WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT Slavka Zeković and Tamara Maričić

DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ECONOMIC DISTRICTS IN METROPOLITAN AREA

Slavka Zeković, PhD, Tamara Maričić, MSc Institute of Architecture and Town & Regional Planning of , 11000 Belgrade, Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73/II SERBIA e-mail:[email protected]; www.iaus.org.yu

Abstract: Paper discusses new economic districts and spatial structures of the economic activities in metropolitan areas influenced by transitional processes and globalisation. It indicates the impacts of new economic trends and economic districts on creation of metropolitan areas’ spatial organisation. Paper shows mechanisms of the agglomeration of new economic poles and spatial-economic clusters in metropolitan areas. These mechanisms have consequences on economic and spatial changes, on changes of urban, regional and social structures, on environmental degradation, etc. New economic zones in metropolitan areas are result of market pressures, the increase of economic competitiveness and influences of foreign and domestic companies on the territorial capital of those areas and their urban/ spatial structures. There are indications of possible development impacts on creation of new economic districts with the preliminary analyses of Belgrade metropolitan area. Paper concludes that new economic districts – new industrial, commercial, entrepreneurial zones that developed systematically or spontaneously in the suburban areas (along highways) of Belgrade metropolitan area, have a major role in spatial development of economic activities and in the planning of territorial organization of this area.

Key words: new economic districts, spatial clusters, business activities, sustainable development, urban policy, urban development

1 Introduction necessary to incorporate European strategic The new economic and social development frameworks, approaches and planning practises policy (based on the Lisbon agenda) founded on [1,2,3,4]. In the process of economic and social new knowledge, innovation and transition in Serbia, coordination to the entrepreneurship (the development of small and conditions of EU competitiveness, the medium-sized enterprises, spin-off companies development of small and medium-sized etc., as a “regional catalysts“ of development), enterprises in the industrial sector, services and environmental protection and principles of other business activities, as well as urban sustainability, represents the new paradigm of policy, is a complex economic and urban spatial and urban development. Harmonisation planning challenge. Under the pressure of of strategic aims, policies and instruments is an global processes in economic development, the essential factor for the economic transition of the socio-economic system into a competitiveness and development of urban and market-oriented economy in Serbia, among regional areas. other things, influenced the creation of new For an effective planning of sustainable economic poles/zones/clusters in urban areas, development and spatial organization in urban changes in spatial organization of cities, the areas in Serbia in the following period, it is appearance of new locational forms of

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industries, services, business activities, etc. The of phases of the structural reforms, in order to document Serbia’s Strategy of Industrial achieve competitiveness and innovation in Development 2007-2012 [5], does not deal with conditions of complex markets; (d) the questions of creation of new economic modernization of European society, by zones/clusters within urban and metropolitan investing in people and their education. areas in Serbia. Therefore, this paper is trying The role of EU industrial policy as a to demonstrate the need for the research of new supranational policy is to: (a) establish a economic forms in urban areas, the need for predictable legal framework for the efficient mechanisms of agglomerating activities in functioning of industry in order to prevent the spatial/economic clusters and the harmonisation risk of wasting resources or blocking of sustainable urban development in Serbia, entrepreneurial initiative; (b) to ensure the based on the example of the Belgrade conditions for industrial development, since it is metropolitan area. the most important activity for the realization of the EU concurrency potentials; availability of technology, managerial skills, skilled work 2 New Economic Activities and force, entrepreneurship, financial potentials and Visualization of Spatial and Urban other factors that together make a competitive and business environment, should be in the Development focus of activity of industrial policy creators; 2.1 The EU Industrial Policy and Spatial (c) to provide framework, institutions and Industrial Development instruments necessary for the business Framework for new industrial/economic EU environment; (e) to provide a socio-economic policy has been adopted in Lisbon, in 2000. and spatial cohesion. [1,2,3,4]. The elements of the new industrial The enterprises have great policy and development strategy of EU are responsibility in realizing their competitiveness, based on industrial competitiveness founded on as well as in taking on the responsibility for knowledge, innovations and entrepreneurship. realization of general social interests, like, for Accordingly, the role of industrial policy is instance, helping to fulfil environmental and significantly changing. The most important goal social priorities. Small and medium sized in the following period is competitiveness, i.e. enterprises are the axis of European industry, the ability of the economy to provide a high and since they participate with 2/3 in total growing standard of living, as well as high rates employment, around 70% in added value, thus of employment. Achieving industrial stimulating competition and forcing big competitiveness which is founded on companies to advance their efficiency and knowledge, innovations and entrepreneurship innovative activities [6]. Research and presents the core of EU sustainable development policy, knowledge and innovation development strategy. The main target of the are essential for sophisticated industries. A very industrial policy is the development of important task of the industrial policy is to potentials for EU expansion, and the main stimulate innovative activities and to invest in protagonists are small and medium enterprises, human resources in order to efficiently utilize with their clusters and innovations. The major and diffuse knowledge. This means that elements of the Lisbon Agenda are: (a) vital supporting the formation of innovational sustainable economic development and clusters will be top priority. The formation of a stimulation of planned growth by applying sustainable production structure is the key to adaptable combined macro-economic policy; industrial productivity growth. The key (b) preparation for transition towards a elements for achieving these aims are: knowledge-based economy (industry) and improving the ecological efficiency in the society, by defining the appropriate policies utilization of resources and increased usage of which favour an information-oriented society, by-products; strengthening recycling industry and research and development; (c) coordination market possibilities; encouraging the

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development of clean technologies; transition and development, it is necessary to implementing ecological management with begin with the harmonization of Serbian special regard to the specific characteristics of development, spatial and economic policy and small enterprises, etc. regulations with the requirements for The Lisbon Agenda points out the need membership, in order to provide preconditions for restructuring the enterprises in the countries for efficient planning, functioning and the of Eastern and South-eastern Europe (SEE). competitiveness of Serbian territory. In the field This process is especially painful in the of planning the strategic industrial development countries in transition. Countries in transition in Serbia, the following documents are relevant: show no need for industrial policy coordination. Serbia’s National Strategy of Economic This is partly a consequence of the development Development 2007-2012, [5] and The Spatial of the regional market and intraregional trade, plan of the Republic of Serbia, 1996. These as the initial forms of unification. The above- documents, (except of Spatial Plan of the RS) mentioned processes are quite alarming because do not include or only mention in some of the planning processes in transitional fragments the field of spatial development, with countries, and because of their further lagging few comments on sustainable industrial back behind the developed EU countries. development (in Spatial plan of the RS). Such According to Hare P., Hughes G., [7] the situation poses a question on how to overcome expansion of the EU to the East opens up inefficiency in the industrial sector, and a potential discrepancies due to the loss of one drastic fall in all parameters of industrial part of the SEE market, because the growth, and how to overcome the necessity of liberalization of export trade and enlargement restructuring the sector and establishing new of the scope of economy in these countries has industrial policy, as well as how to establish the had an influence on certain changes in EU policy of territorial development of this activity, competitiveness. Entrepreneurship and small in order to maximize competitiveness. and medium enterprises have a lesser growth in In order to avoid the further falling candidate countries for the membership in the behind the EU countries and to overcome EU. Small and medium enterprises are usually developing problems in Serbia in the period of located in the border regions in these countries transition, it is necessary to begin with the due to lower costs of production, lower cost of harmonization of the relevant regulations with local material input (raw materials, energy, etc.) our official industrial development strategies and cheaper skilled work force. As a solution based on sustainability. It is going to be a for the possible negative effects on the EU difficult process, since, apart from solving the industrial policy, the industrial leaders and problems that EU industry policy creators are politicians are opposed to moving the European facing, there are still many problems caused by industrial production outside the EU because of our previous inefficient industrial development, cheaper labour, lower social costs and such as: structure transformation, improvement regulative flexibility in East Europe. By of technical-technological levels, achieving dislocating a part of industry into the industrial higher efficiency, lower unemployment, centres of Eastern Europe, the EU removes ecological restructuring, etc. While the EU has industrial competitiveness to the extended part started its transition of industrial development of the EU, which, from the point of industrial, towards knowledge-oriented activities and global and territorial aspects, opens up new branches, Serbia has started the transition of its questions. economic system towards a market-oriented Membership in the EU implies industry. This opens complex issues of how to acceptance of the existence of a supranational approach and to comply with the EU industrial industrial policy, which can significantly policy in planning industrial development and narrow the policies of member-states, limiting locations, in the conditions of a necessary their efficiency due to the complex relations ‘double jump transition’ in Serbia: (1) towards within the EU itself. In the present phase of a market-oriented industry/economy, by raising

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efficiency (economic, ecological, energy, eco- different spatial forms, like the „Pentagon“ area efficiency, etc.), by development of ‘low- (London-Hamburg-Munich-Milan-Paris); carbon’ economy; (2) towards the development „Golden Triangle“ (London-Paris-Ruhr); „Blue of ‘knowledge-oriented’ industry and other Banana” (Birmingham-Brussels-Bon-Frankfurt- economic activities. North Italy); „Grape” (European polycentric regions), „Sunbelt” (from Valencia along Mediterranean till Northern Italy); „Red 2.2 Visualisation of Spatial Development Octopus“, „Delta“ concept, „Developing of Economic Activities Corridors“ etc. Creation of “zones of global Glasson J., Marshall T., [8] indicate that „the economic integration” is evident in European EU has no competency in spatial planning, yet area, especially in the periphery. In these areas, its influence on the planning policies of the investments in traffic infrastructure have Member States has been increasing particularly been intensive. after publication of the ESDP in 1999”. Starting Economic growth of big cities is based from premise of Krugman A. [10] that „one of on knowledge and high-tech activities, as well the best ways to understand an economy is to as on polycentric spatial structure. For example, study its cities“, we indicate the new the so-called “megalopolity“ area of Central approaches based on the concept of and Capital Cities in Northwest Europe creates visualisation of spatial development of basis of mega-city region with notable political economic activities in urban areas. For and other controversies in the process of example, in visualisation of development of European territorial cohesion. The vision of spatial structure of large urban areas in sustainable development of this area is stated in Northwest Europe, different forms of central post-ESDP transnational visualisation process activity places occur (e.g. urban agglomerations by “vision diagram”, by mapping the overall based on coal and steel complex, port cities economic and territorial development (central with important industrial functions, big zone, continental zone, open zone, island zone) industrial cities, metropolitan “green belts”, with structuring the total activities, open spaces in gravitation area of big urban characteristics, priorities, functional agglomerations, large recreational areas, connections, etc. [11]. The critics of vision megalopolises, polipolises, etc.) and create process indicate the character of this approach frame for common development policy [11]. hegemony, the usage of alternative scenarios This policy is not dealing only with urban for stimulation of vision approach and the fact development and land-use planning, but also that urban hierarchy produces big financial with high policy of economic development and investments and implications on economic its territorial allocation or “spatial disposition of decision makers. Zonneveld W. [11] suggests economic development” whose focal point is on usage of “vision“ in spatial planning of visualisation of the spatio-economic structure. documents which include the territory European space maps created within ESPON visualisation. (European Spatial Planning Observation For an effective strategic planning of Network) framework and based on diverse sustainable economic development and indicators signify the conceptualisation and disposition in Serbia in the following period, politisation of visualisation of spatial structures we need to incorporate and focus on the Lisbon in European regions and cities according to agenda while preparing the national economic concentration. In the context of development strategies; to adapt spatial polycentric development ESPON has identified development of economic activities to the around 40 functional urban areas and principles of the Territorial Agenda of the EU metropolitan spaces of European growth. [12] and Leipzig Chapter on Sustainable Conceptualisation and visualisation of Development Cities [13], etc. European spatial changes by using maps and spatial models, seek to create metaphors for

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3 Sustainable Urban and Spatial- and acquiring knowledge have a social Economic Development character, social relations are based on territory, so is the development of economy based on According to Heilbroner R., Milberg W. [14], a knowledge together with mechanisms of urban certain crisis of visionary ideas is evident in planning and territorial policies. Principles of modern economic thought. In a way, the sustainable development should be added to utopian vision of society and economic growth these [9]. in the social-realistic planning system in the Transition of the social and economic system in development of post-communist areas has been Serbia towards a market-oriented economy has, opposed to political pluralism and market- among other things, a certain effect on the oriented economy. changes in spatial organization of economic The latest discussions concerning potential activities, on the initialisation of new spatial development are not possible without locational-spatial industrial forms, complex taking into consideration the visions of socio- models of regional, technological, urban economic development. However, in economic development, etc. theory the ideas of certain schools about the Territorial Agenda (TA), 2007, [12] as a new vision of economic development have always strategic European document on territorial been divided between free market and/or state development and cohesion includes a few key regulation. Two key global tendencies have challenges: 1) climate change; 2) prices of influenced the socio-economic and spatial energy resources; 3) globalization; 4) the EU changes – the globalization of economy and the expansion; 5) excessive exploitation of transformation of post-communist economic ecological and cultural resources; 6) systems and state into a market economy, demographic challenge. TA priorities are: 1) political pluralism and the strengthening of polycentric development and innovations; 2) institutional frameworks. The concept of management and correlation between urban and sustainable development, as a challenge in rural areas; 3) promotion of clusters in harmonizing economic, social, political, transboundary areas; 4) expansion of the environmental and spatial dimensions could European road network TENS; 5) risk serve as a suitable frame for “depreciation of management due to climate change, trans- influences“ of globalization processes and European risks; 6) ecological structures and socio-economic transitions on all levels of cultural resources. planning. Due to the influences of the latter Institutional suggestions of TA are directed processes, spatial organization of cities and towards the protection of the EU territorial settlements, regardless of big regional cohesion, i.e. of the EU members, as well as differences, is characterised by a “Planetary“ towards the focus on ESPON 2013, syndrome of standardizing lifestyles and implementation of the instruments for organization of work for people, together with a assessment of territorial impact – TIA homogenization of urban structures and (Territorial Impact Assessment) in spatial processes (the so-called European monotopy development policies. [15], in the sense of unification of places, Potential implementation of TA in spatial spatial structures, the expanding new economic planning of the economic/ industrial zones in cities areas). development in Serbia should rely on defined According to Jakšić M. [16], the challenge of priorities – territorial cohesion and sustainable the 21st century is not in establishing a fixed territorial development: and final utopia, but in creating an ev-topia. In (a) polycentric spatial development and other words, instead of u-topia – the creation of introduction of innovations in all segments of an ev-topia (a place that evolves, develops), industrial and social activities; meaning a system of stimulating and applying (b) better relations between urban and rural knowledge and adjusting skills to the areas (positioning of business activities and conditions, uncertainties and aims of the industry in metropolitan area, medium and surroundings. As the mechanisms of perception

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small towns, boundary and undeveloped which means reduction of uncontrolled pressure regions, corridors, rural areas, etc.); and growth of various activities, with the (c) promotion of clusters in all Serbian regions; restoration of cities; (2) the curtailment of city (d) better utilization of the potentials of participation in the causes of pollution, which corridors and TENS network in the country; means careful planning of the economic activity (e) including the risks of climate change into expansion and the use of spaces in the city that corporate planning and management, and the have been already ruined by devastated ‘low-carbon’ economy at this level, as well as industrial and commercial objects. It is often infrastructure efficiency; the case that such objects in the cities are (f) resources management (water, energy abandoned because of old technology and for resources, ores and minerals, land, etc) other reasons, so it has been suggested that Development and spatial organization these spaces (brownfields) are put to good use of the industry in Serbian urban areas should be by reconstructing them. The experiences of based on: a) general and specific development urban planning in Eastern–European cities have goals (competitiveness of industry in been directed more towards new green-fields knowledge-based segments of classic and high- and less towards activating brown-fields. tech branches) which include relevant European Apart from this general European trend policies; b) respect for the inherited of curtailing regional differences, establishing characteristics of the existing spatial structure new “economic poles of development“ (and in this field; c) new location factors of the spatial clusters) in metropolitan peripheries is industry and potential territorial limitations; d) also significant in planning spatial new location-spatial forms in industry development. According to Burdach J. [9], it is (technology, industrial and science parks, high- a matter of a new discourse in peripheral tech agglomerations – development corridors, growth (metropolitan). New economic poles in economy zones, free zones, business metropolitan areas are a result of a high incubators, etc.; e) criteria of territorial participation of the public sector (especially in allocation of investments into this area, the providing heavy infrastructure, support in principles of sustainability, low-carbon oriented curtailing spatial unbalance, etc), but also in production, etc.; f) development of instruments attracting foreign and local investments. for the implementation of spatial planning, etc. In studies and explanations of the From the aspect of the proclaimed new development of functions/activities of spatial policy of EU concurrency, a dominant role of cluster in a defined territorial entity, the knowledge-based economy, innovations and agglomerating mechanisms play an important entrepreneurship can be seen, i.e. the so-called role. For example, new industrial zones and ‘learning economy’, as well as the ‘low-carbon production complexes show various economy’. The issue of different options for mechanisms of spatial/economic clusters on future spatial development can be raised in line cities, metropolitan and regional levels. with the continuing fundamental changes in According to Burdack J. [18], three types of knowledge and innovations. mechanisms stand out and lead to different spatial clusters of activities: 1) spatial branching based on incoherent agglomeration; 4 The Identification of Expanding 2) spatial branching as an industrial complex Economic Activities in Urban (coherent agglomeration) and 3) spatial branching based on social networking (coherent Areas agglomeration). In the Green Paper on EU cities [17], the basic In some large cities of Europe, and aims of urban development have been defined, Serbia as well, (ex. Belgrade, Novi Sad), new based on the improvement of the quality of economic poles – new economic, commercial, environment in these territories: (1) industrial, entrepreneurial zones that have been environment protection and management, created by planning or spontaneously in the

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suburbia (along motorways, main roads) have a property ownership and location, management priority in the development and spatial mechanism, etc. organization planning of the area. The reasons According to [18], the concept of for such a trend are manifold – low price of classic spatial models of cities (standardized land, available sites, proximity of residential “rings“ and sectors) is being more and more areas, favourable conditions on site etc. The transformed into polycentric forms, created by expansion of work/factory zones in big cities is grouping or networking different kinds of contradictory to the idea of a sustainable locations for different purposes. A tendency of compact city, above all, because of an increase the breaking up of urban structures into in transportation, greater energy consumption, different series of specialized and fragmented greater costs of infrastructure, negative effects localities, by way of clusters of activities on the environment, ruin of agricultural land dispersed inside a populated structure. In that and similar. In this way, the tendency of way, more and more an image of a „functional deurbanization has transformed into archipelago“ is created in an urban (periphery) suburbanization, because the density of fabric, unlike earlier approaches. (For example, population in peripheral metropolitan areas has in earlier Master plan of Belgrade in 1970’s, the rapidly grown, as well as the number of flats, concept of an „archipelago in a sea of green“ the growth of economic activity, costs of was promoted). The cumulative effects of infrastructure, ecology etc. New centres of developing new poles lead to a new concept of production and consumption influence the growth of urban/metropolitan periphery as well. transformation of suburbia (as mainly Initial nucleuses of this development are often residential, socially homogenous zones, with shopping centres, business-commercial centres lower density in an urban periphery) into post- etc., which is a consequence of the transition suburbia (which expresses the transformational into post-industrial society, i.e. the transfer of process in multi-functional locations). Many agglomerative advantages of cities onto different concepts have been concerned with regional/peripheral surroundings. Based on the this phenomenon of the transformation of experiences of European cities, new economic suburbia into post-suburbia, describing it as a poles have 5,000-10,000 workers [20]. “new centrality“ outside of the central place, A significant part of urban spaces is i.e. the creation of a new centre outside the occupied by industrial and transportational downtown city area. The term “new economic functions and facilities, often they are very pole“ implies various kinds of new dynamic negative. Recently, with privatisation, the centres with a functional specialization in the process of reactivating abandoned industrial metropolitan periphery. The main spatial forms locations (brownfields) in eastern-european of new economic poles in peripheral urban cities, including Belgrade is gradually being areas (suburbia) are industrial parks, opened. In cities with a market economy, the technological parks, industrial complexes, industry holds 4-10% (Paris 5.2%, London shopping malls, business-commercial centres, 4,7%) of the entire developed space [21], while logistics centres, business centres, airport-cities, industrial locations in eastern-european cities etc. Lately, the creation of airport development occupy 15,1-43,8% (Prague 13,4%, Warsaw zones has achieved greater importance. These 15,1%, Sophia 27,1%, Ljubljana 27,4%, zones have three forms: airport-city, Moscow 31,6%, St. Petersburg 43,8%. In aerotropolis and the airport corridor [19]. Belgrade, it is approximately 18%. However, Business parks, technology parks, fairs, the general opinion is that due to the price of conference centres, shopping malls, hotel construction, parking problems et sl., the new complexes, pleasure and recreational parks and dominant trend is construction in new industrial residential complex are usually created within facilities, on free locations in the urban these zones. Successful creation of these zones periphery (greenfields). is usually conditioned by the airport status, Clustery deconcentration of business activity leads to a new relation and movement

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from the centre of city to the outskirts. The zonings, propositions, rules and regulation effects of development and concentration of standards for using the building land etc. So, industrial activity and living in the suburbia direct foreign investment is the pivot of the (post-suburbia), without control of the over- development of new economic poles in urban construction phenomenon or urban lots, areas (banking, shopping malls, high-tech and environmental effects and pollution etc., have business activities, industrial parks, logistics an ever-growing, partly explosive character. centres and transportation etc). This process has Post-socialistic “boom“ of the metropolitan a foothold in the theoretical concept of liberal periphery is not imminent to only Eastern economy, especially the so-called Smith’s European and Balkan countries, but to “invisible hands“ of the market. In other words, developed metropolitan areas of Western the processes of illegal construction and Europe too. The development is shifting from expansion of cities are only a consequence of the central compact city nucleus to the inner bad legal solutions in the field of planning and and outer city peripheries. One of the principle building of spaces, poverty of citizens, social reasons for the socio-economic and spatial and other problems, but they are directly fuelled transformation of urban areas is the process of and/ or initiated by market mechanisms. The tertialization, i.e. the development of services. process of suburbanization is „artificially“ The main instigator of these processes are initiated by economic and social policies as usually foreign investments into the services well, but also by inadequate measures of urban sector (most often it is the banking sector, policy and policy of urban land ( ex. insurance, shopping malls, sales and exhibit untransformed system of managing the building halls, hotels, storehouses and trade etc). The land, undeveloped instruments of taxing role of city authorities and local investors in building land and real estate, tax rates, the fee this process is relatively small; usually they for land development and usage, local taxes, have a service function in providing suitable subventions, concessions, etc.) In accordance conditions on locations. with economic restructuring (tendency towards The formation of new economic poles tertialization) in urban/metropolitan structure, a is a result of a general tendency for an stagnation and “disappearance“ of classic international shift of production and services industrial zones, complexes, enterprises is from the city centre to the periphery. In other evident. A functional conversion of these zones words, the market mechanisms and factors of is evident, fuelled on one side by the process of international proportions activate the pressure privatization of state enterprises in these zones, of direct foreign investments into and on the other side, by the pressure of direct metropolitan/urban peripheries, above all, foreign investment. The process of because of the agglomeration economies, transformation of these „ossified“ industrial reduction of various costs, acceptable and localities is often complicated, slow, expensive favourable locational economies in periphery and uncertain; that is why the activities of city zones etc. This process has negative construction and development of new zones/ repercussions both in spatial-environmental, economic polarities (greenfield investments) in and in the institutional domain as well. Based the urban matrix are much more important and on theoretical opinions, experiences from many are of the large-scale. areas, it seems that the process has a According to [22], the post-communist devastating effect on the regional and local development of eastern-European cities shows a institutions, as well as on the local investors, by hybrid layout with relics of spatial structures of imposing on them the rules of behaviour, the socialist era, a phenomenon of structure standards, movements and direction of capital. transformation and new suburban/ posturban Inside an urban-spatial context, it can be spatial layout of clusters. They are nucleuses of directly observed in the profound changes new employment growth in city peripheries, and (quite often in the caving in as well) of the the first early signal of a polycentric structure of existing spatial organization of a city, city a territory. Spatial economy of periphery urban

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area is not homogenous. Although, until belt of motorways to Surčin, Batajnica, Novi recently, traditional city peripheries were Sad, Avala direction, Borča, Ovča, Pančevo identified as a mixture of industrial spaces, direction etc.) as well as the birth of new small family homes, traffic corridors and greenery, enterprises, and the concentration of economic today they have a more distinct sensitivity to activity in the mentioned spaces. Metropolitan market signals and initiatives in relation to the periphery outside the borders of the city of central city zones. In this space, drawn by the Belgrade is becoming more attractive for growth of population with a higher education, settlements (ex. the zones along the motorway especially by way of a new infrastructure for Belgrade-Novi Sad, Belgrade-, research-development institutions, many new Belgrade-Niš, direction, Avala direction, high-tech activities of production take place Zrenjanin direction, etc.) due to easy access to services. There activities of transportation the corridors, nature etc. In addition, a services are developed, logistics, production, concentration of economic activity is evident wholesale (warehouses, storehouses, etc.) along the motorway from Belgrade to shopping malls and services. Batajnica, Novi Sad, Novi Beograd, airport “Nikola Tesla”, Dobanovci, , Pančevo road etc. A great concentration of economic 5 Results and Discuss of New activity has occurred outside the Belgrade Trends of Economic Activities in agglomeration, on the motorway zones - ex. large industrial zones in Šimanovci (550 ha), Belgrade Metropolitan Pećinci (500 ha), Krnješevci (250 ha), etc. At The process of post-suburbanization is a motorway exits (corridor X) big shopping consequence of activity of commercial powers centres have been built like „Metro“, „Tempo“, and it takes place in all metropolitan „Idea“, „Rodić“, „Mercur“, „Mercator“, peripheries, including Belgrade. Significant „Veropoulos“, etc. Municipalities which have foreign investments and the development of better traffic and communication links with 106,000 enterprises (of which around 1/3 are in their surrounding and with the central zone of Belgrade) and 90,000 entrepreneurs, illustrate a Belgrade, and have an efficient entrepreneurial more significant role of market mechanisms of local authority and administration, have allocated new economic content in the Belgrade advantages in attracting new contents. In the metropolitan area. According to the Strategy for Belgrade agglomeration, those municipalities the association of Serbia into the EU [23], a are Pećinci (1,050 ha), Surčin (250 ha), Stara development of industrial parks is predicted, Pazova (1,900 ha), Indjija (930 ha) and others. which would later grow into clusters, with the It the Belgrade administrative area are located provision of necessary heavy infrastructure, 12 industrial zones (about 2,570 ha or 8% of possibility of fast construction of business and total Belgrade area – Table 1). Total surface of industrial facilities, fiscal incentives and Belgrade administrative area is 3,224 km2 with qualified labour. The National Investment Plan 1,572,000 inhabitants [25, 26] and 680,000 of the Republic of Serbia predicts the employees. The area of the City of Belgrade is construction of 49 industrial zones in towns of 1,726 ha. Serbia. According to data [24], only in the area of Belgrade, in a “new wave“ of construction 20,000 ha of urban land (farmland) has been found to be under construction in the peripheral area. A housing deficit in Belgrade, numerous refugees and dislocated persons, have caused a significant residential pressure onto the suburbs, and uncultivated farmland of Belgrade agglomeration (ex. Zemun corridor,

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Table 1: Key industrial zones in Belgrade activities are Upper Zemun, Surčin-Dobanovci Administrative Area and Highway and Pančevački rit-Reva, Surface covering the total surface of 2 570 ha [25, 26]. Area Zone ( ha) Upper Zemun is a huge zone in spatio- 1. City Belgrade Gornji Zemun 437 functional structure of the City of Belgrade, (Master plan Autoput 597 covering the area of 437 ha, which has a very comprising 10 Surčin-Dobanovci 272 good position along the highway Belgrade-Novi municipalities) Pančevački rit 610 Sad. The complexes of pharmaceutical, electro- Boleč 112 and food industry, trade, business-commercial, Vrčin 135 logistic centres are located here along with Velikoselski rit 203 TOTAL 2,366 other activities. 2. Vreoci 142 Industry-business zone »Highway« Municipality Veliki Crljeni 104 covering 597 ha, has exceptionally attractive Lazarevac 32 position on the contact of the corridors X and X1 (branch to Budapest), on the crossing of 3.Mladenovac Jug 1, 2, 3 highways Belgrade-Zagreb and Belgrade-Novi Municipality 120 Sad, and in the proximate vicinity of railway 4. Barič 264 point and airport, which represents its main Municipality Grebača 342 location-developmental potential in Belgrade 5., - - metropolitan area. In the zone branch structure Sopot and Grocka there are chemical industry complex, metal Municipalities industry complex, goods-transport contents, Total Belgrade warehouses, trade-commercial and other area 2,570 business activities. The zone is only partly Source: Master plan of Belgrade 2021/ and activated and it is extremely attractive for Regional Spatial Plan of Belgrade Administrative location of diverse economic activities, but the Area, 2004. land needs to be organised and equipped by The biggest industrial zone is the infrastructure. Mining and Energy Generation Basin Zone Surčin-Dobanovci, which covers “Kolubara”, located 40 km west to south-west 272 ha along the ring-road Highway, railway of Belgrade centre. Its surface area covers some point and airport "Nikola Tesla" has exquisite 547 km2, while the proper production area location preferences for development of encompasses ca. 134 km2. Industrial and related economic activities that demand large scope of facilities and installations cover some 62 km2. cargo transport, fast communications, closeness The total area is composed of parts of four local of airport transport, large areas for object communities/ municipalities (Lazarevac, location etc., but also for development of high- , , Obrenovac) with 82,000 tech industry complex and services. Basic inhabitants. More than 10,500 people are demands in location of business activities are employed in the mining extraction and energy targeted on the protection measures of generation sector [27]. In Belgrade surrounding settlements, environment metropolitan area the average annual open cast protection, preservation of quality agricultural extraction of lignite coal in the Basin surpasses land, etc. Location-spatial zone capacities are 29 million tons, and the average annual energy not used enough due to inadequate generation by its power plants reaches some infrastructure facilities. 1,161 Gwh. This makes 75% of the total annual Economy zone Pančevački rit (Reva), lignite coal production in Serbia [28]. covering 610 ha, is among the largest economic According to the Regional Spatial Plan localities in spatial organization of economy in of Belgrade Administrative Area and Belgrade Belgrade area. There are complexes of chemical Master Plan, the most important zones for industry, oil refinement, metal complex, location of industry and other economic electro-industry, graphic activities, engineering,

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warehouses and different commercial-business promoted, with an explosion of illegal activities. Access to this zone is by road, with construction and an expansion of cities. possibilities of spatial spreading along the The aim of urban planning policy and Pančevački road and toward railway station the concept of clustery deconcentration Ovča. For more intensive utilisation of this zone activities is to prevent the negative it is necessary to provide waste waters consequences of the doom scenario and entropy evacuation and implementation of environment of urban territories (conversion of the “boom“ protection measures. development scenario into the so-called „doom In the spatial structure, industry zone scenario“), based on the principles of Novi Beograd stands out due to good sustainable development. Considering the fact infrastructure, with necessary modernisation of that the development of new economic existing production programmes, as well as polarities in urban peripheries mainly is not dislocation of individual objects (for example, linked to regional and national politics, the „FOB“ - factory of metal products), in order to concept of polycentric urban structure could moderate conflicts with surrounding urban alleviate the negative effects of the mentioned residential-business contents. tendencies. The development of potential Belgrade Master Plan foresees new implications of new polarities onto the regional localities for zone development and location of environment and development, the manner of diverse economy activities, and some of those coexistence of growth and stagnation areas localities have already been activated. There are and/or depression, the disappearance of usually storage-transport contents, warehouses, traditional industrial production, expansion of logistic and production activities, diverse services, explosive growth of suburbia, is the services. New localities are zones Batajnica, subject of planning policy of metropolitan area. Surčin-Dobanovci (logistic centre), Vrčin, The current developing tendencies in smaller localities along the bypass Highway the Belgrade metropolitan reflect the growing around Belgrade or on crossing of main roads socio-economic differences through a special (on exit routes from Belgrade), Boleč, as well „functional archipelago“. In accordance with as activating of parts of zone Velikoselski rit. the experiences of the European metropolitan Economy activities in zones Rakovica, Železnik peripheries, the possible scenarios for the future and Novi Beograd need to be restructured in expansion of new economic polarities in the different aspects, with high protection of metropolitan area of Belgrade [29] (1) an actual surrounding environment. Also, there is a need existence of area growth, mainly along for conversion of production to economy important traffic corridors nearby the city activities in the central part of Belgrade – zones centre, will continue in the future as well. Harbour „Belgrade“, Ada Huja, Mali Makiš, Today this process is visible along the etc. motorways Belgrade-Novi Sad, Belgrade- The process of globalization and the Zagreb, next to the airports “Nikola Tesla“, etc; activity of the „invisible hand“ on the market, (2) the development of new industrial structures among other things, is the product of profound (modern production complexes – industrial spatial, structural, urban and socio-economic parks, technology parks entrepreneurial zones, changes on all levels. On the territory of Serbia, complexes) mainly by government aid, the due to the activity of transitional changes these arrival of multinational companies, the support processes have been significantly boosted. of EU etc. Apart from technological complexes, However, they flow spontaneously, randomly the new polarities are the shopping malls, and often without adequate planning and distribution-transportation centres, business management or institutional control. In the centres and others, (3) the prediction that the period between 1990-2000, due to the many residential zone of suburbanization will expand political economic and social happenings in in the future onto the green zones and will Serbia, „grey“ economy was especially demonstrate the adverse side of suburbanization; (4) the process of

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reurbanization in the Belgrade agglomeration is areas can be assessed as a consequence of the present sporadically, by way of rehabilitation of process of globalization. Those zones could be the existing industrial zones; (5) the some kind of mixture of old spatial structures development of new industrial/business spatial and the development of new locational models forms of the new economic poles of in the urban fabric, under the influence of development in the urban and rural area, with market and the globalization process of the possible development of a big theme park. economic activity and investment. In this The establishment of airport city business zone process are evident: the existence of growth in New Belgrade, construction of Waterland in area, mainly along important traffic corridors New Belgrade, construction of Aqualand nearby the heart of the city; development of nearby Dobanovci, along the motorway new locational forms (industrial park, Belgrade-Zagreb, zones of recreation and technology park, high-tech corridors), mainly wellness park (location Kovilovo and Jakovo) with government aid, foreign investment, etc; and entertainment like specific economic poles large changes onto urban structures of (“funurbia“, “indoor tropical environments/ metropolitan areas; over-construction of islands“, “indoor skiing“, etc.), (6) and apart building locations; the effect on the price from the problems and impossibilities of an fluctuation of real estate in certain parts of accurate prognosis for directing the dynamics metropolitan land; population mobility from the and developing processes, it is predicted that centre to the periphery. It is estimated that the the centre of trends in the following decade in absence of harmonization with the European the Belgrade metropolitan will move to the development policies, urban development and periphery. environment in the economic development in Serbian cities could have consequences in the growth of competitiveness of urban economy Conclusions and sustainable urban development. The development of economic activities within the new economic zones/poles/clusters in urban

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