBOR COMMENT ON CURRENT EVENTS sou, in ear splitting shrieks. Having secured GOVERNOR'S THARKS8IVINB PROCLAMATION IN A CORNER OF THE LIBRARY tbe supposed desperate villain the roundsman The Camden Herald Kdltor Reviews the took bis own time to hunt up tbe particu Poor Ja m a ic a .— Jamaica it io a dubious The time-honored custom of recognizing M r. Bellamy’! " Equality" is likely to be read MISS BEECHER’S Past and Halls the Future. lars of the offence. But by the time he had in a greater number of languages than any condition. Ill sugar industry is ruined by the returned to tbe residence of tbe Lees the and giving thanks to Almighty God as the “New Camden" or, in other words, "Cam­ low price, or protected market, or competition recent American book. O ne of the latest H A IR AND.... vociferous Ixiuisa had become quieted and year draws to a close, for his manifold mer den since (he fire,” is half a decade old. Five with beet sugar. A ll combioed make it quite propositions received by the publishers is for brought to a state of reasonable agitation. cies, was instituted in Plymouth Colony by years ago last Wednesday morning onr vil­ inevitable that tbe sugar plantations must go the Puritans in the early settlement of our WHISKER DYE.
    [Show full text]
  • The Story of Trujillo: a Little Town with a Big History
    The Story of Trujillo: A Little Town with a Big History By Jon Tompson Table of Contents Chapter 1 - THE COMING OF THE SPANISH TO HONDURAS 3 Chapter 2 - THE SWEAT OF THE SUN & THE TEARS OF THE MOON 11 Chapter 3 - PIRATES, CORSAIRS, PRIVATEERS AND BUCCANEERS 31 Chapter 4 - LA MOSQUITIA AND THE ENGLISH 59 Chapter 5 - THE RETURN OF THE SPANISH 78 Chapter 6 - THE COMING OF THE GARIFUNA 88 Chapter 7 - THE AGE OF FILIBUSTERS, BRIGANDS AND CONMEN 96 Chapter 8 - GREEN GOLD – A RUM BUNCH 109 Page !2 of !134 Chapter 1 - THE COMING OF THE SPANISH TO HON- DURAS Where there are such lands, there should be profitable things without number - Christopher Columbus The first known contact the indigenous natives of what is now known as Trujillo, Honduras had with European explorers was on August 14, 1502, when Christopher Columbus, accompanied by his 13 year old son Fernando and his brother Bartholomew, plus 140 Spaniards, arrived in four boats named the Santa María, El Vizcaino, El Santiago and El Gallego. Columbus was on his fourth and ulti- mately fruitless final voyage, looking for a trading route to China and India. He incorrectly thought that he had entered the Straits of Molucca, Indonesia, when he arrived in the channel between the Bay islands and the Honduran mainland. Although he had gained much prestige, wealth, and fame during his previous three voyages of dis- covery in the New World of the Caribbean starting ten years earlier, Columbus’s star was now on the wane and at 51 years of age, he was a much changed and different person from the arrogant explorer of 1492.
    [Show full text]
  • Pirate Articles and Their Society, 1660-1730
    ‘Piratical Schemes and Contracts’: Pirate Articles and their Society, 1660-1730 Submitted by Edward Theophilus Fox to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Maritime History In May 2013 This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Signature: ………………………………………………………….. 1 Abstract During the so-called ‘golden age’ of piracy that occurred in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans in the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, several thousands of men and a handful of women sailed aboard pirate ships. The narrative, operational techniques, and economic repercussions of the waves of piracy that threatened maritime trade during the ‘golden age’ have fascinated researchers, and so too has the social history of the people involved. Traditionally, the historiography of the social history of pirates has portrayed them as democratic and highly egalitarian bandits, divided their spoil fairly amongst their number, offered compensation for comrades injured in battle, and appointed their own officers by popular vote. They have been presented in contrast to the legitimate societies of Europe and America, and as revolutionaries, eschewing the unfair and harsh practices prevalent in legitimate maritime employment. This study, however, argues that the ‘revolutionary’ model of ‘golden age’ pirates is not an accurate reflection of reality.
    [Show full text]