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Transnationalizing Radio Research Golo Föllmer, Alexander Badenoch (eds.) Transnationalizing Radio Research Media Studies | Volume 42 Golo Föllmer, Alexander Badenoch (eds.) Transnationalizing Radio Research New Approaches to an Old Medium . Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Na- tionalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No- Derivatives 4.0 (BY-NC-ND) which means that the text may be used for non-commer- cial purposes, provided credit is given to the author. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ To create an adaptation, translation, or derivative of the original work and for commer- cial use, further permission is required and can be obtained by contacting rights@ transcript-verlag.de Creative Commons license terms for re-use do not apply to any content (such as graphs, figures, photos, excerpts, etc.) not original to the Open Access publication and further permission may be required from the rights holder. The obligation to research and clear permission lies solely with the party re-using the material. © 2018 transcript Verlag, Bielefeld Cover layout: Maria Arndt, Bielefeld Typeset: Anja Richter Printed by Majuskel Medienproduktion GmbH, Wetzlar Print-ISBN 978-3-8376-3913-1 PDF-ISBN 978-3-8394-3913-5 Contents INTRODUCTION Transnationalizing Radio Research: New Encounters with an Old Medium Alexander Badenoch and Golo Föllmer | 11 SECTION 1: AssERTING IDENTITY: MINORITIES’ USE OF COmmUNITY RADIO Community Radio and Transnational Identities Caroline Mitchell and Peter M. Lewis | 33 Accented Radio in Miami and New Orleans Katie Moylan | 47 Radio, Refugees and Migrants Workshop: TRE Conference, Utrecht, 2016 | 57 You Can’t Tell My Story for Me! Community Media as a Means of Expression in Multilingual Local and Globalized Contexts Judith Purkarthofer | 59 Desi Radio by and for the Panjabi Community: Citizens’ Media, Gender, and Participation Nazan Haydari | 65 Gaywaves: Transcending Boundaries – the Rise and Demise of Britain’s First Gay Radio Program Paul Wilson and Matthew Linfoot | 73 SECTION 2: TRANSNATIONAL COmmUNITIES OF AESTHETIC PRACTICE Transnational Encounters and Peregrinations of the Radio Documentary Imagination Virginia Madsen | 83 Production and Use of Packaging Elements in Radio: Concepts, Functions and Styles in Transnational Comparison Golo Föllmer | 101 Makrolab as an Apparatus for Global Observation Heather Contant | 117 Transcultural Audio Storytelling: When German, Australian and African Voices Meet Siobhán McHugh | 125 SECTION 3: STAGING ENCOUNTERS: TRANSLATING PLACES AND IDENTITIES A Transnational Approach to Radio Amateurism in the 1910s Maria Rikitianskaia | 133 Radiophonic Cities The City Portrait in Transnational Radio Collaborations Jacob Kreutzfeldt | 143 European Music? The International Broadcasting Union’s 1930s Concert Series Concerts Européens Morten Michelsen | 155 From Enzensberger to Clausen: An Auditive Transformation Ib Poulsen | 163 SECTION 4: DOING TRANSNATIONAL RADIO RESEARCH AND THE DIGITAL ARCHIVE Transnational Radio Research and the Digital Archive: Promises and Pitfalls Sonja de Leeuw | 171 Cultural Memory in the Digital Age Nanna Bonde Thylstrup | 183 Worlding the Archive: Radio Collections, Heritage Frameworks, and Selection Principles Carolyn Birdsall | 197 Radio Diffusion: Re-collecting International Broadcasting in the Archive of Radio Netherlands Worldwide Alexander Badenoch | 209 Promising Prospects, and the Hurdles Along the Way: Sharing and Archiving Community Media Content Online Joost van Beek | 223 SECTION 5: DIGITAL RADIO LANDSCapES – TRANSNATIONAL CHALLENGES, NATIONAL SOLUTIONS? Making DAB Work: New Opportunities for Digital Radio in Europe Lawrie Hallett | 233 Opening up the Debate: Irish Radio, Facebook, and the Creation of Transnational Cultural Public Spheres Daithí McMahon | 247 New Radio and Social Media: Public Service Radio Forms of User Participation and Inclusion Per Jauert | 257 The Role of Boundary Objects in Collaborative Radio Production Bruce Berryman | 271 Researching Podcast Production – an Australian Podcast Study About Women and Work in Are We There Yet? Mia Lindgren | 283 Surveying International Public Radio: Some Practical Insights David Fernández-Quijada | 293 OUTRO The Future of Radio Studies Michele Hilmes and Mia Lindgren | 301 INTRODUCTION TRANSNATIONALIZING RADIO RESEARCH New Encounters with an Old Medium Alexander Badenoch and Golo Föllmer Over the course of the last decade, radio scholars have increasingly demon- strated that radio has long been entwined in networks and relationships beyond those framed by nations – and that even the national structures of radio were formed in transnational processes (Hilmes 2004, 2012; Fickers 2012b; Lom- mers 2012; Cronqvist and Hilgert 2017; Vaillant 2017). Building on these in- sights, as well as results of current state-of-the-art research, Transnationalizing Radio Research presents a theoretical, methodological and historical guide to ‘going transnational’ (Saunier 2006) in radio research. It explores various key transnational arenas, issues, and encounters that structure, and are structured by, radio. For radio scholars, it aims to provide both inspiration and concrete tools for breaking through the methodological nationalism that in many ways still structures our research. For scholars and students in related disciplines, this book provides insights and tools that will allow them to incorporate radio’s vital voices into their broader investigations of transnational institutions, com- munities, histories and identities. There were, and are, of course good reasons for framing radio research na- tionally, especially in Europe. National institutions have remained important players in media industries, and nations have provided important frameworks. When it comes to methods, it was also a question of relative ease. Before the digital revolution, most sources could only be accessed on site: transnational research often meant international travel; knowing your way around the rel- evant archives was not an easy task for a foreigner; and in certain cases access is still today only granted to locally employed scholars, at least on a manageable and affordable basis. Even more importantly, it often proved so much easier to approach a question if you had a natural understanding of the radio landscape in which your subject was located, that is: if you had grown up in the midst of its structural conditions, listening to it and thus acquiring an intuitive under- standing of its workings and specificities. After all, as Michele Hilmes pointed out, since radio’s original conditions were defined in an era of nationalism, “state/public broadcasters defined their mission as promoting, protecting, and 12 Alexander Badenoch and Golo Föllmer producing their own distinct national identities through the means of radio programming, carefully addressing their own national publics and screening out unwelcome, foreign influences.” (Hilmes 2004: iv) Above all, of course you had to speak the local language at a high level in order not to run into misunderstandings. Given such difficulties, why take a transnational approach all? The sim- plest answer to this is that we live – and have lived – in a transnational world, and radio is intricately interwoven within the various transnational flows that structure it. Our communities and experiences, our mediated and material surroundings, not to mention many of the major issues filling our newspapers and public debates, all reflect connections that span across national borders. Nearly two decades ago, David Hendy (2000) spoke of “Radio in the Global Age” – but of course radio has been implicated in many globalizing arenas since its earliest years. The transnational historian Pierre-Yves Saunier (2013) highlights three characteristic uses of transnational approaches, each of which has specific counterparts in the study of radio. First, it asks specific questions about the rise, change and occasional demise in connections between different commu- nities, polities and societies – to which we could fruitfully add ‘audiences’ – to start to give “an empirical answer to what is, and when was, globalization”. (Saunier 2013: 3) Translating this concern to radio studies, it means developing and maintaining a view of radio as a rich ecology entwined on multiple scales, through which a number of relationships can be traced. What things actually travel on a global scale? Who does ‘the global’ really reach and in what form? Second, because transnational approaches focus on exchanges, flows and pro- jections across the boundaries of the entities often considered ‘natural’ units of analysis (the city, the nation, the continent, the globe), they help us to gain a much subtler view of what actually makes up these entities as structures, processes or experiences. What does it mean, at any given point in time and space, to be ‘national’ in the first place? Quite apart from the study of nations, this also helps us to come to grips with the medium of radio as well. As scholars have pointed out increasingly during the last decade, a transnational approach to radio research helps identify more precisely the medium-specific qualities of radio, since only the greater picture of different local, regional, national or con- tinental radio cultures in comparison enables researchers
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