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The Birth of Broadcasting (1961) This is the first part of a projected three- or four-volume history of broadcasting in the United Kingdom. The whole work is designed as an authoritative account of the rise of broadcasting in England up to the passing of the Independent Television Act in 1955 and the end of the BBC monopoly. Though naturally largely concerned with the BBC, it will be a general history of broadcasting, not simply an institutional history of the BBC, and will briefly sketch the back- ground of wireless developments in other parts of the world. The Birth of Broadcasting covers early amateur experiments in wire- less telephony in America and in England, the pioneer days at Writtle in Essex and elsewhere, and the com- ing of organized broadcasting and its rapid growth during the first four years of the BBC's existence as a private Company before it became a public Corporation in January 1927. Professor Briggs describes how and why the Company was formed, the scope of its activities, and the reasons which led to its conversion from a business enterprise into a national institution. The issues raised between 1923 and 1927 remain pertinent today. The hard bargaining between the Post Office, private wireless interests, and the emergent British Broadcasting Company is discussed in illuminating continued on bock flap $10.00 continued from front flap detail, together with the remarkable opposition with which the Company had to contend in its early days. Many sections of the opposition, including a powerful section of the press, seemed able to conceive of broadcasting only as competing with their own interests, never as comple- menting or enlarging them. One of the main themes of this volume is that of the gradual forging of the instruments of public control, and particular attention is paid to the Crawford Report (1926) from which the Corporation arose. During this period all the characteristics of the Corporation first appeared and it is emphasized that, contrary to the general view, it was the private enterprise Company and not the Government which stamped the BBC with its reputation for public service and impartiality. At the same time Professor Briggs is concerned with something more than business history or the formal relations between BBC and Govern- ment, press, Post Office, &c. He examines the background of wireless as an invention and considers its impact on society. He has much to say about personalities and pro- grammes as well as policies. His study is based on hitherto unpub- lished material, from the BBC ar- chives, Lord Reith's diary, and other original sources. XIV 2653 THE HISTORY OF BROADCASTING IN THE UNITED KINGDOM VOLUME I THE BIRTH OF BROADCASTING THE HISTORY OF BROADCASTING IN THE UNITED KINGDOM VOLUME I THE BIRTH OF BROADCASTING BY ASA BRIGGS LONDON OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW YORK TORONTO Ig61 Oxford University Press, Amen House, London E.C. GLASGOW NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE WELLINGTON BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS KARACHI KUALA LUMPUR CAPE TOWN IBADAN NAIROBI ACCRA © Oxford University Press 196r PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN This History is dedicated to LORD REITH Managing Director of The British Broadcasting Company and First Director -General of The British Broadcasting Corporation PREFACE THIS volume is intended to be the first of a three -volume his- tory of broadcasting in the United Kingdom. In writing it I have had extremely generous help from everyone whom I have consulted within the BBC. I have had the fullest access to all surviving archives, and I have benefited greatly from a number of interviews and conversations. The record I present and the conclusions I have reached are, however, entirely my own. Outside the BBC I am deeply grateful for the friendly and invaluable co- operation of Lord Reith, who has placed at my disposal his private papers and his extremely full and informa- tive Diary. The use of this unique source has greatly enlivened the writing of this history. I am also grateful to a number of other people and organiza- tions too numerous to name in detail. Among them are Major Basil Binyon and Captain Peter Eckersley, who figure pro- minently in the history itself. The late Sir Arthur Fleming, Mr. Gladstone Murray, and Mr. Leonard Crocombe filled in a number of gaps. The Publicity Department of the Marconi Company kindly allowed me access to early papers relating to broadcasting from Chelmsford, Writtle, and 2L0; and Asso- ciated Electrical Industries (Manchester) Ltd. and Standard Telephones and Cables Ltd. also provided me with useful information. I have also been able to make use of relevant Post Office archives and certain other official papers, and I would particularly like to thank Mr. E. C. Baker of the G.P.O. It would be invidious to single out people within the BBC, but four people have worked very closely with me: Mr. D. H. Clarke, with his wide experience and knowledge, has assisted me at every stage; Mr. R. L. W. Collison, the Librarian, Miss M. S. Hodgson, the Archivist, and Miss E. Sawyers, my secre- tary, helped me to organize and pursue the whole enterprise. My friend Mr. J. Trenaman read the manuscript, and gave me valuable expert advice. ASA BRIGGS The University of Leeds July 1961 CONTENTS PREFACE vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XI I. INTRODUCTION : BROADCASTING AND SOCIETY I II. THE WONDER OF WIRELESS 23 I. Discovery and Prophecy 25 2. From Radio -Telephony to Broadcasting 36 3. Amateurs and Professionals 5o 4. The American Boom 58 5. Writtle and its Rivals 68 III. THE FORMATION OF THE 3RITISII BROAD- CASTING COMPANY (1922) 91 I. The Post Office Proposes 93 2. The Manufacturers Confer 107 3. Negotiations Continue I14 4. The Company is Formed 123 5. The Appointment of J. C. W. Reith 135 IV. ORDEAL AND EXPERIENCE (1923 -5) 143 I. `Frustrations, Difficulties, and Deadlock' 145 2. The Sykes Committee 164 3. The Results of the Inquiry 183 4. `Getting on with the Job' 197 5. More Extensive Broadcasting 213 X CONTENTS V. POLICY, PROGRAMMES, PUBLICITY, AND PERSONALITIES (1923 -5) 227 I. Broadcasting as a Public Service 229 2. The Content of Programmes 250 3. The Broadcasters 283 4. Facing the Nation 295 5. Facing the World 308 VI. FROM COMPANY TO CORPORATION (1925-6) 325 1. The Crawford Committee 327 2. The Charter 348 3. The General Strike 36o 4. The Last Year of the Old Régime 384 5. Prospect and Retrospect 399 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE 407 APPENDIXES 410 INDEX 417 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS The author would like to acknowledge with thanks the kind permission given to reproduce illustrations belonging to individuals and corporate bodies. 1. Music by Electric Telegraph. From Punch, 1850 page 6 (By permission of Punch) 2. What is Home without a Radio? From Radio Times, 3 Sept. 1926 17 (By permission of the British Broadcasting Corporation) 3. Model of 1925. From N.A.R.M.A.T. Catalogue, 1925 19 4. Part of a Letter written in November 1904 by J. A. Fleming to Marconi 29 (By permission of Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Co. Led.) 5. A 1925 `Radio Music Box'. From N.A.R.M.A.T. Catalogue, 1925 40 (By permission of Ericsson Telephones Ltd.) 6. `Punch' anticipates Broadcast Entertainment, 1878 44 (By permission of Punch) 7. Marconi's Introduction to Britain (By permission of Morton's Wireless Telegraph Co. Ltd.) 8. The Writtle Pioneers (By permission of Marconi's Wireless 7elegraph Co. Ltd.) between 9. The Melba Microphone pages (By permission of Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Co. Ltd.) 72 -73 10. An early Wireless Receiving Set, assembled 1922 -3 (By permission of Mr. R. E. G. Brant) 11. An early Wireless Transmitter, 2MT, Writtle, 1921 (By permission of Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Co. Ltd.) 12. Invitations to Listen, 1922 page 73 (By permission of Morton's Wireless Telegraph Co. Ltd.) 13. A Royal Broadcast 76 (By permission of Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Co. Ltd.) 14. A Wireless Demonstration 78 15. Wireless at a Fête 8o 16. A Wireless Cabinet. From N.A.R.M.A.T. Catalogue, 1925 86 (By permission of Ericsson Telephones Ltd.) 17. The Company's Prospectus i26 18. Early `Reasons for Broadcasting', 1922 (By permission of Associated Electrical Industries (Manchester) Ltd.) 19. Lord Gainford, Chairman of the British Broadcasting Com- pany. Portrait by Philip Laszlo between (By permission of the Hon. Miriam Pease) pages 20. J. C. W. Reith 136-7 (By permission of BBC) 21. P. P. Eckersley (By permission of BBC) / Xii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 22. Loudspeaker. From N.A.R.M.A.T. Catalogue, 1925 page 220 (By permission of Ericsson Telephones Lid.) 23. BBC Head Office Staff, November 1924 facing page 224 (By permission of BBC) 24. Arthur Burrows facing page 225 (By permission of BBC) 25. C. A. Lewis facing page 225 (By permission of BBC) 26. 'Improved Styles.' From N.A.R.M.A.T. Catalogue, 1925 page 232 (By permission of A. J. Stoma (Radio Branch)) 27. Wireless Receiving Sets, 1926. From N.A.R.M.A.T. Catalogue, 1926 facing page 240 (By permission of Rola Celestion Lid.) 28. The Daventry Transmitter facing page 241 (By permission of BBC) 29. Unrecognized Heroes. The Announcer who said 'Broadcasted'. From This-is London by Stuart Hibberd page 243 (By permission of Macdonald & Evans Ltd) 30. 'How to Catch a Tiger.' From BBC Tear Book, 193o 255 (By permission of BBC) 31. Weather Forecasting. From Western Electric Company Adver- tisement in the Radio Times, 7 December 1923 259 (By permission of Western Electric Co. Ltd.) 32. 'What do Tou Think about It ?' From The Wireless Constructor, October 1925 266 33. Melchior Singing from Chelmsford, 1920 (By permission of Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Co.
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