i Religious Thought and National Integration in Pakistan MUHAMMAD NADEEM SHAH Ph.D: Roll No. 03 Session: - 2007 Supervisor PROF. DR. UMBREEN JAVAID Centre for South Asian Studies University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore. ii Religious Thought and National Integration in Pakistan A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirement for Degree of Ph.D in Centre for South Asian Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore. Supervisor Submitted by Prof. Dr. Umbreen Javaid Muhammad Nadeem Shah H.E.C. Nominee Roll No. 03 Centre for South Asian Studies Ph.D University of the Punjab, Lahore. Session: 2007 Centre for South Asian Studies University of the Punjab Quaid-i-Azam Campus Lahore. iii DEDICATED TO My Mother and the memory of my Father, the late, Ghulam Sarwar Shah iv DECLARATION I hereby declare that this Ph.D. thesis, titled as “Religious Thought and National Integration in Pakistan” is the result of my individual research and I have not submitted this thesis concurrently to any other University or Institution for any degree whatsoever. MUHAMMAD NADEEM SHAH v CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the research carried out in this thesis is an original work. I have personally gone through all the material reported and certify its correctness. Material included in this thesis has not been submitted in partial or full for the award of any other degree from any other institution. I endorse its evaluation for the award of Ph.D degree through official procedure of the University. PROF. DR. UMBREEN JAVAID vi CONTENTS Sr. No. Page No. List of Abbreviations ix Acknowledgements xii Abstract xiv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 01-22 1.1 The Problem 09 1.2 Review of the Literature 10 1.3 Objectives of the Research 16 1.4 Significance and Scope of Study 17 1.5 Plan of Work and Methodology 18 CHAPTER 2 RELIGIOUS THOUGHT AND POLITICS 23-56 IN ISLAMIC STATE 2.1 Concept of State in Islam 26 2.2 Philosophy of Political Authority in Islam 27 2.2.1 Islamic Democracy 31 2.3 Religious Thought and Pakistan Movement 33 2.3.1 Iqbal‟s Islamic Thought and Pakistan 35 vii 2.3.2 Jinnah on Way to Islamic Thought 41 CHAPTER 3 QUEST FOR RELIGIOUS THOUGHT IN 57-94 PAKISTAN 3.1 Religious Input by the Scholars (Ulema) 64 3.2 Constitutions of Pakistan and Religious 70 Thought 3.2.1 Religious Thought and Constitution of 1962 78 3.2.2 Religious Thought and Constitution of 1973 83 3.3 Religious Thought and Zia-ul- Haq Regime 87 CHAPTER 4 DETERIORATION OF RELIGIOUS 95-133 THOUGHT AND GROWTH OF COUNTER IDEOLOGIES IN PAKISTAN 4.1 Process of Disintegration in Pakistan 99 4.1.1 Disintegration of East Pakistan 103 4.2 Ethnicity and Sub-Nationalism in Pakistan 118 4.2.1 Ethnicity and Sub-Nationalism in Balochistan 120 4.2.2 Ethnicity and Sub-Nationalism in Pakhtoon 123 Areas 4.2.3 Ethnicity and Sub-Nationalism in Sindh 126 viii CHAPTER 5 INVOLVEMENT OF FOREIGN 134-158 COUNTRIES TO STIMULATE DISINTEGRATION IN PAKISTAN 5.1 Indian Response to the Creation of Pakistan 135 5.2 Foreign Countries and Ethnicity in NWFP 142 (KPK) 5.3 Foreign Countries and Ethnicity in Balochistan 144 5.4 Foreign Countries and Religious Extremism in 148 Pakistan CHAPTER 6 RECONSTRUCTION OF RELIGIOUS 159-179 THOUGHT IN PAKISTAN CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION 180-188 BIBLIOGRAPHY 189-206 Appendix A 207 Appendix B 216 Appendix C 218 Appendix D 225 Appendix E 230 Appendix F (Research Paper/Article) 231 ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AD Anno Domini (= in the year of our Lord) ANP Awami National Party APMSO All Pakistan Muhajir Students Organization BD Basic Democracy BLA Baloch Liberation Army BSO Baloch Students Organization CENTO Central Treaty Organization CIA Criminal Investigation Agency CII Council of Islamic Ideology EBDO Elected Bodies Disqualification Order EC Election Commission ETC Etcetera (= and so on) FATA Federally Administrated Tribal Area ISI Inter Services Intelligence ISO Imamia Students Organization Inter Services Public Relations ISPR JI Jamat-i-Islami JUAH Jamiat Ulema-e-Ahal-e-Hadith x JUI Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam JUP Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan KPK Khayber Pakhtoon Khawah LFO Legal Framework Order LeJ Lashkar-e-Jhangvi MIP Millat-e-Islamia Paksitan MMA Muttahida Majlas-e-Amal MNA Member National Assembly MORA Ministry of Religious Affairs MPA Member Provincial Assembly MQM Muhajir Qaumi Movement MSF Muslim Students Federation NA National Assembly NAP National Awami Party NWFP North Western Frontier Province PA Provincial Assembly PAT Pakistan Awami Tahreek PBUH Peace Be Upon Him PML Pakistan Muslim League xi PNA Pakistan National Alliance PODO Public Offices Disqualification Order PPP Pakistan People‟s Party PTI Pakistan Tahrik-i-Insaf PTM Pukhtoon Tahafuz (Protection) Movement RAW Research and Analysis Wing RSS Rashtria Sewak Sungh SEATO South East Asian Treaty Organization SMP Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan SSP Sipah-i-Sahaba Pakistan also Senior Superintendent of Police TNFJ Tehrik Nafaz Fiqah Jafria TJP Tehrik Jafria Pakistan UNO United Nations Organization US United States (of America) USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am grateful to my thesis supervisor, Professor Dr. Umbreen Javaid, Director Centre for South Asian Studies and Dean Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of the Punjab Lahore, under whose guidance, inspiration, affection and enlightened supervision, my research work has been completed. I greatly appreciate her help and cooperation, particularly for her step to step guidance without which this work would have not been possible. Special and sincere thanks are due to my teachers, the Late Prof. Dr. Muhammad Jahingir Tamimi, Prof. Dr. Muhammad Saleem Mazhar, Prof. Dr. M. H .Bukhari, Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed Makhdoom, Prof. Dr. Rasheed Ahmad Khan, Dr. Ahmed Ejaz and Prof. Shabnum Riaz for their contribution in terms of constant encouragement and scholarly ideas. I might be unsuccessful without their cooperation and encouragement. I gratefully acknowledge the moral support and extreme consideration shown to me by my colleagues of Islamic Studies Department UET Lahore, particularly Prof. Dr. Hafiz M. Israil Farooqi, Dr. Irfan Khalid Dhillon, Prof. Dr. Muhammad Yahya, Dr. Atiq ur Rahman, Dr. Hafiz M. Shahbaz, Dr. Tanveer Qasim, Ms. Gul Saria Ashraf and Mr. Amir Altaf. It is pleasure to acknowledge a debt to the teaching as well as administrative staff of Centre for South Asian Studies, Punjab University Lahore, mainly, Dr. Jafar Riaz Kataria, Dr. Marium Kamal, Mir Waheed Akhlaq and Mr. Imran Fiaz for their valuable suggestions and support in the writing of this thesis. Moreover, I would like to gratefully acknowledge the assistance of the Library Staff and Computer Lab. Staff of Centre for South Asian Studies, Main Library Punjab University, National Library of Engineering Sciences UET, Lahore, NIPS Library Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Directorate of Research UET, Lahore and Evaan-i-Iqbal, Lahore, for providing me access to their resources. xiii I would be failing in my acknowledgements if I did not make reference to the prayers and help I received from my parents particularly, my father who is no more. I am also thankful to my brothers and sisters for their prayers. There are no words that can adequately convey my heartfelt gratitude to all those who extended moral and intellectual support and whose encouragement made this work possible. Finally I thank my wife and children (Faheem, Zaeem and Hadia) for invaluable patience, perseverance, and support in trying times of our lives. Any good that complies with the Holy Quran and Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is from Almighty Allah. Any mistakes are mine alone. MUHAMMAD NADEEM SHAH xiv ABSTRACT This research serves as an attempt to understand how and why Pakistan created through the religious thought, has been unsuccessful in achieving the objectives which were made at the time of its inception. Keeping in view the political and historical context, it attempts to explore why the country failed in establishing the system which might have helped its people to unite with the help of the religious thought. The realization of the very religious thought in the form of an Islamic state had triggered among the people of the subcontinent the sense of unity to stand up for the demand of a separate homeland. It focuses how the so-called liberals as well as extremists and conservatives interpreted religious teachings to suit their own interests transforming thereby the religion into a mere slogan. In that context, it becomes clear why the policy makers remained unable to draw on the vision of Iqbal and Jinnah towards the Muslims as one nation. The absence of democratic norms and incompetent state institutions in the country gave room to counter ideologies like ethnicity, sub-nationalism, sectarianism and extremism which led to further disintegration among the people. In addition to this, the involvement of the foreign elements in the socio-economic and religio-political affairs of the state also played a part in aggravating this process of disintegration thereby giving birth to secessionists like BLA, extremists like Taliban and terrorists like Al-Qaida. The state machinery seemed paralyzed in front of these non-state actors. No serious attempt in the post-Jinnah Pakistan has been made in quest of that religious thought which was envisaged by Dr. Iqbal in his thought provoking literary and political work, Allahabad Address of 1930 and his series of lectures entitled “The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam”. The informal attempt on the part of the religious scholars in 1951in the form of 22 points and the halfhearted official attempts in the shape of legislation, could not create an egalitarian society of Islamic outlook in Pakistan. Therefore, this research analyzes how differing ideologies threatened the integration among the people of Pakistan.With a specific focus on the religio-political context of Pakistan, it looks at the religious thought as the mechanism of integration and not as an instrument of gaining personal and political interests in order to avoid the crisis of integration among the people.