DOCSLIB.ORG

Table of Contents. Illustrations Figures. Letter of Transmittal. Officers for 1917-1918

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Table of Contents. Illustrations Figures. Letter of Transmittal. Officers for 1917-1918 NINETEENTH REPORT Plate VIII. Beech-Maple Hemlock Forest on fixed dunes. .....24 OF Plate IX. Interior view of Border-Zone formation. ..................24 THE MICHIGAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Plate X. Exterior of relic forest patch on Pt. Betsie Dune Complex. ........................................................................24 Plate XI. Interior of Climax Forest, showing hemlock seedlings PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE on decaying log. .............................................................24 COUNCIL BY G. H. COONS CHAIRMAN, BOARD OF EDITORS FIGURES. Figure 3. Diagram of geological conditions with reference to oil BY AUTHORITY wells sunk in the region studied. ....................................13 LANSING, MICHIGAN Figure 9. Geography of N. W. corner of Benzie County, WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., STATE PRINTERS Michigan.........................................................................19 1917 Figure 10. Geology of Crystal Lake Bar Region....................20 Figure 11. Ecology of Crystal Lake Bar Region.....................22 TABLE OF CONTENTS. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. ................................................... 1 OFFICERS FOR 1917-1918. ................................................. 1 TO HON. ALBERT E. SLEEPER, Governor of the State of PAST PRESIDENTS .............................................................. 1 Michigan: PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS................................................ 2 SIR—I have the honor to submit herewith the XIX Annual The Making Of Scientific Theories, William H. Hobbs... 2 Report of the Michigan Academy of Science for publication, in accordance with Section 14 of Act No. 44 GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY....................................... 8 of the Public Acts of the Legislature of 1899. Proposal of an Agricultural Survey on a Geographic Respectfully, Basis, C. O. Sauer......................................................... 8 I. D. SCOTT, On the Prospect of Oil Being Found under the Ontario- Ann Arbor, Michigan, June, 1917. Secretary. Ohio-Michigan Section of Lake Erie, Thomas Nattress.12 Some New Thermo-Optical Observations on Gypsum and Glauberite, E. H. Kraus and Albert B. Peck ......... 15 OFFICERS FOR 1917-1918. Glacial Lakes and their Correlative Ice-Borders in the E OY ARVEY Superior Basin (abstract), Frank Leversett.................. 18 President, L R H. H , Kalamazoo. Secretary-Treasurer, I. D. SCOTT, Ann Arbor. BOTANY ......................................................................... 19 Librarian, CRYSTAL THOMPSON, Ann Arbor. Ecology of Northern Michigan Dunes: Crystal Lake Chairman, Board of Editors, G. H. COONS, East Lansing. Bar Region, W. G. Waterman...................................... 19 VICE-PRESIDENTS. Agriculture, J. F. MORGAN, East Lansing. ILLUSTRATIONS Geography and Geology, C. W. COOK, Ann Arbor. Zoology, G. R. LARUE, Ann Arbor. Plate II. Change in temperature of uniaxiality in gypsum for various wavelengths. ......................................................17 Sanitary and Medical Science, L. H. COOLEDGE, East Lansing. Plate III. Change in the apparent optical angle in oil of Botany, C. K. DODGE, Port Huron. glauberite for various wave-lengths and temperatures...17 Economics, F. T. CARLTON, Albion. Plate IV. Change in temperature of uniaxiality in glauberite for PAST PRESIDENTS. various wavelengths. ......................................................17 Plate VI. Fig. 1. Fossil Beach, north of Pt. Betsie DR. W. J. BEAL, Amherst, Mass. lighthouse. ......................................................................24 DR. W. H. SHERZER, Ypsilanti. BRYANT WALKER, ESQ., Detroit. Fig. 2. Shore bluffs with "crater" dunes perched on glacial Professor V. M. SPAULDING, Tucson, Ariz. plateau............................................................................24 DR. HENRY B. BAKER, Holland, Mich. Plate VII. Pt. Betsie Dune Complex, showing typical blow-out Professor JACOB REIGHARD, Ann Arbor. on right; relic forest patches in background, and Professor CHAS. E. BARR, Albion. lighthouse and coast guard station.................................24 DR. V. C. VAUGHAN, Ann Arbor. Selections from the 19th Annual Report of the Michigan Academy of Science – Page 1 of 25 Professor F. C. NEWCOMBE, Ann Arbor. of scientific doctrines has been due to the failure of both DR. A. C. LANE, Tufts College, Mass. the scientists and their critics to distinguish clearly Professor W. B. BARROWS, East Lansing. between legitimate theory within those fields where DR. J. B. POLLOCK, Ann Arbor. views may be rigidly tested, and audacious conjectures Professor M. S. W. JEFFERSON, Ypsilanti. which have been offered under the verisimilitude of facts DR. CHAS. E. MARSHALL, East Lansing. to explain problems whose complete solution belongs to Professor FRANK LEVERETT, Ann Arbor. the remote future, if they may not be regarded as DR. F. G. NOVY, Ann Arbor. insoluble by any methods which have yet been Professor WM. E. PRAEGER, Kalamazoo. discovered. Professor E. A. Bessey, East Lansing. The process of eruption within a volcanic vent as ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT OE regards its physical and chemical aspects offers a problem which, though by no means simple, may yet be THE MICHIGAN ACADEMY OF subjected to observation and experimentation and SCIENCE. doubtless belongs to the realm of soluble scientific problems. The materials present at the earth's center Delivered March 28, 1917, at the Auditorium, and their peculiar state of aggregation, are by contrast Natural Science Building. very largely a subject of conjecture, and attempts to class these problems together lead to inexcusable THE MAKING OF SCIENTIFIC THEORIES*. confusion. BY WILLIAM H. HOBBS. A theory has been defined as an explanation founded upon inferences drawn from principles which are The ancient Hebrews conceived the earth to be a disk established by evidence. By contrast the hypothesis is a hemmed in on all sides by mountains and surmounted supposition as yet untested. The working hypothesis of by the crystal dome or firmament of the "heavens." This the scientist occupies an intermediate position and aims covered disk floated upon "the waters under the earth" to explain, at least in part and better than any other, a and from the "windows of heaven" waters were poured set of related phenomena which are already known, and out upon the "thirsty earth" from another reservoir which it is considered to be in a probationary stage until was above the firmament. To the denizen of the humid confirmed through rigid tests the nature of which is temperate regions it is perhaps a little difficult to see how suggested by the hypothesis itself. When so examined it this theory could have come into existence. The rains may be found wanting; but, if well founded, with which he is so familiar are showers, and they experimentation is likely to result in its improvement by suggest not so much windows in the sky as they do a pruning of error quite as much as through enlargement ceiling with innumerable perforations or some other of the body of truth which it contains. glorified sprinkling device. To the Children of Israel the phenomenon of showers was unknown, for the rains to The inheritance of knowledge by the ancients was, which they had become accustomed both during their compared to ours, small indeed; and with their limited wanderings in the desert of Sinai and in Palestine were resources in materials and in methods of investigation, of the local downpour or cloudburst type, the even more than we, they saw "through a glass darkly.” It characteristic precipitation of the arid lands. So also was therefore but natural that the theories which they their country was one in which earthquakes have been evolved should have been largely the product of frequent, and they were not unaccustomed to seeing the introspective reasoning. In consequence it was in the earth open and water shoot upward from the fissures in field of mathematics that they achieved their greatest much the same manner that it spurts into the hold of a triumphs, and as an inheritance a mathematical ship from the opening of a seam. This oft-observed language was common to other fields of science even phenomenon is with little doubt responsible for the late in the seventeenth century. Viewing the marvels of conception of the "waters under the earth" referred to in the universe with their limited outfit of exact knowledge, the twentieth chapter of Exodus. We see, therefore, that the ancient philosophers invoked the supernatural and this crude theory of the world which was held by the the mysterious to explain whatever was baffling and early Hebrews and which appears to us so fantastic, otherwise incomprehensible. Without books the was, after all, based upon facts, but like many theories dissemination of knowledge was limited to the narrowest which have followed it, upon too small a body of fact to channels and was accomplished by the disciples of each supply a firm foundation. leader of thought, who was thus under the temptation of finding an answer to all questions and founding an It has often been said that the theories so tenaciously individual school of philosophy. held by one generation are abandoned by the next. To a large extent this has been true of the past, and the With the invasions of the barbarian Huns and the explanation is in part that scientists are not less fallible Germanic tribes in the fifth century of the Christian era, than others, but are subject to like limitations in there ensued the eclipse of civilization which we
Load more

Recommended publications
  • No. 40. the System of Lunar Craters, Quadrant Ii Alice P
    NO. 40. THE SYSTEM OF LUNAR CRATERS, QUADRANT II by D. W. G. ARTHUR, ALICE P. AGNIERAY, RUTH A. HORVATH ,tl l C.A. WOOD AND C. R. CHAPMAN \_9 (_ /_) March 14, 1964 ABSTRACT The designation, diameter, position, central-peak information, and state of completeness arc listed for each discernible crater in the second lunar quadrant with a diameter exceeding 3.5 km. The catalog contains more than 2,000 items and is illustrated by a map in 11 sections. his Communication is the second part of The However, since we also have suppressed many Greek System of Lunar Craters, which is a catalog in letters used by these authorities, there was need for four parts of all craters recognizable with reasonable some care in the incorporation of new letters to certainty on photographs and having diameters avoid confusion. Accordingly, the Greek letters greater than 3.5 kilometers. Thus it is a continua- added by us are always different from those that tion of Comm. LPL No. 30 of September 1963. The have been suppressed. Observers who wish may use format is the same except for some minor changes the omitted symbols of Blagg and Miiller without to improve clarity and legibility. The information in fear of ambiguity. the text of Comm. LPL No. 30 therefore applies to The photographic coverage of the second quad- this Communication also. rant is by no means uniform in quality, and certain Some of the minor changes mentioned above phases are not well represented. Thus for small cra- have been introduced because of the particular ters in certain longitudes there are no good determi- nature of the second lunar quadrant, most of which nations of the diameters, and our values are little is covered by the dark areas Mare Imbrium and better than rough estimates.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary Glossary
    Glossary Glossary Albedo A measure of an object’s reflectivity. A pure white reflecting surface has an albedo of 1.0 (100%). A pitch-black, nonreflecting surface has an albedo of 0.0. The Moon is a fairly dark object with a combined albedo of 0.07 (reflecting 7% of the sunlight that falls upon it). The albedo range of the lunar maria is between 0.05 and 0.08. The brighter highlands have an albedo range from 0.09 to 0.15. Anorthosite Rocks rich in the mineral feldspar, making up much of the Moon’s bright highland regions. Aperture The diameter of a telescope’s objective lens or primary mirror. Apogee The point in the Moon’s orbit where it is furthest from the Earth. At apogee, the Moon can reach a maximum distance of 406,700 km from the Earth. Apollo The manned lunar program of the United States. Between July 1969 and December 1972, six Apollo missions landed on the Moon, allowing a total of 12 astronauts to explore its surface. Asteroid A minor planet. A large solid body of rock in orbit around the Sun. Banded crater A crater that displays dusky linear tracts on its inner walls and/or floor. 250 Basalt A dark, fine-grained volcanic rock, low in silicon, with a low viscosity. Basaltic material fills many of the Moon’s major basins, especially on the near side. Glossary Basin A very large circular impact structure (usually comprising multiple concentric rings) that usually displays some degree of flooding with lava. The largest and most conspicuous lava- flooded basins on the Moon are found on the near side, and most are filled to their outer edges with mare basalts.
    [Show full text]
  • Specials Resign Witb Stomach and Liver Trouble?
    DRY GOODH DRY GOODS. but has promised to issue a étalement ÍR6INIA TO-DAY'S TELEGRAPHIC NEWí* ^KOM WASHINGTON. alter tbe eeeeion of the convention to¬ IffiWfi of the Alexandria Oaaett·,] Holt F. ha* been appointed The Situation at Martinique LANSBURGH & BRO., f orr«»p-i'd»Ticw day. But, j'., 16 .M. gover¬ Wasbingtan, D. C , May 16. An csu-ed a sc-nnutional postmaster at Puitimoutb. Parie, May L'Heurre, Favorite Store. Englishman tele¬ Washington'* Dr. Jung, the physician of Lord some among aristocratic sped it« r-» of a Confederate Memorial Day was ob¬ nor pro tem of Mart.nique, today Pauricefote, tbe British Ambassador, circus io Madrid, yesterdav, 0] ti e Ing served at Norfolk yettarday witb ap¬ graphed the minia »r of colonies that Business Hours 8 a. rn. to ß p. na. «aid Ibis morning tbat bis patient wee the Duke of Arion with a laid« ? w bip. propriât» ceremonies. all the city achieves of St. Pierre were Saturdays 9 o'clock. from the disease man wanted to a club of «Lieh 10th, llthtBtlFSts.. N.W. in no serious danger The join Tbomas Savege bas been appointed los*, in the destruction of tbat be is sull-ring, and that the Duke is a member. A council of re¬ city. with wbicb postmaster to succeed W. L. Taylor, Mount tbe Governor reports that be wa9 thing were un¬ bonor, witb tbe Doke as president, signed, at Aebgrove, Fairfax county. Pelee, acting says, founded. "He bas gout io aa acute considered his application, and rejeve'ed Judge B.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Cincinnati
    UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date:__7/30/07_________________ I, __ MUNISH GUPTA_____________________________________, hereby submit this work as part of the requirements for the degree of: DOCTORATE OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D) in: MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING It is entitled: LOW-PRESSURE AND ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE PLASMA POLYMERIZED SILICA-LIKE FILMS AS PRIMERS FOR ADHESIVE BONDING OF ALUMINUM This work and its defense approved by: Chair: __Dr. F. JAMES BOERIO ___ ______ __Dr. GREGORY BEAUCAGE __ ___ __ __Dr. RODNEY ROSEMAN _____ ___ __Dr. JUDE IROH _ _____________ _______________________________ LOW-PRESSURE AND ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE PLASMA POLYMERIZED SILICA-LIKE FILMS AS PRIMERS FOR ADHESIVE BONDING OF ALUMINUM A dissertation submitted to the Division of Research and Advanced Studies of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTORATE OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D) in the Department of Chemical and Material Engineering of the College of Engineering 2007 by Munish Gupta M.S., University of Cincinnati, 2005 B.E., Punjab Technical University, India, 2000 Committee Chair: Dr. F. James Boerio i ABSTRACT Plasma processes, including plasma etching and plasma polymerization, were investigated for the pretreatment of aluminum prior to structural adhesive bonding. Since native oxides of aluminum are unstable in the presence of moisture at elevated temperature, surface engineering processes must usually be applied to aluminum prior to adhesive bonding to produce oxides that are stable. Plasma processes are attractive for surface engineering since they take place in the gas phase and do not produce effluents that are difficult to dispose off. Reactive species that are generated in plasmas have relatively short lifetimes and form inert products.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
    Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets RESEARCH ARTICLE On the relative importance of thermal and chemical buoyancy 10.1002/2016JE005221 in regular and impact-induced melting Key Points: in a Mars-like planet • Compositional buoyancy stabilizes melting-induced anomalies at the base of the lithosphere Thomas Ruedas1,2 and Doris Breuer2 • The anomalies may be detectable by gravimetry but not by seismics with a 1Institute of Planetology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany, 2Institute of Planetary Research, sparse station network • Neglecting impact-induced mantle German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany anomalies results in overestimation of the local crustal thickness Abstract We ran several series of two-dimensional numerical mantle convection simulations representing in idealized form the thermochemical evolution of a Mars-like planet. In order to study the Supporting Information: • Supporting Information S1 importance of compositional buoyancy of melting mantle, the models were set up in pairs of one including •MovieS1 all thermal and compositional contributions to buoyancy and one accounting only for the thermal •MovieS2 contributions. In several of the model pairs, single large impacts were introduced as causes of additional strong local anomalies, and their evolution in the framework of the convecting mantle was tracked. The Correspondence to: models confirm that the additional buoyancy provided by the depletion of the mantle by regular melting T. Ruedas, can establish a global stable stratification of the convecting mantle and throttle crust production. [email protected] Furthermore, the compositional buoyancy is essential in the stabilization and preservation of local compositional anomalies directly beneath the lithosphere and offers a possible explanation for the Citation: Ruedas, T.
    [Show full text]
  • March 21–25, 2016
    FORTY-SEVENTH LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE CONFERENCE PROGRAM OF TECHNICAL SESSIONS MARCH 21–25, 2016 The Woodlands Waterway Marriott Hotel and Convention Center The Woodlands, Texas INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT Universities Space Research Association Lunar and Planetary Institute National Aeronautics and Space Administration CONFERENCE CO-CHAIRS Stephen Mackwell, Lunar and Planetary Institute Eileen Stansbery, NASA Johnson Space Center PROGRAM COMMITTEE CHAIRS David Draper, NASA Johnson Space Center Walter Kiefer, Lunar and Planetary Institute PROGRAM COMMITTEE P. Doug Archer, NASA Johnson Space Center Nicolas LeCorvec, Lunar and Planetary Institute Katherine Bermingham, University of Maryland Yo Matsubara, Smithsonian Institute Janice Bishop, SETI and NASA Ames Research Center Francis McCubbin, NASA Johnson Space Center Jeremy Boyce, University of California, Los Angeles Andrew Needham, Carnegie Institution of Washington Lisa Danielson, NASA Johnson Space Center Lan-Anh Nguyen, NASA Johnson Space Center Deepak Dhingra, University of Idaho Paul Niles, NASA Johnson Space Center Stephen Elardo, Carnegie Institution of Washington Dorothy Oehler, NASA Johnson Space Center Marc Fries, NASA Johnson Space Center D. Alex Patthoff, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Cyrena Goodrich, Lunar and Planetary Institute Elizabeth Rampe, Aerodyne Industries, Jacobs JETS at John Gruener, NASA Johnson Space Center NASA Johnson Space Center Justin Hagerty, U.S. Geological Survey Carol Raymond, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Lindsay Hays, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Paul Schenk,
    [Show full text]
  • Hadley's Principle: Understanding and Misunderstanding the Trade
    History of Meteorology 3 (2006) 17 Hadley’s Principle: Understanding and Misunderstanding the Trade Winds Anders O. Persson Department for research and development Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute SE 601 71 Norrköping, Sweden [email protected] Old knowledge will often be rediscovered and presented under new labels, causing much confusion and impeding progress—Tor Bergeron.1 Introduction In May 1735 a fairly unknown Englishman, George Hadley, published a groundbreaking paper, “On the Cause of the General Trade Winds,” in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. His path to fame was long and it took 100 years to have his ideas accepted by the scientific community. But today there is a “Hadley Crater” on the moon, the convectively overturning in the tropics is called “The Hadley Cell,” and the climatological centre of the UK Meteorological Office “The Hadley Centre.” By profession a lawyer, born in London, George Hadley (1685-1768) had in 1735 just became a member of the Royal Society. He was in charge of the Society’s meteorological work which consisted of providing instruments to foreign correspondents and of supervising, collecting and scrutinizing the continental network of meteorological observations2. This made him think about the variations in time and geographical location of the surface pressure and its relation to the winds3. Already in a paper, possibly written before 1735, Hadley carried out an interesting and far-sighted discussion on the winds, which he found “of so uncertain and variable nature”: Hadley’s Principle 18 …concerning the Cause of the Trade-Winds, that for the same Cause the Motion of the Air will not be naturally in a great Circle, for any great Space upon the surface of the Earth anywhere, unless in the Equator itself, but in some other Line, and, in general, all Winds, as they come nearer the Equator will become more easterly, and as they recede from it, more and more westerly, unless some other Cause intervene4.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategies for Detecting Biological Molecules on Titan
    ASTROBIOLOGY Volume 18, Number 5, 2018 ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2017.1758 Strategies for Detecting Biological Molecules on Titan Catherine D. Neish,1 Ralph D. Lorenz,2 Elizabeth P. Turtle,2 Jason W. Barnes,3 Melissa G. Trainer,4 Bryan Stiles,5 Randolph Kirk,6 Charles A. Hibbitts,2 and Michael J. Malaska5 Abstract Saturn’s moon Titan has all the ingredients needed to produce ‘‘life as we know it.’’ When exposed to liquid water, organic molecules analogous to those found on Titan produce a range of biomolecules such as amino acids. Titan thus provides a natural laboratory for studying the products of prebiotic chemistry. In this work, we examine the ideal locales to search for evidence of, or progression toward, life on Titan. We determine that the best sites to identify biological molecules are deposits of impact melt on the floors of large, fresh impact craters, specifically Sinlap, Selk, and Menrva craters. We find that it is not possible to identify biomolecules on Titan through remote sensing, but rather through in situ measurements capable of identifying a wide range of biological molecules. Given the nonuniformity of impact melt exposures on the floor of a weathered impact crater, the ideal lander would be capable of precision targeting. This would allow it to identify the locations of fresh impact melt deposits, and/or sites where the melt deposits have been exposed through erosion or mass wasting. Determining the extent of prebiotic chemistry within these melt deposits would help us to understand how life could originate on a world very different from Earth.
    [Show full text]
  • MAFIC ANOMOLIES in the LUNAR HIGHLANDS. T. A. Giguere1,2, B
    Lunar and Planetary Science XXXI 1760.pdf MAFIC ANOMOLIES IN THE LUNAR HIGHLANDS. T. A. Giguere1,2, B. Ray Hawke1, G. A. Smith, G. Jeffrey Taylor1, D. T. Blewett1, P. G. Lucey1, and P. D. Spudis3, 1Hawai’i Inst. of Geophys. and Planetology, University of Hawai`i, 2525 Correa Rd., Honolulu, HI 96822, 2Intergraph Corporation, 2828 Pa’a St. Ste. 2150, Honolulu, HI 96819, 3Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX 77058. Introduction Results and Discussion Ancient mare basalts deposits that have been hidden Southern Central Highlands. Most of the southern or obscured by superposed higher albedo material are portion of the lunar central highlands exhibit FeO referred to as cryptomaria [1, 2, 3]. They represent a values that range between 5 and 9 wt. % and TiO2 record of the earliest mare volcanism. Earlier remote values less than 1 wt. %. However, a small area with sensing and geologic studies have provided evidence anomalously high FeO values has been identified near for the distribution of ancient mare volcanism. the 114 km Maurolycus crater at the crater Buch B. Schultz and Spudis [4] studied the distribution of dark-haloed impact craters in the lunar highlands. Maurolycus is located at 14.0° E, 41.8° S and Buch B They suggested that basaltic volcanism predated the is located at 17.0° E, 39.9° S. last major basin-forming impacts and that early mare volcanism may have been widespread. Hawke and Bell [5, 6] used near-IR spectra to demonstrate that many dark-haloed impact craters excavated ancient mare units buried by basin and crater ejecta.
    [Show full text]
  • On Craters of Denudation, with Observations on the Structure And
    THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. DECEMBER 19, 1849. The following communication was read :- On Craters of Denudation, with O~ervations on the Structure and Growth of Volcanic C~nes. By Sir CHARLES LYELL, Pres. Geol. Soc. IN the first edition of my ' Principles of Geology,' published in 1830 (vol. i. ch. 30), I explained the grounds of my objection to the theory previously advanced by Baron yon Buch to account for the origin of the Caldera of Palma, the Gulf of Santorin, and other bowl-shaped cavities of large dimensions, for which he proposed the name of "Craters of Elevation." I regarded the circular escarp- ments surrounding these vast cavities as the remnants of cones of eruption, the central parts of which had been destroyed, and I con- ceived that the removing cause had been chiefly, if not wholly, en- gulfment. In the second edition of my 'Principles,' published in 1832, or two years later, I discussed more particularly the origin of the single deep gorge, which in Palma, Barren Island, and other so-called elevation- craters, forms a breach in the circular range of cliffs, surrounding the central cavity. This ravine or narrow passage I attributed "to the action of the tide during the gradual emergence from the sea and up- heaval of a volcanic island" (ch. 22. vol. i. p. 452), and I at the VOL. VI.--PART i. a 208 PROCEEDINGS OF THE OEOLOOICAL SOCIETY. [Dec. 19, Fig. 1.--View of the Isle of Palma, and of the entrance into the cen- t~'al cavity or Caldera.mFrom Iron Bueh' s "Canary Islands." Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Item Specifications High School Osas Science Test
    ITEM SPECIFICATIONS HIGH SCHOOL OSAS SCIENCE TEST 2014 Oregon Science Standards (NGSS) Introduction This document presents item specifications for use with the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). These standards are based on the Framework for K-12 Science Education. The present document is not intended to replace the standards, but rather to present guidelines for the development of items and item clusters used to measure those standards. The remainder of this section provides a very brief introduction to the standards and the framework, an overview of the design and intent of the item clusters, and a description of specifications that follow. The bulk of the document is composed of specifications, organized by grade and standard. Background on the framework and standards The Framework for K-12 Science Education is organized around three core dimensions of scientific understanding. The standards are derived from these same dimensions: Disciplinary Core Ideas The fundamental ideas that are necessary for understanding a given science discipline. The core ideas all have broad importance within or across science or engineering disciplines, provide a key tool for understanding or investigating complex ideas and solving problems, relate to societal or personal concerns, and can be taught over multiple grade levels at progressive levels of depth and complexity. Science and Engineering Practices The practices are what students do to make sense of phenomena. They are both a set of skills and a set of knowledge to be internalized. The SEPs (Science and Engineering Practices) reflect the major practices that scientists and engineers use to investigate the world and design and build systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Communications of the LUNAR and PLANETARY LABORATORY
    Communications of the LUNAR AND PLANETARY LABORATORY Number 70 Volume 5 Part 1 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1966 Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory These Communications contain the shorter publications and reports by the staff of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. They may be either original contributions, reprints of articles published in professional journals, preliminary reports, or announcements. Tabular material too bulky or specialized for regular journals is included if future use of such material appears to warrant it. The Communications are issued as separate numbers, but they are paged and indexed by volumes. The Communications are mailed to observatories and to laboratories known to be engaged in planetary, interplanetary or geophysical research in exchange for their reports and publica- tions. The University of Arizona Press can supply at cost copies to other libraries and interested persons. The University of Arizona GERARD P. KUIPER, Director Tucson, Arizona Lunar and Planetary Laboratory Published with the support of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Library of Congress Catalog Number 62-63619 NO. 70 THE SYSTEM OF LUNAR CRATERS, QUADRANT IV by D. W. G. ARTHUR, RUTH H. PELLICORI, AND C. A. WOOD May25,1966 , ABSTRACT The designation, diameter, position, central peak information, and state of completeness are listed for each discernible crater with a diameter exceeding 3.5 km in the fourth lunar quadrant. The catalog contains about 8,000 items and is illustrated by a map in 11 sections. hiS Communication is the fourth and final part of listed in the catalog nor shown in the accompanying e System of Lunar Craters, which is a_calalag maps.
    [Show full text]