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Dissertation Dissertation Titel der Dissertation Einflüsse von kulturellen und historischen chinesischen Elementen auf die individuellen kompositorischen Tonschöpfungen in der chinesischen Musik des 20. Jahrhunderts Verfasser Mag. phil. Zhao Chen angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktor der Philosophie (Dr. phil. ) Wien, im April 2013 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 092 316 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Dr.-Studium der Philosophie UniStG Musikwissenschaft Betreuern: Doz. Ao. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Theophil Antonicek 1 2 Vorwort Dieses Vorwort dient als eine Entschuldigung, zum Jammern und als Vorsatz meine Zukunft betreffend. Diese Dissertation ist – übertragen gesagt – wie ein Baby für mich, allerdings eines, das eine durchaus schwierige Geburt hinter sich hat. Während des Schreibens gab es Phasen, in denen ich mich kaum mehr mit den Inhalten befassen konnte, die ich zu Papier bringen wollte. Ich begann mein „Baby“ und die Arbeit daran zu hassen. Aber am 18. Februar 2013, um 11:25, nach der letzten Korrektur der Conclusio, schließe ich nun meine Augen, lächelnd, und plötzlich liegen alle bisherigen Gedanken bezüglicher dieser Dissertation weit zurück. Das Thema dieser Dissertation begann sich nach dem Abschluss meines Magisterstudiums im Jahr 2008 in meinen Gedanken zu formen. Die Idee war ursprünglich um ein Vielfaches größer: Ich wollte beweisen, dass die als Gegenstand für die Dissertation gewählte „Chinesische Musik der Gegenwart“ als „Avantgarde- Musik“ fungiert und damit auch gleichzeitig den Terminus „chinesische Neue Musik“ widerlegen. Mein erster Doktorvater, Prof. Manfred Angerer (* 15. Oktober 1953 in Pöchlarn in Niederösterreich, † 19. April 2010 in Wien) empfahl mir in der für ihn charakteristischen ironisch-humorvollen Weise: „Schreib doch einen Überblick d‟rüber! Die Europäer verstehen diese Musik sowieso nicht.“ Dieser Ausspruch war typisch für Prof. Angerer. Ich erinnere mich beispielsweise daran, dass er in einer Vorlesung, es war in einem Sommersemester und die Temperaturen im Saal nicht gerade als angenehm kühl zu bezeichnen, vor der versammelten Hörerschar den Ausspruch tat: „Es ist heiß im Hörsaal, ich werde nicht böse, wenn Ihr nicht anwesend seid. Geht hinaus, genießt doch den wunderbaren Sonnenschein!“ Alle Kolleginnen und Kollegen lachten schallend, aber niemand verließ den Hörsaal. Diese seine humorvolle Empfehlung wurde zur Motivation für mich dafür, dass ich unbedingt – auch des Stolzes wegen – meine ursprüngliche Idee vollenden wollte. Als 3 Zeitrahmen für dieses Dissertationsvorhaben hatte ich mir ein Jahr gesetzt. Die Durchführung verlief schließlich wie bei vielen DissertantInnen: recherchieren, Sekundärliteratur sammeln, Noten und Partituren besorgen etc. Im Laufe der Recherche- Arbeit aber stieß ich auf Schwierigkeiten. Dieses Thema war so umfangreich und unfassbar groß, es blieb mir keine Möglichkeit, mich auf einen speziellen Forschungsschwerpunkt zu konzentrieren, sogar das Vorhaben, einen Überblick über die chinesische Musik der Gegenwart zu geben, hat sich in diesem Rahmen als schier undurchführbar herausgestellt. Die größte Schwierigkeit war, sich dieser Thematik auf Deutsch und in Europa zu stellen. Wenn man beispielsweise in Europa den Namen J. S. Bach in einer musikwissenschaftlichen Arbeit nennt, braucht man keine Fußnote mit zusätzlichen Erklärungen einzufügen, wer dieser große Komponist der Barockzeit war, in China aber wären an dieser Stelle zusätzlichen Informationen sehr wohl notwendig. Hier in Europa handelt es sich um Allgemeinwissen, das als mehr oder weniger bekannt vorausgesetzt werden kann, für ChinesInnen jedoch muss es fremdartig erscheinen, und umgekehrt gilt dies genauso. Die Schwierigkeit im Vorfeld war also, dass ich viele Sachen für mich oder für ChinesInnen als Allgemeinwissen definiert und als für die Leserin/den Leser bekannt vorausgesetzt habe. Für EuropäerInnen jedoch mussten diese Dinge extra erklärt werden. Das Erklären umfasst nun die ganze Dissertation. Ich begann, mich an Prof. Angerers Ironie zu erinnern und versuchte, das Thema der Dissertation mehr in Richtung „Überblick“ zu lenken. Auch Gedanken, überhaupt ein neues, anderes Thema zu wählen und neu anzufangen, kamen auf. Doch plötzlich traf die Nachricht einer chinesischen Kollegin bei mir ein. Sie lautete: Herr Prof. Angerer ist verstorben. Diese schockierende Nachricht wurde zur neuerlichen Motivation für mich: Ich musste dieses Thema, das ich mit Herrn Prof. Angerer gemeinsam festgelegt hatte, zu Ende bringen. Geworden ist es ein Überblick über die chinesische Musik der Gegenwart, genauer gesagt über die im 20. Jahrhundert entstandene „chinesische Neue Musik“, die im Vergleich zu der globalisierten und weltweit als „Standard-Form“ anerkannten Musik des Westens meiner Meinung nach eine bemerkenswerte Eigenständigkeit und einen sehr 4 individuellen Umgang mit musikalischem Material aufweist. Für mich galt es herauszufinden, inwieweit dieses neue Genre der chinesischen Musik als „authentisch“ zu beurteilen ist beziehungsweise zu welchem Anteil die Kompositionsideen tatsächlich als „original chinesisch“ bezeichnet werden können. Die Selbsterfahrungen, die ich im Rahmen der Recherche über die gegenwärtige chinesische Musik gemacht habe, haben mir schließlich eine Phase der Wissenserneuerung und -erweiterung für mich persönlich und über meine eigenen Kultur und Tradition beschert. Diese hier vorliegende Arbeit dient daher einerseits als eine Zusammenschau dieser in wissenschaftlicher Kleinarbeit erhobenen Fakten, der Herausarbeitung meiner Forschungsthese und der Präsentation meiner diesbezüglich erarbeiteten Ergebnisse, andererseits aber ist sie auch ein Beleg dafür, dass sich der ursprünglich als mein „Vorteil“ empfundene Umstand, dass ich als ein chinesischer Musikwissenschaftler mit chinesischer Musik besser und leichter umgehen würde können als ein Europäer, letztendlich nicht in der Art bestätigt hat, wie angenommen. Ein kleiner Vorteil hat sich aber dennoch insofern ergeben, dass die Forschungslandschaft auf dem Gebiet der chinesischen Musik in Europa noch viele Leerstellen und Freiräume aufweist und daher nur sehr wenig Sekundärliteratur in deutscher oder englischer Sprache diesbezüglich vorhanden ist. Daraus resultiert, dass über 80 % der in dieser Arbeit zitierten Sekundärliteratur auf Chinesisch verfasst wurden. Die Texte, die nur in chinesischer Sprache zugänglich sind, wurden daher, soweit dies zum Verständnis der vorliegenden Arbeit nötig war, vom Autor dieser Dissertation in die deutsche Sprache übersetzt. In den vergangenen drei Jahren konnte ich mir nicht vorstellen, dass das Vorhaben dieser Dissertation gelingt. Ohne die unzähligen und großartigen Unterstützungen, ohne die tatkräftige Mithilfe meines Lehrers und besten Freundes, Herrn Prof. Sha Jin, im Rahmen der Recherche in China, ohne die Hilfe von Frau Margit Letz, die für das Lektorat des fertigen Textes verantwortlich zeichnet und mein „auf Chinesisch gedachtes“ Deutsch in grammatikalisch richtige Bahnen gelenkt hat, und ohne die seelische und finanzielle Unterstützung meiner Familie wäre das Projekt wahrscheinlich nicht realisierbar gewesen. 5 Mein ganz besonderer Dank gebührt aber Herrn Prof. Antonicek, der nach dem Ableben von Herrn Prof. Angerer die Betreuung dieser Dissertation nicht nur einfach übernommen hat, sondern mir stets hilfreich zur Seite stand. Vor allem sein Satz: „Ich habe Vertrauen in Sie.“ hat mir immer wieder Kraft gegeben. Dieser Arbeit entspringt außerdem der Vorsatz beziehungsweise die Zielsetzung, dass ich in meinen zukünftigen Jahren bei dieser Thematik bleiben und mich weiter auf wissenschaftlicher Basis dem Fachgebiet der chinesischen Musik aus europäischer Sicht und der Öffnung und Erschließung derselben für die Forschung wie auch das Publikum dieser Musik hier in Europa widmen möchte. Denn nachdem ich nun das letzte Wort dieser Dissertation zu Papier gebracht habe, kann ich sie nicht mehr hassen, so wie eben niemand sein eigenes Baby hassen kann. Ich bedanke mich herzlich bei allen, die mir auf jegliche Art und Weise geholfen haben. Sobald diese Arbeit eingereicht ist, werde ich das Grab von Herrn Prof. Angerer besuchen. Ich werde ein Packung chinesische Zigaretten mitnehmen, denn er hat viel geraucht. Zhao Chen 18. Februar 2013, Wien, 3. Gemeindebezirk 6 Im Interesse des Textflusses und der Lesefreundlichkeit werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit nach Möglichkeit geschlechtsunspezifische Termini verwendet. Sollte dies nicht möglich sein, so wird stellvertretend für beide Geschlechter die männliche Form gewählt. Es ist mir aber außerordentlich wichtig zu betonen, dass alle diesbezüglich in Frage kommenden Bezeichnungen durchgehend gleicherweise die weibliche und die männliche Form miteinschließen, ausgenommen sind lediglich Formulierungen, die sich tatsächlich nur auf ein bestimmtes Geschlecht beziehen. 7 8 Inhaltverzeichnis Vorwort ........................................................................................................................... 3 Kapitel I ........................................................................................................................ 13 1.0. Einführung in die Problematik: Fälschung oder Originalität ................................ 13 1.1. „Europäische Prägung“ versus „Chinesisches Original“: die begrifflichen Unterschiede.............................................................................................................. 21 1.1.1. Methodische Vorgehensweisen zur Forschung auf dem Gebiet der Neuen Musik Chinas........................................................................................................
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