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Insect Chemical Ecology: Chemically Mediated Interactions and Novel Applications in Agriculture

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Insect Chemical Ecology: Chemically Mediated Interactions and Novel Applications in Agriculture Arthropod-Plant Interactions (2020) 14:671–684 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-020-09791-4 FORUM PAPER Insect chemical ecology: chemically mediated interactions and novel applications in agriculture Crispus M. Mbaluto1,2 · Pascal M. Ayelo3,4 · Alexandra G. Dufy5 · Anna L. Erdei6,7 · Anaїs K. Tallon7 · Siyang Xia8 · Gabriela Caballero‑Vidal9 · Urban Spitaler10,11 · Magdolna O. Szelényi6 · Gonçalo A. Duarte12 · William B. Walker III7 · Paul G. Becher7 Received: 5 May 2020 / Accepted: 16 October 2020 / Published online: 9 November 2020 © The Author(s) 2020 Abstract Insect chemical ecology (ICE) evolved as a discipline concerned with plant–insect interactions, and also with a strong focus on intraspecifc pheromone-mediated communication. Progress in this feld has rendered a more complete picture of how insects exploit chemical information in their surroundings in order to survive and navigate their world successfully. Simultaneously, this progress has prompted new research questions about the evolution of insect chemosensation and related ecological adaptations, molecular mechanisms that mediate commonly observed behaviors, and the consequences of chemi- cally mediated interactions in diferent ecosystems. Themed meetings, workshops, and summer schools are ideal platforms for discussing scientifc advancements as well as identifying gaps and challenges within the discipline. From the 11th to the 22nd of June 2018, the 11th annual PhD course in ICE was held at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Alnarp, Sweden. The course was made up of 35 student participants from 22 nationalities (Fig. 1a) as well as 32 lecturers. Lectures and laboratory demonstrations were supported by literature seminars, and four broad research areas were covered: (1) multitrophic interactions and plant defenses, (2) chemical communication focusing on odor sensing, processing, and behavior, (3) disease vectors, and (4) applied aspects of basic ICE research in agriculture. This particular article contains a summary and brief synthesis of these main emergent themes and discussions from the ICE 2018 course. In addition, we also provide suggestions on teaching the next generation of ICE scientists, especially during unprecedented global situations. Keywords Chemical ecology · Trophic interactions · Plant defenses · Insect olfaction · Semiochemicals · Integrated pest management · Remote teaching Introduction control of agricultural or blood-feeding pests. High-quality education of PhD students in the feld of ICE is of utmost Historical background of the insect chemical importance for the discipline to grow and advance for future ecology PhD course series scientifc discoveries as well as practical implementation. Recognizing the need for training and international network- Since the discovery of insect pheromones and the role of ing of chemical ecologists, Bill Hansson and Ylva Hillbur chemicals in plant–insect interactions, insect chemical ecol- initiated the frst international ICE PhD course in 2005 at the ogy (ICE) has developed into a distinct research discipline Swedish University of Agriculture (SLU) involving teachers being practiced at universities and other research organiza- from Alnarp and Lund University, as well as many inter- tions worldwide. Moreover, basic research in ICE has led national lecturers. The interest of students and their posi- to practical applications that contribute signifcantly to the tive response led to follow-up courses in 2007 and 2009 at Alnarp. In 2009, it was decided to rotate the location of the ICE courses and increase its frequency (from biennial to Handling Editor: Jarmo Holopainen and Heikki Hokkanen. annual) to better accommodate the needs of international PhD students. As a result of this, a 2010 issue of the course * Crispus M. Mbaluto [email protected] was held at the Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University (PSU) and a subsequent one in 2012 at Extended author information available on the last page of the article Vol.:(0123456789)1 3 672 C. M. Mbaluto et al. Max Planck Institute (MPI) for Chemical Ecology (CE) in attack potential hosts, and in return, the plant is relieved Jena, Germany (where Bill Hansson had become the direc- of damage (McCormick et al. 2012). For example, in labo- tor and head of the Department of Neuroethology), merging ratory and feld bioassays, several species of wasp in the resources and competence from three research institutions genus Cotesia were found to be attracted to cabbage plants studying the chemical ecology of insects. With Teun Dekker (Brassica oleracea var. alba L.) damaged by larvae of the at SLU (2009, 2011, 2015), Tom Baker at PSU (2010, 2014, diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella Linnaeus) and cab- 2017) and the Neuroethology group members (2012, 2016) bage white butterfy (Pieris rapae L. Pieridae) (Poelman at MPI, the course continued being arranged in turns by the et al. 2009; Girling et al. 2011). Aside from the attraction of three host institutions strongly promoting teacher and stu- natural enemies to insect herbivores, it has been established dent exchange across borders. After the 2018 course, which that volatile compounds also serve as signals for herbivorous is the subject of the current report, the International Cen- insects in terms of mating site and host plant selection, ovi- tre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) in Nairobi, position and feeding behavior, informing insects of plants Kenya, joined the consortium of organizing institutions and infested by con- and heterospecifcs, and induction of insect arranged the frst ICE PhD course in Africa in 2019, illus- aggregation to overcome host plant defenses (Carrasco et al. trating the establishment and development of the course as 2015). The release of HIPVs and the attraction of natural an internationally recognized platform for education and enemies to insects do not only occur AG, but belowground exchange of students, junior and senior chemical ecologists. (BG) dwellers also play critical roles in shaping biotic inter- actions within an ecosystem. A few examples presented in the AG-BG context showed that in roots, HIPVs are pro- Multitrophic interactions and plant defenses duced, and they can efectively recruit natural enemies to root-feeding insect herbivores in a comparable manner to Plants, insects, and microbes are part of terrestrial ecosys- AG systems (Rasmann et al. 2005; Degenhardt et al. 2009; tems. Trophic interactions, such as the consumption of plant Kivimäenpää et al. 2012; Ali et al. 2013). Another aspect to material by herbivorous insects, are key factors that lead consider is plant–plant communication. HIPVs can act as to physiological and morphological adaptations in coexist- rapid and potent aerial priming agents that prepare systemic ing organisms. For example, plants have evolved multiple tissues of the same plant, and neighboring plants for incom- defense mechanisms against herbivory, and insects likewise ing attacks (Holopainen and Blande 2013). For example, evolve countermeasures against plant defenses (Mello and herbivore-induced indole triggers an increase in the produc- Silva-Filho 2002). Following this line, a classical focus of tion of defensive volatiles in neighboring maize plants as ICE research has been the study of chemical defenses (alle- priming agents (Erb et al. 2015; Li and Blande 2017). lochemicals) produced by plants in response to attack by Although these studies demonstrate the potential for the herbivorous insects (Fraenkel 1959; Wittstock and Gersh- exploitation of volatile compounds from basic to applied enzon 2002; van Dam 2012), whereas the functional role of research, more studies are needed to decipher in-depth the specialized metabolites in direct defense is well established concept of blends and their meaning for insect behaviors. (reviewed in Howe and Schaller 2008), during the last few Furthermore, future research also needs to focus on the decades, an expansion of research interests to other chemi- efectiveness of the recruited natural enemies (i.e., preda- cal cues that mediate interactions between plants and insects tors and parasitoids) in controlling specifc insect pests, as culminated in the discovery of emissions of herbivore- well as the concentrations and active distances of emitted induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) (Rhoades 1983). During the volatile blends. ICE PhD course, several contributing lecturers presented Besides plant–insect interactions, the role of microbes their own exploration into the interactions between a vari- in mediating a variety of biotic interactions is a growing ety of crop species and diferent taxa of insect herbivores, research feld in chemical ecology. Studies in the last dec- natural enemies, plant-parasitic nematodes, and microbes. ade have delved into complex microbial assemblages, i.e., The release of HIPVs is involved in the indirect plant microbiomes (for instance, bacteria, fungi, endophytes, defense response that principally recruits natural enemies foral microbes, etc.) that associate and interact with difer- (i.e., predators and parasitoids) to the attacking insect(s) ent plant species and their organs (Vorholt 2012; Hardoim Fig. 1b (Turlings et al. 1990; Turlings and Wäckers 2004; et al. 2015; Compant et al. 2019). These interactions are Mumm and Dicke 2010). In a review paper by Aljbory and ubiquitous and can vary between being benefcial, neutral, Chen (2018), 24 species belonging to 12 families of preda- or pathogenic (Pineda et al. 2010, 2013; Martínez-Medina tors
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