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The Quality of Water Used for Irrigation of Agricultural Soil in the Basin of Kolubara River

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The Quality of Water Used for Irrigation of Agricultural Soil in the Basin of Kolubara River Soil -Water Jour nal Soil-Water Journal, 2015, Special Issue, 36-42 The quality of water used for irrigation of agricultural soil in the basin of Kolubara river Radmila Pivic *, Zoran Dinic, Dragana Josic, Aleksandra Stanojkovic Sebic Institute of Soil Science, Belgrade, Serbia *Corresponding author e-mail : [email protected] Received : 15.12.2013 Accepted: 14.04.1014 Abstract This paper presents the results of testing the quality of water for irrigation during the growing seasons 2012/2013, in the basin of the Kolubara River, from Belo ševac to Obrenovac, in three monitoring cycles on 16 selected sites belonging to agricultural area under irrigation. The determination of quantity of trace elements and heavy metals Cr, Ni, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, B, As, Fe, Hg was performed during mentioned period. The content of trace elements and heavy metals in the samples of water is generally below the maximum allowable concentration (MAC). In the samples No. 2, 3, 4, in the second series of sampling was recorded higher content of As above the MAC, which can be explained by drought, low water levels and potential anthropogenic pollution. In the other two cycles of monitoring are not registered concentrations of tested elements above MAC. Based on the presented and analyzed results of testing of hazardous and harmful substances in the water for irrigation of the Kolubara River, it can be concluded that it can be used for irrigation of crops and soil with restrictions and frequent quality checks during the summer months and control potential sources of pollution from industry. Keywords: Harmful substances, irrigation water, soil INTRODUCTION The scope of the research conducted in this The major proportion of all water quality paper is the study of quality of irrigation water from degradation worldwide is due to anthropogenic the Kolubara River, complies with the requirements causes (Faniran et al., 2001; Simeonov et al., of FAO, 1954 and U.S. Salinity Laboratory 2003). The accumulation of metals in an aquatic classification, designed for usability evaluation of environment has direct consequences to man and irrigation water (Doneen and Westcot, 1988). to the ecosystem (Fatoki et al., 2005). Irrigation means the artificial watering the soil in In less industrialized areas like the Kolubara basin, order to wet the rhizosphere layer at a time when pollution from human settlements lacking the amount of available soil moisture is insufficient appropriate sanitary infrastructure, partially treated or to meet the optimum energy for crops. Irrigation is untreated wastewater, leachates from refuse dumps a hydro-reclamation measure that aims to improve and from land-use activities such as agriculture, are the physical properties of the soil by adding water the major pollution sources to the surface water to achieve optimum moisture during the growing season and thus achieve optimum yield. It may be (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolubara). In terms of applied during part of the growing season or provision of water resources, Republic of Serbia is during the whole growing season. Irrigation of well-provided. It is estimated that the amount of cultivated plants on agricultural soil involves the use surface water per capita during the year is about 3 of water of appropriate physical, chemical and 2973 m , while the amount of groundwater is 3 biological properties, so it is very important to around 4500 m per year. The water resources are examine the quality of water used for its intended great, but not conveniently distributed in relation to purpose in order to assess the impact on soil and the needs of agricultural production. In Serbia, in plants. Intensification of irrigation depends primarily most locations occurs a deficit of soil moisture during on the provision to the required amount of water the growing season, so that almost everywhere it is of adequate quality. necessary to perform a permanent or temporary 36 Soil -Water Journal R. Pivic, Z. Dinic. D. Josic, A. Stanojkovic Sebic irrigation. It is evident that for the study area the composition are present, therefore, the soils irrigation can be used as an additional measure in formed on them are also very heterogeneous. A the period from July to the end of October. drift along the Kolubara is of finer structure and it preserved its characteristic features. Under The aim of this study is to assess the current influence of high groundwater and hydrophilic water quality of the Kolubara River in order to be vegetation it underwent changes and has evolved used for irrigation of agricultural soil near the to hydro genic soil types. streams and highlight the pollution risk. Kolubara river basin has a form of an irregular MATERIAL AND METHODS quadrilateral, and the distance between the most Description of the study area western point (19° 30' of east longitude) and the Kolubara is a river in western Serbia with the most eastern point (20° 35 ' of east longitude), length of 123 km, and belongs to the rivers with which are in the west-east direction, is 81.2 km. medium-length. Kolubara River rises near Valjevo, The distance between the most northern point from rivers Obnica and Jablanica, and flows into (44° 40' of north latitude) and the most southern the Sava River near Obrenovac. In the Kolubara point (44° 05' of north latitude), which are in the basin, of a 3639 km 2 area, there are rich deposits north-south direction, is 64 km. The highest point of lignite. Through the valley of Kolubara the in the basin is 1346 m, and the lowest - at an railway and highway passes. Kolubara River, as altitude of 73 m. Average altitude of the relief in well as all its tributaries, belongs to the rivers with the Kolubara valley is 276.4 m. the rain - snow water regime. An important Pseudogley soils, which cover the largest area characteristic of the water regime presents the in the Kolubara valley of approximately 25%, are sudden and large fluctuations in water levels and located on flat and gently rolling terrain of usually flows. In geological terms, along the Kolubara ! ancient alluvial river terraces. The most common River alluvial deposits of very heterogeneous are at altitudes of 150-350 m. These are very Figure 1. Location map of Kolubara valley with selected sa mple sites 37 " " Soil -Water Jour nal The quality of water used for irrigation of agricultural soil in the basin of Kolubara river ! acidic soils, poor in clay, humus and nutrients. Analytical methods Those soils have unfavorable chemical and water- The measured parameters were determined by air properties and low water permeability. In the the following methods: pH -potentiometric (SRPS Kolubara valley it is very frequent a group of H.Z1.111:1987), electrical conductivity (ECw)- brown soils (Distric Cambisols), which are formed conductiometric (SRPS EN 27888:1993), total on different geological substrates. Large parts of dissolved solids (TDS)-gravimetric (Greenberg et the river valleys in the Kolubara basin are covered al., 1998). The acid-available fraction of heavy with meadow soils (Semigley). Regarding the metals and other toxic elements (As, B, Cd, Cr, nutrient content, they belong to the group of Cu, Hg, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn) was determined using EPA very rich soil (Tanasijevi ć et al.,1966). The average 200.7 methods, as well as an ICAP 6300 ICP annual precipitation in the study area is about optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). The 730 mm and the mean annual temperature is concentration of Hg was determined by a flame relatively high and vary between 11.4-12.5 OC. atomic adsorption analyzer SensAA Dual (GBC Distribution of rainfall during the year is quite Scientific Equipment Pty Ltd, Victoria, Australia). unfavorable. Data processing methods Sampling and collection of water samples The experiment data were presented with mean A total of 48 water samples were collected of three tests with the presented summarized basic from 16 (sixteen) sampling points (Table 1). Water statistics of the dataset. Analysis of the samples were collected in three cycles of interdependence of variables was carried out by sampling, in July and October 2012 and April calculating linear Pearson correlation coefficients. It 2013, using 2000 ml plastic bottles. The sampling has been assumed that the regression modeling of bottles for heavy metal determination were pre- the potential usefulness of the selected vari able soaked overnight with 10% HCl, then, rinsed with (explanatory) to model another variable (explained distilled water and also rinsed using river water variable) determines the absolute value of the high before sample collection. Sampling bottles for the correlation coefficient between these two variables. determination of physico ch emical par am eters T he st atisti cal anal ysis usu ally assumes that if the were cleaned and rinsed using distilled water correlation coefficient is >0.9, a very strong linear only. Preservation of water samples was done by dependence exists; 0.7-0.9 – significant linear adding 2 drops of concentrated HNO 3 to each dependence; 0.4-0.7 – moderate linear dependence; water sample before storage below 4 OC until it 0.2-0.4 – distinct linear dependence, but low; <0.2 was analyzed. – no linear dependence (Goon et al., 1986). Table 1. Sampling points along the Kolubara river. SamplingSampling ppointoint EastingEasting NorthingNorthing 1 7439160 4945800 2 7438190 4939310 3 7438260 4936220 4 7438710 4934390 5 7440400 4921220 6 7438240 4918480 7 7437410 4917660 8 7437340 4916170 9 7434120 4913000 10 7432880 4912710 11 7429220 4911110 12 7426250 4907780 13 7424500 4905570 14 7421370 4905180 15 7417600 4904100 16 7415280 4903790 38 " " Soil -Water Journal R. Pivic, Z. Dinic. D. Josic, A. Stanojkovic Sebic RESULTS AND DISCUSSION well to a class for irrigation water. By classification of U.S.
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