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Memoria PFC.Pdf Infraestructuras necesarias y modelo de negocio para el ayuntamiento de Barcelona sobre el vehículo eléctrico Pág. 1 Resumen Este proyecto se realiza con la intención de modificar la situación actual de movilidad privada en la ciudad de Barcelona ya que, actualmente un porcentaje muy elevado de los desplazamientos se realizan con vehículos de combustión interna, que son generadores de contaminación aérea y acústica, perjudicando la salud de los ciudadanos además de provocar otros problemas como la congestión del tráfico en horas punta, problemas de aparcamiento en zonas céntricas de la ciudad, etc. El objetivo es analizar la eficiencia y rentabilidad de otros tipos de sistemas de propulsión más limpios con el medio ambiente y ver la infraestructura necesaria. Entre ellos se analizan los biocombustibles, vehículos propulsados por hidrógeno, vehículos híbridos, vehículos híbridos enchufables y los vehículos eléctricos. Entre todos ellos se demuestra por medio de unos cálculos técnicos, que los vehículos con mayor viabilidad en la actualidad son los eléctricos. Una vez llegada a esta primera conclusión, se investiga las normativas e iniciativas que hay para impulsar el vehículo eléctrico en España, las arquitecturas de vehículos eléctricos, los tipos y características de las baterías y las recargas eléctricas y finalmente la eficiencia energética y contaminación de este tipo de vehículos. Con el fin de proponer un modelo de negocio para la implantación en la ciudad de Barcelona sobre el alquiler de vehículos eléctricos, al estilo del conocido y exitoso bicing, se analizan otras grandes ciudades que ya disponen de un modelo de negocio gestionado y explotado por entidades publico/privadas, para conocer el tipo y situación de sus infraestructuras, los servicios que ofrecen y a que costes, el sistema de gestión y control, que vehículos disponen, como es la atención con el usuario, etc. Finalmente una vez analizadas las diferentes ciudades del mundo se extraen y detallan las características positivas de cada una de ellas, con el fin de aplicarlas a la ciudad de Barcelona y poder montar un modelo de negocio público de alquiler de vehículos eléctricos viable y minimizar los futuros problemas que pudieran aparecer gracias a la experiencia durante varios años de otras ciudades. Gracias a la implantación de una flota de vehículos eléctricos de alquiler se podría evitar o minimizar los efectos negativos de la utilización de vehículos de combustión interna dentro de la ciudad de Barcelona y mejorar la salud de todos los barceloneses. Pág. 2 Memoria Infraestructuras necesarias y modelo de negocio para el ayuntamiento de Barcelona sobre el vehículo eléctrico Pág. 3 Sumario RESUMEN ___________________________________________________ 1 SUMARIO ____________________________________________________ 3 1. INTRODUCCIÓN __________________________________________ 7 1.1. Objetivos del proyecto .................................................................................... 7 1.2. Alcance del proyecto ...................................................................................... 7 2. ESTADO DEL ARTE ________________________________________ 9 3. TECNOLOGÍAS ENERGÉTICAS EN LOS AUTOMÓVILES ________ 13 3.1. Combustibles fósiles .................................................................................... 14 3.1.1. Vehículos de gasolina ..................................................................................... 16 3.1.2. Vehículos diesel .............................................................................................. 19 3.1.3. Vehículos GNC ............................................................................................... 20 3.1.4. Vehículos GLP ................................................................................................ 23 3.2. Biocombustibles ........................................................................................... 24 3.2.1. Bioetanol ......................................................................................................... 25 3.2.2. Biodiésel ......................................................................................................... 27 3.3. Pila de combustible ...................................................................................... 28 3.3.1. Propiedades del Hidrógeno ............................................................................ 29 3.4. Vehículos Híbridos ....................................................................................... 30 3.4.1. En serie (EREV) ............................................................................................. 32 3.4.2. En paralelo (HEV) ........................................................................................... 34 3.4.3. Combinado (PHEV) ........................................................................................ 36 3.5. Vehículos eléctricos puros (BEV) ................................................................ 37 3.5.1. Eficiencia Energética y contaminación ........................................................... 38 3.6. ¿Cuál es la mejor energía alternativa? ........................................................ 40 4. VEHÍCULO ELÉCTRICO ___________________________________ 43 4.1. Historia ......................................................................................................... 43 4.2. Baterías ........................................................................................................ 46 4.3. Tipos de recarga .......................................................................................... 47 4.4. Conectores ................................................................................................... 48 4.5. Modos de carga ........................................................................................... 54 4.6. Infraestructura y normativa .......................................................................... 57 4.7. Incentivos para impulsar el VE .................................................................... 58 Pág. 4 Memoria 5. MODELOS DE NEGOCIO E INFRAESTRUCTURAS EXISTENTES SOBRE EL VE ___________________________________________ 63 5.1. En España ................................................................................................... 63 5.1.1. Madrid ..............................................................................................................63 5.1.2. Barcelona .........................................................................................................65 5.2. En Europa .................................................................................................... 68 5.2.1. París (Francia) .................................................................................................68 5.2.2. Ámsterdam (Países Bajos) ..............................................................................71 5.2.3. Brabantstad (Paises Bajos) .............................................................................74 5.2.4. Berlín (Alemania) .............................................................................................75 5.2.5. Hamburgo (Alemania) .....................................................................................78 5.2.6. Estocolmo (Suecia) ..........................................................................................79 5.2.7. Helsinki (Finlandia) ..........................................................................................82 5.2.8. North East (Inglaterra, Reino Unido) ...............................................................84 5.2.9. Londres (Inglaterra, Reino Unido) ...................................................................87 5.2.10. Oslo (Noruega) ................................................................................................90 5.3. En el resto del mundo .................................................................................. 92 5.3.1. Islas Goto (Japón) ...........................................................................................92 5.3.2. Shanghái (China) .............................................................................................94 5.3.3. New York City (New York, USA) ......................................................................96 5.3.4. Los Ángeles (California, USA) .........................................................................99 5.3.5. Portland (Oregón, USA) ................................................................................101 6. MODELO DE NEGOCIO PARA LA CIUDAD DE BARCELONA ____ 105 6.1. Identificación del negocio .......................................................................... 105 6.2. Análisis de mercado .................................................................................. 106 6.3. Perfil clientes.............................................................................................. 108 6.4. Infraestructuras .......................................................................................... 109 6.4.1. Puntos de recarga y VE .................................................................................109 6.4.2. Localización puntos de recarga .....................................................................112 6.5. Funcionamiento y servicios ....................................................................... 113 6.5.1. Mantenimiento ...............................................................................................114 6.5.2. Control ...........................................................................................................114
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