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'^Wfe- ; ^• THE STORY OF OUR COLONIES. -* • * ^- "..* m- ^ # .^ THE STORY OF OUR COLONIES: '* ' WITH . .* SKETCHES OF THEIR PRESENT CONDITION. BY H. R FOX BOURNE, AUTHOR OF "EXOLISH SEAMEN UNDER THE TUD0R3," " FAMOUS LONDON MERcnANTS/ KXa, ETa LONDON: JAMES HOGG k SOX, YORK STREET, COVERT GARDEM. MDCCCLXTX. ALL niGnrs reserved. /oxsy EDINBURGH : COMMEUCIAT, PRINTING COMPANY, 22 HOWE STREET. % » -*m TO THE lUGIlT HONOURABLE EARL GRANVILLE, K. G. HFB MAJESn's PRINCIPAL SECRETAny OF ETArE FOR THE COLONIAL DEPARTMENT, '*' THIS VOLUME, BY HIS L mDSniP'S PERMISSION, IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED. " #' PREFACE. Perhaps tlie title of tlhis book sufficiently explains its purport. Of the history of the British posses- sions —a theme large enough for several volumes—it does not pretend to give a complete account, or even a comprehensive epitome. If it succeed in showing what were the virtues and the vices, the designs and the accidents, which led to the formation and de- velopment of our Colonial Empire, what are its present value and prospective importance, and how these may be increased by proper cultivation of the emigration-fields that are open to our over-crowded country, its object will be attained. H. E. F. B. London, October 1860. — CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. OUR EARLIEST COLONIES. PAOI Introduction—The Cathayan FaWes—Discovery of America by John Cabot—His " New-found-lancls "—The First Efforts of tlie English in Colonizing America.—Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh— The Rise of English Colonization—The Establishment of the United States—England's other Colonies. [1490-1776.] 1 CHAPTER n. OUR FlllST \VE.ST INDIAN COLONY. The First English Settlements in the West Indies—The Exploits of Sir John Hawkins and his Successors—The Colonization and Early History of Barbados—lord Willougliby of Parham—The Civil War in Barbados Lord Willougliby and Sir George Ayscue—The Progress of the Island during the Seventeenth Century—Its Trade and Population—The Slaves and their Sufferings. [1562-17001 15 CHAPTER m. JAMAICA AND THE BUCCANEEKS. Columbus in Jamaica—Its Government by the Spaniards Cromwell's Conquest—The Maroons—The Buccaneers The Exi)loits of Sir Henry Morgan — The Connection of Jamaica with the Buccaneers—Its Early Progress The Earthquake of 1692, and Subsequent Disasters. [1605-1694.] -29 —— vm CONTENTS. * CHAPTER IV. JAMAICA AND SLAVERY. PAGB The Progress of Jamaica—Its Value to England—Slavery The Slave Insurrections—The Rising of 1760—The Con- dition of the Slaves—The Insurrection of 1832—The Abolition of Slavery in 1834. [ltJ94-1834.] ... 43 CHAPTER V. OTJR -WEST INDIAN POSSESSIONS. The Bermudas—The Bahamas—Other West Indian Islandfj British Guiana — Trinidad — Barbados — Jamaica- The Present Condition of our "West Indian Colonies—The Causes of their Deterioration and the Means of their Improvement. [1593-1869.] 63 CH.VPTER VL NEWFOUNDLAND. Tlie Beginning of the Newfouindland Fisheries—The Growth of Newfoundland as a Colony—English Neglect of it The Fishers and the Colonists—Its Troubles during War with France — Its Subsequent Development — Seal- Hunting and Cod-Fishing. [1497-1867.] ... 68 CHAPTER VH. FRENCH NORTH AMERICA. The French in North America—The Colony of New France Samuel Champlain—The Progress of the Colony—Wars with the Indians and the English—The Contests be- tween the English and French Colonists—The English Conquests of Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, and Canada. [1524-1760.] 81 CHAPTER vm. i NOVA SCOTIA AND NEW BRUNSWICK. The French Settlers in Nova Scotia—Their Banishment in 17.55—Progress of Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, and New Brunswick under the English—A Fire in New Brunswick - -Prince Edward's Island. [1755-1861.] ... 97 — COXTEXTS. IX # CHAPTER IX. CANADA. TAOB The History of Canada under British Rule—ITie First Ame- rican War—Internal Troubles—The French and English Canadians—Tlie Second American War—Fresh Domestic Difficulties—The Rebellions of 1837 and 1838—Lord Durham's Services to the Colony—Its Later History —The Canadian Confederation. [1760-1867.] . 106 CHAPTER X. THE Hudson's bay tekkitort. The Hudson's Bay Company and its Territory—Rivalry in the Eighteenth Century—The Character and Working of the Company—Its Servants and Subjects—The Red River Settlement—Vancouver Island and British Colum- bia—Dissolution of the Hudson's Bay Company. [1670- 18G8.] 128 CHAPTER XI. BEITISU NORTH AMERICA. A General View of the British North Anierioan Colonies Prince Edward's Island—Cape Breton—Nova Scotia- New Brunswick—Canada—The Western Territories British Columbia and Vancouver Island. [1869.] . 139 CHAPTER XIL WEST AFRICA. Tlie West African Settlements —Sierra Leone—Gambia—Cape Coast Castle— Lagos. [1600-1869.] 153 CHAPTER XIIL CAPE COLONY. ':• The Dutch Settlement on the Cape of Good Hope—Early Quarrels with the Hottentots and Cruel Treatment, of them—Transfer of the Colon3^ to England—Its Progress under British Rule—The Kaf!ir Wars and Other Troubles —The Present Constitution of the Colony—Its Natural Advantages. [1648-1869.] 156 — CONTEXTS. jj CHAPTER XIV. * NATAL. PAOK The Eafiirs—First English Visits to the Eastern Coast of South Africa—The Settlement of Port Natal— Its Early Troubles and Later Progress—The Present Condition and Resources of the Colony. [16S3-1889.] . .176 CHAPTER XV. BRITISH INDIA. The Progress of British Trade and Conquest in India —Its Present Condition. [lCOO-1860.] 184 CHAPTER XVI. OUR ASIATIC COLONIES. Ceylon—Its Early Civilization—Its Subjection to the Portu- guese, the Dutch, and the English—Its Present Condi- tion—The Straits Settlements : Penang, Malacca, and Singapore — Hong Kong — Borneo and Labuan — The Achievements of Sir James Brooke. [1795-1869.] . 187 CHAPTER XVII. EARLY AUSTRALASIAN DISCOVERIES. Portuguese and Dutch Discoveries of Australia—Tasman English Voyagers—Danipier in Australia—Captain Cook in New Zealand and Australia —French Expeditions. [lC01-178t«.] 198 CHAPTER XVIII. THE FIRST AUSTRALIAN COLONY. The Convict Settlement in New South Wales—Its First Troubles—The Evil Habits of the Colonists—The Begin- ning of Better Ways—Governor Macquarie—Australian ' Discoverers: Flinders and Bass—Inland Expeditions The Progress of New South Wales. [J 787-1821.] . 208 /^ —: CONTENTS. U m CHAPTER XIX. OLD NEW SOUTH WALES. PAOE Progress of New South Wales as a Free Colony—Services of Reformed Convicts—John Macarthur and the Wool- Trade—Sydney in 1829—Cruel Treatment of the Con- victs—Growth of Free Institutions—Sir Richard Boarke —Development of the Colony—Explorations in the Interior—The Aborigines of Australia. [1821-1839.] 219 CHAPTER XX. TASMANIA. The Offshoots of ITew South Wales—The Early History of Tasmania, or Van Dieman's Land— Its Establishment as an Independent Colony—Its Convicts and Bush-Rangers —Extermination of the Aborigines—Its Best Governors Sir George Arthur and Sir John Franklin—Its Greatest Prosperity — Its Deterioration and Present State. [1797-1869.] 233 CHAPTER XXI. NEW SOUTH WALEJ AND THE PORT PHILLIP DISTRICT. The Discovery of Port Phillip—Captain Collins's Attempted Settlement on its Coast—Later Enterprises—Henty, Bat- man, Fawkner, and Mitchell — Buckley's Adventures among the Aborigines—Establishment of the Port Phillip Settlement — The Progress of New South Wales - - The ' Squatters and their Work—Melbourne between 1838 and 1850~Sydney in 1848. [1802-1851.] . 243 CHAPTER XXn. SOUTH AUSTRALIA. The Discovery and Colonization of South Australia — The Wakefield Scheme and its Failure—Early Troubles of the Colony—Their Speedy Removal—The Copper Mines The Effect of the Gold Discoveries in Victoria—Later Progress of the Colony ; Copper, Wool, Wheat, and Wine —Its Present Condition. [1822-1869.] . .260 — XU CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXIII. VICTORIA. PAQS The Establishment of Port Phillip as an Independent Colony, under the Name of Victoria—The Australian Gold Dis- coveries—The Ballarat Gold-Fields—The Consequences of the Discoveiy—The Progress of Victoria—Melbourne in 18C6—The Ballarat Outbreak—Political Chanjes in Vic- toria. [1851-1869.] 276 CHAPTER XXIV. NEW SOUTH WALES AND QtTEtNSLAXD. The Later Progress of New South Wales—Its Gold-Fields and their Fruit—Squatter-Extensions—The Rise of the More- ton Bay District, and the O^iening up of Central Aus- tralia—The Fertility of this Region—Establishment of the Colony of Queensland—Its Rapid Growth—The Pre- sent Condition of New South Wales—Its Coal-Fields. [1851-1869.] 289 CHAPTER XXV. WEST AUSTRALIA AND WASTE AUSTRALIA. Origin of the Swan River Settlement, or Western Australia Early Misfortunes of the Colony—Its Present Condition —Explorations in the Interior of the Australian Continent —The First Discoverers—Sturt, Murray, Eyi-e, Leich- hardt — Sturt again — Stuart — Burke and Wills — The Character of the Interior. [1827-1865.] . .299 CHAPTER XXVI. TAKEHA NEW ZEALAND. The New Zealand Islands and their Inhabitants—First Inter- course with Englishmen— The Massacre of the Crew and Passengers of the Boyd in 1809—The Missionaries and their Work—The Pakeha Traders—Articles of Trade Traffic in Human Heads—Other Debasing Employments of the Pakehas—Progress of English Iniluences—Spread of Civilization—The Character of the Maoris. [1809-1839.] 323 — CONTEXTS. xm CHAPTER XXVn. NEW ZEALAND COLONIZATION. VA1K The Old Pakeha Population—The New Zealand Company Establishment of British Sovereignty in New Zealand, and its Construction as a Regular Colony—Its Progress Land- Quarrels with the Natives—Their Attempted Pro- tection by the Government—The Influence of the Mis- sionaries—Later Growth of the Colony. [1830-1867.] • . 338 CHAPTER xxvm. NEW ZEALAND WARFARE. The Eival Races in New Zealand—The Maori Wars of 1843 and the Following Years—The Subsequent Condition of the Maoris — Their Civilization — Their Numbers — The Renewal of Hostilities — The King-Movement and its Issue—Hostilities in 18G0 and 1861—The War of 1863- 1865—Nature of the Strife—Later Guerilla Warfare The Pai-Marire, or Hau-Hau Superstition—The Future of New Zealand. [1843-1869.] 348 CHAPTER XXIX. ENGLISH AUSTRALASIA. The Relative Advantages of our Australasian Colonies—Wes- tern Australia—Queensland—New South Wales— Vic- toria—South Australia—Tasmania—New Zealand .

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