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Memory and History in the Modern French Novel: Patrick Modiano and the New Orientation

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Memory and History in the Modern French Novel: Patrick Modiano and the New Orientation University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 12-2002 Memory and History in the Modern French Novel: Patrick Modiano and the New Orientation Julie D. E. Hendrix University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the French and Francophone Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Hendrix, Julie D. E., "Memory and History in the Modern French Novel: Patrick Modiano and the New Orientation. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2002. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/2063 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Julie D. E. Hendrix entitled "Memory and History in the Modern French Novel: Patrick Modiano and the New Orientation." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in French. Karen D. Levy, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Chris Holmlund, John Romeiser Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Julie D. E. Hendrix entitled “Memory and History in the Modern French Novel: Patrick Modiano and the New Orientation.” I have examined the final electronic copy of thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in French. Karen D. Levy Major Professor We have read this thesis And recommend its acceptance: Chris Holmlund John Romeiser Accepted for the Council: Anne Mayhew Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies (Original signatures are on file with official student records.) Memory and History in the Modern French Novel: Patrick Modiano and the New Orientation A thesis presented for the Master of Arts degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Julie Hendrix December 2002 ii Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude for the guidance and invaluable assistance provided by my thesis director Dr. Karen Levy. Not only have my writing and cognitive skills improved under her tutelage, but she also maintained an amiable working atmosphere that was both instructive and made the writing process enjoyable. I would also like to thank Dr. John Romeiser and Dr. Chris Holmlund for agreeing to serve on my committee and working with me in furthering my understanding of French culture and history. I must give special thanks for their patience in reading this thesis, especially to Dr. Levy who persevered through numerous drafts. I wish to thank all of the professors of the French department of the University of Tennessee who helped me complete the Master of Arts in French. I must give special thanks for the sacrifices that my husband Scott made throughout the course of my research and writing and the support that both he and my son David provided. iii Contents Introduction 1 Chapter 1: The Relationship Between Patrick Modiano, the Reader, and the Text 16 Chapter 2: Memory and History in Voyage de noces 31 Chapter 3: Uncovering the Past and the Quest for Truth in Dora Bruder 63 V Conclusion 97 Works Cited 101 Vita 109 Memory and History in the Modern French Novel: Patrick Modiano and the New Orientation Introduction L'HISTOIRE EST UN ROMAN DONT LE PEUPLE EST L'AUTEUR. -- L'esprit humain ne me semble se soucier du VRAI que dans le caractère général d'une époque;... indifférent sur les détails, il les aime moins réels que beaux, ou plutôt grands et complets. - Alfred de Vigny1 During the twentieth century, historians began to reevaluate the techniques used in the study of history in an attempt to redefine the notion of “truth” in history. This process of reexamination, referred to as historiography, resulted in a new appreciation for the connection between history and memory. Through revisions in philosophical thought and the re-analysis of historiography, a new conception of memory as the foundation for all history expressed a revolutionary view of the relationship between memory and history. This challenging reconfiguration of the relationship between memory and history contrasted with the previously conceived notions of what defined and separated these two domains. The reexamination of memory and history affected not only historians, however, but also novelists, who for centuries have woven these two areas dealing with perceptions of human experience into literary creation. Before further exploring the manner in which this revolutionary concept influenced literature, let us first define the terms “history” and “memory.” History is the study, interpretation, and retelling of events, dates and facts that are linked through temporal continuities and which rest upon the evidence of occurrences in real space and time.2 The historian analyzes the artifacts and written records left by earlier generations in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the past, and thereby attempts to recreate an objective account of that period. Memory -- which has until now been viewed 2 as a purely personal, subjective phenomenon and therefore, something outside of history - - is an elusive, largely unverifiable process of creating virtual connections based on information, experiences, emotions, and a host of other factors. Memory is often considered to be the uniquely personal act of an individual resurrecting his subjective past. In contrast, history is considered as the objective reconstruction of the past based upon facts that, although interpreted by historians, are essentially indisputable.3 Traditionally, then, memory and history, both anchors to the past, represent opposing ways of approaching the past. Although their roles appear to be independent, a revision in historiography has revealed that history could in fact be considered as the written mode of memory.4 How would written records be recorded if not through the process of memory? It is precisely our ability to remember which has allowed mankind to record history, which in turn permits us to study history so that we may learn from our past. This also reveals that the chasm dividing memory and history is not actually quite as vast as was originally believed. In fact, it could be said that they are interdependent. History would not exist were it not for memory, nor would memory be sustained without the written records necessary to prompt and retain those memories. The interdependence between memory and history, while deeply profound, leads to a great deal of speculation. There exists a void between events as they actually occur and as they are remembered. To restate, an individual's remembrance of events, even if recorded as the event transpires, varies considerably and leaves much to interpretation. The past then becomes a form of selective memory.5 Similarly, it is also important to note that not all of the factual details of what happened in history are recorded or even known 3 (MRC 9). Therefore, even factual history depends to a great extent upon the biases, understanding, interpretations, and analyses of the individuals who write history. Furthermore, each person who reads these accounts provides a further level of interpretation. Yet, the essential distinction differentiating memory and history resides in the fact that memory is precarious, varying at times even within the same individual depending on the passage of time, influencing biases, differing perspectives, and a host of other factors. History by contrast, which relies predominantly on the recitation of facts and events substantiated by various forms of data (numbers, dates, death tolls, etc.), represents an attempt to reproduce an objective account of historical events in the context in which they occurred.6 Earlier I stated that history could be defended as the written record of memory, and thus I defined history as the attempt at an objective reproduction of factual events. However, memory is much more complex, since it emphasizes the emotional and psychological perceptions that an individual weaves into the remembrance and recounting of factual events. The ability to remember is involved in the recording of history, but memory itself has numerous definitions. David Gross7defines four types of memory, the first three of which have been studied in depth by psychologists. Semantic memory refers to remembering words, their meanings, and the associational relationships between them. Propositional memory deals with the recollection of specific kinds of information such as math formulas or the causes of WWI. Procedural or implicit memory concerns the recall and repetition of learned skills that are accompanied by physical action such as playing an instrument. The fourth type of memory, which Gross states carries the greatest meaning and value of memory for life, -- and consequently likewise 4 carries the greatest significance for this study -- is episodic memory. Gross defines episodic memory as the recollection of particular events that an individual has experienced at some earlier point in his or her life. These memories have specific beginnings and endpoints and may be characterized by their own emotional tone or aura, but they are the memories of elusive things: goals, ideals, intentions, symbols, emotions, states of mind, earlier selves and more. Given the elusive nature of episodic memories, which are at least difficult if not perhaps even impossible to categorize and define, little scholarship has focused on this type of memory (LT 11-13,20).
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