2021 edition _ scaling up to mass adoption 50 cities_ 20 countries_ 5 continents_ 10 policy recommendations to scale up EVs globally_ this is the third ev city casebook _ PROJECT PARTNERS _ _ a global analysis of inspiring ideas, Urban Foresight® is a multidisciplinary innovation practice that is dedicated to accelerating the next generation of technologies, services and policy frameworks for cities. We policy pioneers work with ambitious organisations around the world on projects that improve lives, protect the environment and boost local economies. and city-led urbanforesight.org innovation in electric The IEA is at the heart of global dialogue on energy, providing authoritative analysis, data, policy recommendations, and real-world vehicles. solutions to help countries provide secure and sustainable energy for all. this is iea.org The EVI Global EV Pilot City Programme (EVI- PCP) aims to build a network of cities to work together on the promotion of electric mobility. the third It is a multi-government policy forum dedicated to accelerating the introduction and adoption of electric vehicles worldwide. iea.org/programmes/ ev city electric-vehicles-initiative The HEV TCP, with a membership of 19 countries, collaborates on shared projects (Tasks) to better understand and address technical and non-technical challenges, and provide guidance to policy makers. casebook _ ieahev.org 01 _ EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021 INTRODUCTION _ WHO IS THIS GETTING TO MASS EV ADOPTION CASEBOOK FOR? City managers Officials in city administrations who are looking to make decisions, build alliances, and design policies to move to Since the first EV City mass EV adoption. Casebook in 2012, cities City political leaders Elected figures who are around the world have looking for inspiring examples overseen huge changes in of social, economic, and environmental change. mobility. National policy officials Individuals working at national lectric cars, buses, So, the task facing policymakers level who have an interest and taxis have across the world is to accelerate in EV policy, either setting E rapidly increased in the move to mass adoption – and nationwide frameworks for numbers, moving step towards a future of total EVs or collaborating with beyond early pilots and trials. transport decarbonisation. cities. New forms of micromobility and smartphone-based transport What kind of policy, financial and Managers in procurement, systems have grown in popularity. legal tools can they use to speed up transport, and economic Cities have broken new ground in adoption? How do cities need to development these innovative technologies and work with vehicle manufacturers, Operational leads in local new policy ideas. energy providers and their citizens government functions who can to create support for faster change? play a direct role in EV uptake. Currently, most governments How does policy on EVs need to have targets for continued EV link up with exciting developments EV and transport industry growth. Many cities are planning in autonomous vehicles, connected Organisations and individuals to ban fossil-fuelled vehicles devices, and mobility as a service? working in electric mobility, altogether. There is unprecedented How can cities learn from their manufacturing, and transport momentum around EVs, and a counterparts around the world, to operations who want to better recognition of the role they play in move to mass EV adoption? understand how cities see the cleaner, more sustainable cities. challenge of mass EV adoption, This casebook is a showcase of and how mature markets have But this progress needs to be cities building better, cleaner evolved. sustained. By any scenario, mobility through EVs – designed avoiding catastrophic climate to inspire others to move towards Media, research and other change will require further mass electric mobility. stakeholders reductions in greenhouse gas This guide is intended to be emissions from transport. In most useful to anyone with a broad countries, EVs still represent interest in EVs, to understand a minority of new vehicles what cities can do to secure a sold. Some EV types, like buses sustainable, dynamic future. and heavy goods vehicles, are developing quickly but are still relatively nascent technology. INTRODUCTION _ 02 electric vehicles worldwide _ GLOBAL EV STOCK _ 2- & 3-WHEELERS _ CARS _ of all 2 & 3 2012 183k 25% wheelers worldwide 2019 7.2m are electric The majority are in Chinese cities 2- & 3-WHEELERS _ that ban two-wheelers with internal combustion engines. 2012 196k 2019 251m LIGHT COMMERCIAL EV _ LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES_ ~70,000 sold in 2019 2012 18.3k 2019 378k 25,000 43,000 in Europe in China BUSES _ 2012 7.7k* MICROMOBILITY _ 2019 514k 600 CITIES IN OVER *all in China 50 COUNTRIES HAVE E-SCOOTER, E-BIKE &/OR ELECTRIC MOPED SHARED MEDIUM & HEAVY DUTY TRUCKS _ MOBILITY SCHEMES. 2012 259 GLOBAL SHARED E-SCOOTER 2019 23.2k TRIPS ARE EXPECTED TO QUADRUPLE _ 2019 230m Electric Vehicles are defined as Battery Electric and Plug-in 2028 850m Hybrid Electric Vehicles 03 _ EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021 CONTENTS _ HOW IS THIS CASEBOOK STRUCTURED? 05_ This casebook global case studies highlights inspiring of ev innovation examples from around the world of The first five chapters profile different vehicle modes. Each chapter presents case cities which have study cities, with a brief description of their taken actions to approach and key insights from their journey towards mass electric vehicle use. accelerate mass adoption of EVs. _ 07 _ buses 17 _ taxis 27 _ city fleets 37 _ shared mobility 49 _ private transport INTRODUCTION _ 04 59_ 83_ policy guidance references for cities An EV Policy Maturity Model is outlined, to This casebook was informed by over 50 provide guidance to cities in benchmarking interviews with city managers and experts, progress and to help cities identify where to covering cities in over 20 countries across further develop their efforts. the world. In total, these cities have populations of 160 million people. Insights were also drawn from desk research and the global networks of the Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI), the Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technology Collaboration Program (HEV TCP), and partners. 60 _ common challenges in scaling up 84 _ project context & partners 62 _ 10 lessons on what has worked 85 _ acknowledgements 69 _ a maturity model for cities 88 _ casebook references 05 _ EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021 GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ 36/56 _ Oslo 21 _ Dundee 15 _ London 16 _ Vancouver 44 _ Paris 34 _ Modesto 41 _ Madrid 53 _ San Francisco 26 _ Denver 25 _ Washington DC 47 _ Santa Monica 35 _ Los Angeles 36 _ Rotterdam 46 _ Utrecht 57 _ Amsterdam 14 _ Santiago 07_ 17_ 27_ Buses Taxis City Fleets 11 _ Shenzhen _ China 21 _ Dundee _ UK 31 _ Stockholm _ Sweden 14 _ Santiago _ Chile 24 _ Nairobi _ Kenya 34 _ Modesto _ USA 15 _ Izmir _ Turkey 24 _ Kigali _ Rwanda 34 _ Berlin _ Germany 15 _ London _ UK 25 _ Taiyuan _ China 35 _ Haikou, Hainan _ China 16 _ Kolkata _ India 25 _ Washington DC _ USA 35 _ Los Angeles _ USA 16 _ Vancouver _ Canada 26 _ Denver _ USA 36 _ Rotterdam _ The Netherlands 26 _ Ahmedabad _ India 36 _ Oslo _ Norway GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ 06 31 _ Stockholm 47 _ Copenhagen 34 _ Berlin 46 _ Milan 15 _ Izmir 25 _ Taiyuan 58 _ Liuzhou 48 _ Shanghai 26 _ Ahmedabad 11 _ Shenzhen 16 _ Kolkata 35 _ Haikou 48 _ Singapore 24 _ Nairobi 24 _ Kigali 57 _ Cape Town 58 _ Auckland 37_ 49_ Shared Mobility Private Transport 41 _ Madrid _ Spain 53 _ San Francisco _ USA 44 _ Paris _ France 56 _ Oslo _ Norway 46 _ Utrecht _ The Netherlands 57 _ Amsterdam _ The Netherlands 46 _ Milan _ Italy 57 _ Cape Town _ South Africa 47 _ Copenhagen _ Denmark 58 _ Auckland _ New Zealand 47 _ Santa Monica _ USA 58 _ Liuzhou _ China 48 _ Singapore _ Singapore 48 _ Shanghai _ China 07 _ EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021 GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ buses _ In the next five Rapid advances in technology, with electric buses improving range, power, and reliability, years, almost a are encouraging cities around the world to million electric electrify these services. buses are expected In the next five years, almost a million electric to be on the road buses are expected to be on the road. But the market is still relatively immature and there are still technical and operational challenges, such as the capital cost of EV buses. Many cities have invested in legacy diesel buses, and have a mix of public and private bus providers. How have cities overcome these challenges? How have cities worked with manufacturers and private firms to rapidly scale-up the use of electric buses? GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ BUSES _ 08 RECOMMENDATIONS _ Cities should look to scale up bus electrification by: 01 _ 02 _ 03 _ Direct Partnerships Focus on lower- leadership or joint income groups with targets, ventures with and the equity contractual technology, of clean air incentives, and manufacturing, requirements and grid companies Cities generally have Buses have challenging In many cities, bus use is significant influence over power and reliability more extensive in lower- bus fleets, either through needs. Successful income groups. Buses are direct ownership, cities have built often a major contributor procurement, or close partnerships in to urban pollution. licencing their operators. manufacturing, utilities EV buses therefore To move from small and energy generation represent a major numbers of electric buses early on, to ensure these opportunity to frame to mass uptake, cities standards are met, and electrification as a matter should use this influence that sufficient charging of social justice: this to set clear targets, capacity and grid can be emphasised by require low-emissions management processes focussing on electrifying vehicles, and directly were in place before the routes which serve lead change.