• Period Edo Sino-Japanese the in Relations
C)ba • )'•. Osamu
• University Kansai
Fogel by A. Joshua Translated
Sino-Japanese Contacts Forgotten One. Part
general historical The Research. Knowledge Historical and General Historical
nearly
history for teaching suspicious. knowledge highly have been is
I now possess we
frequently
settle
cold in break I it but when think back
I
30 I
sweat.
out on a years,
a over
knowledge
general of points topic of doubt in
research when locate I
my
own some
discussing
theme proudly
Right of in middle history begin the them. and
a
to pursue
surface. the
rise suddenly doubts shudder office, clearly understood in I which I to
as my
Seinan of the War end time of the example, about the
hundred
For
ago years was one
Michinaga Fujiwara •-•
N roughly 2 of the time
thousand (1877),
and
years ago was
one
•}[ • • IN (1827-77) and )• •,• -•: N Saig6 Takamori that (966-1027). know We
really
do
but clearly
from
different Fujiwara Michinaga from
own, we our
ages were men
Michinaga?
In and Takamori
between good of of difference 900 have the
years a sense
remain holes Kagoshima, bullet the private school in of walls of the ruins the the
stone
•
Yorimichi -•4• •: Michinaga's by complex By6d6in temple built fresh. The son,
via these mind these beauty. call
When with I still the its two two to great arrests men
eye
longer
strikes
Takamori the relics,
from historical the hundred present to as me
years one
Michinaga. Takamori and intervening
between the than 900
years
:f• •
[Hebei], unearthed
Mancheng though, tombs token, the the By Han at
same
Changxin Palace the
look B.C.E., but when built around 1968, in 112
at
you
were
being from the
•' of site, has the dug burial it the which
Lantern
appearance at
up was
problems ,•
•
though there Yayoi
Japan's Even of
earthenware
are
era.
era as
same
time of the the that Christ, about students precise when tell of I date of the birth about the
corresponds of the Han end Former the born, thought it is he E., first
C. when
to
year
was
•, they • :zt:: Mang dynasty Wang of founding Xin of the dynasty of about time the the
possibiity
that one's the There is learning
time. they the first
this for look
even
as are
of the
100 illusion that by such the perception created
historical is
of
page
as a sense
era
a
history the of the world history and high 100 textbook Japanese school text
cover
page
history,
world
though and might
Japanese
it in which
the illusion
seem as era, same or
classroom, languid atmosphere the
approaches
and
permeates listened
to a as summer
translator's.
noted, the *Unless otherwise all
notes
are
00•,• ff,•l•.,[-•C 1980),
9-27. shoten, (Tokyo: •
T6h6 Edo,/•da• r) h•wa Nit-Ch•
pp.
no
against significant
revolt the the last Seinan Rebellion, the War Satsuma
Also kno•aa the
was
as
quashed. being before in 1877 months Takamori, Meiji by Saig6 it lasted several reforms. Led 4O
historical chronology
of
from and there the the make
I
try
to sense a cover same eras. a
and far frequency rationally modern is the in
of
still the greater yet events
emerges,
era era
history, antiquity. know almost Although ancient Chinese fewer interested in in I I
am
specialists in nothing extremely Among history--what about know is little. ancient do
I
"• •1I
j% history, Japan's particularly Yamatai of ancient scholars
many argue era, among
incorrect, absolutely
but
points their all others that of view and
correct
are own are
take with natural
history something clearly is understood.
ancient that is is It to not
a
so
others, of allot grain comparing with who, those large people their views salt of in
own
position
of hold positions
opponents' far honest is their their
100 0. It to
to a more own
then, back history novels of all the because There fans
of ancient 49. 51 set to
many are
ground for
is
nothing scholarship that there the in this has do with but to to
one sense
knowledge nurtured general historical
wishes.
doubt The
I
create on
my
as one more own
begins scholarship the view, nothing historical Thus,
fiction, will left. in be at
my
soon
point general knowledge demolished. is first that historical
• foreign •" relations of (Sakoku Japanese Country If ask about ). Closed
you
period, inevitably sakoku. will receive the Edo
you an answer: as
string of history
Japanese textbooks The sakoku
in events: system appears
as a
foreign trade banished; 1616, believers Christian Japanese
missionaries and
1613,
were
• system" •lJ • into
Nagasaki;
the itowappu 1633, limited Hirado and
put
to was
was
)4
• •
•
(h6shosen officially vessels licensed
for all but effect and
voyages
overseas
Nagasaki; the Dejima, 1639,
interdicted; moved the Portuguese 1636,
to near
were
Dejima. moved Hirado firms withdrew; Dutch merchant Portuguese 1641, to at
the trading allowed only vessels Thereafter, port Dutch and Chinese at enter to
were
The trading into them. written Nagasaki. vessels" "and Chinese The better have texts
by of the the head delivered only the Shogunate world from knew conditions in the reports
perhaps presenting written these in of what
merchants. the Dutch texts, In
process was
Shogunate presented with professors the taught Chinese vessels also reports. that
some
Nagasaki. the
trips high As
with their classes field
Many students make
school
to
(7)ura
_.• •, J• • 5•
the and Church Mansion, the buses take them the Glover
to
to to
I1,1• •
[his private •'l]l, • Narutaki they Siebolt stories of hear if baths Unzen
at
at
atmosphere
they Dutch foreign Nagasaki will be academy], atmosphere
learn of the
to
as
a
J:•).
",/•" • • (Orandazaka rain falls Dutch Incline the the
on
period, during learning the Edo in how,
with the advances
Textbooks describe
• •J• • 7•" I] JN Study •i -iN J of Commerce (A • k6 tst•sh6 Nishikawa Joken Ka-i wrote
learning, Hakuseki Arai
of Civilized) Dutch rise about the
Barbarians and the between the
• • • -• t• -• •• • Vlt] (Chronicle Sairan •i" and West) igen Seiy6 of the kibun
wrote
interrogating gained through Giovanni ,•-N" knowledge Acquired) (Strange from
Stories
• 7•: • • • • Kon'y6 and shogun had Aoki Sidotti, Noro Yoshimune Battista and
5•2 make of eased, • N;• tried certain books and Genj6 study of Dutch, the ban to use
Dutch, Chinese and profits with the
silk thread trade monopoly the in order In
prevent
to
raw a on
Kyoto, by merchants selected
shogunal authorities had silk
allotment the Edo at set system
up
a
I•saka
imported buy shogunate all would later); Nagasaki, added the (with Sakai and Edo and up
merchants. parcel individual silk whole and then it
to out
as a raw
shogun. representing the
• car•'ing from Namely, the senior councillors vessels letter a 41
• • • Sugita Genpaku's translation N technology. Then, if continues with it
Western
•r • •t•
•,• Autopsy), (A of] Work
[from shinsho the Dutch Kaitai New cannot
one on
works. Dutch arising help banned books from that the the illusion prevent were
point Year's Dutch the New illustration
this Furthermore, of add these
at
texts many as an
.5
•]• • Party the Shirand6
at
of through elements. shape general knowledge historical takes Our assortment
an
important in the
extremely role play televisions would
the
In
present to age an
seem
6ishi
)• ]l)J, • pkj
;• of who
those Thus, Kuranosuke when think of
are us process. we
people
light-complexioned,
while middle-aged, round call mind countenance,
younger to
a
middle-
of who probably visage.
because those clean-cut, call mind oval
This is
to
are us a
)• • R•nin) • with (The Forty-Seven Ch•shmgura aged become have accustomed
to
I[ ;• watching -• Ak6 J leading
folks role,
while
in the Hasegawa
Kazuo
younger are
I•. • • According • • •)•,
Ak6) (The Emori T6ru Samurai of with Masterless
r6nm
6ta
•;•,
-•
• darkly-featured
small, N Kuranosuke
Nanpo to
man. was a
major influence. school has larger in is learned fact historical The that the
current
of studies, specialized those people continue
from of who Aside the small number
us
more
history &history, that Imperial but middle-aged view &the who know the
once
are errors
nothing with
of denied, history
know taught Imperial
of is view
the
recast to
we we were
minds within history remains
fast replace Ultimately, learned which it. the
to
our we once
thought. unchanged, frightening and that is a
Shenyang, city of the August in City Shenyang. 1979, 11, On I of the In
was
exchange
academic visiting
Liaoning province, China China's northeast. in
I
as on an was
Relations. Sino-Japanese Historical
Delegation of
of Scholars member of China the
to
a
• • _.k, Aboshi .U• and Migami Tsugio Following of Professors the research
reports
• • •:
give similar • province, city Changchun, Zenky6 Jilin in of
I report the to a was
Shenyang. in
Chen, previous day, Professor is, indeed, Jerome lunch the small world. At It
a
history
of sponsored the
friendly he with conference whom and had become I
at
met on a
by happened previous University August, legal the institutions Harvard Asian East at
in is active the
right Cohen,
who him after chance walk before the in Joan resturant; to us
renewed smile. all
characteristic in with her Arts, We of Fine Boston Museum
our
came
there," said going
Beijing, friendship Dr. let's year's hiatus. after
"I'm
meet to
so on a
going
the departed.
talk." wish luck
I Cohen breakfast she
"I
at your over you was on as
given in the Qing-Japanese be Trade" which
of talk in
"Issues to content
my was on
Liaoning Provincial Shenyang meeting Theater. The floor of the the second
room on
lettering, began gold that Academy with and of Sciences tickets I Social had to
worry
looking high. forward "Everyone is expectations concerning would be rather talk to
my
attending." felt little only
talk," I will be about 300
told. "There I
persons
a your was
prepared large crowd.
wondering talk fit for such They might if befuddled.
I start
a
a
prepared for "extraordinary had tickets have began, friends," "Chinese I entrance
give
talk, trivial beautiful tickets but Although have
that
it is said talk.
not may a my one
After
breaking the ice this in best." will still do fear this is talk.
I I yet my very poor a
t•)tsuki ;;• • • •" Learning Edo. Gentaku in The Dutch Academy of 42
began symposium talk commenced.
one-half the three and hour I proper my as manner,
follows.
histow of think of the Japanese Sino-Japanese "When Relations. Reflections
on
dynasty and immediately with the Tang they mind relations, Sino-Japanese call
contacts to
•.•{•).
Or, (ken-T6 what shi comings goings Tang &the missions the and the
court to
Meiji beginning What do
of the
Sino-Japanese from is the them contacts to era.
occurs
following vein. continued in think My the Chinese of?." talk then
period scholarship Edo Neo- education in the
and Japanese of The
was
core
Japan in call learning what Confucianism, it Chinese
broad and in
we or
was a sense
• learning advanced •:. and Kangaku Meiji introduced Japanese the Western the In
era,
direction, this in world moved while the real path along However, the of modernization.
history, writing and these study about prevailed of and the in earlier tendencies still
chronicle tend history time did developed. gradually that of tendencies Works to not at
People fascinated general became knowledge, information. affairs, everyday
or common
during Kangaku the
which emerging learning, by than
the Dutch
norm
was
even more so
in of Europeans Meiji works period. early the read Japanese the the Edo in
era
widespread Japanese knowledge
Kangaku by Chinese. translations Because among was
exceedingly difficult would have intellectuals, been existed it had this basis to
not
Meiji of Westernization the rapid modernization and European The introduce culture.
Shogunate and of the Edo negations
represented of Edo the the time government at
same
Kangaku,
negations Chinese of they period. They well that rise
to gave were
as sense a
Japan and the spiritual underlying of modern culture, and indeed China itself. An root
this. in based invasions of and militaristic China Korea
were
led that intricate
Having the describe this, said then to I route my went to
on
Sino-Japanese study history relations. of in and of the interest
study
thought wanted old, Until I I
KO-MO I From the to twenty
years
yowa. was
Japan
1944,
high around the
history. school in While student Japanese
year was
a
ultranationalistic acquiring all engaged China, students
its in invasion of and
an were we
taught
view this history. Imperial My teachers view of education, then known the too
as
reading which joined in circle history: enjoyed history,
I of Japanese I
we were
a so
-• •,, 7•_
•
(Personal Views the reading by
called the
K6-M6
turns text on yowa
a
• resisting :• • the for executed had been N by Mencius) who Yoshida Sh6in
simply things, though, could that period.
I There Shogunate of the Edo the end
at
were
thinking
progressive that by
advanced
understand.
I
to
not a as see so no means was
simple, basic Th,::?,,
far
history. Imperial view of
wot•ld the
more
were oppose person
developed complex knowing faces, while colleagues with points. would I nod older My
a
Kd-M6 suddenly The it And,
despondent. then, of and became to yowa sorts me. came
of stories which
collected all had and
he Mencius, of the Sh6in's discussions
manner was
und'erstand
how he it, thought did about I As related the the in Mencius. I he not
text to
only did natural that "personal I
views." It his moved from the Mencius not to was
this, that realized
I When I read the Mencius. understand, because had I yet
not saw
Chinese had
the
praised samurai devoted much Sh6in who
to emperor,
too,
as a
was
with
realized the understanding things, and learning of I basis great the of his power at 43
the
Thus,
culture. I which rooted
Chinese culture the base of Japanese to at came
was
focus China,
decided and realization Japan that about I know needed know I to to to on
history college. in Chinese
later About Imported Japan Period. Chinese in Edo Books twenty the
to years
(Kansai university
occasion teaching position presently and in the
I I
my occupy, on was
Kangaku
the in universities joint University) with several other hosted research
on
groups
toward first thought the that private time, period. that academies of Edo step At I the
find would be private proclivities academies understanding scholarly of these the out to
began and respective collections, I their in academies had which books each of the
an
necessity in assisted had of investigation subject. earlier
into this About I
ten a
years
5•, •)•
• which _k. domain Uesugi family from Yonezawa of the collection the of
survey
knowledge
about bit of Thus, prefecture. had city,
I held in
Yamagata Yonezawa
a was
domainal in used collection library
daimyo's the book and about the of
structure
a
private of that with schools compared domain naturally collection of the education. I
of number comparison that the from this academies, conclusion drew but the frank I
was
•:2• of that than libraries published domainal China) (books held in in greater T6hon
was
published d•: N] in • (Chinese books private Wakokuhon of academies. The percentage
private The higher academies.
Japan) in
of T6hon lower and that to
easy
was reason
was
being Tdhon, private academies, and imagine. the domains
than The had
money
more
expensive. imported items,
were more
asking:
begin by What price it better No, of Tbhon? Then, what the
to
was
was
coming
with quantities?
Without what when,
and in Japan, Tdhon of up
sorts to
came
fully understood. period be
would questions, Kangaku Edo the
in these to never
answers
and scholars
earlier
of research examined the within doubts of this brewed I As
sort me,
alternative left with partially only addressed.
I been found that such issues had
no was
jidai book, okeru Edo product
doing myself. this work ni
of
it The first
my
was
save
• • • • • •f• •
Study •.• (A • l•"
ke,dg'• • k3 • 60 t7- mochiwatarisho Tbsen
no
6 of fairly large number Period). There Transported from
in the Edo &Books China
was
a
enjoyed truly and select, importation which concerning I from of books materials the
to
materials, tried
preparing of doing collection I
this research. in However, to
ome
source a
categorize
ultimately materials, chose and arranging of various devise
of the to
sorts
way
a
prepared,"
they which prepared. in
By "the by the which their in them
were era were eras
pondered
prepared.
importation they As I
of in
what the
I stage a
at
process were
mean
had been from again I layer fell arranging of scales data, of the
eyes.
my
way a once
history, this but intellectual bibliograhic research and treating object of books the
as
suddenly moved the in
My interests clearly merchandise. treated books
arrangement
as
exported? What imported objects and Nagasaki trade. What entire direction of the
were
ships objects? of transported What
these
people Chinese who of the sorts sorts
were
deal with here. would like transported cargo? this that I this is It story to
Nagasaki, after such visited December I Nagasaki late 1965 Christmas. In many
paid visit 24th, the the
trips, I Christmas
materials. Eve examine
On to
to a on some
6 kenkyfijo, daigaku gakujutsu (Suita: 1967). Kansai t6zai 44
the known materials
there valuable
Municipal the Nagasaki asked and Museum
to as
see
"!• • head
of the • kindness 2• Thanks the
documents."
bunsho
"Seid6 Seid6 to
or
O? 4• •, • several borrow able
time, Tetsuya I that Koshinaka librarian to
at was
leaving,
Mr.
lodging them. As I back and take them documents
to
to was
copy my
might
expressly Eve, Christmas Nagasaki I suggested that,
in Koshinaka since I
on
was
•ura
documents
the
but national Church, midnight the
treasure,
to at want to go a mass
copying
night them. stayed the expected, late into
far thicker that and had I I
up were
quieted
silence down, the employees
noise Christmas from of When the party
company a
nearby church.
It in suddenly Angelus sounded bell broken
when
was
a an
was
listening
and the bell head, midnight raised announcing
of the As I to
start
my
mass.
Oura
interesting
it thought how Church, making thinking I it the that would be I
to
not
foreign
city in Nagasaki, rich ringing in
should be
this Christian bell that
a
was
broke passed through mind than I
thought atmosphere. out had that No
my
sooner
atmosphere, in fact but Nagasaki
Dutch atmosphere is laughing. People of the that
a say
what atmosphere. is
I This Nagasaki Chinese foreign atmosphere of meant
the
was a
of the dances trips. snake The field being
student about the sarcastic earlier when I
was
Chinese both •=J5 --• boat
former "P•ron" Shrine and the customs. Suwa
are races
missionary
work
able Dutch being the
Furthermore, separate Protestant to
country,
were
a
Nagasaki trade. The replaced the in they Portuguese the and thus and mass
commerce,
performed
Dutch that the performed is being Catholic. There
expect to
reason
no was
knowledge
General
silly romantic notions laughed Dejima.
these
how I at at were. mass
genuinely unreliable.
was
is, of foreign
closing off Japan of in idea of sakoku the contacts The to
sense
policy
sakoku the Edo forbidden strictly in What incorrect.
was
most
course,
was
period Edo in the Sino-Japanese relations traveling made This fact abroad. Japanese
produce Chinese and Chinese culture history countries' ties. of in the distinctive the
two
altogether
from different people. This by
brought Chinese
Japan all
to
was
were
coming China point entailed Japanese had which until that the interaction between to two
bringing things with them. home and
ships Only Chinese and Dutch Period. Foreign Relations in the Edo were
If
from the
is trade: Nagasaki this in allowed travel start. to say to
to necessary to engage
members the Company, then
India belonged Dutch the East Dutch vessels the
to crew
Company, employ of the in they the
long Dutch: Westerners
all be
need
not were as
as
Nagasaki
in example, 1775 who Thunberg, problem. for
C. would be P. there to came
no
Japan, of scholar famous
became
and
Company doctor later India Dutch the East as a
as
the best and
became in Japan Siebold, 1823 who Also, Swedish.
P. F.
to
came
yon
was
period paid little
in the Edo Japan Europe, German. of Japan in scholar known
was
national and the various Europeans, the differences national attention to among
holding of
different the
which dancers Nagasaki festival parts in 7
Shrine in The Suwa
a
sponsors a
of the
through the different wriggling dragon
shape
in
the of sectors
in
costume manner
a move
a
• (feilong), •
compounds
character written with such Chinese city. be "P•ron" The
as
term
can
pointed south from with vessels • • these (bailong), involved others; the boat and stems races
car•'ing 20 30 China each
to men. some 45
that
keenly
exist presently of did &the consciousness
at
not sort aware, course,
we are so time.
long
fine
ships them. By asked who had
It
Chinese sent contrast, not as was were
later, there
but in detail this their Chinese. shall look
We
at were
more crews were as
anti-Qing forces by
by Qing the vessels vessels the and there
government, sent
sent
were
ships • • Feudatories; • there Zheng Chenggong rebellious Three of and the
sent
were
• #•
Calapa (Indonesia) king ships Siam, known
from Jakarta by of the and there
as
were
variety of wide Company. A ships by India •I• Dutch chartered from Batavia the East
of Edo
the
ships, dispatched Chinese. In their and all of context
were sponsors crews
carried
Ryfikyfi
also forget and
foreign relations, period that Korea on must
not
we
domain, and Satsuma through domain diplomatic Tsushima Japan relations with
respectively.
ships
Dutch
by and Chinese the
important taken is the at Even
routes to trace more
and in Siam having Nagasaki called after in ports the time. Dutch arrived vessels
at
(Zhejiang Ningbo going Nagasaki only
from
after Jakarta, while Chinese vessels
to
came
of shuttling the simply between they Asia; province)
ports Southeast
to
never was
departed
from they ships
probably for departure Nagasaki.
the and
It
once
same was
Chinese and Dutch Nagasaki. assumed
sakoku Japan Thus, how much
stance,
matter a
no
trading
coastal within the Nagasaki freely, the northernmost vessels and moved port was
Nagasaki
in the Edo of idea The South China Sea. of China and the the Sea East
area
applies
only Japan sakoku period world in outside the window the
sole to
to
open as
appropriate from the designation
is far from history. Such domestic Japanese
a
in facts these consider
fail perspective history. the that of world To to extent
we
examining history, today
sakoku consciousness. fixed in remain
a
we
the know
they could period, law, and sakoku the of the Japanese Edo For not
was
what became ultimately
headed
transported Japan places from the items which to nor
were
If
this
like they try And, know. of them. did We to
not anymore. to we
not are
care
acquire
this
people tried
saying have
that know, do •I
to
not not
we can so. am
know
if
fact that knowledge. though, &the think, remain that try I to you
you to unaware
that
fascinating knows equally when find it is consciousness. sakoku do I
one
so, can a
problem
this into
though will
think interest, do I I know and still shows
not go no one can
here.
off,
fact mouth I
shoot Experiences Europe. I in
Research not to my a
am one
caught in all the Japan
March of that
late of in became 1972. In up
year,
was
aware
• •:t•,
and in the
Takamatsuzuka by excavation generated of the
the excitement at
news
Osaka
clearly in
that Airport. remember flight International from I midst of it took I
my
a
photograph wall of the
morning's carried which
of
had that at hand I
newpaper a copy a
England. Cambridge,
eventually I printed
Takamatsuzuka in color. I
to
way my
was on
• •)
unearthed strips (Hanjian investigation
wood going of the Han on-site
to was an
and British Museum • held in the by '}•, Stein and Dunhuang
Aurel in
China 1907
near
• • • • by Hedin
Sven in Loulan strips unearthed 1901 ) (dinjim7 the Jin wood
near
8 Stockholm, Museet) Sweden. (Etnografiska of Ethnographic held the in and Museum
Ethnographic). (People's Etnografiska
Museum: better kno• the Folkens Museet Now as 46
visiting strip scholar scholar, Fellow wood had invited Loewe, Professor Michael
me as a
University.
waiting Cambridge college, lived later Hall, Clare for his I and he to at me was
strips. Hall wood commuted and London do the Clare work
In event, at to to any my on
trip, research since connection with work this
first in
my
was as an overseas overseas
Cairo, Athens,
University, fellow Hong Kong, of Macao, traveled Kansai I to
route
en
Lisbon, arriving Cambridge Madrid, Andalucia, Leiden, third in week of in the and
my
Athens places Each of the visited had either historical ruins
In I
I voyage. museum. or a
Dionysius the National and visited walked around the Parthenon and Theater of the
converted into guidebook mansion then, found Benaki A Museum; with the Museum. I
a
which
church showing Greek I from exhibition hall had
apparatus
a an a museum rare
laid impressive. upstairs had been I Chinese then found and there I pottery out. went
very
day. examining quite
that It like and did think would be great I I pottery, not a any was
city in first European large the in shock of for Chinese into such
pottery
to
array me run a
dynasties, through
Tang They superb from the which foot. items show Han had I set
on
pieces 9 from the • 5•, also
Song There from well several the
tianmu
many were era. as as
pieces large of Chinese Ming simple Qing. of question number and of such The how
a
mind and exerted just setting in
foot Europe in be could here
I pottery
my a
arose as was
sojourn profound during research there. influence
six-month
my
on me
They stacks Cambridge
had University Library convenient
to open
an use. was
wing, and Chinese Japanese the north where and fourth the third floors of the system
on
occasionally
myself where held, and take I books and could select books
I met seat
a are
by Professor plant the window Joseph himself desk Professor would
Needham who at
or a
acquisitions; there preparing of reviews the
Pier der who would be
Loon
were new van
history, reading checked rarely
in also I others there. addition documents Han
In
out
to
TM • •g• • unexpectedly • Pottery)
(Complete Writings rather and the Tdki zensh•
on
David Pervical
study
of the began the showroom it. London In I went to to see
in Victoria and Albert Museum and the Foundation of Chinese the British Art, Museum,
naively stunned how Kensington. nearby Fitzwilliam Museum, South the I At at
was
period they Song of had. the tianmu teacups many
days in After about Company 40 Sweden. in India The East Museum
Colleagues in Cambridge, trip continent. began European three-week around the I
a
trip going three-week Cambridge happened
inadvertently who hear that I
to
to
a was on
English Only Englishman. really the laugh have become Europe would and
"You
say: an
Europe." going going is the continent would that to to say
University had with whom of Leiden I Professor Hulsew6 When later told I set
up
planning plan visit appointment by previous research that
in
I to arrangement
my was
an
mysterious
been Gothenburg replied look his Sweden, face: "I've he in with
to
never on a
collections of. myself." had East
Athens
I that From strange
town on, numerous seen
transported in they the the West if had been but did Asian know I to
pottery, not
recently they
if had been made eighteenth of items when certain the
century
or were
Swedish India
East purchased Tokyo collections. There
in fill
to out was a museum
[• • Zhejiang. I-[-I 9 originally of Teacups crafted in Tianmushan the the
area
•'::12 ;• ,,Ix l-[-I 1958-1966), 10 volumes. Heibonsha, (Tokyo: 32 by Fujio Koyama Edited 47
of they Gothenburg, exhibition there Company told that had and had been in Museum I
an
ship, this Gothenburg, Company that had sunk
Chinese drawn from the port pottery
near a
really did city precise that when told Professor Hulsew6 I
The and in 1745. I
year
was
disovered it,
scholar Japanese he's he said "This wise
his wife: to want to a says young see
topic." research
new
frisking
rigorous and boarding Gothenburg, airplane Before underwent for
I
a an
thought
carrying weapons?" My first questions asked bizarre such
"Are
any you was as:
learned that the
going but later that bothersome I Sweden be
country,
to
was was a
Airport
in
Lod previous raid day terrorist Japanese Army carried its the Red had out
on
Aviv. Tel
question
casual Gothenburg To received excellent the Museum. I treatment at
my
Porcelain, student asking they of Export
examination had reference work if for the
a a
would
day of the
promised
the intern returned the if that I curator next
museum
me
in day lined
personally works
reference
them The show up next to row on a a were
me.
day
half and kindness
for their desk the thanked them in spent book I
a museum room.
visiting universities meeting people borrowing and addition them list.
In
to to
prepare a
through
looking
these joy during in trip continent, the found of the I great
rest to my
found in Danish-language works pictures day. looking I in books that While
at
might Company still building India Copenhagen, of Danish the learned that the East I
concierge explained the Danish, Having English into exist. translated I at to my my
lodgings visit this site. that much be able wanted I
to to ever so
Finally, has the Exported Europe. Japanese story Chinese Porcelains and to
which Europe
Companies countries in point. various from the this India The East
to come
spices, and other expanded transported countries their home into Asia back East tea, to
nations, the porcelains. Of Asia, these
them merchandise items of from East
among rare
porcelains; importation of particularly their Company enthusiastic in Dutch India East
was
porcelains
beginning. Middleburg
The is considered the bid forth in in 1602 put were a
Bay from the Helena seized Zeelandia Santa which the such Dutch vessels
at
cargo
as
Portugal Spain had been and gago. vessel, would indicate that Portuguese San This the
imported large porcelains in Thereafter, transporting porcelain Chinese from earlier.
were
Eventually, of Company. the quantities by India Europe into the Dutch East custom
porcelains all Asia-produced drinking became Asian-produced and coffee in East East tea
Europe. the in
rage
produced China, of During Ming-Qing in the transition the pottery
at amount
•'• •, worried • Company, sharply, India dropped Dutch off Jingdezhen and the East
;•"
[] Arita quantity merchandise,
their sites
insufficient of about the
set a ware as on
Nagasaki,
Dejima, dealings commenced Chinese Business substitute for
pottery. at
near
transported period
articles of Arita peak 600,000 the
in and with
1680s
were ware over a
it renewed Japan and with recently Arita in in been boom
There has
ware a overseas.
• 5•-_-_•. Japan for
exported being brought back interest Imari in
Items to
overseas are
in Europe interest, 1972 attracting but when first when considerable I exhibitions and to
began
Japanese really only that plans from time it that been such and had
set, yet
was no
porcelains
surprised Asian probably find traveling myself they
East Like
to were overseas. 48
popular trend and Imari became the increased value collect in old
to overseas, yen a as
study. for
ware
producing began Chinese-style porcelains with the Europe first around 1710
tl then, baking Saxony; of until the B6ttger's Augustus of Johann elector II, under pottery
procelain
produced making Eventually, they began in the kilns of Europe. it in not
was
porcelains designs exactly Meissen, but produced of Arita the followed Items the
ware.
• •i" • •] explained copied style the in that Kakiemon Western
museums as are
Style." "Kakiemon
Asian porcelain being produced Europe, While in kilns of East there the
was
quantities orders before, porcelains imported
increasing and for continued be in to
as
European production designs specific in China. with Europe executed from
were
decoration
them, for of aristocrats ordered of with their
tableware
sets coats
as arms on
Porcelain, and porcelains Among called Armorial
I well for this
export
as was as use. was
heraldry.
Recently looking books Western these interested in became Western I at
on
of heraldry published Japan, few time returned Japan, in but the been have I too, to at
my
earlier, subject. noted colleagues the in As showed much interested in I studies Western
position
sound off in in 1972, this before since knew of I
I
I
to
went
no
was none overseas
knowledge. acquire
this topic. experience travel, able the of the With I
to
was on overseas
Japanese although raised about criticisms that have been various that
there In
sense,
are
experience gain
of traveling the able Japanese for the who
to
overseas,
many
are now
who have living thing. of Japanese abroad, by actual number it is bad The
means a no
period Meiji had been opening the in been able since of the abroad the country
to go
knowledge control returning they limited, their after have wielded and home to
overseas
Japanese travel general populace. might actually in Thus, that the boom the
say one
brought end opening
sakoku began and of the abroad certain the country to to extent an a
long last. at
extremely in porcelains themselves Export Export
Studies of Porcelain.
rare are
Dutch India Imari-dyed bearing mark of the East and Japan.
shards the VOC China
•--• t,•
know kiln site Arita. Company We unearthed from the Hikoba have been at
now
longer would
perfectly items fired, natural that which these for it is
kiln export at no were
importation, research the of
and site exist site of still be left the the but export at at
on
field of artistic however, import flourishing. scholars the in side By is contrast,
now
doing comparative documents
work the pursuing handicrafts their work while
who
on are
of
Christian JOrg the Professor Company be limited of the Dutch India East to to
seem
University. words, other GrOningen of Oxford Oliver Inpey In and Professor Museum
unexplored still is terrain. there much
objects of Cambridge, the in cramming number of
After in I
museums
saw a
appreciate
works, what able bought and I of reference I Europe and number
too to
was a
fly
States, United seeing Europe, in about the final bit. When
in
I stop to to
my a was was
in, shop. porcelain pieces in dealer's I of about there went export twenty art
an
were
picked prices. them, "You've pieces and asked the around, selected three looked among
(1670-1733). The •1
here, Augustus
misprint giving Augustus the II instead of The has I text
a
Poland. King of
Augustus Strong well the loaown he the latter also and
was as as was 49
the abandoned prices.
If
I the next told
proprietor
he pieces," said the best the
me
as
very
just
with satisfied
be had of them.
I
afforded trip, could have of to I weeks
one two
my
United States. pieces, the left for and seeing
I these
in rather
My interests
collector. going
become
There
I were
to
a way
was was no
either enabled
capacity which productive organization and learning about the
more
These
from
orders produce
in
items Jingdezhen Arita are overseas. to response to
or
China eighteenth-century and seventeenth- of economies
studying the issues in important
in important provide data could respectively. This periods, Qing Edo and of the Japan and
considering the when might capitalism
be of analyzing the where sprouts
seen
history. periodization
of Chinese
exported
items
of hoped.
is It
work though, study, as did
true Such out
as not
as
a
Nagasaki
for
and bid
imported
T6hon
what imported to idea had
items. of I is route it
no
of review
his
academies. private In
schools
domainal
they through entered passed
or
as
journal
T'oung
kenky•, the for
mochiwatarisho jidai
Tdsen book, okeru Edo
ni
no
my
in
economic
issues analysis of the pointed that •!l•, Soymi6 &France Professor out
Pao
did
that him I told
and him later happened
when insufficient, but
I
meet book to the
was
that
things
such saying
that by surprised not question,
he his are the
know
to me
answer
and in
the in
know probably difficult past
Transportation
to
understand. routes to are easy
the present.
of those
period
is
Edo
the research Historical History. one of Edo Studies
on
in
advances of because II, World War of end the since remarkably advanced has fields that
graduating after Soon materials. historical publishing of
publicizing, and preservation, the
prefecture
Hy6go
School in High
Senior position Mita teaching taking
college and
at
up
a
ky6do
"Hoku-Setsu
meeting
of the
principal attend
school
by
asked
1950, to in I
a
my
was
of head Association). The
History •t•2•25•_•k-z•
J•'• Local (Northern
Setsu gakkai"
shi
•: • IN •
•
•i• Gakuin ;• Kansai • •j: of Yorinosuke
association, Professor Awano the
historical
early modern
need
fiery the talk about delivered University,
present to preserve
a
speech,
and by his moved
destroyed time.
I
all for
they would be
documents was
or
the understood fully that announced I discussion I roundtable subsequent during the
history.
Asian
field East in said,
but had significance he of what event
was
my
any
particularly Greek
history, is replied: field Western promptly "My
Professor Awano
dissolved. A
hesitation My
it?" mine, isn't
than
period is
history,
recent
more your
so
burial sites
ancient
with take used "Sensei, recalled: to graduate college then you to
us you
this. concerned about
I, storehouses." village
in too,
examine the and was
waste paper to
time, and the
nationwide going
at village
documents
The on
was movement to preserve
being saved garbage
destroyed the with been have would that certainly documents were
scholarship. good
for
and
put
to use
they be
that
of documents publicizing existence the importance
is can in so Next
of Department Mausolea
and Archives
in the held
of documents Reading and
used.
use
I•, [;k-j
• and • the
Bunko government's Naikaku the Agency,
Imperial Household
the
become they have disallowed,
but
restricted highly be daimyo used houses various
or
read allowed
been have
Scholars to conditions
easier
far for under available may
now.
use
there
such
procedures,
there but following the materials, as access
never these was
proper
Bunko. Naikaku
&the reading
the
undergraduates
example, for
is, for to room use now 50
Third, important being Perhaps published. representative documents
of this
are
;;• 7• •nt f•. endeavor • publication is shiry6 •, the • of the Nihon (Historical kinsei Dai
• 5• • •n Early Materials )•)i: by Shiry6 Japan) hensanjo Modern the
on
(Historiographical 12 Institute) University. Tokyo of My has benefitted this work in
own
through •fl • • publication vein •)• the • of • tsgji works such nichiroku T6 kaisho
as
• (Chronicle 13 of the diary Hall), Chinese Translators'
the the of office business of the
• •
•] tsfiji" "T6
language interpreters Nagasaki, who
the Chinese
in and the
were
=• • •(• -)y •-•
Bak•¢• •4 shomotsukata •0, (Diary • Library), nikki Shogunal diary of the
a
kept by the official supervision Book charged Administrator who with of the
was
Momijiyama • Shogunate's ,•. •2 [11 •
only Bunko
addition few
In I
enumerate
can a
•j • • • J• others: the kamotsu T6ban (Register
chd of Chinese and Barbarian
•
• Cargo) • •n held in k (Register Naikaku the Bunko, Legal of the Hanka chO
•6 Transgressions) Nagasaki held Library, documentary the in
and such collections
the
as
ff• • • •.
Nagasaki av ken (History Prefecture).
shi Happily, Nagasaki of
one can now
make of difficulty. historical these appended
without materials
The fact that I
use a
section kenlg,• jidai documents of Edo
okeru mochiwatarisho due Tdsen ni
to
my
was no
recognition early the history
that which modern Japanese is to
stage
at at was a was
share publication, historical documents. of well remember the time At I to necessary
can
the colleagues: of you'll senior it "If of stash
comments two out you away, never run
topics for research entire indeed life...
think this You man."
I
your generous are a
recognition
injunction
the of this notion of the At
part root correct.
my on was was
Professor longer Awano who is with
no us.
jumped discussion The place. has thus far the down this. all Our It
to
over comes
general
knowledge highly historical period is The Edo it is dubious. is and yet
recent not
all well known. Sino-Japanese history Research the in relations biased of has been at too
periods, ancient toward the and modern little research has been carried the field and in
out
early Sino-Japanese history. of learning Kangaku modern it However,, because of
was
during period nurtured Edo the that foundations modernize Japan the for and to
Meiji period
Westernize from clearly Sino-Japanese the created, and
must
were see we
period relations of Edo-period light. Edo addition, the in Japan when it is this said that In
sakoku, looking only
history this is from side which closed itself Japan the of had
at
was
off, perspective but longer this placed adequate.
is be within the of It
must context no
history. world
Sino-Japanese history like would I discuss of from the relations the
to
now
position
object outlined. have systematic The of this Instead, I is narrative. work I not
a
gathered together have particular
tidbits from here unknown there. find and If
story
you a
•'-
A day. began publication series in volumes that and this in 1953 continues
to
numerous
•3 Shi•'6 by University hensanjo, Tokyo Published the Press, 1955-1968.
•4
Shiry6 by hensanjo, Tokyo University Published the Press, 1964-.
•5 (Tokyo: Bunko, Naikaku 1970), volumes.
2
• 7• •6 ;3• •-• by Morinaga (Nagasaki: Edited kank6kai, 1958-61). Taneo Hanka ch6
•7 N] • 51• • • • • -•: by Nagasaki N Edited (Nagasaki: ken the henshfi iinkai
shi Yoshikawa
O •'-• -• ]J•
• k6bunkan): "Kodai, Section] hen" [Ancient, chfisei (1980);
Medieval "Kindai
hen"
c
{J• • ¢•, ;X• • • •t• Section] [Modem "Taigai • [Section (1976): Foreign k6sh6 hen" of
Relations] (1986). 51
which interesting, please deeply
noted that dig it.
have into
I
stage at at we
a we are
more
the
is documents, but
it publication historical of need the at necessary to same sponsor
deepen of scholars. the ranks time broaden and to 52