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Çarlik Dönemi Azerbaycani'nin Uluslaşma Süreci: 1850-1920

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Çarlik Dönemi Azerbaycani'nin Uluslaşma Süreci: 1850-1920 T.C. SAKARYA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ÇARLIK DÖNEMİ AZERBAYCANI’NIN ULUSLAŞMA SÜRECİ: 1850-1920 DOKTORA TEZİ Orkhan VALİYEV Enstitü Anabilim Dalı : Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Bünyamin BEZCİ TEMMUZ – 2020 T.C. SAKARYA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ÇARLIK DÖNEMİ AZERBAYCANI’NIN ULUSLAŞMA SÜRECİ: 1850-1920 DOKTORA TEZİ Orkhan VALİYEV Enstitü Anabilim Dalı : Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi “Bu tez 20/07/2020 tarihinde online olarak yapılmış olup aşağıda isimleri bulunan jüri üyeleri tarafından Oybirliği ile kabul edilmiştir.” JÜRİ ÜYESİ KANAATİ Prof. Dr. Bünyamin Bezci Başarılı Prof. Dr. Mustafa Kemal ŞAN Başarılı Doç. Dr. İrfan HAŞLAK Başarılı Prof. Dr. Hüseyin SADOĞLU Başırılı Doç. Dr. Ali ASKER Başarılı ÖNSÖZ Yazmak yani bir metin ortaya koymak kendiliğinden zor, sancılı bir uğraştır. Doktora tezinin yazım sürecinde de motivasyonumu sarsacak birçok hadise vuku buldu. Örneğin yazımın başlangıcında doktoraya yapmamı teşvik edenlerden birisi olan amcamı kaybettim. Ona rahmet diliyorum. Ancak başladığım işi bitirip hayata devam etmem gerekmekteydi. Nitekim ben de öyle yapmaya çalıştım ve yazım sürecini tamamladım. Bu sefer de COVID-19 pandemisinin süreci zorlaştırmasına rağmen savunma aşamasına geldim. Yazım sürecinde desteklerini esirgemeyen ve benimle beraber sürecin bir parçası olan değerli insanlara teşekkür etmem gerekmektedir. Evvel emirde gerek tez konumu belirlememde gerek yazım sürecinde desteğini, eleştirisini esirgemeyen; tezimin okunaklı hale gelmesinde her ince detaya kadar özen gösteren danışmanım Prof. Dr. Bünyamin BEZCİ’ye teşekkür etmem gerekmektedir. Azerbaycan hakkında çalışmalar yapan Doç. Dr. Ali ASKER hocam ihtiyaç duyduğumda tavsiye ve eleştirilerini eksik etmediği için kendisine müteşekkirim. Öte yandan tez yazım sürecinde her zaman ulaşabileceğim kadar yakınımda olan ve desteklerini esirgemeyen Dr. Soner TAUSCHER ve Arş. Gör. Ensar KIVRAK’a teşekkür ediyorum. Zira onların sayesinde birçok zorluğun üstesinden kolaylıkla gelmiş bulunmaktayım. Yurtdışında doktora yapmak oldukça zor ve maliyetli bir süreçtir. Bu nedenle Türkiye’de doktora yapmamı olanaklı kılan Yurt Dışı Türkler ve Akraba Toplulukları kurumuna sağlamış olduğu maddi, manevi olanaklardan dolayı teşekkür ediyorum. Doktora boyunca desteklerini, dualarını eksik etmeyen Anneme, Babama şükranlarımı sunuyorum. Kardeşimin varlığı sayesinde onları bırakıp yurtdışına doktora için gelebildim. Bu nedenle kendisine teşekkür etmem gerekmektedir. COVID-19 pandemisinin vuku bulması sonuna geldiğim savunma sürecini zorlaştırmıştır. Bu nedenle hikâyeyi bütün zorluklarıyla beraber benimle yaşayan oğlum Murat’a ve eşime teşekkür ediyorum. Orkhan VALİYEV 10.06.2020 İÇİNDEKİLER İÇİNDEKİLER ................................................................................................................ i TABLOLAR LİSTESİ ................................................................................................... iii ÖZET ............................................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... v GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 BÖLÜM 1. MİLLET VE MİLLİYETÇİLİK ............................................................. 12 Modernite, Birey ve Millet Kavramları ................................................................... 12 Milliyetçiliğin Doğuşu ............................................................................................. 19 Milliyetçilik Teorileri ............................................................................................... 25 Milliyetçiliğin İlkçi (Primordialit) Değerlendirmesi ...................................... 25 Modernist Teori.............................................................................................. 27 Etnosembolcü Teori ....................................................................................... 31 Miroslav Hroch’un Küçük Millet Modeli ................................................................ 32 Küçük Milletler .............................................................................................. 33 Milli Canlanış ................................................................................................. 35 Milli Hareketlerin/Canlanışın Dönemlere Ayrılması ..................................... 37 Politik Talep ve Bağımsızlık .......................................................................... 40 BÖLÜM 2. ULUSLAŞMANIN İLK EVRESİNDE MODERN BİR MAARİFÇİ OLARAK MİRZA FETELİ AHUNDZADE .............................................................. 44 Mirza Feteli Ahundzade`de Din, Dil ve Tarih Ekseninde Modernleşme ................. 44 Aydınlanma Düşüncesinde Din Problemi ve Ahundzade .............................. 45 İlerlemeci Tarih Anlayışı ve Ahundzade ....................................................... 55 Ahundzade’nin Alfabe Reformu .................................................................... 57 Ahundzade’nin Uluslaşmaya Etkisi ............................................................... 63 Aydınlanma Hayranı Bir Müslüman .............................................................. 68 A Evresi’nin Değerlendirmesi.................................................................................. 69 BÖLÜM 3. ULUSLAŞMANIN İKİNCİ EVRESİNDE ROMANTİZM ETKİSİ VE ALİ BEY HÜSEYİNZADE .......................................................................................... 73 Aydınlanmanın Evrenselliğine Romantik Bir Başkaldırı ........................................ 73 Romantizmin Toplumsal Felsefesi ................................................................. 74 i Romantizm ve Alman Milliyetçiliğinin Doğuşu ............................................ 76 Epistemik Azınlıklar/Aydınlar ve Milli Canlanış .................................................... 81 Milli Burjuvazi ve Milliyetçi Aydınlar .......................................................... 84 Matbuat ve Milli Bilincin İşlenmesi .............................................................. 90 Yenilikçi Okullar ve Modern Eğitim ............................................................. 95 B Evresi’nde Vatan Kavramının Oluşumu: Ermeni-Müslüman Çatışması ve Romantizm Etkisi ........................................................................................... 98 Ali Bey Hüseyinzade’nin Romantik Türkçülüğü ................................................... 106 Romantik Bir Türk Milliyetçisi olarak Ali Bey Hüseyinzade ..................... 107 Hüseyinzade’de Türklük: Dilsel ve Kültürel Bütünlük ............................... 109 Hüseyinzade’de Tarih Problemi ................................................................... 117 B Evresi’nin Değerlendirmesi ................................................................................ 122 BÖLÜM 4. ULUSLAŞMANIN SON EVRESİNDE DEVLETİN OLUŞUMU VE MEHMET EMİN RESULZADE ............................................................................... 126 Mehmet Emin Resulzade ve Azerbaycan Milliyetçiliğinin Doğuşu ...................... 126 Azerbaycancılık ve Milli İdeal ..................................................................... 131 Resulzade’de Millet Problemi ...................................................................... 135 Resulzade’de Milli Tarih Problemi .............................................................. 138 Resulzade’de Milli Dil Problemi ................................................................. 141 Azerbaycan Milliyetçisi olarak Mehmet Emin Resulzade ........................... 143 Modern Devlet Bağlamında Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti’nin Oluşumu .................... 144 Devletin Modernliği ve Ulusun Kurumsallaşması ....................................... 145 Egemenlik ve Ulus ....................................................................................... 149 Milli Hareketin Politik Hedefi’nin Oluşumu ......................................................... 150 Özerklik Arayışı ve Ulus .............................................................................. 150 Bağımsızlığa İlk Adım: Transkafkasya Federasyonu .................................. 153 Kendi Kaderini Tayin Prensibi .................................................................... 155 Cumhuriyetin İlanı ve Tamamlanmamış Bir Ulus Devlet ........................... 161 C Evresi’nin Değerlendirmesi ................................................................................ 172 SONUÇ VE DEĞERLENDİRME ............................................................................. 175 KAYNAKÇA ............................................................................................................... 181 ÖZGEÇMİŞ ................................................................................................................. 194 ii TABLOLAR LİSTESİ Tablo 1: Ulus Kavramının Semantik Dönüşümü .......................................................... 22 Tablo 2: Horch’un Tipolojisi.......................................................................................... 31 Tablo 3: Avrupa’da Millet-İnşa Sürecinin Başlangıç Dönemi (1800-1815).................. 34 Tablo 4: Baskın olmayan etnik gruptan tam teşekküllü millete Avrupa Milli Hareketleri........................................................................................................ 38 Tablo 5: Ana Dilinin
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