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Dilemma of Political Culture: Case Study of Pakistan (1988-1997)

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Dilemma of Political Culture: Case Study of Pakistan (1988-1997) DILEMMA OF POLITICAL CULTURE: CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN (1988-1997) Ph.D. Dissertation Submitted By: Muhammad Javaid Akhter Department of Pakistan Studies Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Supervised By: Prof. Dr. Khawaja Alqama Prof. Dr. Khurram Qadir i CONTENTS Acknowledgement Abstract Glossary CHAPTER- 1: P.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. Understanding of the Terminologies: 1.1.1 Politics: 1.1.2 Political: 1.1.3 Culture: 1 .1.4 Dilemma: 1.1.5 Political Culture: 1.1.5.1. Political Culture and its Components: i. Cognitive Orientation; ii. Affective Orientation; iii. Evaluative Orientation; 1.1.5.2. Types of Political Culture: i. Parochial Political Culture; ii. Subject Political Culture; iii. Participant Political Culture; 1.2. Genesis of the Problem: 1.3. Study of Sources: 1.4. Methodology: 1.5. The Scheme of Chapters: 1.5.1. Political Parties’ Structure and Their Elections’ Manifestos: 1.5.2. Electoral Politics of Pakistan: 1.5.3. Electoral Politics in North West Frontier Province: 1.5.4. Electoral Politics in Punjab: ii 1.5.5. Electoral Politics in Sindh: 1.5.6. Electoral Politics in Baluchistan: Conclusion CHAPTER- 2: P. 43 POLITICAL PARTIES’ STRUCTURE AND THEIR ELECTIONS’ MANIFESTOS 2.1. Conceptual Study of Political Party 2.2. Description of Political Milieu of Pakistan 2.3. Genesis of Pakistan Muslim League and its Alliance Islami Jamhoori Ittehad(IJI) 2.4. Pakistan Peoples Party/Peoples Democratic Alliance (PPP/PDA): 2.4.1. Party’s Structure; 2.5. Muttahida Qaumi Movement/Haq Prast Group (MQM/HPG) 2.6. Genesis of Jammiat Ulamma-i-Islam- Fazal-ur-Rehman JUI(F): 2.6.1. Party’s Structure; 2.7. Awami National Party (ANP): 2.7.1. Party’s Structure; i. Central Council ii. Central Executive Committee iii. Quorum iv. Central Cabinet 2.8. Electoral Manifesto of Political Parties: Agenda of Enticement and Adjustment: 2.8.1. Social Agenda; 2.8.2. Gender Development and Their Representation; 2.8.3. Good Governance; 2.8.4. Foreign Policy Priorities; 2.8.5. Islamic Social Order and Public Morality; Conclusion iii CHAPTER- 3: P. 91 ELECTORAL POLITICS 3.1. Conceptual Explanation of Election 3.2. Elections and Their Political Discourse 3.3. A Study of Electoral Approaches: 3.3.1. Observation on Pakistani Voter; 3.4. An Analysis of Elections 1988, 1990, 1993 and 1997 CHAPTER- 4: P. 112 ELECTORAL POLITICS OF NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE (NWFP): 4.1. A Brief History of NWFP 4.2. Administration of the North West Frontier Province 4.3. Ethnic and Cultural Composition 4.4. Background of Electoral Politics of North West Frontier Province 4.5. Electoral Analysis of NWFP from 1988-1997: 4.5.1. Independents’ Strength; 4.5.2. Seat Adjustment: An Electoral Strategy; 4.5.3. Role of Pakistan Islamic Front (PIF) in Electoral Politics of NWFP; 4.5.4. Role of Awami National Party (ANP) in Electoral Politics of NWFP; 4.5.5. Role of Islami Jamoori Ittehad / Pakistan Muslim League (N) in Electoral Politics of NWFP; 4.5.6. Role of Jammiat Ulam-i-Islam (Fazal-ur-Rehman)/IJM in Electoral Politics of NWFP; 4.5.7. Role of Pakistan Peoples Party in Electoral politics of NWFP; Conclusion iv CHAPTER- 5: P. 156 ELECTORAL POLITICS OF PUNJAB 5.1. A Historical Review 5.2. Political Trends of Pre-Partition Punjab 5.3. General Features of Punjab 5.4. Electoral Analysis of the Punjab 1988-1997: 5.4.1. Role of Religion in the Politics of Punjab; 5.4.2. Role of Pakistan Islamic Front (PIF); 5.4.3. Role of Other Religious Parties and Their Electoral Alliances; 5.5. Role of Smaller/Minor Parties in the Electoral Politics of Punjab 5.6. Role of Independent Candidates in the Electoral Politics of Punjab: 5.6.1. Analysis of the Independent Candidates’ Electoral Performance in the Provincial Constituencies; 5.7. Seat Adjustment: An Electoral Strategy: 5.7.1. Seat Adjustment of PPP with PML-J in 1993 Election: An Analysis of National Constituencies; 5.7.2. Seat Adjustment of PPP with PML-J in 1993 Election: An Analysis of Provincial Constituencies; 5.7.3. Seat Adjustment of PPP and PML-JC in 1997 National Election; 5.7.4. Seat Adjustment of PPP and PML-JC in the Provincial Election 1997; 5.7.5. No Seat Adjustment of PML-J and PPP in 1997 National and Provincial Elections; 5.8. Influence of Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz in the Electoral Politics of Punjab 5.9. Party-Candidate: the Preference of Choice Conclusion v CHAPTER- 6: P. 201 ELECTORAL POLITICS OF SINDH 6.1. A Historical Review of Sindh 6.2. Politics of Sindh 6.3. Analysis of Electoral Behavior of Sindh 1988-1997: 6.3.1. Independents’ Vote Strength; 6.3.2. Party’s Preference in the Politics of Sindh; 6.3.3. Factional Politics in Sindh; 6.3.4. Politics of MQM; 6.4. General Features of the Electoral Politics of Sindh Conclusion CHAPTER-7: P. 234 ELECTORAL POLITICS OF BALUCHISTAN 7.1. History of Baluchistan: 7.1.1. Behavioral Patterns of Baluchistan; 7.1.2. A Sketch of Baluchistan’s Demography; 7.2. Electoral Politics of Baluchistan: 7.2.1. The Role of National Parties in the Electoral Politics of Baluchistan; 7.2.2. The Role of Religious Parties in the Electoral Politics of Baluchistan; 7.2.3. The Role of Regional Parties in the Electoral Politics of Baluchistan; 7.3. Independents’ Stature 7.4. Influence of Families Conclusion CHAPTER- 8: P. 270 CONCLUSION Annexure-1 vi Annexure-2 Annexure-3 Annexure-4 Annexure-5 QUESTIONNAIRE BIBLIOGRAPHY Descriptive Statistics of Questionnaire vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this dissertation owes profound thanks to people and institutions which so eagerly cooperated with me during the course of this work. First of all I express my heartfelt gratitude to Professor Dr. Khawja Alqama and Professor Dr. Khurram Qadir for their scholarly guidance. They have always been a source of inspiration to me. With their help, blessings and encouragements, I have been able to complete this dissertation. I always wished to express my thanks to be due to Professor. Dr. Asghar Ali, Professor. Dr. Azra Asghar Ali and Dr.Muhammad Shafiq for their valuable guidance and suggestions, particularly for selecting the modules and variables of research. I am profoundly grateful to Fayyaz Ahmed Hussain, Dr.Muhammad Farooq, Sajid Mahmood Awan in evaluating the direction and nature of research by developing the questionnaire. I am again indebted to Professor Dr. Khurram Qadir and Professor Dr. Khawja Alqama for their time to time guidance and providing opportunities for academic discussion. They were a source of motivation and inspiration for research, teaching and other academically related activities. My special thanks are due to Professor.Dr.Asghar Ali for helping me in arranging, cleansing, formatting and analyzing the questionnaire data. I highly appreciate the cooperation of my friends and colleagues, Mrs Khadeja Naheed, Mrs Lubna Shafiq, Rehan Iqbal, Sajjad Ahmed and Dr.Kaliani for formatting, composing and finally printing the dissertation. I would like to pay my thanks to the staff of the libraries of election commission of Pakistan, central library of Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan. Last but not the least, I wish to acknowledge the encouragement, consent and support of my mother, better half, Saima, without whom this work would certainly never had been done. I have been thankful to my children, Sarah Javed and Ali Salah whose presence animated me during the hard time of my research. viii ABSTRACT This research has explored the question of ‘political culture’ under the title of “Dilemma of Political Culture: Case Study of Pakistan (1988-1997). In this thesis it has been investigated that how far underlying propensities of a society affect the political values which are manifested in political institutions. The nature of values which work underneath for a broader understanding of the configuration of ‘political culture’, poses an important question: what counts for people’s political preferences. With in a group and society there are diverse strands of opinion and conflicting values which may check the political preferences and in this regard the term political culture will be used as shared values legitimating social practices. Theses shared values are referred as ‘political culture’. All political systems tend to perpetuate certain patterns of behaviour by which systems are recognized and it was the question to know the nature of political values which in turn determine the nature of system. The true recognition of values can denominate the system as stable or instable and the political behaviour as mature or immature. The symbols and beliefs define the situation in which action takes place and determine the consensus based on social and political behaviour. Political culture produces controlling guidelines for effective political behaviour and for the collectivity it gives the systematic structure of values and rational considerations which ensures coherence in the performance of institutions and organizations. The field of ‘psephology’ has been explored for the identification of political values in which peoples’ political preferences which worked on the level of party, issue and candidate. The political preferences of people of Pakistan had been explored through independent variables of party, issue and candidate and peoples’ collective response to these variables by their socio-psychological paraphernalia and rational paradigm determine the level of political culture. People of Pakistan’s mobilization by these variables in political process determine the level of their participation and which in turn describes about the level of political development. In Pakistan, elected governments during 1988 to 1997 provided good opportunity to have the comparative study of four elections in which people political behaviour has been very ix well explored. Elections in Pakistan manifested the political participation and recruitment level of the people indicating their political alignments with semi religious and secular political parties.
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