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Biodiversity and Functioning of Terrestrial Food Webs : Application to Transfers of Trace Metals

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Biodiversity and Functioning of Terrestrial Food Webs : Application to Transfers of Trace Metals Biodiversity and functioning of terrestrial food webs : application to transfers of trace metals. Shinji Ozaki To cite this version: Shinji Ozaki. Biodiversity and functioning of terrestrial food webs : application to transfers of trace metals.. Agricultural sciences. Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. English. NNT : 2019UBFCD018. tel-02555117 HAL Id: tel-02555117 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02555117 Submitted on 27 Apr 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THESE DE DOCTORAT De l’etablissement Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté Preparée au Laboratoire UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement École doctorale n°554 Environnements – Santé Doctorat de Sciences de la Terre et de l’Environnement Par M. Shinji Ozaki Biodiversité et fonctionnement des réseaux trophiques terrestres : Application aux transferts d’éléments traces métalliques. Thèse présentée et soutenue à Besançon, le 18 juin 2019 Composition du Jury : Mme. Sandrine Charles Professeure, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Présidente ; Examinatrice Mme. Elena Gomez Professeure, Université de Montpellier Rapporteure M. Nico van den Brink Associate Professeur, Wageningen University Rapporteur M. Renaud Scheifler Maître de conférences, HDR, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté Directeur de thèse M. Francis Raoul Maître de conférences, HDR, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté Co-directeur de thèse Mme. Clémentine Fritsch Chargée de Recherche, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté Co-encadrante de thèse Remerciements Ma recherche présentée dans la présente thèse n’est pas un résultat obtenu par les efforts d’un seul homme. Pendant toutes les années de ma vie en France, j’ai eu la chance d’avoir les connaissances de plusieurs personnes qui m’ont aidé à réaliser cette recherche. Mes premiers remerciements vont à mes trois encadrants de thèse. Je remercie très vivement mes deux directeurs de thèse, Francis Raoul et Renaud Scheifler, de m’avoir pris d’abord sous leur direction en stage de Master 2 et de m’avoir proposé le poste d’ingénieur d’études qui m’a offert l’opportunité de continuer la recherche en thèse. Je les remercie encore de m’avoir encadré et soutenu dans toutes les démarches de ma thèse. Je remercie également et aussi profondément ma co-encadrante de thèse, Clémentine Fritsch, de m’avoir fait profiter de son expérience de terrain et de m’avoir prodigué de très précieux conseils scientifiques pendant ma thèse. Je remercie toujours ces trois encadrants de m’avoir apporté le soutien nécessaire à la réalisation de mes études, de ma recherche et de mes enseignements à l’université, ainsi qu’à toutes les présentations en français. Je remercie sincèrement les membres du jury de ma soutenance, Elena Gomez et Nico van den Brink, les deux rapporteurs, ainsi que Sandrine Charles, l’examinatrice, d’avoir accepté d’évaluer mon travail de recherche. Je remercie également les membres de mon comité de thèse, Daniel Gilbert, Alexandre Bec, Olivier Faure et Mickaël Hedde, qui ont examiné la pertinence de mon travail et aussi aidé à ajouter de nouvelles perspectives à ma recherche. Je remercie les membres de l’école doctorale Environnements-Santé de leur accompagnement dynamique des doctorants. Je remercie profondément toutes les personnes qui ont contribué à réaliser mon travail sur le terrain et dans le laboratoire : Benoit Valot, Frédéric Mora, Thierry Cornier, Michaël Cœurdassier, Vincent Driget, Dominique Rieffel, Nadia Crini, Caroline Amiot, Christophe Loup, Nicolas Tête, Anne-Sophie Prudent, Séverine Drouhot, Hélène Tisserand et Raphaël Melior. Je remercie aussi mes stagiaires, Guillaume Caël et Louisiane Burkart, de leurs contributions précieuses à ma recherche et de nos échanges conviviaux. Je remercie l’entreprise SPYGEN, notamment ses chercheuses Eva Bellemain et Alice Valentini, de leurs contributions à la réalisation de l’analyse de la biologie moléculaire. Je remercie l’Agence De l’Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l’Energie, notamment leur coordinatrice Cécile Grand, le Conseil Régional du Nord-Pas de Calais et le Conseil Régional de Franche-Comté de leurs soutiens financiers pour ma thèse et ma recherche avant la thèse. Je remercie de nombreux enseignants que j’ai rencontrés pendant mes longues études en France. Ils ont suscité en moi l’intérêt pour l’écologie et m’ont orienté vers les métiers de la recherche. Entre autres, je remercie énormément François Gillet pour son encadrement de mon i stage de Master 2, sa proposition d’enseignements sur ses cours et ses conseils sur la recherche. Je remercie aussi profondément Matthieu Le Bailly, Eve Afonso, Frédéric Gimbert, Fabienne Tatin-Froux, Hélène Masclaux, Zohreh Monnier, Laurence Jacquot, Lofti Aleya et Flavien Choulet de m’avoir confié les cours pour mon avenant doctoral d’enseignements et/ou pour six mois de mon poste d’Attaché Temporaire d’Enseignement et de Recherche. Je remercie également Badr et Laurence Alaoui-Sossé de m’avoir pris sous leur direction en stage de Master 1 en écotoxicologie. Je remercie Patrick Giraudoux, Julien Parelle, Christelle Moyen, Pascale Bourgeade et Thibaut Powolny de leurs conseils scientifiques sur la recherche. J’ai eu le plaisir de faire cette thèse au laboratoire Chrono-Environnement. Je remercie sincèrement la directrice, Gudrun Bornette, et l’ensemble des personnels qui maintiennent l’ambiance très accueillante du laboratoire. Je remercie tous les doctorants et post-doctorants, entre autres Céline Maicher, qui œuvrent à un environnement de travail agréable et avec qui j’ai partagé plusieurs activités des doctorants. Je remercie aussi Battle Karimi, Quentin Cuenot, Stéphane Pfendler, Bien-Aimé Mandja, Doudou Batumbo Boloweti, Valentin Essert et Mélody Aude Achille avec qui j’ai partagé notre bureau pendant plusieurs années. Je remercie mes parents et mes sœurs de leur aide morale malgré la distance entre le Japon et la France. Ils ont toujours confiance en moi et me laissent libre de mes choix. Je remercie mes amis qui habitent en France, particulièrement Ryosuke et Kyoko Chaki, de leur soutien moral tout au long de mon séjour en France. Enfin, je remercie profondément ma fiancée, Momoko, de m’avoir aidé et encouragé pendant la période difficile de doctorat en France et d’avoir accepté d’épauler ma vie pour toujours et à jamais. ii Abstract Effects of biodiversity on zoonotic disease transmission is one of the currently hot scientific topics about the functional roles of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning and services. High diversity in host community can increase (amplification effect) or reduce (dilution effect) the transmission of pathogens, due to context-dependent differences in life history traits between hosts. Trace metals (TMs) circulate from resources to consumers via trophic links. Given the variety of life history traits within resources, it is hypothesized that their diversity would play functional roles on the transfer of TMs to consumers. The aim of this work was to test this hypothesis and to determine the underlying mechanisms, using the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) as a model consumer. Sampling was undertaken around the former smelter Metaleurop Nord in Northern France where soils were contaminated by cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn). Analyses about mice resources’ distribution in the field (plants and invertebrates) showed that diversity was not, or slightly positively, correlated with soil TM contamination levels. Community composition of resources was also slightly modified according to soil physico-chemical properties including TM concentrations. Diversity and composition of invertebrate communities were more influenced by diversity of plants than by soil physico- chemical properties. Plant richness in the diet was positively correlated to plant richness in the field in autumn, but not in spring. The seasonal pattern was opposite for invertebrates. Some plant resources, such as Salicaceae, Sapindaceae or Adoxaceae families, were preferred by mice but with seasonal differences. Soil TM contamination reduced mice preference for Salicaceae plants in spring and also modified relationships between richness in the field and diet richness at both seasons. The type of food items consumed by mice affected their trophic exposure to TMs. Consumption of Salicaceae resources, known as TM accumulator plants, increased exposure to Cd and Zn. However, high exposure to Cd induced by Salicaceae was dampened when a large number of other resources were consumed. Concentrations of TMs in plant leaves increased along the gradient of soil TM concentrations in both Salicaceae and Sapindaceae, and concentrations of Cd and Zn in leaves were higher in Salicaceae than in Sapindaceae. Higher bioconcentration factor was observed for Cd in leaves of Salicaceae than in those of Sapindaceae. No change in bioconcentration factor was observed in relation to biodiversity. We finally demonstrated that oral exposure to Pb and accumulation of Cd in the liver and in kidneys of mice decreased along the gradient of plant richness in the field, suggesting a dilution effect.
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